英语音标语音语调大全 258页

选修/ai/y,I,igh,ie,ei,uy,ye,eye,ai模仿外教书读单词crydieFridaytietimeflydyericemindaislebikepriceeyelionwhyguidewhitetrywidecrynightlie模仿外教读短语liedownapplepiedayandnightbrightsunshine findsomesignsbehindthetimesaquietlifeawhitekiterideabikebymysidewhiteliesilentnightwineanddinesb/ei/a,ay,ai,ei,ea,ey,ao,au模仿外教书读单词plateweightplaceplayshameatesteaklaboursaylatefailcakepaperface gamewaitlazyraintradefailhatredraincoatneighbourplainwastebake模仿外教读短语dayafterdaystayawakealazyafternoonasailboatgoawayfailtheexaminationbecamefamousmakeamistakefacetofacesaveherfacetakeawaysayagainplaythegameinthesameway //oy,oi模仿外教书读单词noisecoinloinvoicetoyboilcoytoiletjoysoilloyalspoiloilsoysoilboyspoilsoytoilhoydenpoisonemployee模仿外教读短语oilandvinegar水火不容aspoiledboybeloyaltoone’snationboiloveremploystheprofessorasanadviserhernativesoil boyfriendatoydogboiltheoilsharejoysandsorrowsenjoyone’sjobenjoyone’sjobbefullofjoyboiledoilanannoyingboykeeptothepointboilandmoil辛辛苦苦地工作goldencoinpointto//ow,ou模仿外教书读单词mouthloudcountertownploughproudhousefountainowlsour cowboweraloudfountainourcowardblousesoundmountainflowerbrowntrousers模仿外教读短语outsidethehousepowerbehindthethrone幕后掌权者downinthemouth垂头丧气的shoutoverthecrowdaroundthehousefountainofwisdom智慧的源泉likeadrownedmousenow…now…thepowerofvows誓言的力量gosourspeaksloudclimbamountainhourhand（钟表的）时针 houseplantbetweenourselvesfrommouthtomouth//o,ow,oa,ou,oe,ew模仿外教书读单词toastbowlpoemsoapnoseoakstoneswallowhomeshowroadpostgocrowsmokegoatshouldersoultoeroseowngrowslow模仿外教读短语gohomejustsoso roadshownohopesoapoperatakeaphotoloadgametoeshoesgoslowgohomeshouldertoshoulderwroteapoemthrowawayboatraceholdapost//ea,ear,ia,eer,ere,iou模仿外教书读单词yearsneergearbeertearshearsmearrearspeardeer ideadeartheatreearadherebeerperiodhearfearclearly模仿外教读短语asheerrockanidealtheatreyearinyearoutyearafteryearaseriousengineerbeallearsclearupthedeskacheerfuldearsitherecheerupfearwomen’stearsclearwater //ear,air,are,ere,a,eir,ar模仿外教书读单词parentpearairtearhairchairrarebearmarepairsquarestairrepairheircarefulwearharehairmarefare模仿外教读短语rareairhairdyescarebuyinghaveahaircutapairofhareswearlonghairwearshorthair fairplayholidaywearfindachairhereandtheresparesometimetakecareatvarioustimesgetprepared//oor,ua,our,ure模仿外教书读单词poorsurepuremoor荒野tourJewryboor农民puritypoormoorduringassurefurymatureEuropejury陪审团curebourse交易所curiouspure lure引诱模仿外教读短语atourinthemoorgoonatourduringthedayinsurancecompanyfuelthecarpureEnglishafuriousblowcurioustouristsinruralareaspoorsoilcureapatientcurethewoundsgrowmatureapoorboor YouArenotAloneAnotherdayhasgoneI’mstillallaloneHowcouldthisbeYou’renotherewithmeYouneversaidgoodbyeSomeonetellmewhyDidyouhavetogoAndleavemyworldsocoldEverydayIsitandaskmyselfHowdidloveslipawaySomethingwhispersinmyearandsaysThatyouarenotaloneForIamherewithyouThoughyou’refarawayIamheretosayYouarenotaloneIamherewithyouThoughwe’refarapartYou’realwaysinmyheartYouarenotalone AllaloneWhy,ohJusttheothernightIthoughtIheardyoucryAskingmetocomeAndholdyouinmyarmsIcanhearyourprayersYourburdensIwillbearButfirstIneedyourhandSoforevercanbeginEverydayIsitandaskmyselfHowdidloveslipawayThensomethingwhispersinmyearandsaysThatyouarenotaloneForIamherewithyouThoughyou’refarawayIamheretostayForyouarenotaloneIamherewithyouThoughwe’refarapartYou’realwaysinmyheartAndyouarenotalone Oh…WhisperthreewordsandI’llcomerunnin’Fly…AndgirlyouknowthatI’llbethereI’llbethereYouarenotaloneIamherewithyouThoughwe’refarawayIamheretostayYouarenotaloneIamherewithyouThoughwe’refarapartYou’realwaysinmyheartYouarenotalone(Youarenotalone)ForIamherewithyou(Iamherewithyou)Thoughyou’refaraway(Thoughyou’refaraway)Iamheretostay(Andyouwithme)Foryouarenotalone(You’realways)Inmyheart…ForIamherewithyouHeart…Thoughwe’refarapartHeart…You’realwaysinmyheartForyouarenotalone NotaloneYouarenotalone,youarenotaloneYoujustreachformegirlInthemorningintheeveningNotalone,notaloneAndyouwithme,notaloneOh,together,togetherWillYouStillLoveMeTomorrow Tonightyou’reminecompletely.Yougiveyourlovesosweetly.Tonightthelightofloveisinyoureyes,Butwillyoulovemetomorrow?Isthisalastingtreasure,Orjustamoment’spleasure?CanIbelievethemagicofyoursighs?Willyoustilllovemetomorrow?Tonight,withwordsunspoken,YousaythatI’mtheonlyone.ButwillthespellbebrokenWhenthenightmeetsthemorningsun?IhavetoknowthatyourloveIsaloveIcanbesureof?SotellmenowandIwon’taskagain.Willyoustilllovemetomorrow?辅音 Plosives爆破音英语中的爆破音共六个：/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/爆破音的发音共性：使气流在口腔某处成阻，再让气流冲决阻碍，爆破生音/p/Note:1.在词首且在重读音节中，是送气音，如poke.2.当处于词尾时，可能失去爆破，如toptea3．在/s/后形成辅音连缀时，/p/在发音时不送气，如spot.4．当两个/p/相邻时，无须产生两次爆破，而只是延长发音的时间，如stopPeter.5．在/p/后紧跟着的是鼻音时，此时爆破不在口腔，而在鼻腔，如stophimPractice1)Words(Initial)（词首）pigpotplanepatpiepaperpickpeoplepearpull (Medial)（词中）simplehappysupperoptionwhisperwiperpeeperpaperuponpopcorn(Final)(词尾)ripcapupneapnapcheapclipclapcropchop/b/Note1.当处于词尾时，不完全爆破，如robtheman.2.当两个/b/相邻时，无须产生两次爆破，只是延长发音的时间，如robBob.3./b/在鼻音前时，爆破不在口腔，而在鼻腔，如robhim.Practice1)WordsInitialbearbullbarkbuybright ballbusbutbringbeerMedialshabbysymbolrobotribbonstubborndustbindisableddoubledisobeycupboardFinalribcabcubmobdescriberobabsorbdisturbBobclub/t/Note1．/t/在词首且在重读音节中，是送气音，如tape2．当处于词尾时，可能失去爆破，如sitstill.3．在/t/后形成辅音连缀时，/t/在发音时不送气，如stop4.当/t/后紧跟着的是鼻音时，此时爆破不在口腔，而在鼻腔，如button.5.当处于两个元音之间时，/t/听起来近似闪音，如letter. 6.当/t/位于成音节/n/或/l/前时，便成了声门爆破音，如little.7.当两个/t/相邻时，无须产生两次爆破，只是延长发音的时间，如letTim.8.当处于辅音组合/tr/中时，发音兼具爆破与摩擦的特征，如train.PracticeWordsInitialturntypeteatalltworidetermtigertooltiredMedialwritercenterputtingattackprettytomatototalretellposterheatedFinalsunsetsupermarketsupportratputpresentpleasantpolitenestnot/d/ 1.SoundDescription（发音要领）/d/浊辅音，舌尖齿龈爆破音。发此音时舌尖紧贴上齿龈，形成阻碍，然后突然下降，气流从口腔冲出，声带震动。2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）当处于齿间音(如/θ/)之前时,呈齿音化发音如width当处于词尾时，不完全爆破，如Dadsaidso当与/l/组合时，呈舌侧爆破音，如padlook当两个/b/相邻时，无需产生爆破，只是延长发音，如sadDave当处于组合音/dr/之中时，发音兼具爆破和摩擦的特征，如drain3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）DutydyedozendoordogdishdigdeskdeeddanceMedial(词中)ConsiderbroadcastalreadybadlyadvertiseaccidentwidelyweekdayweedingsuddenFinal（词尾）Headwinddeadcrowdcoldbroadboredblinddefend/k/ 1.SoundDescription（发音要领）/k/清辅音，舌后软腭爆破音。发此音时，舌后部隆起，紧贴软腭，形成阻碍，然后突然离开，气流冲出口腔，声带不震动。2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/k/在于词首，且在重读音节中时，是送气音，如keep当处于词尾时，可能失去爆破，如takethree在/s/后形成词尾时，/k/发音时不送气，如sky当两个/k/相临时，无需两次爆破，只需延长发音时间，如takeKim当/k/后紧跟着的是鼻音时，此时爆破不在口腔，而在鼻腔，就是通常说的鼻腔爆破，如beacon当与/l/音组合时，成为舌侧爆破音，如clock后跟前元音时，/k/的发音部位前移，如keen位于成音节/n/时，便成了声门爆破，如bacon位于圆纯音之前时，发音亦呈圆唇，如quarter3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）KillkisskingkeepkindkickkeykilokindnesskitchenMedial(词中)Cookbookcookerdoctordistrictdiscussaircraftworkerweekendthinker Final（词尾）Duckdukedrinkweekcookclockchockbookbrakeawake/g/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）浊辅音，舌后软腭爆破音。发此音时同/k/音一样,舌后部隆起，紧贴软腭，形成阻碍，然后突然离开，气流冲出口腔，声带震动。2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）当处于词尾时，不完全爆破，如lagbehind当两个/g/相临时，无需两次爆破，只需延长发音时间，如biggrapes当/k/在鼻音前时，此时爆破不在口腔，而在鼻腔，如pigandgoat后跟前元音时，发音部位前移，如geese位于圆纯音之前时，发音亦呈圆唇，如goose3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）GoatgrapegladgreetgiftgirlgreatgetgossipglassMedial(词中)beggarstrugglesugarsunglassdrugstoredisagreebeginningaugustangryFinal（词尾） DrugdragdogbugbigbagragpigloghugFricative摩擦音摩擦音包括：/f/；/v/;/θ//ð/;/s//z/;/h//r//ʃ//ʒ/10辅音。发音共性就是部分的阻塞气流，发音时气流可以持续通过口腔形成缝隙的部位，伴随而来的是一种轻微的摩擦音/f/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）清辅音，唇齿摩擦音，发音时，上齿轻触下唇，气流从口腔形成缝隙的部位通过引起摩擦，声带不振动2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/f/的读音接近汉语的“府”。两者的区别在于：发/f/时上齿要压下唇，并且不能带上“府”的韵母（u）的音，送气要比“府”略强3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）FactfourfiveflyfootfoodfeedfactorfacefirstMedial(词中)Refusesufferbutterflysaferrougherleafysofadeaferdefenddefuse Final（词尾）Leafwifeproofsafeselfreliefcalfgolfmyself/v/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）清辅音，唇齿摩擦音，发音与/f/相同，上齿轻触下唇，气流从口腔形成缝隙的部位通过引起摩擦，声带振动2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/v/的读音也接近汉语的“府”，但发/v/声带要振动3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）VoyagevotervotevolleyballvoicevocabularyvisitorvisitvillagerviewerMedial(词中)ReviewloveruniverseheavylovelylivingcoverdeliverinvalidoverFinal（词尾）Fivemoveleavelovehavedoveslavesleevepassivelive/θ/ 1.SoundDescription（发音要领）清辅音，舌尖齿背摩擦音，发音时，舌尖轻抵齿背，气流从舌尖的缝隙的部位泻出，形成摩擦音，声带不振动2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/θ/的发音接近汉语的“死”，区别在于：发/θ/时要用牙齿轻咬舌尖3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）ThinthingthirstythunderthrowthinkthreethirdtheoriesthickMedial(词中)BirthdaysomethingnothinganythingmathematicsfaithfulhealthywealthymathematicianNorthwordsFinal（词尾）Teethtoothmonthmouthearthdeathbirthfifthsixtiethseventh/ð/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）清辅音，舌尖齿背摩擦音，发音时，舌位与/θ/的相同，舌尖轻抵齿背，气流从舌尖的缝隙的部位泻出，形成摩擦音，声带振动 2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/θ/的发音也接近汉语的“死”，但发音时声带振动3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）ThisthatthosetheytheirthemselvesthoughtheetheretheseMedial(词中)FathermotherbrotherratherbathingweatherfeatherotheranotherleatherFinal（词尾）Bathebreathsmoothwithcloth/s/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）清辅音，舌端齿龈摩擦音，发音时舌端靠近齿龈，气流由舌端与齿龈泻出形成摩擦音，声带不振动2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/s/的发音接近汉语的“丝”，区别在于：发/s/时舌要轻触下齿背，送气比“丝”强3.Practice(操练) 1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）SeeswimswiftsmallsunsoonsafesupplysuffersayMedial(词中)WorstbicyclebasicsensitivesisterexpensivesunsetrecitequestionpencilFinal（词尾）Ricejuiceclassglassgrassboxhorseworsebasepace/z/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）浊辅音，舌端齿龈摩擦音，发音与/s/相同，舌端靠近齿龈，气流由舌端与齿龈泻出形成摩擦音，声带振动2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/z/的发音只是/s/的浊化，在发音方法不变的情况下使声带振动3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）zealzipzinczoozerozanyzebrazest zipperzoomMedial(词中)loserfuzzylazydozendesigndisasterarisendesignercousinclosedFinal（词尾）prizeariseupstairsdownstairsconfusecloseplayskneesaseyes/h/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）清辅音，发音时，口开张，气流从声门不受阻碍的摩擦而出，口型随后边的原因而变化，声带不振动2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/h/的发音接近汉语的“呵”，但区别在于：发/h/时气流较弱，是从胸腔中发出的3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）Hearharmhathailhillhithardheadhate heMedial(词中)Anyhowbehindchildhooduphilldownhillhip-hopboyhoodgirlhoodwarmheartedgodhoodFinal（词尾）注：此发音不出现在单词词尾/r/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）软腭下垂，堵住口腔通道，气流从鼻腔流出。/r/是鼻辅音发音时声带振动，/r/时软腭鼻音2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）发/r/时软腭降至舌后根部形成阻碍3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首） raterealreadripwrongrunrubrushrubbishrideMedial(词中)phrasefreezepresentfromthroughgreatbringspringbroomgrowFinal（词尾）注：此发音不出现在单词词尾/ʃ/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）清辅音，舌齿龈后部摩擦音。发音时舌尖和舌端向上，齿龈后部抬起，舌身紧靠上腭，形成狭窄通道，气流由通道而出，形成摩擦音，声带不震动2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/ʃ/的读音接近汉语的“嘘”，但区别在于：发/ʃ/时嘴唇撮成圆形并尽量往前突出，舌头放平3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词） Initial（词首）sugarshopshoesharpshoutshootshotshortshipsheetMedial(词中)specialwashingmachinefishernationfashionactionworshipfriendshipspaceshipFinal（词尾）washfishbushbrashBritishastonishwelshSpanishEnglishrush/ʒ/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）清辅音，舌齿龈后部摩擦音。发音时舌位与/ʃ/相同，舌尖和舌端向上，齿龈后部抬起，舌身紧靠上腭，形成狭窄通道，气流由通道而出，形成摩擦音，声带不振动2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/ʒ/的读音接近汉语的“日”，但区别在于：发/ʒ/时嘴唇撮成圆形并尽量往前突出 3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）注：此发音不出现在单词词首Medial(词中)leisuretreasureusualinvasionmeasurecollisiondecisionpleasuredivisionMalaysiaFinal（词尾）rougebarragegaragebeigemirageAffricates破擦音英语中破擦音有六个：/tʃ//dʒ//tr//dr//ts//dz/破擦音的发音共性：发音时舌尖抵住上齿龈成发/t/，/d/的姿势，形成气流的完全阻碍，随后让气流冲破这种阻碍轻微爆破后立即发出第二个爆破音，即先爆破后摩擦，两音密合，发成一个音/tʃ/ 1.SoundDescription（发音要领）发音时舌尖抵住上齿龈后部，舌身抬高，做好发摩擦音/ʃ/的准备，先憋住气，不发音，然后舌尖稍稍下降（但舌的两端仍需抵住齿龈两侧），气流通过时发出/ʃ/，而实际发出的音是/tʃ/，是个清辅音2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）通常th和tch发/tʃ/音，如teach,catch当t和ure搭配时发/tʃə/，如lecture/tʃ/虽和汉语的“吃”音有相似之处，但不可把/tʃ/发成“吃”，还要注意口型和舌位的发音要求：汉语中“吃”时卷舌音，发音时舌头略微上卷，但英语中的/tʃ/发音时不能卷舌，而是舌头展平，只是舌面有一些下凹/t/后边跟/j/时发生音的同化现象，也读/tʃ/，如Iappreciateyourhelp3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）cheapchairchalkchoosechurchchinachatchildchaincheer Medial(词中)TeacheradventurepicturebachelorDutchesssearchingcatcherwitchmatchtouchFinal（词尾）Lunchpeachcatchteachrichcoacheachwitchmatchtouch/dʒ/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）发音时舌尖抵住上齿龈后部，舌身抬高，做好发摩擦音/ʒ/的准备，先憋住气，不发音，然后舌尖稍稍下降（但舌的两端仍需抵住齿龈两侧），气流通过时发出/ʒ/，而实际发出的音是/dʒ/，是个浊辅音2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）英语中发/dʒ/音的字母组合有g,j,dge和dj,如garage,job,bridge和adjacent/d/后跟/j/音时发生同化现象，也读/dʒ/如wouldyou英语中/dʒ/不能发成汉语中的“之”，汉语中“之”时卷舌音，发音时舌头略微上卷，但英语中的/dʒ/发音时不能卷舌，而是舌头展平，只是舌面有一些下凹 3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）jarjokeginjulyjawjunejeepjuiceGeorgejeanMedial(词中)adjacentadjournenjoyejectordigestdigitalinjureHejazagencypyjamaFinal（词尾）Agejudgeorangebadgehedgeedgeencouragegarbageragecollege/tr/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）发音时舌身与/r/相似，舌尖贴齿龈后部，形成阻碍，气流冲破阻碍发短促的/t/后立即发/r/双唇稍稍突出，略呈圆形，是清辅音2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向） /tr/因为含有卷舌/r/音，故发音时舌头需上卷，且口型圆而紧张当/tr/音后加音/u/时不要发出汉语的（出）音当/tr/前有/s/音时，这个破擦音会出现不完全浊化的现象，发音接近于浊辅音/dr/，但声带没有明显震动，如street3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）troubletreattrytruetricktradetrialtriptrucktreeMedial(词中)CountrycentralcontractcontrolpetrolcontraryindustryintroduceentranceentrepreneurFinal（词尾）注：此发音不出现在单词词尾/dr/1.SoundDescription（发音要领） 发音时舌身与/r/相似，舌尖贴齿龈后部，形成阻碍，气流冲破阻碍发短促的/d/后立即发/r/双唇稍稍突出，略呈圆形，是清辅音2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/dr/因为含有卷舌/r/音，故发音时舌头需上卷，且口型圆而紧张当/dr/音后加音/u/时不要发出汉语的”朱”音这个音一定要接元音，所以不会出现在单词的词尾有些人容易把这个音与/dʒ/混淆，汉语中“吃”时卷舌音，这个音含有卷舌音的元素，发音时舌头要上卷，而/dʒ/是舌尖展平英语中发这个音的字母组合主要是dr3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）drydrinkdreamdressdropdragdrugdrawdragondriveMedial(词中)EndrinaddressAndrewandroidOdradedramatizepedrailadriftadrenalinrendrock Final（词尾）注：此发音不出现在单词词首/ts/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）发音时舌端先贴住齿龈，堵住气流，然后略下降，气流送出口腔，/ts/是清辅音2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/ts/有点类似于汉语中的“次”，但发音是要有爆破的感觉这个音一般出现在一/t/结尾的名词复数形式，所有格形式或者第三人称单数形式中，发这个音的一般字母组合为ts,t’s或tes,te’s这个音一般出现在结尾，Nazi除外3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）2)Initial（词首）注：此发音不出现在单词词首Medial(词中) 注：此发音不出现在单词词中Final（词尾）Shirtscatspotsbeatsguest’santsgetsforgetsbitesKates/dz/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）发音时舌端先贴住齿龈，堵住气流，然后略下降，气流送出口腔，/dz/是浊辅音2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/dz/有点类似于汉语中的“子”，但发音是要有爆破的感觉这个音一般出现在一/d/结尾的名词复数形式，所有格形式或者第三人称单数形式中，发这个音的一般字母组合为ds,d’s或des,e’s这个音一般出现在结尾3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词） Initial（词首）注：此发音不出现在单词词首Medial(词中)注：此发音不出现在单词词中Final（词尾）CardsmaidsfriendshandsfeedsridesreadsRichard’slendsbirdsNasals鼻音英语中的鼻音共有三个：/m//n//ŋ/爆破音的发音共性：软腭下垂，口腔通道完全堵塞，气流从鼻腔溢出。三个音都是浊辅音，发音时声带震动，鼻辅音在词末时，发音略为延长/m/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）双唇鼻辅音。发音时软腭下垂，双唇紧闭，气流从鼻腔送出2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向） 英语中发这个音时一般会出现字母m当字母mb出现在字母末尾是b不发音，发这个鼻音，如comb此音在单词词尾时极为不可吞没不读，不可张开双唇读作汉语的“木”3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）meetmixmouthmoneymountainmakemoremymissmoonMedial(词中)chimneysimplesimmersmokerhammerArmstrongsummarysummitwomenAmericaFinal（词尾）sumnamecomblambpoemTomdimfromrimteam/n/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）舌尖齿龈鼻辅音，发音时舌尖抵上齿龈，软腭下垂，气流从鼻腔送出 2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）英语中发这个音时一定有字幕n，此音可出现在词首，词中或词尾一些单词中有gn,kn,和pn得字母组合，其中g,k,和p不发音，只发这个鼻音，如know,gnomon和pneumatic3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）NearnailnownameknowgnomonnursenarrownextnationMedial(词中)MangerhandmindgingerarrangeDenmarkdentistpencilpaintdrinkFinal（词尾）Skinpencannationtowncoinfortunepinwinnoon/ŋ/ 1.SoundDescription（发音要领）舌后软腭鼻辅音。发音时软腭下垂，堵住口腔通道，气流从鼻腔送出，声带振动2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）英语中最长发这个音的字母组合是ng当字母出现在发音/k/（字母或字母组合c,ch,k,q,x）前，或出现在发音/g/(字母g)之前时，由于发音位置与/ŋ/相同，n受到同化，也发/ŋ/，如thank,language等/ŋ/一般不出现在单词的开头3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）注：此发音不出现在单词词首Medial(词中)bankthankmonklinkrankanklehungerEnglish languagedrinkFinal（词尾）thingdancingshoppingping-ponghungsongringlongwinggongLaterals舌侧音英语中舌侧音只有一个：/l//l/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）发/l/音时，舌尖抵住上齿龈，气流从舌边泻出，出现在词尾或辅音前发音时，舌后端稍抬高。/l/有两种发音，即清晰音与含糊音。/l/为浊辅音，发音时声带振动清晰地/l/音，发音时舌前向硬腭抬起，舌尖抵上齿龈，舌身平直，舌后上抬，气流从舌旁送出，在词首或元音前发清晰地/l/音。含糊/l/音，发音时舌尖抵上齿龈，舌面形成凹槽，气流从舌的旁边送出。在辅音或者音节末尾发含糊的/l/2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向） /l/音有一定的长度，和元音一样可以延长清晰舌边音位于元音之前，与其后的元音构成一个音节，它只出现在词首和词中清晰音/l/和卷舌音/r/的区别主要看舌位：发/l/音时，舌尖贴住上齿龈；发/r/音时舌尖卷起，靠近上齿龈后部含糊舌边音/l/出现在元音后，可以出现在辅音前，也可以出现在辅音后（词尾）。当这个音出现在词尾时，如果其后所接的是以元音开头的名词，这个音就转为清晰舌边音，与后边的元音连接，如spellit含糊舌边音/l/是一个成音节辅音，可与爆破音/p//b//t//d//k//g/和摩擦音/f/,/v/,/s/,/z/及鼻辅音/m//n/连起来构成音节，称为辅音连缀：/pl//bl//tl//dl//kl/,/gl/,/fl/,/vl/,/sl/,/zl/,/ml//nl/如blood,please,flower,glad等含糊舌边音很容易被人忽略，或者把它读成汉语中的“尔”。要想发好这个音，一定要记住，舌尖紧贴上齿龈，不要离开，尤其是这个音在词尾时，不要省略掉 3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）LonglendloadliveleaveletlikelovelifelargeMedial(词中)pleasuresimpleslowclipblowsillymillionworldcolormilkFinal（词尾）FoolcoolgoalballdollpulloilfellsellgirlSemi-vowels半元音英语中半元音有两个：/w/，/j/。 半元音具有元音的性质，又有辅音的性质。发半元音时气流在口腔里的通道很窄，形成部分阻碍，随后从狭窄的通道泻出时，发出很轻微的摩擦声，发音时间极短/w/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）/w/是舌后软腭半元音。发音时舌后部向软腭抬起，舌位高。双唇收小饼向外突出，声带振动。发音短促，立刻滑向其后的元音2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）这个音口型与/u/相似，双唇收的很圆很小，嘴唇张开到刚好可以含住一根吸管的程度，并向前微撅起，略有摩擦，但上齿不能接触下唇这是个半元音，不同于元音，不能单独成音，不能延长，它必须后接元音拼读，所以不能出现在单词末尾它可以和前边的辅音拼读在一起，形成辅音连缀，如：/kw/，/tw/,再与后边的元音拼读，如quarter,twelve注意和/v/音区分开来，/v/为唇齿音，是上齿和下唇发的音，而/w/是圆唇音，上唇不与下齿接触 3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）warwarmwellwhetherwhenworsewakewomenwoodsweekendsMedial(词中)mowingsandwichswitchswimsweatalwaysunderwearsweettwainswish/j/1.SoundDescription（发音要领）/j/是舌前硬腭半元音。发音时舌前部向硬腭尽量抬起，舌位较高，双唇伸展呈扁平状。/j/是个浊辅音，声带振动2．Note（注意事项∕错误倾向）/j/是个半元音，不同于元音，不能单独成音，不能延长，所以不能出现在单词末尾， 但它可以和前边的辅音拼读在一起，后接元音形成音节，也可以像辅音一样和后边的元音拼读在一起，如few/fju/。长发这个音的字母及字母组合为y和u,如yellow,usually字母u和字母组合ew,eau,eu,ue等在单词中发这个音时通常含有元音在内，发为/ju/，如：dew。字母组合ure发音时也可含有这个音在内，为/jur/,如：January/t/与/d/和随后出现的/j/会发生浊化现象，如：student3.Practice(操练)1)Word（单词）Initial（词首）usuallyuseyardyellyieldyoungyellowyearyolkyourMedial(词中)newbeyondsuitonionseniorjuniorfewviewbeautiful 音节Syllables音节是最小语音片段，最小音节是一个元音，如，are/a:/,or//。单词由音节组成，一个音节至少有一个元音，就音节的结构而言，元音是音节里最响亮音。1.音节类型a.只有元音，如：are/a:/a/ei/ear/iə/b.辅音+元音,如：me/mi:/no/nəʊ/buy/bai/c.元音+辅音,如：art/a:t/old//əʊld/ease/i:z/d.辅音+元音+辅音,如：run/rʌn/sat/sæt/pull/pul/e.成音节/m,n,l/ 这三个辅音是响音，同其前面的辅音构成一个音节，叫成音节。例：pencil/′pensl/table/′teibl/Thomson/′tɒmsn/a.r音节b.以“元音字母+r或再加辅音字母”结尾的重读音节，叫做r音节。在r音节中，元音字母连同后面的r一起读长音。如：far/fa:/,first/fɜ:st/c.re音节d.以字母组合re结尾的音节，叫re音节。如：care,here,more,fire,pure1.开音节和闭音节a.开音节开音节有两种情况：一是以发音的元音字母结尾的重读音节，如go,my.二是以辅音字母（不包括r）加上不发音的e结尾的重读音节，take,rice.在开音节中，发音的元音字母a,e,i,o,u 都发原来字母的音，字母y发/ai/,例如my。开音节①绝对开音节:单个元音字母后面没有辅字组的重读音节.例如:noblueba-bystu-dentse-cret.②相对开音节:单个元音字母后面加单个辅音字母,再加一个不发音字母e构成的重读音节.例如:namethesebikehomeex-cuse.a.闭音节闭音节是指一个音节的形式为“元音+辅音”，在闭音节中元音中元音字母的发音有很大的变化，如map,net,hit,not,cut,gym.Ex.1Recognizehowmanysyllablesthereareinthefollowingwords.paperhereoccurmemberdecisionfeaturewaterfamousclicksugarreasonacceptcaptaincameraflowernationborrowtwelveconversationdiscusspartymorningradioconfidentholidaygoodmovieanothermusic femalecasereleaseappearancefame单音节双音节多音节Ex.2Whichofthefollowingwordsareopen-syllablewords,closed-syllablewordsorsyllabic-soundwords?takelikeyeswelldeskbestplanthankshetheatehihelloroseladpenfogwishsticknoodletubehugelovebadtiepeoplemillthinkbuttoncandlescrubstarecomposeswallowtopicbladetossdeluxepupaware开音节闭音节成音节 3.元音字母的读音规则一,元音字母在重读音节中的读音a在开音节中[ei]nameplaneJanebabycake在闭音节中[æ]bagdadhatmapblackbacke在开音节中[i:]hethesemeChinese在闭音节中[e]bedletpendeskyeseggi在开音节中[ai]bikeflydrivetimenicekite在闭音节中[i]fishbigdrinksitmilkswim o在开音节中[eu]thoseclosegohoehomeno在闭音节中[ɒ]clocknotboxshopsocku在开音节中[ju:]studentexcusedutyTuesday在闭音节中[ʌ]buscupjumpmuchlunch在开音节中,元音字母u在辅音字母jlrs后面时读[u:]音,例如:Junebluerulersuper二,元音字母在非重读音节中的读音a[ə]Chinaanotherwomanbreakfast [i]orangecomradevillagecabbagee[e]hundredstudentopenweekend[i]chickenpocketbeginchildreni[ə]/[i]holidaybeautifulfamilyanimal[ai]exercisesatelliteo[e]secondtonightsomebodywelcome[əu]alsozerophotou[ə]autumndiffcult[ju:]popularcongratulationJanuary动词中的a如果处在开音节位置,a读[ei]音,例如:operate u处在开音节位置,又在辅音字母jlrs后面时,读[u(:)]音,例如:JulyinfluenceFebruaryissue三,元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音a在[w]音后面[ɒ]wantwhatwatchwashqualitya在fnskphspssstth前[a:]afterplantgraphaskgraspglassfastfatheri在-nd-ld和gh前[ai]findchildlighthigho在-st-ld前[eu]mostpostcardoldcoldo在mnvth前[ʌ]comemonkeylovemother四,-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音ar[a:]carfarmdarksharpener 在[w]音后面[ɔ:]warmquartertowardsor[ɔ:]fortymorningshort在[w]音后面[ɜ:]wordworkerworseerirur[ɜ:]certainlybirdThursday辅音字母r双写时,前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音.例如:carrysorryhurryr音节在非重读音节中通常读[ə]音,例如:dollarteachermartyrforgetSaturday五,-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音are[eə]caredarehareere[ɪə]heremereire[aiə]firehirewire ore[ɔ:]morescorebeforeure[ju:ə]purecureareereireore很少出现在非重读音节中,ure在非重读音节中读[ə]音,例如:picturepleasure重读元音字母加Rr,再加非重读元字组时,重读元音字母应按-re音节拼读规则拼读,字母Rr读[r]音.例如:parentzerostoryduringinspiring某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象.例如:orangeveryAmericanparagraph六,元音字组在重读音节中的读音ai/ay[ei]afraidrainwaitdayplay air[aiə]airhairchairpairrepairal[ɔ]smallballtalkwallall在f,m前[ɔ:l]alwaysalsosaltalmostbald[a:]halfcalmau/aw[ɔ:]autumndaughterdrawea[i:]teacheasycheapplease[e]heavybreadsweaterweather[ei]breakgreatear[iə]heardearnearclearyear[εə]bearpearwear[ə:]earthlearnearly ee[i:]jeepweekgreenthreeeer[iə]pioneerdeerbeerei/ey[ei]eightneighbourthey[i:]eitherkeyeu/ew[ju:]newfewnewspaper在jlrs后[u:]flewbrewie/ei[s]音之后[i:]piecefieldreceiveoa[əu]coatJoanboatgoaloar/oor[ɔ:]roarboarddoorflooroi/oy[ɔi]noisepointboytoiletoo[u:]broomfoodtoothschool [u]booklookcookfootgoodou/ow[au]flowerhousecountdown[əu]knowrowthrowthough[ʌ]youngcountryenough[u:]groupyousoupour[ɔ:]courseyourfour[auə]ourhourours[ɔ:]journeyui[ju:i]fluidsuicidetuition在jlrs后[u:]juicefruitsuit 七,非重读音节中元音字组和字群的读音ai/ayei/ey[i]Sundayforeignmonkeyow[əu]yellowsparrowtomorrow元音字组在非重读音节中读[ə]音或[i].例如:neighbourseriousfamousbiscuitcoffeesion-tion[ʃn]impressionnationsion在元音字母后[ʒn]visiondecisionoccasiontion在s后[tʃən]questionsuggestionsten[sn]listenstle[sl]whistlesure[ʒə]pleasuremeasure ture[tʃə]pictureculture八,元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读.例如:everyday[ei]handbag[æ]blackboard[ɔ:]有些词随着语言的发展,前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义,融合成为一个词.其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音.例如:sun太阳+day[ei]日子>Sunday[i]星期天holy神圣+day[ei]日子>holiday[i]假日break中断+fast[a:]斋戒>breakfast[ə]早餐cup茶杯+board木板[ɔ:]>cupboard[ə]碗柜 九,辅字组的读音b[b]bikebusbag[/]bombtomb注：不发音c[k]cakepicturecoatmusic在e前或在i/y前c[s]facedecidecinemach[tʃ]muchchickrichteacher[k]schoolheadachechemistry [ʃ]machineck[k]cockpocketblackknockd[d]doctorbreadhanddaydge[dʒ]bridgefridgedr-[dr]childrendriverdrinkf[f]fivefourbreakfastg[g]baggardongog在ei/y前[dʒ]orangelargeGermangh[f]coughenough[/]lightdaughterhighgu[g]guessleaguedialogue 在非重读音节中[gw]languageanguishh[h]hotheadhousehand[/]hourhonestj[dʒ]jeepjarjokejoinJulyk[k]kindbikeskatemakeweekkn-[n]knifeknowknockl[l]lifemilkschooltallm[m]monkeycomeautumnmn[m]autumncolumnn[n]notshinetennote在[k][g]音前[ŋ]unclethankhungry ng[ŋ]morningyoungwrongp[p]paperplanepigshippenph[f]elephantphototelephoneq[k]Iraqqu-[kw]qualityquiter[r]redrubberrulers在词首或清辅音前[s]sitsleepdesk元音字母间或浊辅音前[z]musichusbandsc-[sk]scarlet[s]musclesciencesh[ʃ]shefishshirtwash t在通常情况下[t]tenlettermeet在弱读字母iaieio前[ʃ]patientnationtch[tʃ]watchth在通常情况下[θ]thinthirtymethod在冠词代词介词连词中[ð]thethesewiththan在词尾-the-ther中[ð]clothefatherweathertr-[tr]treetraincountrytruckv[v]veryvoiceloveleavew[w]weekwinwakesweetwait[/]answertwowh-[w]whatwhenwhitewhy wh-在字母o前[h]whowhosewholex[ks]boxtextexercise在重读元音前[gz]examleexistexactwr-[r]writey-[j]yesyardyellowyoungz[z]puzzlezerozoo 重读音节单词中读音特别响亮的音节.用音标标记双音节,多音节词的读音时,应使用重读符号.单音节词多数是重读音节,标记读音时不需要使用重读符号.多音节词重读规则多音节词通常在倒数第三个音节重读.例如:el-e-phantcon-grat-u-la-tion词尾有-ic或-tion,-sion的词,在-ic或-sion,-tion前的一个音节上重读.例如:scientificimpressionnation 4.音节的划分音节：音节是读音的基本单位，任何单词的读音，都是分解为一个个音节朗读。在英语中元音特别响亮，一个元音可构成一个音节，一个元音和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节。一般说来，元音可以构成音节，辅音不响亮，不能构成音节。但英语辅音字母中有4个辅音[m]，[n]，[ng]，[l]是响音，它们和辅音音素结合，也可构成音节。它们构成的音节往往出现在词尾，一般是非重读音节。英语的词有一个音节的，两个音节的，多个音节的，一个音节叫单音节，两个音节叫双音节，三个音节以上叫多音节。如：take拿，ta"ble桌子，pota"to`马铃薯，pop`ula"tion人口，congrat`ula"tion祝贺。tel"ecommu`nica"tion电讯划分音节的方法：元音是构成音节的主体，辅音是音节的分界线。两辅音之间不管有多少个元音，一般都是一个音节。如：bed床，bet打赌，seat坐位，beat毒打，beaut极好的beau"ty美。两元音字母之间有一个辅音字母时，辅音字母归后一音节，如：stu"dent学生，la"bour劳动。有两个辅音字母时，一个辅音字母归前一音节，一个归后一音节，如：let"ter信，win"ter冬天。不能拆分的字母组合按字母组合划分音节。如：fa"ther父亲，tea"cher教师。 单词的发音灵魂是元音，掌握这一点就不难了。方法是这样的：从单词的左边往右边看，以一个元音加上其左边的辅音为一个音节。如果该元音前面没有辅音，那它就是独立的一个音节；如果两个原因字母相接，那就视为两个音节。如果一个辅音后面没有原因，那么它也被视做单个的音节。练习1朗读单词，将单词按音节数分组oxumbrellarobotbananaRichardtomorrowslidequeueeyesloppywatchintensivedeclinediamond练习2朗读单词，划分音节（例如：likelihood—like-li-hood）likelikelylikelihooddislikeactactiveactivelyactivityventinventinventedinventoryclaimproclaimMagmagazineexamexamineexamineeexaminationcomecompocomplycomponent Unit7Direction:Enjoythefollowingpoem,andthentrytoreaditaffectionately.Shewalksinbeauty,likethenightOfcloudlessclimesandstarryskies;Andallthat’sbestofdarkandbrightMeetinheraspectandhereyes;Thusmellow’dtothattenderlightWhichheaventogaudydaydenies.Oneshadethemore,oneraytheless,Hadhalfimpair’dthenamelessgraceWhichwavesineveryraventress,Orsoftlylightenso’erherface;WherethoughtsserenelysweetexpressHowpure,howdeartheirdwelling-place.Andonthatcheek,ando’erthatbrow,Sosoft,socalm,yeteloquent,Thesmilesthatwin,thetintsthatglow,Buttellofdaysingoodnessspent, Amindatpeacewithallbelow,Aheartwhoseloveisinnocent!乔治.戈登.拜伦(GeorgeGordonByron,1788—1824),英国19世纪初期伟大的浪漫主义诗人。Unit8Directions:Enjoythefollowingsong,andthentrytosingalong.JambalayaGood-bye,Joe,hegottago,meohmyoh. Hegottagopolethepiroguedownthebayou.HisYvonne,thesweetestone,meohmyoh.We’llhavebigfunonthebayou.Thibodaux,Fontaineaux,theplaceisbuzzing.AKinfolkcometoseeYvonnebythedozen.Dressinstyleandgohogwild,meohmyoh.We’llhavebigfunonthebayou.Jambalaya,crawfishpie,filletgumbo.FortonightdownI’mgonnaseemycherami-o!Pickguitar,fillfruitjarandbegay-o.We’llhavebigfunonthebayou.Settledownfarfromtown,gethimapirogue.Andhe’llcatchyouallthefishinthebayou.SwappedhismomtobuyYvonnewhatsheneed-o.We’llhavebigfunonthebayou. Unit10Directions:Enjoythefollowingsong,andthentrytosingalong.OnlytheLonelyDum-dum-dum-dum-dee-du-wahOoh-yeah-yeah-yeah-yahOh-woh-woh-who-ooh-wa-wah Onlythelonely,onlythelonelyOnlythelonelyIkwontheway,IfeeltonightOnlythelonelyIknowthisfeelingain’trightTheregoesmybabyTheregoesmyheartThey’vegoneforeversofarapartButonlythelonelyYouknowwhyIcryOnlythelonelyDum-dum-dum-dum-dee-du-wahOoh-yeah-yeah-yeah-yahOh-woh-woh-who-ooh-wa-wahOnlythelonely,onlythelonelyOnlythelonelyIknowtheheartachesI’vebeenthroughOnlythelonely IknowIcryandcryforyouMaybetomorrowanewromanceNomoresorrowbutthat’sthechanceYou’vegottotakeIfyou’relonelyheartbreakOnlythelonelyUnit11Directions:Enjoythefollowingsong,andthemtrytosingalong.PuffPuff,themagicdragon,livedbythesea,AndfrolickedintheautumnmistInalandcalledHo-nah-lee.LittleJackiePaperlovedthatrascalPuff, AndbroughthimstringsandsealingwaxAndotherfancystuffoh!Puff,themagicdragon,livedbytheseaAndfrolickedintheautumnmistInalandcalledHo-nah-lee.Oh!Puff,themagicdragon,livedbythesea,AndfrolickedintheautumnmistInalandcalledHo-nah-lee.Togethertheywouldtravelonaboatwithbillowedsail.JackiekeptalookoutperchedonPuffgigantictail.BoblekingsandprinceswouldbowwhenevertheycamePirateshipswouldlowertheirflagswhenPuffroaredouthisnameoh!Puff,themagicdragon,lovedbytheseeAndfrolickedintheautumnmistInalandcalledHo-nah-lee.Oh!Puff,themagicdragon,livedbytheseaAndfrolickedintheautumnmistInalandcalledHo-nah-lee.AdragonlivesforeverButnotsolittlegirlsandboys.PaintedwingsandgiantringsMakewayforothertoys. Onegrewnightithappened,JackiePapercamenomore.Andpuffthatmightydragon,Heceasedhisfearlessroar.Hisheadwasbentinsorrow;greenscalesfelllikerain.PuffnolongerwenttoplayAlongthecherrylane.Withouthislifelongfriend,Puffcouldnotbebrave.Sopuffthatmightdragonsadlyslippedintohiscave.Puff,themagicdragon,livedbythesea,AndfrolickedintheautumnmistInalandcalledHo-nah-lee. Directions:EnjoythefollowingmovieclipfromTitanic,andthentrytoactitout.Therescuer:Tiethesetwoboatstogetheraswell.Therescuer:Now,makesurethat"stiedupniceandtight.Therescuer:Right,listentome,men.Wehavetogoback.Therescuer:Iwanttotransferallthewomenfromthisboatintothatboatrightnow.Therescuer:Let"screatesomespaceoverthere.Moveforwardandout.Rose:It"sgettingquiet.Jack:It"sjustgoingtotakeacoupleofminutestogettheboatsorganized.Idon"tknowaboutyou...butIintendtowritea strongly-wordedletter...totheWhiteStarLineaboutallthis.Rose:Iloveyou,Jack.Jack:Don"tyoudothat.Jack:Don"tyousayyourgoodbyes.Jack:Notyet.Doyouunderstandme?Rose:I"msocold.Jack:Listen,Rose...you"regonnagetoutofhere.Jack:You"regonnagoon...Andyou"regonnamakelotsofbabies.Jack:Andyou"regonnawatchthemgrow.Jack:You"regonnadieanoldlady,warminherbed.Jack:Nothere.Notthisnight.Notlikethis.Doyouunderstandme?Rose:Ican"tfeelmybody.Jack:Winningthatticketwasthebestthingthateverhappenedtome.Jack:Itbroughtmetoyou.Jack:AndI"mthankfulforthat,Rose.Jack:I"mthankful.Jack:Youmust...Domethishonor.Jack:Youmustpromisemethatyou"llsurvive.Jack:Thatyouwon"tgiveup...Nomatterwhathappens.Jack:Nomatterhowhopeless.Promisemenow,Rose.Andneverletgoofthatpromise.Rose:Ipromise. Jack:Neverletgo.RoseI"llneverletgo,Jack.Rose:I"llneverletgo.Directions:Enjoythefollowingsong,andthentrytosingalong.AsLongAsYouLoveMeAlthoughlonelinesshasalwaysbeenafriendofmine.I"mleavingmylifeinyourhands.PeoplesayI"mcrazyandthatIamblind.Riskingitallinaglance.Howyougotmeblindisstillamystery.Ican"tgetyououtofmyhead.Don"tcarewhatiswritteninyourhistory.Aslongasyou"reherewithme.Idon"tcarewhoyouare.Whereyou"refrom.Whatyoudid.Aslongasyouloveme.Whoyouare.Whereyou"refrom.Don"tcarewhatyoudid. Aslongasyouloveme.Everylittlethingthatyou"vesaidanddone.Feelslikeit"sdeepwithinme.Doesn"treallymatterifyou"reontherun.Itseemslikewe"remeanttobe.Idon"tcarewhoyouare.Whereyou"refrom.Whatyoudid.AslongasyoulovemeWhoyouare.Whereyou"refrom.Don"tcarewhatyoudid.Aslongasyouloveme.Aslongasyouloveme.I"vetriedtohideitsothatnooneknows.ButIguessitshows.Whenyoulookintomyeyes.Whatyoudidandwhereyou"recomingfrom.Idon"tcareAslongasyouloveme,baby.Idon"tcarewhoyouareWhereyou"refrom.Whatyoudid Aslongasyouloveme.Whoyouare.Whereyou"refrom.Don"tcarewhatyoudid.Aslongasyouloveme.Whoyouare.Whereyou"refrom.Whatyoudid.Aslongasyouloveme.Whoyouare.Aslongasyouloveme.Whatyoudid.Aslongasyouloveme.Unit14WordStress单词重音SectionBPronunciationforCommunication1.Introduction当读或说英语时，会把一个单词中的某个音节读的清晰而又响亮。我们说，单词中读的清晰而又响亮的音节就接受了单词重音，如favourite/"feivərit/中，重读音节/fei/ 读的比其他两个音节响亮。单音节都有重音符号，但不必标出；双音节活多音节中可以有一个或一个以上的重读音节，但重读音节因词而异，很不规则；再多音节中，除了有主重音外还可能有次重音，但主重音用“"”表示，次重音用“,”(无法打出，同主重音符号，在下方)，如单词international/,intə"næʃənl/中，主重音是/næ/,次重音是/in/,其他部分为非重读音节。英语单词中重音位置可以在任何一个音节上。在遇到一个新单词时，一般情况下，最可靠的办法是查词典，按照词典上的音标读。不过有一些单词的重音是能找到规律的。PrincipleofWordStress(1)单音节词多数是重读音节，标记读音时不需要使用重读符号，例如：Bagbookclubbirdpitchfishsnailridgeschooldidmoonsheepstreettenth(2)在双音节此中，许多常见的名词或动词重音常在第一个音节上。如："English"learner"students"teacher"mirror"brother"pencil"paper"study"marry(3)带有前缀a-,be-,re-,res-,in-,im-,en-,em-,es-,ex-,con-,com-,dis-,mis-,pre-,pro-,trans-,un-,等的双音节词，重音一般落在第二或第三音节上，因为英语前缀是不重读的。例如：A"bouta"gainbe"sidebe"comein"viteun"happyin"creasedis"coverdis"likeex"plainex"plode un"lockbe"lievead"ressde"cidecon"demnres"pectcom"parein"formdis"cussim"pressmis"takeen"forcepre"pareem"ployper"mites"capepro"duceex"claimtrans"late(1)有些复合词和带有前缀re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,-teen等的词，有两个重音，例如："out"side"re"tell"well-"known"un"real"four"teeen"Chi"nese"pre-"war"post-"war(2)英语中所有单词后缀都不重读，例如：--ly"carefully"usually"actively-al"national"normal"central-tiveactivecre"ativea"ttractive-ant/entas"sitant"pleasant"slient-ionedu"cationper"missiongradu"ation-ment"government"managementre"quirement(3)英语中派生词的重音与词根重音一致。派生词就是一些有同样词根的词。例如：Act"actual"active"action"actor"activelyre"actcom"parecom"parison但有些派生词中，如名词派生出的形容词，重音通常后移。例如："Sciencescien"tific"accidentacci"dental"politicspo"litical (1)带下列后缀的词：-ary,-ery,-ory,-ism,-ist,-mony,-ment等，重音一般在第一个音节上，例如："library"necessary"grocery"every"history"dormitory"scientist"artist"factory"realism"ceremony"government"treatment"customary"socialism"slavery"punishment(2)带下列前缀的词：a-,ab-,ac-,ad-,al-,be-,con-,de-,dis-,em-,en-,in-,mis-,re-,trans-,un-等，重音通常在第二音节上，例如;A"sidead"mireBe"causebe"longbe"hindcon"firmcon"sultde"cidede"signde"pendin"deedins"teadmis"takeun"abletrans"port（9）多音节词（三个或以上）大多重音在倒数第三音节。例如："difficult"communist"familye"conomy"exercise"interestingoppor"tunityde"mocracypossi"bility"barbecueca"pacity,uni"versitymo"notonous"cinema(10)带下列后缀的词，-ain,-ee,-eer,-esque,-ette,-ique,-ine等，重音通常在最后一个音节，且又一个次重音，这些词一般是从法语中借来的词。例如：Employ"eeenter"tainciga"rettean"tiquemaga"zinevolun"teerpio"neerengi"neerinter"fereguaran"teemountai"neerJapa"nese(11) 带有下列后缀的词，-aim,-ain,-cur,-eem,-esque,-ere,-firm,-gn,-oin,-oke,-ose,-pt,-rce,-self,-ume等，重音通常在第二音节上。例如：Con"taino"ccursin"cerede"signcon"firmmy"selfhim"selft"selfyour"selfour"self（12）带下列后缀的词：-eous,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ient,-ion,-ious,-ish,-it,-liar,-sive,--tal,-uous等，重音通常在第二音节，例如：Oc"casionre"lationas"tonishde"positmu"siciancal"ligraphyedi"torialhis"torian"courteousmathe"maticscuri"ositypro"tectivemathema"tician(13)复合名词的主重音一般在组成词的第一个成分的中读音节上，次重音落在第二个成分的中读音节上；专有复合名词的主重音一般落在第二个成分的重音上，次重音落在第一个成分的二重音上；一day结尾的专有名词，主重音落在前面成分的重音上，次重音落在day上，例如:"black,board"any,body"hand,bag"book,store"hot,dog"base,ball"book,case"tooth,paste"sun,glasses"flash,light"bus,stop"taxi,cab"traffic,lights"grand,father"air,port"class,room"pick,pocket"life,style"web,site"sleeping,carcom"puter,game"middle,school"sitting,room,George"Washington,Unite"Nation,Atlantic "Oceans,Unite"States,Ash"Wenesday,Easter"Sunday,Hallo"ween,Thanks"giving,BeachHo"tel,Long"Island,New"Jersey,Forest"RoadThanks"giving,day"Women"s,day"Mother"s,day"Father"s,daySt."Valentine"s,day"National,dayE"lection,day"Labour"s,day(13)复合动词的重音一般在第二音节上，有些复合词有双重音。例如：Ill"treatover"do"kind"hearted"three-"legged"after"noon(14)有些复合词和带有前缀re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,-teen等的词，有两个重音，例如："re"read"well-"known"out"side"eigh"teen"Chi"nese"pre-"sale"post-"office(15)“名词+名词类”的复合词，重音倾向于落在第一个音节上，例如：‘blackboard"blackbird"doorbell"grandfather"grandmother"teapot"baskeball"football"pencilbox"postman"mooncake"airplain"playground"birthday"newspaper"doorkepper(16)“形容词+名词类”如果两个词已变成一个合成词，重音落在第一个音节上，若仍为两个分开的词，两词都要重读。例如：Thisisa"greeenhouse（温室）Thisisa"green"house（绿色房子）Thisisa"blackbirdinthetree（乌鸦）Thisisa"black"bird inthetree（黑鸟）(18)动词短语一般由动词+介词或副词构成，重音一般落在第二部分。例如：Come"instand"upwake"upput"onget"alonglie"downtake"offturn"onpoint"outout"awayget"outofkeep"upwith(19)英语中有一类词拼写是一样的，丹一个是名词，一个是动词，这类词中，所有名词重音都在第一音节上，动词都在第二音节上。例如："record--re"cord"insult--in"sult"conduct--con"duct"present--pre"sent"desert--de"sert"import--im"port"produce--pro"duce"object--ob"ject"permit--per"mit"project--pro"ject"conflict--con"flict"subject--sub"ject"increase--in"crease"protest--pro"test"dis"count(20)有些双音节词既有名词性又有动词性，但重音落在相同的音节上。例如：Ex"changecon"trolex"press"comfort"contact"promise"programsup"prisere"mark3,Practice1.Markthestresssyllableineachwordaccordingtotherecording.permitexclaimlettersorryaboutbelieverecordrespectcompareconductbirthdaymarrydifficult capableladynationdemocratfuryscientificdecisionimpressionangryemployexpressorganpersoncandidateromanticwantedactressmistakecontendoutsidefeaturecountrywritingseriouslecturesmallestpublicexpandnatureopportunityeconomyfolk-songclassroomindustrydiscount1.listentotherecording,andwritedownthewordsyouhear.(1)-----------(40)SectionCLeisureTimeDirections:EnjoythefollowingmovieclipfromTheShawshankRedemption,andthentrytoactitout.Remember,RedHopeisagoodthingMaybethebestofthings.Andnogoodthingeverdies. IwillbehopingthatthisletterfindsyouAndfindsyouwell.YourfriendAndy"getbusylivingorgetbusydying."That"sgoddamnright.ForthesecondtimeinmylifeI"mguiltyofcommittingacrime.Paroleviolation.OfcourseIdoubtthey"lltossupanyroadblocksforthat.Notforanoldcrooklikeme.FortHancock,Texas,please.IfindI"msoexcitedIcanbarelysitstillorholdathoughtinmyhead.Ithinkit"stheexcitementonlyafreemancanfeel.Afreemanatstartofalongjourney.Whoseconclusionisuncertain.IhopeIcanmakeitacrosstheborder.Ihopetoseemyfriendandshakehishand.IhopethePacificisasblueasithasbeeninmydreams.Ihope. Enjoythesongs,andthentrytosingalong.SweatitagainIwannaknowWhoevertoldyouIwaslettinggoofTheonlyjoythatIhaveeverknownGirltheywerelyingJustlookaroundandallofthepeoplethatweusedtoknowHavejustgivenuptheywannaletitgoButwe"restilltryingSoyoushouldknowthislovewesharewasnevermadetodieI"mgladwe"reonthisone-waystreetJustyouandIJustyouandII"mnevergonnasaygoodbyeCauseIneverwannaseeyoucryIsworetoyoumylovewouldremainAndIswearitalloveragainandII"mnevergonnatreatyoubadCauseIneverwannaseeyousadIsworetoshareyourjoyandyourpainAndI"dswearitalloveragain..alloveragain SomepeoplesaythateverythinghasgotitsplaceandtimeEventhedaymustgivewaytothenightButI"mnotbuyingCauseinyoureyesIseealovethatburnseternallyAndifyouseehowbeautifulyouaretomeYou"llknowI"mnotlyingSurethere"llbetimeswewannasaygoodbyeButevenifwetriedTherearesomethingsinthislifewon"tbedeniedWon"tbedeniedI"mnevergonnasaygoodbyeCauseIneverwannaseeyoucryIsworetoyoumylovewouldremainAndIswearitalloveragainandII"mnevergonnatreatyoubadCauseIneverwannaseeyousadIsworetoshareyourjoyandyourpainAndI"dswearitalloveragainThemoreIknowofyouisthemoreIknowIloveyouAndthemorethatI"msureIwantyouforeverandevermoreAndthemorethatyoulovemeandthemorethatIknowOhthatI"mnevergonnaletyougogottaletyouknowthatI I"mnevergonnasaygoodbyeCauseIneverwannaseeyoucryIsworetoyoumylovewouldremainAndIswearitalloveragainandII"mnevergonnatreatyoubadCauseIneverwannaseeyousadIsworetoshareyourjoyandyourpainAndI"dswearitalloveragainAlloveragainAlloveragainI"dswearitoveragainUnit15SentenceStress句子重音SectionBPronunciationforCommunication1.Introduction朗读英语或者用英语交谈时，并不是句子的每一个词都读得一样响亮，一样清楚，而是有些词读的，说的又轻又快，且比较含糊，而有些词读，说的则又重又慢，较为清晰，读，说的响亮清晰的就是句子的重音所在。2.FunctionofSentenceStress （1）体现句子的节奏感，韵律感（2）突出重点，使听者更容易理解3.PrincipleofSentenceStress一般来说，在句子中比较重要的词都要重读，从而使这个词的发音响亮而清晰。在句子中需要重读的词有名词，动词，形容词，副词，数次，代词。冠词，连接词，介词等虚词一般不重读，例如：（1）Theclassroomsarewideandclean.(这句话中的classrooms是名词，wide,clean是形容词，都需重读；the,are,and不重读)（2）Iamsogladtoseeyouagain.(so,glad,see,again重读；I,am,to,you不重读)（3）Iwanttostudy.（动词want,study重读，I，to不重读）（4）Thereisabig,hugeholeinthefloor.（形容词big,huge，名词floor重读，is,a,in,the不重读）从上边的句子中，可以看到所有有意义的比较重要的词都要重读，发音比较响亮，有意义的词包括名词，动词，形容词，副词等，这些也称作开放类，但动词be和助动词一般不重读；冠词，连接词，介词，人称代词等属于封闭类，一般在句子中不重读。重读和不重读的词在句子中形成一强一弱（或一弱一强），一重一轻（或一轻一重）的节奏。但有时候虚词也要重读，一下几点需要注意：（1）强调或突出某个虚词或者be动词会后，应当将其重读.例如：We sawherplayingintheriver.(这句话中的we和him一般不重读，但为了表示强调也可以重读。例如，如果we重读，则强调是“我们”而不是别人看见）（1）介词在句首时候往往要重读。例如：Onmywaytocompany,mycarwasbroken.(这句话中的on再句首应当重读）（2）Be动词及助词和not结合时要重读。例如：1>I"msorryIcan"tfindmypassport.(这句话中can"t应当重读）2>Didn"tItellyouyesterday?(didn"t要重读）（3）句子末尾的be动词和助动词一般要重读。例如：——Areyouadriver?——yes，Iam（am要重读）（4）双音节的介词要或连词，如after,before,because等，在句子中可以重读。（5）疑问代词以及句子中作主语吼着宾语的指示代词或者不定代词要重读。例如：Whocametoseemethismorning？(who)WhatcanIdoforyou?(what)ThisisallIcantellyou(all)注意：上文刚出现过的并且重读的单词，第二次体到时候一般不再重读。例如：——Howmanygirlsarethereintheroom?——therearetwentygirlsinit. (问句中的girls重读，回答中的不重读）句子重音通常有两种情况：语法重音和语义重音。1.Syntacticalstress（语法重音）语法重音的一般规则是：英语句子中通常重读的词类有名词，形容词，副词，数词，指示代词，感叹词，疑问词，实义动词（be，have助动词一般不需要重读，在句末时候要重读在句首时候可以重读或不重读），不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。不重读的词类有冠词，单音节介词，单音节连接词，人称代词，代词所有格，关系代词，关系副词，系动词，助动词和情态动词。1）noun名词一般都重读(1)Thereisa"pictureonthe"wall/(2)Her"brother"puta"bookonthe"desk.(3)"Tom"wantsto"play"footballafter"class.(4)A"dogisan"animal.(5)He"picksupthe"pencil.一些含义较广，本身却没有很确切内容的名词，如thing,person,place,或指一大类人或事物的名词，如man,woman,fellow,time,ship,前面有修饰语缩小其范围是，这类名词常不需要重读。（6）"Thisisa"goodthing.（7）Sheisan"easy-goingpersonto"get"alongwith.（8）Heisthe"rightmanforthe"position.（9）It"s"already"suppertime. （6）The"fashionwomanalways"dress"little.2)pronoun代词常重读的代词有指示代词（但如果指示代词前后都有重音时，该指示代词可失去重音）、名词性物主代词（但在双重所有格中，物主代词往往不重读）、疑问代词和强调代词、不需要重读的代词有人称代词、反身代词、形容词性物主代词、相互代词和关系代词。（1）’ThatiswhatI"mean.（2）"Doyou"like"those"photos?（3）"Howdoyou"likethese"bigones?（4）Who"wrotethat"thrilling"novel?（5）He"found"ithim"self.（6）"Whoareyou"talkingto?（7）I"m"writingtoa"friendofmine.（8）"That"isn"ttheoneI"wantto"get.（9）The"blueishers.（10）The"womenher"self"toldmeso.（11）You"haven"t"seenher"sisteryet.（12）She"hurtherselfwhenshewas"skating.（13）We"often"helpeachother.（14）The"boywho"saysgoodbyetoyouismy"brother.（15）"Yoursis"much"biggerthan"mine.Adjective形容词包括分词作形容词和数次一般都应重读。 （1）"this"narrow"valleywasthe"sceneifa"famous"battle.（2）It"sa"dulland"disappointing"novel.（3）"That"sex"citing"lesson.（4）The"roomis"wide,"cleanand"beautiful.（5）The"worriedperson"enteredthe"crowded"street.（6）His"first"daughteris"sixteen.（7）He"bought"ten"cupsandI"boughtonly"four.（8）We"saw"three"black"dogsinthe"red"car.（9）The"new"coatisinthe"bag.（10）I"sawan"interesting"film.Article冠词一般不重读（1）Sheisa"driver.（2）Iam"readinga"very"interesting"novel.（3）"Maryisa"teacherof"English.（4）My"mother"worksina"nurserywhich"liesinthe"west"district.（5）He"thinksof"thatasa"child"thinks.（6）A"car"dashedpast.（7）He"livesina"housenot"farfromthe""school.（8）It"san"hour"sdrivefromthe"old"station.（9）The"manoverthereismy"brother.（10）An"elephantisan"animal. Verb主要动词，或称实意动词、行为动词都要重读（behave除外）；非限定动词（不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词）一般也都要重读；助动词和情态动词与not构成的缩略式也要重读（cannot不缩写成can"t时，重音也在can上）；do用于肯定句中表示强调时，也是要重读的。（1）It"s"no"use"askinghiabout"that.（2）"Don"tfor"getyour"homework.（3）Wede"cidedto"startthe"nextday.（4）We"satatthe"desk"writinga"letter.（5）He"takesa"walkafter"supper"every"day.（6）I"supposeyou"knowhim（7）I"dohope"thiswillbeef"fective（8）Wemust"doit"now,"mustn"twe?（9）Hedoes"needyour"help.（10）I"cannot"agree"withhim.助动词，情态动词，动词be（是）和have（有）一般不需要重读，如果用于简短回答，或其后省略了主要动词时候要重读，用于一般疑问句句首有时要重读，但在比较随意的谈话中不必重读。（11）Heshouldbe’criticizedfor"doing"that.（12）"Whocan"answerthis"question?（13）Hemust"go"now. （1）"Muchhasbeen"saida"boutit.（2）Shedid"not"study"hardfothee"xam（3）"Marycould"doit"betterthan"Herbert.（4）Theywillbe"surprisedat"this.（5）Theywere"impressedbyhisa"chievements.（6）Ihaveso"many"thingsto"do"today.（7）"Haveyouany"brotherand"sister?----Yes,I"have.（8）The"keywasinthe"box.（9）He"said"morethanhe"wouldatthe"metting.（10）----Areyoua"studend?----Yes,I"am.（11）"Few"peoplehad"TV"setsin"those"days（12）I"don"t"wantto"gothere,butImust6）Adverb(副词)副词一般都重读，但关系副词不需重读（1）"Whydoyou"come?（2）"Perhapsshe"ll"arriveto"night（3）I"ve"never"heardof"suchathingbefore（4）You"meet"people"everything（5）"Wheredidyou"buyit （1）They"came"back"earlyyesterday（2）"Thankyoufor"comingto"seeme"off（3）"Tellhimto"come"in（4）A"car"dashed"past（5）He"visitedthe"small"villagewherehewas"born（6）They"came"rightatthe"timewhenwe"neededtheirhelp（7）"Thisisthe"reasonwhythey"failed7）Preposition介词单音节介词一般都不重读，但是介词在句首时常可重读；在不重读的系动词be或人称代词后，不论是单音节或是多音节介词都要重读（1）Isit"nearthe"postoffice（2）"How"farisitfrom"ParistoLondon（3）Theyare"bythe"window（4）"ThatwhatI"thinkingof（5）Hewas"inthe"sitting-room（6）"Whatareyou"lookingof?（7）"Allbut"oneofthe;familyareat"home（8）Hewasbe"sidehimselfwith;rage（9）Itwas"duringthe"interval（10）Theyarebe"hindthe"door（11）The"teacherwas"withusatthe"picnic（12）"Underthe"tree"standsa"tall"man （1）"Inthe"roomthey"founda"little"boy（2）"Onhis"way"homehe"metan"old"friend2.semanticalstress(语义重音）在句子中，带有重要信息的单词和带有新信息的单词及含有强调意义和对比意义的单词一般要重读，一句话中的任何一个词都可以按照说话者的意图用重读来加以突出，而把其他的词都轻读。又是实词在剧中并不具有重要信息，而某些虚词反而包含有重要意义，则重读的反而可能是虚词而非实词。1.I"heard"Marry."talking.2.I"heardMarry.talking.3.I"heardMarrytalking.4.I"heard"Marrytalking.5.IheardMarry"talking.6.——They"vebeentoMongolia,haven"tthey?——No,"theyhaven"t,but"wehave.Practice1.listentotherecordingandreadthefollowingsentences.(1)Theresultofthestudyshowsindividualvariationindiet. (1)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinindustryeversincetheinventionofthemoderncomputer.(2)Ifyoudon"tdoeverythingaccordingtotheplan,youwillfailtofinishthetaskintime.(3)Itmakessensenottodothemostdifficultjobfirst,andbeginwiththeeasiest.(4)Theyoungmanspentmoneylikewater.Asaresult,hesoonbecameverypoor.(5)Themedicalexpertspentallhislifedoingresearchoninfectiousdiseases.(6)Apersonwhohasnoconfidenceinhimselfwon;tmakesuchaninvestment/(7)Shehasbeenlivingamoreactivelifeeversineherfamilymovedintothecity.(8)Doremembertolockthedoorwhenyouleave.(9)ThelittlegirlwantedtoknowwhenherfathercouldtakehertoParis(10)Frenchisnotthefirstlanguageinanyofthecountries.(11)Ittookhimanhourtowritetheletter(12)Weshouldknockalongstickintotheearth.(13)Shepaid400yuanforthenewbike.(14)Jimdidn"tvisitthemuseumyesterday.(15)Thetalkisveryimportant. (1)Theiceonthelakewassothinthatpeoplecouldn"tskateonit.(2)Theykneweverythingonlyafteryoutoldhim.(3)Thedoctortoldhimtostopsmoking.(4)Thechildchosethemoreexpensiveoneofthetwotoys.(5)ShanghaiisoneofthebiggestcitiesinAsia.(6)Thisbookismoreinterestingthanthaton.(7)Myschoolbagisheavierthanyours.(8)Hewasrunningfasterandfaster.(9)ThemoreIthinkofit,thehappierIam.(10)Inwinter,itiscolderinthenorththaninthesouth.(11)LiePingdoesn"tspeaksofastasyou.(12)Hehadacoldyesterday.(13)Thechildrenoftenaskusalotofquestions.(14)Thepolicemanaskedthemantoshowthepapers.2.Listentotherecordingandreadthefollowingdialogues Dialogues1A:Excuseme.WhereisNo.5MiddleSchool,please?B:It"snearthemuseumA:CouldyoutellmehoecanIgetthere?B:Sure,Gostraightaheaduntilyouseeatallbuilding.TheschoolisjustbehindthebuildingA:Howfarisitfromhere?B:AboutthreekilometersA:Threekilometers?It"salongdistance.Isthereabus?B:Yes.TheNo.15buswilltakeyouthereA:Howoftendosethebusrun?B:EveryfiveminutesA:Whereisthebusstop?B:It"sontheoppositesideofthestreetDialogues2A:WhatcanIdoforyou,boy? B:Well,Icouldn"tsleepwelllastnightA:What"sthematter?B:IhavegotastomachacheA:Whatdidyoueatyesterday?B:ForlunchIhadnoodlesandlaterapeachA:Anythingforasupper?B:No,Ididn"teatanythingforsupperA:Wasthepeachripeorgreen?B:ItwasabitgreenA:Isee,Itnothingserious.Takethismedicineandhaveagooodrest.Youwillberightsoon.Well,youknowthecauseofyourstomachache,boy?B:Eatingthatgreenpeach,I"mafraid.Iwon"teatfruitthatisn"tripeinfuture3.Listentotherecordingandreadthefollowingarticle Hewantseveryonetocallhimafarmer,forthat"showheregardhimself.AlthoughheisoneofChina"smostfamousscientists,YuanLongpingworksthelandtodohisresearch.Indeed,hissunburstfaceandarmsandhisslim,strongbodyarejustlikethoseofmillionsofotherChinesefarmers.Inmanyways,heisoneofthem,andhisworkforthepastfivedecadeshasbeendonetohelpthem.DrYuangrowswhatiscalledsuperhybridrice.In1974,hebecomethefirstagriculturalpioneerintheworldtogrowricethathasahighyield.Thisspecialstrainofthericemakeitpossibletoproduceone-thirdmoreofthecropinthesamefiled.Nowmorethan60%ofthericeproducedinChinaeachyearisfromthishybridstrain.DrYuanisnowhelpingIndia,Vietnamandotherlessdevelopedcountriestoincreasetheirriceharvests.thankstohisresearch,theUNistryingtoridtheworldofhunger.Usinghishybrid,ricefarmerareproducingharveststwiceaslargeasbefore.Directions:EnjoythefollowingmovieclipfromI,Robotandthentrytoactitout.LawrenceRobertson:Detective.Spoon:LawrenceRobertson.Richestmanintheworld.I"veseenyouontelevision. Lawrence:CanIofferyoucoffee?Spoon:Sure,whynot.It"sfree,right?Lawrence:Idon"tthinkanyonesawthiscoming.Lawrence:Youknow,IshouldhaveIsuppose.Iknewhim20years.Lawrence:Alfredpracticallyinventedrobotics.HewrotetheThreeLaws.Lawrence:Butiguessbrilliantpeopleoftenhavethemostpersuasivedemons.Lawrence:SowhateverIcandotohelp--Spoon:Sugar.Lawrence:I"msorry?Spoon:Forthecoffee.Spoon:Sugar?Spoon:youthoughtIwascallingyou"sugar",You"renotthatrich.Lawrence:It"sonthetable.Spoon:Thankyou.Spoon:WhenLanningfell,hewasholdingthelittlegreen...?Lawrence:Theholographicprojector.Spoon:Right.Spoon:WhydoyouthinkLanning"shologramwould"vecalledme?Lawrence:Iassumedyouknewhim.Spoon:Yeah,Iknewhim.Lawrence:Hologramsarejustprerecordedresponses...designedtogive theimpressionofintelligence.Lawrence:Thisonewasprogrammedtocallyouuponhissuicide.Spoon:deathLawrence:I"msorry?Spoon:ItwasprogrammedtocallmeintheeventofLanning"sdeath.Lawrence:Suicideisatypeofdeath,detective.Lawrence:Don"tmisunderstandmyimpatience.Spoon:Oh,no.Go.Go.Spoon:Areallybigweekforyoufolksaroundhere.Spoon:Yougottaputarobotineveryhome.Spoon:Look,thisisnotwhatIdo,butIgotanideaforoneofyourcommercials.Spoon:Youshouldseeacarpentermakingabeautifulchair.Spoon:ThenoneofyourrobotscomesinandmakesabetterchairtwiceasfastSpoon:Thenyousuperimposeonthescreen,"usr:Shittingonthelittleguy."Spoon:thatwouldbethefade-out.Lawrence:YEAH,Isee,Isupposeyourfatherlosthisjobtoarobot.Lawrence:Maybeyou"dhavebannedtheinternettokeepthelibrariesopen.Lawrence:Prejudicenevershowsmuchreason. Lawrence:No,youknow,Isuspectyousimplydon"tliketheirkind.Spoon:Well,yougotabusinesstorunaroundhere.Spoon:Thelastthingyouneed,especiallythisweek,isadeadguyinyour;obby.Spoon:But,hell,seeingashowyougotone,maybeI"lllookaround.Spoon:Askafewquestion.Dothewhole"cop"thing.Lawrence:I"llsendsomeonetoescortyou.Spoon:thankyouverymuch.Enjoythesongs,andthentrytosingalong.IDecidedIdecidedtostayhometonightIdecidedI"matreatyourightIdecidedtobethereforyouDecidedtobeonmyP"sandQ"sIdecidedtogiveupmyfriendsDecidedI"matakeyououtweekendsDecidedtogiveyouareasontotrustThesearedecisionsthatmakeforloveEnoughisenoughnomorerunningaround(searchin"forwhat"srighthereathome) Becausemyluckis"bouttoturnaround(andIjustcan"tleepdoin"youwrong)GirlItakeitforgrantedthatyouwillbeherealwaysKellR(tiredofthisegotrip)"Causesoonyou"llbesearchin"foranothermanAndIjustcan"thavethathappentomeNowI"vehadaboutallthatIcanstandnomore(I"mturnin"inmyplaya"scard)SeeI"mretirin"fromthesecretlifeIchose(CauseIjustcan"tkeepbreakin"yourheart)ItwassillyofmetobethewaythatIwas(Firstwasblind,butnowIsee)Baby,soonyou"llbesayi"I"mfallin"outoflove)AndIjustcantletithappenwhoawhoaIWhenthemorningcomes,youseethesunwillshineonyouandmeWasonmywaytolosin"you,untilIfoundrealitySocastawayyourdoubtsandfears,causefromenowonI"llberighthereForalwaysForevermore,Idecided Girli"mgoingtodumpmyfriendsYesIwillTrulyIwillWearegoingtobetogetherontheweekendWhoa,whoaSeethesearethedecisionsImadeforloveForthetwoofusGetupoffthisbullandrebuildyourtrustYeah,yeah,ohnooooo,whoaTherewillbeNomorecheatin"Nomorecreepin"Nomorefuckin"Nomoresneakin" 音的组合在单词和词组中，音素的相互影响会引起音素发音的变化，这种变化有音的省略、音的同化、辅音连缀、不完全爆破和连续等。一、辅音连缀（ConsonantClusters）两个或两个以上的辅音相邻称作辅音连缀，辅音连缀中间不能有停顿，也不能加元音/ə/。辅音连缀出现在词首、词中和词尾，也出现在词语中间。广义地讲，不完全爆破等也是一种辅音连缀。本节重点介绍词首辅音连缀。词首辅音连缀主要有四大类：1．/sk/skyskirtskate/sp/speakspoonspy/st/staystillstop/sf/spheresphinxsphagnum/sm/smartsmellsmall/sn/snowsnuffsniff /sl/sleepsliceslide/sw/sweetsweatswim/sj/suitsuicidesuitable第一类辅音连缀发音时，辅音/s/必须轻而短促，而第二个辅音长而响亮，声音由弱到强，由轻到响，由短到长。中国学生容易把辅音/s/拉得过长，这是因为掌握不好这一类辅音连缀的特点：在摩擦音/s/后面的爆破音应该少送气。2./pl/appleripplepeople/bl/blackbleedblind/kl/classclearclean/gl/glassgleeglory/pr/praiseprayprize/br/brightbrickbreeze /kr/crycreepcredit/gr/grassgreengrave/pj/purepunypurify/bj/buildbulglebuilding/kj/curecuriouscute/gj/gulesguiltyguild第二类辅音连缀发音时，爆破音/p,b,k,g/必须十分轻而短促，辅音/p,b,k,g/在发音时，第二个辅音的发音已作好准备，辅音/p,b,k,g/的爆破与第二个辅音的发音同步进行，这是掌握好这一类辅音连缀的关键。比较常见的错误是在第一和第二个辅音之间加了元音/ə/，主要原因是辅音/p,b,k,g/先发生了爆破。纠正的方法是辅音/p,b,k,g/的爆破必须与第二个辅音的发音同步进行。3./fl/flyfleeflu/fr/freefry fruit/ʃr/shrimpshrewshrink/θr/throwthroughthrive第三类辅音连缀是摩擦音/f，θ，ʃ/后面紧跟/l/或/r/。发音时，摩擦音和/l/或/r/须同步进行。4./spl/splendidsplicesplash/spr/sprayspringsprink/str/streetstraightstrain/stj/studentstudiostudious/skr/screamscratchscrape/skw/squaresqueezesquire第四类辅音连缀发音时，第一个 摩擦音/s/短而轻，第二个爆破音必须少送气并与第三个辅音同步完成发音，三个辅音之间不能加元音/ə/。词尾辅音连缀主要有以下三大类：1．辅音+/s,z,t,d/英语规则名词的复数是名词后面加字母s，如books和bags。Book词末是清辅音/k/，字母s因受清辅音/k/的影响而读清辅音/s/；bag词末是浊辅音/g/,字母s因受浊辅音/g/的影响而读辅音/z/。可见，规则名词的复数词末s读音总是受到名词词末清、浊辅音的影响。又如：catslipscakes;bedsnibsbeans.英语规则动词过去时的形式是在原形动词后面加-ed，如动词liked/laikt/中的-d因为受原形动词词末清辅音/k/的影响而读清辅音/t/;而动词fill/fil/的过去时filled/d/。可见英语规则动词过去时词末的-d或-ed的读音总是受到动词词末清、浊辅音的影响。又如：kissedlaughedwatchedgazedsavedloaned2.辅音连缀/ft,st,ld,nd,nz,ks,ps,sk/+/s,zt,d/有些单词的词尾已有辅音连缀/ft,st,ld,nd,nz,ks,ps,sk/+/s,zt,d/等，如再加上/s,z,t,d/,则相成三个辅音的连缀。例如：liftsrestsfieldsbendsbronzedtaxedlased asked3.辅音/f,t,d,l,n,ŋ/+/θ/构成辅音连缀。例如：fifthbreadthlengthhealthDirections:EnjoythefollowingmovieclipfromTitanic,andthentrytoactitout.Therescuer:Tiethesetwoboatstogetheraswell. Therescuer:Now,makesurethat"stiedupniceandtight.Therescuer:Right,listentome,men.Wehavetogoback.Therescuer:Iwanttotransferallthewomenfromthisboatintothatboatrightnow.Therescuer:Let"screatesomespaceoverthere.Moveforwardandout.Rose:It"sgettingquiet.Jack:It"sjustgoingtotakeacoupleofminutestogettheboatsorganized.Idon"tknowaboutyou...butIintendtowriteastrongly-wordedletter...totheWhiteStarLineaboutallthis.Rose:Iloveyou,Jack.Jack:Don"tyoudothat.Jack:Don"tyousayyourgoodbyes.Jack:Notyet.Doyouunderstandme?Rose:I"msocold.Jack:Listen,Rose...you"regonnagetoutofhere.Jack:You"regonnagoon...Andyou"regonna makelotsofbabies.Jack:Andyou"regonnawatchthemgrow.Jack:You"regonnadieanoldlady,warminherbed.Jack:Nothere.Notthisnight.Notlikethis.Doyouunderstandme?Rose:Ican"tfeelmybody.Jack:Winningthatticketwasthebestthingthateverhappenedtome.Jack:Itbroughtmetoyou.Jack:AndI"mthankfulforthat,Rose.Jack:I"mthankful.Jack:Youmust...Domethishonor.Jack:Youmustpromisemethatyou"llsurvive.Jack:Thatyouwon"tgiveup...Nomatterwhathappens.Jack:Nomatterhowhopeless.Promisemenow,Rose.Andneverletgoofthatpromise.Rose:Ipromise.Jack:Neverletgo.RoseI"llneverletgo,Jack. Rose:I"llneverletgo.Directions:Enjoythefollowingsong,andthentrytosingalong.AsLongAsYouLoveMeAlthoughlonelinesshasalwaysbeenafriendofmine.I"mleavingmylifeinyourhands.PeoplesayI"mcrazyandthatIamblind.Riskingitallinaglance.Howyougotmeblindisstillamystery.Ican"tgetyououtofmyhead.Don"tcarewhatiswritteninyourhistory.Aslongasyou"reherewithme.Idon"tcarewhoyouare.Whereyou"refrom.Whatyoudid.Aslongasyouloveme.Whoyouare.Whereyou"refrom.Don"tcarewhatyoudid. Aslongasyouloveme.Everylittlethingthatyou"vesaidanddone.Feelslikeit"sdeepwithinme.Doesn"treallymatterifyou"reontherun.Itseemslikewe"remeanttobe.Idon"tcarewhoyouare.Whereyou"refrom.Whatyoudid.AslongasyoulovemeWhoyouare.Whereyou"refrom.Don"tcarewhatyoudid.Aslongasyouloveme.Aslongasyouloveme.I"vetriedtohideitsothatnooneknows.ButIguessitshows.Whenyoulookintomyeyes.Whatyoudidandwhereyou"recomingfrom.Idon"tcareAslongasyouloveme,baby.Idon"tcarewhoyouareWhereyou"refrom.Whatyoudid Aslongasyouloveme.Whoyouare.Whereyou"refrom.Don"tcarewhatyoudid.Aslongasyouloveme.Whoyouare.Whereyou"refrom.Whatyoudid.Aslongasyouloveme.Whoyouare.Aslongasyouloveme.Whatyoudid.Aslongasyouloveme.Unit14WordStress单词重音SectionBPronunciationforCommunication1.Introduction 当读或说英语时，会把一个单词中的某个音节读的清晰而又响亮。我们说，单词中读的清晰而又响亮的音节就接受了单词重音，如favourite/"feivərit/中，重读音节/fei/读的比其他两个音节响亮。单音节都有重音符号，但不必标出；双音节活多音节中可以有一个或一个以上的重读音节，但重读音节因词而异，很不规则；再多音节中，除了有主重音外还可能有次重音，但主重音用“"”表示，次重音用“,”(无法打出，同主重音符号，在下方)，如单词international/,intə"næʃənl/中，主重音是/næ/,次重音是/in/,其他部分为非重读音节。英语单词中重音位置可以在任何一个音节上。在遇到一个新单词时，一般情况下，最可靠的办法是查词典，按照词典上的音标读。不过有一些单词的重音是能找到规律的。PrincipleofWordStress(1)单音节词多数是重读音节，标记读音时不需要使用重读符号，例如：Bagbookclubbirdpitchfish snailridgeschooldidmoonsheepstreettenth(1)在双音节此中，许多常见的名词或动词重音常在第一个音节上。如："English"learner"students"teacher"mirror"brother"pencil"paper"study"marry(2)带有前缀a-,be-,re-,res-,in-,im-,en-,em-,es-,ex-,con-,com-,dis-,mis-,pre-,pro-,trans-,un-,等的双音节词，重音一般落在第二或第三音节上，因为英语前缀是不重读的。例如：A"bouta"gainbe"sidebe"comein"viteun"happyin"creasedis"coverdis"likeex"plainex"plodeun"lockbe"lievead"ressde"cidecon"demnres"pectcom"parein"formdis"cussim"pressmis"takeen"forcepre"pareem"ployper"mites"capepro"duceex"claimtrans"late (1)有些复合词和带有前缀re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,-teen等的词，有两个重音，例如："out"side"re"tell"well-"known"un"real"four"teeen"Chi"nese"pre-"war"post-"war(2)英语中所有单词后缀都不重读，例如：--ly"carefully"usually"actively-al"national"normal"central-tiveactivecre"ativea"ttractive-ant/entas"sitant"pleasant"silent-ionedu"cationper"missiongradu"ation-ment"government"managementre"quirement(3)英语中派生词的重音与词根重音一致。派生词就是一些有同样词根的词。例如：Act"actual"active"action"actor"activelyre"act com"parecom"parison但有些派生词中，如名词派生出的形容词，重音通常后移。例如："Sciencescien"tific"accidentacci"dental"politicspo"litical(1)带下列后缀的词：-ary,-ery,-ory,-ism,-ist,-mony,-ment等，重音一般在第一个音节上，例如："library"necessary"grocery"every"history"dormitory"scientist"artist"factory"realism"ceremony"government"treatment"customary"socialism"slavery"punishment(2)带下列前缀的词：a-,ab-,ac-,ad-,al-,be-,con-,de-,dis-,em-,en-,in-,mis-,re-,trans-,un-等，重音通常在第二音节上，例如; A"sidead"mireBe"causebe"longbe"hindcon"firmcon"sultde"cidede"signde"pendin"deedins"teadmis"takeun"abletrans"port（9）多音节词（三个或以上）大多重音在倒数第三音节。例如："difficult"communist"familye"conomy"exercise"interestingoppor"tunityde"mocracypossi"bility"barbecueca"pacity,uni"versitymo"notonous"cinema(10)带下列后缀的词，-ain,-ee,-eer,-esque,-ette,-ique,-ine等，重音通常在最后一个音节，且又一个次重音，这些词一般是从法语中借来的词。例如：Employ"eeenter"tainciga"rettean"tiquemaga"zinevolun"teerpio"neerengi"neerinter"fereguaran"teemountai"neerJapa"nese (10)带有下列后缀的词，-aim,-ain,-cur,-eem,-esque,-ere,-firm,-gn,-oin,-oke,-ose,-pt,-rce,-self,-ume等，重音通常在第二音节上。例如：Con"taino"ccursin"cerede"signcon"firmmy"selfhim"selfit"selfyour"selfour"self（12）带下列后缀的词：-eous,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ient,-ion,-ious,-ish,-it,-liar,-sive,--tal,-uous等，重音通常在第二音节，例如：Oc"casionre"lationas"tonishde"positmu"siciancal"ligraphyedi"torialhis"torian"courteousmathe"maticscuri"ositypro"tectivemathema"tician(13) 复合名词的主重音一般在组成词的第一个成分的中读音节上，次重音落在第二个成分的中读音节上；专有复合名词的主重音一般落在第二个成分的重音上，次重音落在第一个成分的二重音上；一day结尾的专有名词，主重音落在前面成分的重音上，次重音落在day上，例如:"black,board"any,body"hand,bag"book,store"hot,dog"base,ball"book,case"tooth,paste"sun,glasses"flash,light"bus,stop"taxi,cab"traffic,lights"grand,father"air,port"class,room"pick,pocket"life,style"web,site"sleeping,carcom"puter,game"middle,school"sitting,room,George"Washington,United"Nation,Atlantic"Oceans,United"States,Ash"Wednesday,Easter"Sunday,Hallo"ween,Thanks"giving,BeachHo"tel,Long"Island,New"Jersey,Forest"RoadThanks"giving,day"Women"s,day"Mother"s,day"Father"s,daySt."Valentine"s,day"National,dayE"lection,day"Labour"s,day (13)复合动词的重音一般在第二音节上，有些复合词有双重音。例如：ill"treatover"do"kind"hearted"three-"legged"after"noon(14)有些复合词和带有前缀re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,-teen等的词，有两个重音，例如："re"read"well-"known"out"side"eigh"teen"Chi"nese"pre-"sale"post-"office(15)“名词+名词类”的复合词，重音倾向于落在第一个音节上，例如：‘blackboard"blackbird"doorbell"grandfather"grandmother"teapot"basketball"football"pencilbox"postman"mooncake"airplane"playground"birthday"newspaper"doorkeeper(16)“形容词+名词类” 如果两个词已变成一个合成词，重音落在第一个音节上，若仍为两个分开的词，两词都要重读。例如：Thisisa"greeenhouse（温室）Thisisa"green"house（绿色房子）Thisisa"blackbirdinthetree（乌鸦）Thisisa"black"birdinthetree（黑鸟）(18)动词短语一般由动词+介词或副词构成，重音一般落在第二部分。例如：Come"instand"upwake"upput"onget"alonglie"downtake"offturn"onpoint"outout"awayget"outofkeep"upwith(19)英语中有一类词拼写是一样的，一个是名词，一个是动词，这类词中，所有名词重音都在第一音节上，动词都在第二音节上。例如："record--re"cord"insult--in"sult"conduct--con"duct"present--pre"sent"desert--de"sert"import--im"port"produce--pro"duce"object--ob"ject "permit--per"mit"project--pro"ject"conflict--con"flict"subject--sub"ject"increase--in"crease"protest--pro"test"(19)有些双音节词既有名词性又有动词性，但重音落在相同的音节上。例如：Ex"changecon"trolex"press"comfort"contact"promise"programsur"prisere"mark3,Practice1.Markthestresssyllableineachwordaccordingtotherecording.permitexclaimlettersorryaboutbelieverecordrespectcompareconductbirthdaymarrydifficultcapableladynationdemocratfuryscientificdecisionimpressionangryemployexpressorganpersoncandidateromanticwantedactressmistakecontend outsidefeaturecountrywritingseriouslecturesmallestpublicexpandnatureopportunityeconomyfolk-songclassroomindustrydiscount1.listentotherecording,andwritedownthewordsyouhear.(1)-----------(40)SectionCLeisureTimeDirections:EnjoythefollowingmovieclipfromTheShawshankRedemption,andthentrytoactitout.Remember,RedHopeisagoodthingMaybethebestofthings. Andnogoodthingeverdies.IwillbehopingthatthisletterfindsyouAndfindsyouwell.YourfriendAndy"getbusylivingorgetbusydying."That"sgoddamnright.ForthesecondtimeinmylifeI"mguiltyofcommittingacrime.Paroleviolation.OfcourseIdoubtthey"lltossupanyroadblocksforthat.Notforanoldcrooklikeme.FortHancock,Texas,please.IfindI"msoexcitedIcanbarelysitstillorholdathoughtinmyhead.Ithinkit"stheexcitementonlyafreemancanfeel.Afreemanatstartofalongjourney.Whoseconclusionisuncertain.IhopeIcanmakeitacrosstheborder. Ihopetoseemyfriendandshakehishand.IhopethePacificisasblueasithasbeeninmydreams.Ihope.Enjoythesongs,andthentrytosingalong.SweatitagainIwannaknowWhoevertoldyouIwaslettinggoofTheonlyjoythatIhaveeverknownGirltheywerelyingJustlookaroundandallofthepeoplethatweusedtoknowHavejustgivenuptheywannaletitgoButwe"restilltryingSoyoushouldknowthislovewesharewasnevermadetodieI"mgladwe"reonthisone-waystreetJustyouandIJustyouandII"mnevergonnasaygoodbye CauseIneverwannaseeyoucryIsworetoyoumylovewouldremainAndIswearitalloveragainandII"mnevergonnatreatyoubadCauseIneverwannaseeyousadIsworetoshareyourjoyandyourpainAndI"dswearitalloveragain..alloveragainSomepeoplesaythateverythinghasgotitsplaceandtimeEventhedaymustgivewaytothenightButI"mnotbuyingCauseinyoureyesIseealovethatburnseternallyAndifyouseehowbeautifulyouaretomeYou"llknowI"mnotlyingSurethere"llbetimeswewannasaygoodbyeButevenifwetriedTherearesomethingsinthislifewon"tbedeniedWon"tbedeniedI"mnevergonnasaygoodbye CauseIneverwannaseeyoucryIsworetoyoumylovewouldremainAndIswearitalloveragainandII"mnevergonnatreatyoubadCauseIneverwannaseeyousadIsworetoshareyourjoyandyourpainAndI"dswearitalloveragainThemoreIknowofyouisthemoreIknowIloveyouAndthemorethatI"msureIwantyouforeverandevermoreAndthemorethatyoulovemeandthemorethatIknowOhthatI"mnevergonnaletyougogottaletyouknowthatII"mnevergonnasaygoodbyeCauseIneverwannaseeyoucryIsworetoyoumylovewouldremainAndIswearitalloveragainandII"mnevergonnatreatyoubadCauseIneverwannaseeyousadIsworetoshareyourjoyandyourpain AndI"dswearitalloveragainAlloveragainAlloveragainI"dswearitoveragainUnit15SentenceStress句子重音SectionBPronunciationforCommunication1.Introduction朗读英语或者用英语交谈时，并不是句子的每一个词都读得一样响亮，一样清楚，而是有些词读的，说的又轻又快，且比较含糊，而有些词读，说的则又重又慢，较为清晰，读，说的响亮清晰的就是句子的重音所在。2.FunctionofSentenceStress（1）体现句子的节奏感，韵律感（2）突出重点，使听者更容易理解 3.PrincipleofSentenceStress一般来说，在句子中比较重要的词都要重读，从而使这个词的发音响亮而清晰。在句子中需要重读的词有名词，动词，形容词，副词，数次，代词。冠词，连接词，介词等虚词一般不重读，例如：（1）Theclassroomsarewideandclean.(这句话中的classrooms是名词，wide,clean是形容词，都需重读；the,are,and不重读)（2）Iamsogladtoseeyouagain.(so,glad,see,again重读；I,am,to,you不重读)（3）Iwanttostudy.（动词want,study重读，I，to不重读）（4）Thereisabig,hugeholeinthefloor.（形容词big,huge，名词floor重读，is,a,in,the不重读） 从上边的句子中，可以看到所有有意义的比较重要的词都要重读，发音比较响亮，有意义的词包括名词，动词，形容词，副词等，这些也称作开放类，但动词be和助动词一般不重读；冠词，连接词，介词，人称代词等属于封闭类，一般在句子中不重读。重读和不重读的词在句子中形成一强一弱（或一弱一强），一重一轻（或一轻一重）的节奏。但有时候虚词也要重读，一下几点需要注意：（1）强调或突出某个虚词或者be动词会后，应当将其重读.例如：Wesawherplayingintheriver.(这句话中的we和him一般不重读，但为了表示强调也可以重读。例如，如果we重读，则强调是“我们”而不是别人看见）（2）介词在句首时候往往要重读。例如：Onmywaytocompany,mycarwasbroken.(这句话中的on再句首应当重读）（3）Be动词及助词和not结合时要重读。例如：1>I"msorryIcan"tfindmypassport.(这句话中can"t应当重读）2>Didn"tItellyouyesterday?(didn"t要重读）（4）句子末尾的be动词和助动词一般要重读。例如：——Areyouadriver?——yes，Iam（am要重读） （1）双音节的介词要或连词，如after,before,because等，在句子中可以重读。（2）疑问代词以及句子中作主语吼着宾语的指示代词或者不定代词要重读。例如：Whocametoseemethismorning？(who)WhatcanIdoforyou?(what)ThisisallIcantellyou(all)注意：上文刚出现过的并且重读的单词，第二次体到时候一般不再重读。例如：——Howmanygirlsarethereintheroom?——therearetwentygirlsinit.(问句中的girls重读，回答中的不重读）句子重音通常有两种情况：语法重音和语义重音。1.Syntacticalstress（语法重音）语法重音的一般规则是：英语句子中通常重读的词类有名词，形容词，副词，数词，指示代词，感叹词，疑问词，实义动词（be，have 助动词一般不需要重读，在句末时候要重读在句首时候可以重读或不重读），不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。不重读的词类有冠词，单音节介词，单音节连接词，人称代词，代词所有格，关系代词，关系副词，系动词，助动词和情态动词。1）noun名词一般都重读(1)Thereisa"pictureonthe"wall/(2)Her"brother"puta"bookonthe"desk.(3)"Tom"wantsto"play"footballafter"class.(4)A"dogisan"animal.(5)He"picksupthe"pencil.一些含义较广，本身却没有很确切内容的名词，如thing,person,place,或指一大类人或事物的名词，如man,woman,fellow,time,ship,前面有修饰语缩小其范围是，这类名词常不需要重读。（6）"Thisisa"goodthing.（7）Sheisan"easy-goingpersonto"get"alongwith.（8）Heisthe"rightmanforthe"position.（9）It"s"already"suppertime.（10）The"fashionwomanalways"dress"little.2)pronoun代词 常重读的代词有指示代词（但如果指示代词前后都有重音时，该指示代词可失去重音）、名词性物主代词（但在双重所有格中，物主代词往往不重读）、疑问代词和强调代词、不需要重读的代词有人称代词、反身代词、形容词性物主代词、相互代词和关系代词。（1）’ThatiswhatI"mean.（2）"Doyou"like"those"photos?（3）"Howdoyou"likethese"bigones?（4）Who"wrotethat"thrilling"novel?（5）He"found"ithim"self.（6）"Whoareyou"talkingto?（7）I"m"writingtoa"friendofmine.（8）"That"isn"ttheoneI"wantto"get.（9）The"blueishers.（10）The"womenher"self"toldmeso.（11）You"haven"t"seenher"sisteryet.（12）She"hurtherselfwhenshewas"skating.（13）We"often"helpeachother.（14）The"boywho"saysgoodbyetoyouismy"brother.（15）"Yoursis"much"biggerthan"mine.Adjective形容词包括分词作形容词和数次一般都应重读。 （1）"this"narrow"valleywasthe"sceneifa"famous"battle.（2）It"sa"dulland"disappointing"novel.（3）"That"sex"citing"lesson.（4）The"roomis"wide,"cleanand"beautiful.（5）The"worriedperson"enteredthe"crowded"street.（6）His"first"daughteris"sixteen.（7）He"bought"ten"cupsandI"boughtonly"four.（8）We"saw"three"black"dogsinthe"red"car.（9）The"new"coatisinthe"bag.（10）I"sawan"interesting"film.Article冠词一般不重读（1）Sheisa"driver.（2）Iam"readinga"very"interesting"novel.（3）"Maryisa"teacherof"English.（4）My"mother"worksina"nurserywhich"liesinthe"west"district.（5）He"thinksof"thatasa"child"thinks.（6）A"car"dashedpast. （1）He"livesina"housenot"farfromthe""school.（2）It"san"hour"sdrivefromthe"old"station.（3）The"manoverthereismy"brother.（4）An"elephantisan"animal.Verb主要动词，或称实意动词、行为动词都要重读（behave除外）；非限定动词（不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词）一般也都要重读；助动词和情态动词与not构成的缩略式也要重读（cannot不缩写成can"t时，重音也在can上）；do用于肯定句中表示强调时，也是要重读的。（1）It"s"no"use"askinghiabout"that.（2）"Don"tfor"getyour"homework.（3）Wede"cidedto"startthe"nextday.（4）We"satatthe"desk"writinga"letter.（5）He"takesa"walkafter"supper"every"day.（6）I"supposeyou"knowhim（7）I"dohope"thiswillbeef"fective（8）Wemust"doit"now,"mustn"twe?（9）Hedoes"needyour"help. （1）I"cannot"agree"withhim.助动词，情态动词，动词be（是）和have（有）一般不需要重读，如果用于简短回答，或其后省略了主要动词时候要重读，用于一般疑问句句首有时要重读，但在比较随意的谈话中不必重读。（2）Heshouldbe’criticizedfor"doing"that.（3）"Whocan"answerthis"question?（4）Hemust"go"now.（5）"Muchhasbeen"saida"boutit.（6）Shedid"not"study"hardfothee"xam（7）"Marycould"doit"betterthan"Herbert.（8）Theywillbe"surprisedat"this.（9）Theywere"impressedbyhisa"chievements.（10）Ihaveso"many"thingsto"do"today.（11）"Haveyouany"brotherand"sister?----Yes,I"have.（12）The"keywasinthe"box.（13）He"said"morethanhe"wouldatthe"metting.（14）----Areyoua"studend? ----Yes,I"am.（1）"Few"peoplehad"TV"setsin"those"days（2）I"don"t"wantto"gothere,butImust6）Adverb(副词)副词一般都重读，但关系副词不需重读（1）"Whydoyou"come?（2）"Perhapsshe"ll"arriveto"night（3）I"ve"never"heardof"suchathingbefore（4）You"meet"people"everything（5）"Wheredidyou"buyit（6）They"came"back"earlyyesterday（7）"Thankyoufor"comingto"seeme"off（8）"Tellhimto"come"in（9）A"car"dashed"past（10）He"visitedthe"small"villagewherehewas"born（11）They"came"rightatthe"timewhenwe"neededtheirhelp（12）"Thisisthe"reasonwhythey"failed7）Preposition介词 单音节介词一般都不重读，但是介词在句首时常可重读；在不重读的系动词be或人称代词后，不论是单音节或是多音节介词都要重读（1）Isit"nearthe"postoffice（2）"How"farisitfrom"ParistoLondon（3）Theyare"bythe"window（4）"ThatwhatI"thinkingof（5）Hewas"inthe"sitting-room（6）"Whatareyou"lookingof?（7）"Allbut"oneofthe;familyareat"home（8）Hewasbe"sidehimselfwith;rage（9）Itwas"duringthe"interval（10）Theyarebe"hindthe"door（11）The"teacherwas"withusatthe"picnic（12）"Underthe"tree"standsa"tall"man（13）"Inthe"roomthey"founda"little"boy（14）"Onhis"way"homehe"metan"old"friend 2.semanticalstress(语义重音）在句子中，带有重要信息的单词和带有新信息的单词及含有强调意义和对比意义的单词一般要重读，一句话中的任何一个词都可以按照说话者的意图用重读来加以突出，而把其他的词都轻读。又是实词在剧中并不具有重要信息，而某些虚词反而包含有重要意义，则重读的反而可能是虚词而非实词。1.I"heard"Marry."talking.2.I"heardMarry.talking.3.I"heardMarrytalking.4.I"heard"Marrytalking.5.IheardMarry"talking.6.——They"vebeentoMongolia,haven"tthey?——No,"theyhaven"t,but"wehave.Practice1.listentotherecordingandreadthefollowingsentences.(1)Theresultofthestudyshowsindividualvariationindiet. (1)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinindustryeversincetheinventionofthemoderncomputer.(2)Ifyoudon"tdoeverythingaccordingtotheplan,youwillfailtofinishthetaskintime.(3)Itmakessensenottodothemostdifficultjobfirst,andbeginwiththeeasiest.(4)Theyoungmanspentmoneylikewater.Asaresult,hesoonbecameverypoor.(5)Themedicalexpertspentallhislifedoingresearchoninfectiousdiseases.(6)Apersonwhohasnoconfidenceinhimselfwon;tmakesuchaninvestment/(7)Shehasbeenlivingamoreactivelifeeversineherfamilymovedintothecity.(8)Doremembertolockthedoorwhenyouleave.(9)ThelittlegirlwantedtoknowwhenherfathercouldtakehertoParis(10)Frenchisnotthefirstlanguageinanyofthecountries.(11)Ittookhimanhourtowritetheletter (1)Weshouldknockalongstickintotheearth.(2)Shepaid400yuanforthenewbike.(3)Jimdidn"tvisitthemuseumyesterday.(4)Thetalkisveryimportant.(5)Theiceonthelakewassothinthatpeoplecouldn"tskateonit.(6)Theykneweverythingonlyafteryoutoldhim.(7)Thedoctortoldhimtostopsmoking.(8)Thechildchosethemoreexpensiveoneofthetwotoys.(9)ShanghaiisoneofthebiggestcitiesinAsia.(10)Thisbookismoreinterestingthanthaton.(11)Myschoolbagisheavierthanyours.(12)Hewasrunningfasterandfaster.(13)ThemoreIthinkofit,thehappierIam.(14)Inwinter,itiscolderinthenorththaninthesouth.(15)LiePingdoesn"tspeaksofastasyou. (1)Hehadacoldyesterday.(2)Thechildrenoftenaskusalotofquestions.(3)Thepolicemanaskedthemantoshowthepapers.2.Listentotherecordingandreadthefollowingdialogues Dialogues1A:Excuseme.WhereisNo.5MiddleSchool,please?B:It"snearthemuseumA:CouldyoutellmehoecanIgetthere?B:Sure,Gostraightaheaduntilyouseeatallbuilding.TheschoolisjustbehindthebuildingA:Howfarisitfromhere?B:AboutthreekilometersA:Threekilometers?It"salongdistance.Isthereabus?B:Yes.TheNo.15buswilltakeyouthereA:Howoftendosethebusrun?B:EveryfiveminutesA:Whereisthebusstop? B:It"sontheoppositesideofthestreetDialogues2A:WhatcanIdoforyou,boy?B:Well,Icouldn"tsleepwelllastnightA:What"sthematter?B:IhavegotastomachacheA:Whatdidyoueatyesterday?B:ForlunchIhadnoodlesandlaterapeachA:Anythingforasupper?B:No,Ididn"teatanythingforsupperA:Wasthepeachripeorgreen?B:Itwasabitgreen A:Isee,Itnothingserious.Takethismedicineandhaveagooodrest.Youwillberightsoon.Well,youknowthecauseofyourstomachache,boy?B:Eatingthatgreenpeach,I"mafraid.Iwon"teatfruitthatisn"tripeinfuture3.Listentotherecordingandreadthefollowingarticle Hewantseveryonetocallhimafarmer,forthat"showheregardhimself.AlthoughheisoneofChina"smostfamousscientists,YuanLongpingworksthelandtodohisresearch.Indeed,hissunburstfaceandarmsandhisslim,strongbodyarejustlikethoseofmillionsofotherChinesefarmers.Inmanyways,heisoneofthem,andhisworkforthepastfivedecadeshasbeendonetohelpthem.DrYuangrowswhatiscalledsuperhybridrice.In1974,hebecomethefirstagriculturalpioneerintheworldtogrowricethathasahighyield.Thisspecialstrainofthericemakeitpossibletoproduceone-thirdmoreofthecropinthesamefiled.Nowmorethan60%ofthericeproducedinChinaeachyearisfromthishybridstrain.DrYuanisnowhelpingIndia,Vietnamandotherlessdevelopedcountriestoincrease theirriceharvests.thankstohisresearch,theUNistryingtoridtheworldofhunger.Usinghishybrid,ricefarmerareproducingharveststwiceaslargeasbefore.Directions:EnjoythefollowingmovieclipfromI,Robotandthentrytoactitout.LawrenceRobertson:Detective.Spoon:LawrenceRobertson.Richestmanintheworld.I"veseenyouontelevision.Lawrence:CanIofferyoucoffee?Spoon:Sure,whynot.It"sfree,right?Lawrence:Idon"tthinkanyonesawthiscoming.Lawrence:Youknow,IshouldhaveIsuppose.Iknewhim20years.Lawrence:Alfredpracticallyinventedrobotics.HewrotetheThreeLaws.Lawrence:Butiguessbrilliantpeopleoftenhavethemostpersuasivedemons.Lawrence:SowhateverIcandotohelp--Spoon:Sugar. Lawrence:I"msorry?Spoon:Forthecoffee.Spoon:Sugar?Spoon:youthoughtIwascallingyou"sugar",You"renotthatrich.Lawrence:It"sonthetable.Spoon:Thankyou.Spoon:WhenLanningfell,hewasholdingthelittlegreen...?Lawrence:Theholographicprojector.Spoon:Right.Spoon:WhydoyouthinkLanning"shologramwould"vecalledme?Lawrence:Iassumedyouknewhim.Spoon:Yeah,Iknewhim.Lawrence:Hologramsarejustprerecordedresponses...designedtogivetheimpressionofintelligence.Lawrence:Thisonewasprogrammedtocallyouuponhissuicide.Spoon:deathLawrence:I"msorry? Spoon:ItwasprogrammedtocallmeintheeventofLanning"sdeath.Lawrence:Suicideisatypeofdeath,detective.Lawrence:Don"tmisunderstandmyimpatience.Spoon:Oh,no.Go.Go.Spoon:Areallybigweekforyoufolksaroundhere.Spoon:Yougottaputarobotineveryhome.Spoon:Look,thisisnotwhatIdo,butIgotanideaforoneofyourcommercials.Spoon:Youshouldseeacarpentermakingabeautifulchair.Spoon:ThenoneofyourrobotscomesinandmakesabetterchairtwiceasfastSpoon:Thenyousuperimposeonthescreen,"usr:Shittingonthelittleguy."Spoon:thatwouldbethefade-out.Lawrence:YEAH,Isee,Isupposeyourfatherlosthisjobtoarobot.Lawrence:Maybeyou"dhavebannedtheinternettokeepthelibrariesopen. Lawrence:Prejudicenevershowsmuchreason.Lawrence:No,youknow,Isuspectyousimplydon"tliketheirkind.Spoon:Well,yougotabusinesstorunaroundhere.Spoon:Thelastthingyouneed,especiallythisweek,isadeadguyinyour;obby.Spoon:But,hell,seeingashowyougotone,maybeI"lllookaround.Spoon:Askafewquestion.Dothewhole"cop"thing.Lawrence:I"llsendsomeonetoescortyou.Spoon:thankyouverymuch.Enjoythesongs,andthentrytosingalong.IDecidedIdecidedtostayhometonightIdecidedI"matreatyourightIdecidedtobethereforyou DecidedtobeonmyP"sandQ"sIdecidedtogiveupmyfriendsDecidedI"matakeyououtweekendsDecidedtogiveyouareasontotrustThesearedecisionsthatmakeforloveEnoughisenoughnomorerunningaround(searchin"forwhat"srighthereathome)Becausemyluckis"bouttoturnaround(andIjustcan"tleepdoin"youwrong)GirlItakeitforgrantedthatyouwillbeherealwaysKellR(tiredofthisegotrip)"Causesoonyou"llbesearchin"foranothermanAndIjustcan"thavethathappentomeNowI"vehadaboutallthatIcanstandnomore(I"mturnin"inmyplaya"scard)SeeI"mretirin"fromthesecretlifeIchose(CauseIjustcan"tkeepbreakin"yourheart) ItwassillyofmetobethewaythatIwas(Firstwasblind,butnowIsee)Baby,soonyou"llbesayi"I"mfallin"outoflove)AndIjustcantletithappenwhoawhoaIWhenthemorningcomes,youseethesunwillshineonyouandmeWasonmywaytolosin"you,untilIfoundrealitySocastawayyourdoubtsandfears,causefromenowonI"llberighthereForalwaysForevermore,IdecidedGirli"mgoingtodumpmyfriendsYesIwillTrulyIwillWearegoingtobetogetherontheweekendWhoa,whoaSeethesearethedecisionsImadeforloveForthetwoofus GetupoffthisbullandrebuildyourtrustYeah,yeah,ohnooooo,whoaTherewillbeNomorecheatin"Nomorecreepin"Nomorefuckin"Nomoresneakin" 三．失去爆破和不完全爆破I.定义：当一个爆破音与另一个爆破音相遇时，第一个爆破音往往失去爆破，这主要是因为两个辅音之间的间隔太小，第一个只做发音的姿势，刚要发出时，立即发出第二个爆破音。这种现象在语音学上称为“失去爆破”或“特殊爆破”。当一个爆破后面紧跟着一个鼻音、摩擦音、破擦音或边音时，前面的爆破音只作部分爆破。方法是：对于前一个爆破音，做好发音的姿势，即形成阻碍，刚发出时，立即过渡到第二个音上去。第一个爆破音发出的声音是非常轻微的，有时甚至听不出来。这种现象叫做不完全爆破。例如：/ttʃ/,/tdʒ/,/dtʃ/,/ddʒ/,/ptʃ/,/pdʒ/,/gtʃ/,/gdʒ/等。这样的组合出现时，前面的爆破音就需要不完全爆破了。例如：picture,bigjug,goodchild,thatjokeII.PrinciplesofLossofPlosiveandIncompletePlosive1.爆破音+爆破音（爆破音：/p,b,t,d,k,g/）当一个爆破音后面紧跟着另一个爆破音时，前面的爆破音不发生爆破。方法是：对于前一个爆破音，只作发音的姿势，刚要发出时，立即发出第二个爆破音。这种现象叫做失去爆破。例如/p,b,t,d,k,g/这样的组合出现时，前面的爆破就需要失去爆破了。 1）单词内部doctorblackboardactorkeptsleptvictoryselectsuspectactivepost-card2)单词与单词之间/pp/:ripepear/pb/:soapbubble/pt/:cuptie/pd/:deepdown/pk/:pipecleaner/pg/:lampglass/bp/:robPeter/bb/:rubbriskly/bd/:cabdriver/bk/:Bobcame/bg/:describegreen/tp/:wetpaint/tb/:pocketbook/tt/:fasttrain/td/:greatdeal/tk/:notclean/tg/:whitegoose/db/:cardboard/dt/:goodtime/dd/:goodday/dk/:redcard/dg/:goodgirl/kp/:silkpurse/kb/:inkbottle/kt/:blacktable/kd/:publicduty/kk/:blackcat/kg/:parkgate /gp/:flagpole/gb/:dogbiscuit/gg/:biggirl/gt/:ragtime/gd/:digdown/gk/:eggcupagoodtimearedtiegood-byesitdownhardtimesquitedifferentwetgroundhotbedtakecarenextdoorMyfatherkeptworkingtillmidnight.Pleasewritetheanswerontheblackboard.Writetheanswerontheblackboard.I’dliketosaygoodbyetoeveryone.2.爆破音+鼻辅音(鼻辅音:/m,n,ŋ/)当一个爆破音后面紧跟着一个鼻辅音时，前面的爆破音也产生不完全爆破现象。例如：1)/tn/词末：writtenBritaincertainfrighten词中：whitenesspartnerwitness 单词之间atnightstartnowwhatnext2)/dn/词末：hiddenburdenpardonwooden词中：sadnesskidneySydney单词之间goodnightrednosebreadknife3)/tm/词中：excitementtmospheretmost单词之间:abitmorehitemiceightment4)/dm/词中：admitadmireadmissionadmixture单词之间:sadmusicagoodmanybroad-minded3.爆破音+舌边音(舌边音:/l/)当一个爆破音后面紧跟着一个舌边音时，前面的爆破音也产生不完全爆破现象。例如：1)/tl/词末：littlebattlesettlecattle词中：latelymostlyexactlypartly单词之间:atleasthateLucygatelock 2)/dl/词末：middlemuddlemodelneedle词中：badlycoldlysecondly单词之间:goodluckbadleaderleadedlight4.爆破音+摩擦音（摩擦音/f,v,θ,ð,s,z,ʃ,ʒ,r,h/）当一个爆破音后面紧跟着一个摩擦音时，前面的爆破音只作部分爆破。方法是：对于前一个爆破音，作好发音的姿势，刚发出时，立即过度到第二个摩擦音或破擦音上去。第一个爆破音发出的声音是非常轻微的，有时甚至听不出来。这种现象叫做不完全爆破。词末：desksbreadtheighth词中：advancefriendshipadhere单词之间:oldfriendsstepforwardbrightfuturefirstvisitjustthinktakethreebrightthoughtjustthenaskthemredstarsfirststepkeepsilentfolksongsabigzoobookshelves5.爆破音+摩擦音或破擦音(破擦音/ts,dz,tr,dr,tʃ,dʒ/) 当一个爆破音后面紧跟着一个摩擦音或破擦音时，前面的爆破音只作部分爆破。方法是：对于前一个爆破音，作好发音的姿势，刚发出时，立即过度到第二个摩擦音或破擦音上去。第一个爆破音发出的声音是非常轻微的，有时甚至听不出来。这种现象叫做不完全爆破。词中：pictureactuallysubjectobjective单词之间:whitechalkgreatchangeloudcheersagoodtryagoodchildabitdryasecondchoiceablackjacketagoodjobahardjourneyafasttrainacolddrinkagoodchoicIII.Practice1.Listentotherecording,readthefollowingwords,andpayattentiontothelossofplosivesandtheincompleteplosives.goodbyepicturegardenhandleoutlinecertainupstairskeptboxadmitgentlepostmarksettleadvicedoctorhiddenredfishneedleactivelamppost postcardthankspardonrestroomhandbaglipstickblackboardadvancebattleexcitementsleptsadnesskidneywrittenwitness1.Listentotherecording,readthefollowingphrases,andpayattentiontothelossofplosivesandtheincompleteplosives.goodgirlkeepquietwetgroundlastdinnereightmensadmusicasadstoryholdbackhardtimepocketbooksitdownquitedifferenthotbedtakecarenextdoorripepearsoapbubblecuptiedeepdownpipecleanerlampglassrobPeterrubbrisklywhatnextwhitemicegoodnightredrosebreadknifeatnightstartnowgreatchangeloudcheersagoodtrywhitechalkoldfriendsstepforwardbrightfuturefirstvisitjustthink 1.Listentotherecording,readthefollowingpassages,andpayattentiontothelossofplosivesandtheincompleteplosivesPassage1LadiesandGentlemen,Ihavesomegoodnewsandsomebadnews.First,thegoodnews.ThedivethatyoujustwatchedintheOlympicDivingeventwasthewinningdive.Now,thebadnews.Theswimmingpoolwasempty.PassageTwoIdon’trememberhowmanyexaminationsI’vetakensinceIbeganmyschooling.Totellthetruth,Idon’tlikeexaminationsatall.Idaresaythat,infact,nostudentlikesexaminations.Weoftenhearpeoplesay“Examinationsareteachers’magicweapon”,somostofusmaythinkthemhaveonebeenstudentsbeforetheybecameteachers.Soitmaybeconcludedthat neitherwenortheteacherslikeexaminations.What’smore,themoreexaminationswetake,themoretimeandtroublewillbetakenbyourteachers.Itisthesysteminourcountry,Ithink,thatgivesusstudentssomanyexaminations.Iftherewerenoentranceexaminations,andallthestudentscouldgouptothehighergradeswithoutcompetition,therewouldnotbesomanyexaminationsinprimaryandmiddleschools.Soitisimportantandnecessarytoreformthetestsystem.Onlyinthiswaycanexaminationsbegreatlyreduced,andthenallthestudentswillbehappier.Directions:Enjoythefollowingsong,andthentrytosingalong.IwantitthatwayYeah YouareMyfireTheoneDesireBelieveWhenIsay(yousing)IwantitthatwayButweAretwoworldsapartCantreachtoYourheartWhenyousayIwantitthatwayTellmewhy(ain’tnothin’butaheartache)Tellmewhy(ain’tnothingbutamistake)(tellmewhy)IneverwannahearyousayIwantitthatwayAmIYouroneDesire GuessIknowIt’stoolateButIwantitthatwayTellmewhy(ain’tnothingbutamistake)(tellmewhy)IneverwannahearyousayIwantitthatwayNowIcanseeThatwe’vefallenapartFromthewayThatitusedtobe,yeahNomatterthedistanceIwantyoutoknowThatdeepdowninsideofmeYouareMyfireTheoneDesire(youare,youare,youare,youare)Don’twannahearyousay,heyAin’tnothin’butaheartache Ain’tnothin’butamistakeIneverwannahearyousay(oh,yeah)IwantitthatwayTellmewhy(ain’tnothin’butaheartache)Tellmewhy(ain’tnothin’butamistake)(tellmewhy)IneverwannahearyousayIwantitthatwaytellmewhy(ain’tnothin’butaheartache)(ain’tnothin’butamistake)TellmewhyIneverwannahearyousay(hearyousay,yeah)IwantitthatwayCauseIwantit Linking连续I.Introduction当人们连贯讲英语时，往往会从一个词的结尾直接连接到另一个词的开头，这种语音现象称为连续。连续是快速语流的自然结果。英语的一个重要特点是就是连续，这也是英语口语中非常普遍的语音现象。但是连续只发生在句子中的同一个意群中，所以在两个意群之间即使有两个两邻的辅音和元音出现，也不可连续。如：Pleasetakealookatit.这个句子中takealookatit是同一个意群，那么take和a可连续，look和at可连续，at与it可连续。在Thereisabookinit.一句中book与in往往不连续，因为book与in分别在两个不同的意群中。掌握英语连续这一语音现象不仅有助于提高我们英语会话的流利程度，有助于信息的表达，同时有助于提高我们的听力。II．Categoriesoflinking 1.“辅音+元音”连续在同一个意群里，如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连续。（1）I’man︶Englishboy.（2）It︶is︶an︶oldbook.（3）Letmehave︶alook︶at︶it.（4）MsBlackworkedin︶an︶officelast︶year.（5）Icalled︶youhalf︶an︶hour︶ago.（6）Put︶it︶on,please.（7）Not︶at︶all.（8）Pleasepick︶it︶up.2.“元音+元音”连续前一个词的末尾元音和后一个词的起始元音连在一起读出，使它们中间不出现停顿。(1)I︶amChinese.(2)He︶isveryfriendlytome.(3)Shewantstostudy︶English. (1)How︶andwhydidyoucomehere?(2)Shecan’tcarry︶it.(3)It’lltakeyouthree︶hourstowalkthere.(4)Thequestionistoo︶easyforhimtoanswer.为了避免两个意义相关的毗邻词的末首元音分立而读，有时在前一个单词的结尾元音和后面单词的起首元音之间加上/w/或者/j/音，这就是外加音/w/和/j/。1）外加音/w/(1)Do︶Ihavetodo︶everything?(2)You︶oughttohave︶atry.(3)Wegiveyouabouttwo︶hours.(4)Howmuchmoneydo︶Ihave?(5)You︶understandwehavetodealwithitinthatway.(6)Wemerelywishto︶ensurethattheteamsetoffontime. 2)外加音/j/(1)We︶agree.(2)Tea︶orcoffee?(3)Iamsorry︶aboutthat.(4)I︶oughttoski︶abit.(5)May︶Iaskhowmuch?(6)Iexpectedtobeuptheday︶aftertomorrow.3.“r/re+元音”连续单词词尾或音节末尾的r一般是不发音的，但是，在连贯话语里，如果这个单词后面紧跟着一个以元音开头的词，而且两个词在意义上密切相关且中间无停顿隔开时，就可能使原来不发音的字母r或re读为/r/，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连续。(1)They’remyfather︶andmother.(2)Ilookedfor︶ithere︶andthere.(3)There︶isafootballunder︶it.(4)There︶aresomebooksonthedesk.(5)Here︶isaletterforyou.(6)Here︶arefour︶eggs. (1)Butwhere︶ismycup?(2)Where︶areyourbrother︶andsister?但是，一个音节的前后都有字母r，即使后面的词以援引开头，也不能连续。2.4．“辅音+辅音”连续当两个词之间存在在两个或两个以上辅音时，将其作为辅音连缀处理。例如：nextFriday/’nekst‘fraidi/I.Tips当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现，也不可连续。Is︶ita︶hatoracat?(hat与or之间不可连续)There︶is︶agoodbookinmydesk.(book与in之间不可连续)Canyouspeak︶EnglishorFrench?(English与or之间不可连续) Shallwemeetat︶eightortentomorrowmorning?(meet与at,eight与or之间不可连续)I.Practice1.Listentotherecording,readthefollowingphrases,payingattentiontothelinking.an︶appleacup︶ofcoffeehalf︶an︶hourhand︶overdrop︶oncome︶inspeak︶Englishall︶of︶uslook︶at︶itread︶it︶againan︶hourput︶it︶ontake︶it︶awayleave︶it︶aloneput︶onbest︶of︶allmake︶it︶uppick︶it︶upget︶upkeep︶offtake︶it︶offcomeacrossstandupfirstofallI’m︶afraidnot︶at︶all 1.Listentothefollowingrecording,readthefollowingphrases,payingattentiontotheconnectionofvowels.go︶outtry︶itgo︶awayhurry︶upthree︶hourswe︶allthe︶endthe︶accidentmy︶unclemy︶earshow︶oftenhow︶oldgo︶onwe︶agreean︶otherI︶amshe︶isyou︶aretry︶againwho︶elsetoo︶oftenvery︶interesting2.Listentotherecording,readthefollowingphrases,payingattentiontothelinking.there︶isthere︶areour︶ownfor︶evermore︶overremember︶itafter︶allfar︶awayhere︶and︶therefor︶an︶hourfor︶instanceamatter︶offactapair︶ofshoesonyour︶ownfather︶ansonanswer︶itfor︶amoment asfar︶asfor︶exampleover︶and︶over︶again4.Readthefollowingsentencesandpayattentiontothelinking.(1)Take︶an︶orange.(2)Good︶evening.(3)Good︶afternoon.(4)I’m︶on︶adiet.(5)Youshouldkeep︶offsugar.(6)I’m︶an︶Englishboy.(7)Itis︶an︶oldbook.(8)Let︶ushave︶alook︶at︶it.(9)Mr.Smithusedtowork︶in︶an︶office.(10)Icalledyouhalf︶an︶hour︶ago.(11)Put︶it︶off,please.(12)Not︶at︶all.(13)Pleasepick︶it︶up.(14)Don’tworry︶about︶it!(15)Ifit︶isnine,I’llstart. 5.Readthefollowingsentencesandpayattentiontothelinking.(1)I’msorry︶aboutthe︶accident.(2)Ihavewaitedforyouforthree︶hours.(3)We︶allagreewiththeplan.(4)Ihadlunchinthe︶inn.(5)I’llrun︶acompanyatthe︶end︶oftheyear.(6)Don’tshoutinmy︶ear.Icanhearyou.(7)Iswimtwice︶aweek.(8)Icame︶outwellinthatphotograph.(9)Imustbrush︶upmy︶English.(10)I︶enjoyed︶itverymuch.(11)Ilostmybaginthe︶officeandImustgobackfor︶it.(12)Maryis︶atlunch.(13)I’m︶afraidIcan’tcome︶atnine.6.Listentotherecordingandmarkthelinkinginthefollowingsentences. (1)They’remyfatherandmother.(2)Ilookedforithereandthere.(3)Thereisafootballunderit.(4)Therearebooksonthedesk.(5)Hereisaletterforyou.(6)Herearefoureggs.(7)Butwhereismycup?(8)Whereareyourbrotherandsister?(9)Thebeerisgood!(10)Theauthorismybrother.7.Readthefollowingdialogueandpayattentiontothelinking.A:Whatisyourworkingexperience?B:IhaveworkedforIBMfor3years.A:Howwillyourexperiencesbenefitthiscompany?B:IknowthemarketingfromthebottomandIcandevelopanewmarketforyou.Thatwillincreaseyourprofitmarginandkeepthe shareholderssatisfied.A:Areyouawareoftheaspectsofthispositionanddoyoufeelyouarequalified?B:Yes,Iunderstandmyqualificationandyourneedsbyresearchingyourcompany.A:Ifyouenterthiscompany,whatsectionwouldyouliketoworkin?B:Ifpossible,I’dliketobepositionedinInternationalTradeDepartment.A:Whatstartingsalarydoyouexpect?B:I’dliketostartat5000poundsamonth.8.Listentotherecordingcarefully,payattentiontothelinkingandwritedownthephrasesyouhear.（1）alotoftask(2)overandoveragain(3)eatupallthefruit(4)forinstance(5)bothofus(6)lookatit (7)watchout(8)foralongtime(9)doawaywith(10)byacccident9.Listentotherecordingcarefully,payattentiontothelinkingandwritedownthesentencesyouhear.(1)Bothofuswentout.(2)Hefetcheditforme.(3)Heisillagain.(4)I’mafraidheisout.(5)Isyourhometownfaraway?(6)Givemeanexample.(7)Wearegoingtoleaveatseven.(8)SheisgoingtomajorinEnglish.(9)Areyougoingtobuysomemoreeggs?(10)Iputonmyglassestolookatthis.SectionLeisureTimeDirections:Enjoythefollowingsong,andthen trytosingalong.TakemetoyourhearHidingfromtherainandsnowTryingtoforgetbutIwon’tletgoLookingatacrowdedstreetListeningtomyownheartbeatSomanypeopleAllaroundtheworldTellmewheredoIfindSomeonelikeyougirlTakemetoyourheartTakemetoyoursoulGivemeyourhandbeforeI’moldShowmewhatloveisHaven’tgotaclueTheysaynothinglastsforeverWe’reonlyheretodayLoveisnoworneverBringmefaraway TakemetoyourheartTakemetoyoursoulGivemeyourhandandholdmeShowmewhatloveisBemyguidingstarIt’seasytotakemetoyourheartStandingonamountainhighLookingatthemoonthroughaclearblueskyIshouldgoandseesomefriendsButtheydon’treallycomprehendDon’tneedtoomuchtalkingWithoutsayinganythingAllIneedissomeoneWhomakesmewannasingRhythm节奏PronunciationforCommunication I.Introduction《礼记．乐记》说“文采节奏，声之饰也”。节奏本身是个音乐术语，指的音乐中有规律地出现音节的长短和强弱的交替变化。有了节奏，音乐才赏心悦耳。然而，节奏不仅寓于音乐之中，还存在于日常交际的多种多样的语言之中，这就是言语节奏。言语节奏在各种语言的交际中发挥着举足轻重的作用。言语节奏指的是人们在说话时胸部肌肉收缩和放松产生的节奏。这种节奏被人们感知为响亮高音和低音或重音与非重音的交替出现。语言学家将言语节奏分为音节计时节奏和重音计时节奏两大类：每个音节出现的时间间隔大致相等的为音节计时节奏。以音节计时为节奏特点的语言如法语、西班牙语、汉语的普通话等；以重音计时为节奏特点的语言如俄语、英语等，其中最有代表性的就是英语。II.EnglishRhythm 英语节奏指的是在连贯的话语中重读与非重读音节交替出现，并且重读音节出现的时间间隔大致相等。一个重读音节和不等数的非重读音节一起构成一个节奏群（注：在语流中重读音节用实心圆点●表示，非重读音节用空心圆点○表示）。如：（1）Go!●Let’sgo!●●Iwanttogo.○●○●上面三句话中第一句中只有一个重读音节/gəʊ/,有一个节奏群；第二句中有两个重读音节/lets/和/gəʊ/,有两个节奏群；第三句中有两个重读音节/wɒnt,gəʊ/和两个非重读音节/aɪtə/，也是两个节奏群。再如：(2)Putiton. ●○●Putitontheshelf.●○○○●上面两句话中第一句共有三个音节，其中两个重读音节put/put/和on/ɒn/,一个非重读音节it/it/,两个节奏群；第二句共有五个音节，其中两个重读音节put/put/和shelf/ʃelf/，三个非重读音节it/it/,on/ɒn/和the/ðə/，也是两个节奏群。这两句话的音节数量不等，但是在正常的语流中它们所用的时间几乎相等。也就是说，话语中重音之间的间隔时间大致相等。话语说起来所需的时间不决定于有多少个词，多少个音节，而决定于有多少个句子重音。根据英语的节奏规律，两个重读音节之间的非重读音节越多，完成每一个非重读音节所用的时间就越少。同时，为了求得这种“大致相等”、节奏清晰明快，必须要掌握与英语节奏密切相关的要素弱读、省音、连续、同化、句子重音等。I.SentencesStressandEnglishRhythm 节奏与句子重音是密切相关的，一方面，句子重音是形成句子节奏的基础，另一方面，节奏反过来影响重音。在一般情况下，英语句中的实词如名词、形容词、副词、实义动词等大多重读，虚词不重读。但是，在实际表述的时候，这些词往往受节奏规律的影响而失去句子重音。例如：(1)Heworkslikeadog.○●○○●Helooksreallyrough.○●○○●Heeatslikeapig.○●○○●Hecan’tgetenough.○●○○● 上面四句属于同一节奏。第一句中，语法规则决定句子重音，实义动词work和名词dog接受句子重音；第二句受节奏的影响，副词really失去句子重音，因为紧跟在后面的形容词rough有句子重音，really是非重读音节；第三句中，实义动词eat和名词pig接受句子重音；第四句否定词can’t和名词enough接受句子重音，受节奏的影响，实义动词get失去句子重音。为了遵循英语的节奏规律，使句中的轻重音等时距地交替出现，人们在说英语时需要注意句子重音的适当分配。例如：Lily’seldersisterwantedsixtygreenpencils.若按照句子重音的语法规则，这句话应该重读这一句子的每一个实词，即每一个单词都要重读。这样便会形成类似于汉语一字一顿的读法，不符合英语的节奏特点。(2)：Lily’seldersisterwantedsixty●○●○●○●○●○●pencils.●○ 句中的elder，wanted，green均为实词，按照英语的句字重音规则，都应该重读。但为了实现轻重音交替，避免两个重读相连，这三个词都失去了句子重音，节奏就显得很整齐，错落有致，充满动感。一般情况写，一个英语句子最多有3个至4个节奏群。另外，英语里一些单词如复合词往往有双重音，但受句子节奏影响，重音会发生变化。例如：（3）"un"knownanunknownsinger○●○●○Thesingerisquiteunknown.○●○○●○●(4)incon"venientaninconvenientarrangement○●○○○○●○ Thearrangementisveryinconvenient.○○●○○●○○○●○(5)second"handasecondhandcar○●○○●另外，英语中的短语动词，如puton,writedown,pickup,pointout,turnon,turnoff,turndown,等，作为短语，动词和副词都有重音。当动词短语紧跟宾语，重音会发生变化，这就是节奏对于重音的调节所致。例如：(6)"switch"onSwitchiton.●○●Switchontheradio.●○○●○(7)"write"downWriteitdown.●○●Writedownthewords.●○○●(8)"pick"upPickitup. ●○●Pickupthepaper.●○○●○(9)"point"outPointitout.●○●Pointouthismistake.●○○●○一般情况下，当动词短语的宾语是名词，且名词出现在副词之后，名词重读，副词失去句子重音；当动词短语的宾语是代词，代词只能出现动词和副词之间，代词按照句子重音的基本规则不重读，而动词和副词应该接受句子重音。总而言之，语法规则决定句子重音，句子重音是形成句子节奏的基础，而句子重音的灵活变化却受节奏规律的调节。IV.RhythmicPatterns 要掌握英语节奏，分析节奏跟重音、音长、元音的音质和语调之间的相互关系，从中找出若干关键性的规律还不够。为了便于实际掌握，国内外许多语言学家都曾把英语节奏分成不同的节奏型，每个节奏型在实际语言中出现的频率都很高，通过反复朗读这些有限的节奏型，有利于熟练掌握英语节奏。最常见的英语节奏型有十种。Pattern1:●●Whynot?Comein.Workhard.Goodboy.No,thanks.Pattern2:●○●Showmeplease.Gotobed.Haveaseat.Ringmeup.Don’tdothat.Pattern3:○●○ Ithinkso.I’mready.She’ssmiling.It’searly.Itoldyou.Pattern4:○●○○I’veheardofher.I’musedtoit.She’sfinishedit.Itusedtobe.Italkedtohim.Pattern5:●○○●Showmetheway.Tryitagain.Whathaveyoudone?Whoisthehost?Givemesomesalt.Pattern6:○●○○○It’ssatisfying. I’mworkingforhim.I’llshowittoyou.Ithinkitwillbe.Weknowwhatitis.Pattern7:○●○●Iwanttogo.Ithinkyou’reright.She’sverysmart.It’smuchtoobig.Hewantstolearn.Pattern8:○●○○●I’vefinishedmylunch.Sheaskedforafavor.Itstartedtorain.I’dlikeyoutocome.Ipaidforthedrink.Pattern9:●○○○●Whataboutsometea?Followmyadvice. Putitonthedesk.Cutitwithaknife.Don’tbesuchafool.Pattern10:○●○●○I’mgladtoseeyou.Itdoesn’tmatter.He’sratherfunny.It’stimeforsupper.She’llleaveonMonday.V.Practice1.Listentotherecording,markthestressedandunstressedsyllablesandthenreadthemwiththerightrhythm(1)Help!(2)Takeitoff.(3)Makeupyourmind.(4)Mostofthemhavegone.(5)Theywaitedfortheboss.(6)Hegoestoworkonfoot. (1)Iboughtthemsomechocolate.(2)Theshopdoesn’tsellwhatIwant.(3)I’msurehe’sasquickasyouare.(4)Ishouldn’thavethoughtthathecouldgetthereintime.1.Listentothefollowingthreenurseryrhymesandreadandpayattentiontotherhythm.FourseasonsSpringisgaywithflowersandsongs.●○●○●○○●Summerishotandthedaysarelong.●○○●○○●○●Autumnisrichwithfruitandgrain.●○○●○●○●Winterbringssnowandthenewyearagain.●○○●○○●○○●Magicwords Heartlikedoorswillopenwithease,●○●○●○○●Tovery,verylittlekeys;○●○●○●○●Anddon’tforgetthattwoarethese:○●○●○●○●“Wethankyou,all”and“ifyouplease”.○●○●○●○●LittleStarTwinkle,twinkle,littlestar!●○●○●○●HowIwonderwhatyouare!●○●○●○●Upabovetheworldsohigh,●○●○●○●Likeadiamondinthesky.●○●○○○● 1.Readthefollowing“CradleSong”andpayattentiontotherhythm.CradleSongByTennysonAlfredSweetandlow,sweetandlow,●○●●○●Windofthewesternsea.●○○●○●Low,low,breatheandlow,●●●○●Windofthewesternsea!●○○●○●Overtherollingwatersgo,●○○●○●○●Comefromthedyingmoon,andblow●○○●○●○●Blowhimagaintome.●○○●○●Whilemylittleone,whilemyprettyone,●○●○○●○●○○ sleeps.●Sleepandrest,sleepandrest,●○●●○●Fatherwillcometotheesoon.●○○●○○●Rest,rest,onmother’sbreast,●●○●○●Fatherwillcometotheesoon.●○○●○○●Fatherwillcometohisbabeinthenest,●○○●○○●○○○●Silversailsalloutofthewest●○●○●○○●Underthesilvermoon.●○○●○●Sleep,mylittleone,sleep,myprettyone,●○●○○●○●○○sleep.●1.Readthefollowingpoemandpayattention totherhythm.TheCaveBoyByLauraE.RichardsIdreamedIwasacaveboy●●Andlivedinacave,●●Amammothformysaddlehorse,●●Amonkeyformyslave.●●Andthroughthetree-fernforest●●A-ridingIwouldgo,●●WhenIwasonceacave-boy●●Amillionyearsago.●● IdreamedIwasacaveboy;●●Ihuntedwithaspear●●Thesaber-toothedtiger,●●Theprehistoricdeer.●●Awolf-skinformydresssuit,●●Ithoughtmequiteabeau,●●WhenIwasonceacaveboy,●●Amillionyearsago.●●IdreamedIwasacaveboy;●●Mydinnerwasabone,●●AndnowIhadtofightforit,●● Togetitformyown!●●Webangedeachothero’erthehead,●●●Andoftourblooddidflow,●●●WhenIwasonceacaveboy●●Amillionyearsago.●●IdreamedIwasacaveboy●●Thetorches’smokylight●●Shoneonthedinnertable,●●Apileofbonessowhite.●●●Ilappedsomewaterfromthespring,●●●Theeasiestway,youknow, ●●●WhenIwasonceacaveboy●●●Amillionyearsago.●●Idreamed-butnowIamawake;●●●Avoiceismyear.●●“Comeoutandhaveagameofball!●●●Thesunisshiningclear,●●●We’llhavesomedoughnutsafterwards,●●●Andthena-swimminggo!”●●●I’mgladI’mnotacave-boy,●●●Amillionyearsago!●● Pausingandsense-Group停顿与意群I.Introduction1.停顿是英语学习中必须重视的一种语流现象。英语语流中的停顿是指讲话人在意群与意群、句子与句子以及段落与段落之间的不同时间长度的停歇。短暂的停顿用“︱”来表示，较长的停顿用“‖”来表示。语流中需要停顿，就像公交车需要停靠站一样。停顿首先为了呼吸换气，这是正常人的一种生理需求。一般来讲，人讲话时每3s--5s换一次气，否则就“底气不足”，难以继续下去。如下面的例句就可以一气呵成：Hehastheairofascholar.他有学者风度。而下句话就可以在happiness和by之间停顿：Wecanonlyexperiencetruesuccessandhappinessbymakingcharacterthebedrockofourselves.停顿时间大致是：段落＞句号＞问号＞叹号＞分号＞冒号＞逗号意群2.意群 意群是句子里语法上联系紧密、有一定语义的语言单位，往往是某一句子成分。一个意群可以是一个词、一个短语、一个从句或句子等等。意群具有语义、语法和音韵的特征；包含一定的意义，符合语法结构的要求，是语调组---有音调和节奏类型等。（1）意群的划分:一句话可以按照意义和语法结构分成若干个部分,每一个具有一定意义或语法功能的部分就称为一个意群.In1999,IcametoBeijingUniversitytostudyEnglish.Ifpossible,wewillcontinueourworkthedayaftertomorrow.（2）意群的音调：一个较长的句子都有两个或两个以上的意群，根据意群在句子中的位置可以把意群分为句首意群，句中意群和句末意群．一般说来，句首意群和句中意群由于意义还未表达完整，在说话时都用升调，而句末意群因为一句话的意思已经表达完整，往往采用降调．如：　Weatherpermitting,we’llgofishingthisweekend.In1995,IwaslivinginShanghai,andworkedasadoctor.II．Practice1.Readthefollowingsentences,payingattentiontopausing. (1)‖Self-helpisthebesthelp.‖自力更生远远胜于求人帮助。(2)‖Theywhoassumeacharacterthatdoesnotbelongtothem︱generallybetraythemselvesbyoveractingit.‖装腔坐势、过分卖弄的人重视要露原形的。(3)‖WheninRome,︱doastheRomansdo.‖入国问禁，入乡随俗。(4)‖Ifyoudogood,︱goodwillbedonetoyou;︱butifdoevil,︱thesamewillbemeasuredbacktoyou.‖善有善报，恶有恶报。(5)‖Kindheartsarethegardens;︱kindthoughtsaretheroots;︱kindwordsaretheflowers;︱kinddeedsarethefruits.‖善良的心灵是花园；高尚的思想是根茎；文明的语言是花朵；美好的行为是果实。(6)‖Thevalueofhealthisnotesteemed︱untilitislost.‖失去健康方知健康的饿可贵。(7)‖Sinceyesterdayhasgone︱andtomorrowhasnotcome,︱takeaccountofthisonemomentthatnowis.‖昨日已去，明日未到，故应珍惜现在。(8)‖Iamnotafraidoftomorrow︱forIhaveseenyesterdayandIlovetoday.‖我不害怕明天，因为我经历过昨天并热爱今天。(9)‖Thereisnopoverty︱wherethereisvirtue,︱noriches︱wherevirtueisnot.‖ 有德不穷，无德不富。(1)‖Amanamongchildren︱willbelongachild,︱achildamongmen︱willsoonbeaman.‖成年人与儿童相处，童心永驻；儿童与成年人相处，易少年老成。1.Readthefollowingpassage,pausingattheproperplaces.(2)(3)‖Georgeisayoungman.‖Hedoesnothaveawife,︱buthehasaverybigdog︱—andhehasaverysmallcartoo.‖Helikesplayingtennis.‖LastMonday,︱heplayedtennis︱foranhour︱athisclub,︱andthenheranout︱andjumpedintoacar.‖Hisdogcameafterhim,︱butitdidnotjumpintothesamecar;︱itjumpedintothenextone.‖“Comehere,︱sillydog!”Georgeshoutedatit︱butthedogstayedintheothercar.‖‖Georgeputhiskeyintothelockofthecar,︱butthekeydidnotturn.‖Thenhelookedatthecaragain.‖Itwasnothis!‖Hewasinthewrongcar!‖Andthedogwasintherightone!‖“He’sittingandlaughingatme!”‖Georgesaid angrily.‖Butthen︱hesmiledandgotintohiscar︱withthedog.1.Readthefollowingpassage,pausingattheproperplaces.ApairofsocksByWilliamLyonPhelps‖Onefineafternoon,︱IwaswalkingalongFifthAvenue,︱whenIremembered︱thatitwasnecessarytobuyapairofsocks.‖WhyIwishedtobuyonlyonepair︱isunimportant.‖Iturnedintothefirstsockshopthatcaughtmyeye,︱andaboyclerkwhocouldnothavebeenmorethanseventeenyearsoldcameforward.‖“WhatcanIdoforyou,︱sir?”‖Iwishtobuyapairofsocks.”‖Hiseyesglowed.‖Therewasanoteofpassioninhisvoice.‖“Didyouknow︱thatyouhadcomeintothefinestplaceintheworldtobuysocks?”‖Ihadnotbeen awareofthat,︱asmyentrancehadbeenaccidental.‖“Comewithme,”︱saidtheboyecstatically.‖Ifollowedhimtotherearoftheshop,︱andhebegantohauldownfromtheshelves︱boxafterbox,︱displayingtheircontentsformydelectation.‖‖“Holdon,︱lad,︱Iamgoingtobuyonlyonepair!”‖“Iknowthat,”︱saidhe,︱“butIwantyoutosee︱howmarvelouslybeautifultheseare.‖Aren’ttheywonderful?”‖Therewasonehisface︱anexpressionofsolemn︱andholyrapture,︱asifhewererevealingtome︱themysteriesofhisreligion.‖Ibecamefarmoreinterestedinhim︱thaninthesocks.‖Ilookedathiminamazement.‖“Myfriend,”︱saidI,︱“ifyoucankeepthisup,︱ifthisisnotmerelytheenthusiasm︱thatcomesfromnovelty,︱fromhavinganewjob,︱ifyoucankeepupthiszeal︱andexcitementdayafterday,︱intenyears︱youwillowneverysockintheUnitedStates.”‖ ‖Myamazementathisprideandjoyinsalesmanship︱willbeeasilyunderstood︱byallwhoreadthisarticle.‖Inmanyshops︱thecustomerhastowaitforsomeonetowaituponhim.‖Andwhenfinallysomeclerkdoesdeigntonoticeyou,︱youaremadetofeelasifyouwereinterruptinghim.‖Eitherheabsorbedinprofoundthought︱inwhichhehatestobedisturbed︱orheisskylarkingwithagirlclerk︱andyoufeellikeapologizing︱forthrustingyourselfintosuchintimacy.‖‖Hedisplaysnointeresteitherinyou︱orinthegoodsheispaidtosell.‖Yetpossibly,︱thatveryclerkwhoisnowsoapathetic︱beganhiscareerwithhopeandenthusiasm.‖Thedailygrindwastoomuchforhim;︱thenoveltyworeoff;︱hisonlypleasureswerefoundoutsideofworkinghours.‖Hebecameamechanical,︱hebecameincompetent;︱then,︱hesawyoungerclerks︱whohadmorezestintheirwork,︱promotedover him.‖Hebecamesour.Thatwasthelaststage.‖Hisusefulnesswasover.‖‖Ihaveobservedthismelancholydecline︱inthelivesofsomanymen︱insomanyoccupations︱thatIhavecometotheconclusion︱thatthesurestroadtofailure︱istodothingsmechanically.‖Therearemanyteachersinschoolsandcollegeswhoseemdullerthanthedullestoftheirpupils;︱theygothroughthemotionsofteaching,︱buttheyareasimpersonalasatelephone.‖1.Enjoythefollowingsong,andthentrytosingalong.That’MyGoalHmmmmyeayeayeaaaYouknowwhereIcomefromYouknowmystoryYouknowwhyI’mstandinghereTonight Pleasedon’tgoDon’tbeinahurryI’mheretomakeitclearMakeitrightWellIknowI’veactedfoolishButIpromiseyounomoreI’vefinallyfoundthatsomethingWorthreachingforI’mnotheretosayI’msorryI’mnotheretolietoyouI’mheretoletyourlovegoI’mnotgivingupohnoI’mheretowinyourheartandsoulThat’smygoalPleasedon’tgoYouknowthatIneedyouIcan’tbreathewithoutyouLivewithoutyouWellIknowI’veactedfoolishButIpromiseyounomoreNomoreI’mnotheretosayI’msorry I’mnotheretolietoyouI’mheretosayI’mreadyThatI’vefinallythoughtitthroughI’mnotheretoletyourlovegoI’mnotgivingupohnoI’mheretowinyourheartandsoulThat’smygoalWellIwon’tstopbelievingThatwewillbeleavingtogetherSowhenIsayIloveyouI’llmeanitforeverandeverEverandeverI’mnotheretosayI’msorryI’mnotheretosayI’msorryI’mnotheretolietoyouI’mheretosayI’mreadyThatI’vefinallythoughtitthrough(OhI’mready)I’mnotheretoletyourlovegoI’mnoheretoletyourlovegoI’mnotgivingupohnoI’mheretowinyourheartandsoul (That’swhyI’mherebabe)YesI’mheretowinyourheartandsoulThat’smygoalThat’smygoal1.Readingexercise:朗读下列句子，划分意群，用“︱”隔开。(1)Onemorningtherewasaknockatthedoor.(2)Thisbooktellsushowcomputertechnologycansolvebusinessproblemsinnewways.(3)ThentheClass2runnerdroppedhisstickonthegroundwhenhewaspassingitontothefourthrunner.(4)Sowemustbemorecarefulandclosethewindowswhenweleavetheclassroomafterschool.2.Speakingexercise:模仿录音朗读下列对话A:Youlookhappytoday! B:Iamhappy.IjustheardIpassedmyChineseexamA:Congratulations!I’mgladsomebody’shappy.B:Why?What’sthematter?A:Oh,I’mjustworried,IguessIhavetotakeaphysicsexamnextweek.Unit22Intonation&ToneGroupSectionBPronunciationandIntonationforCommunication1,Introduction语调是英语口语的重要组成部分，在说话中体现声调抑扬顿挫的变化，他可以是话语的含义完整和明确，帮助我们表达喜悦，忧伤愤怒等各种心情。很多人以为听懂了每个单词的意思就听懂了句子的意思，其实不然。一句话除了有词汇意义（LexicalMeaning）外，还有语调意义(IntonationMeaning)。词汇意义是话语中所用词的意义，而语调意义是说话人用语调所标示的态度或口气。一句话的词汇意义加上语调意义才算是完全的意义。例如你没听清楚别人讲话时就要说升调的Ibegyour↗pardon.但是如果你不下心踩到别人的脚了，就要用降调的Ibegyour↘ pardon.，因此完全相同的一句话由于语调的不同，意思就有所差别，有时候会相差千里，因此人们说话的时候往往伴随着这些语调的变化，他们淋漓尽致的表现了人们的怀疑、激动、肯、感等许多感情的而变化。英语以降调（↘）和升调（↗）为两种基本语调，除此之外还有降—升调（∨）、升—降调（∧）和升一降一升调，但是后两种不是主要语调，不过这两种语调也可以很好的表达意思。但是将一升调是英语语调的重要特征，降一升调是指从高调降到低调，然后再升到中调的语调。因此英语中最常用的语调就是降调（TheFallingTone）,升调（TheRisingTone），降升调（TheRising-FallingTone）。这些语调可以表达词汇无法表达的微妙含义和丰富感情，并可以清楚地表达语法结构，如陈述句用降调，一般疑问句用声调；但是语调最重要的作用是表达讲话人的态度，同一个句子，用不同的语调可以表达啊不同的而态度，如请求，命令，鼓励，怀疑，抱怨等。英语语调意义和用法变化繁多，语调的变化主要在语调核心上体现，或降调，或升调，或降升调。例如：Youare↘late.你迟到了（降调表示肯定）Youare↗late.你迟到了（升调表示怀疑）You↘are↗late你又迟到了（降升调表示抱怨）又如：A：Jean,canyoubringmethenewspaper?B：↗Sorry? Jean用升调说“Sorry”意思是“Idid’thearyou,couldyousaythatagain,please?”A：Jean,canyoubringmethenewspaper?B：↘Sorry?此时Jean用降调，表示其拒绝帮助或者无能为力。例如你想让淘气的孩子跟着你出去，就会用降调肯定的语气说Come↘withme?如果你还没有确定是否对方和你一起出去吃饭，就可以用升调问道Come↗withme？表示“和我出去怎么样？”这种试探性的的语气，细细体会起来，什么场合用什么语气还真是很自然的事。应该按照说话人的态度来分语调模式，而不能按照句子的的语法结构来分。没有“疑问句的语调”和“陈述句的语调”，因为疑问句，陈述句都可以用多种语调模式来说。例如：Hecometoseemelast↘yearHecometoseemelast↗yearHecometoseeme↘last↗year在学习英语中降调，升调。降升调的意义和用法之前，必须了解你关于语调的基本理论及基本概念。1，一句话中绝对调高及音调的而相对高度所包含的恶意以众所周知，人们在兴奋，激动，惊讶时说话语调就搞，反之语调就低，因此在同一场合中，如果一个人的语调明显高于另外一个，或明显高于另外一个，以此就可以推断说话人的意思及态度 一句话中语调相对高度的不同所包含的恶意以就有所差别。一句话中的语调波峰一般是句子的重音所在，通过一句话中的语调波峰所在，就可以了解说话人的意思以及想让听者了解的意思。如人们读“Iliveinthecity”由于强调对象的不同，语调波峰也会随之变化，比较如下：‘Iliveinthecity(隐含着在场其他人不住在城里的意思)I‘liveinthecity(表示只是“住在”城里，隐含“不在城里工作”或其他意思)Ilive‘inthecity（表示“住在城里边”“不在城外边”）因此，对下面的对话所题为、你的问题进行回答是就不难回答了。例如：M:Lindalookedverytiredthesedays.W:ShelookedOKto‘meQ:WhatdosethewomanthinkofLinda?(D)(A)Shesawlindaandme(B)lindasaidshewasfine(C)Shelookedupthewordforme(D)SheconsideredLindawasallwell这句话的重音碰巧落在句子的最后一个单词me上。女士重度me,意在与男士看法形成对比,意思是“在你看来她很疲惫，我看来她却很好”表示她那种无所谓的态度2某些句型由于句尾语调的改变而引起意义改变的现象 （1）使用疑问词who,which,what,how,when,where,why的特殊疑问句可以用降调，可以用升调，但其含义不同，如：A：Mr.SmiththinksweoughttogetthemoneyinhandfirstB：↗who?A：Mr.SmithB用升调说“Who”，表示未听清对方所说的某一部分，要求重复A：We’dliketohavesomeonetosayawordatthebeginningtowelcomethegroupB：↘who?A：WethoughtthatyouorDr.JohnsonmightdoitB用降调说“Who”，意思是问谁在开场时致辞（2）附加疑问句可读升调也可读降调，意思不同。降调表示发问着相信陈述句的内容，只等对方证实。升调表示发问者对陈述句的内容没有真实性的把握，希望对方做出自己的判断。例如:A:Youwillfinishthework，won"t↘you？B:Yes.Iwill.A用降调进行提问，意思是:Iknowyouwillfinishthework,butIwantyoutoconfirmit.A:Youwillfinishthework，won"t↗you？B:Yes.Iwill.或（No.Iwon"t）A用升调提问，表示A 心中没有把握，因此得到的回答既可能是肯定的，也可能是否定的.因此如果听到下面的对话并就所提问题进行选择时，选哪个就不言而喻了W:MarysayshelikesplayingtennisM:Butshedose"ntplaytennisoften,dose↘she:？Q:WhatdosethemanimplyaboutMary？A.SheplaysalotofothersportsB.Shedose"treallyliketennisC.SheonlylikewatchingtennisD.Shehasalotofthingstodo语调可以反应谈话人的互动性，例如:A:AreyouMr.Blake？B:↘YesA:Roomtwenty-six在这个例子中，B用降调说“Yes”.表示B的认可，这是一个封闭式的回答，这表明如果A没有新的问题或新的信息要告知，也许他们的对话就要结束了。A:AreyouMr.Blake？B:↗Yes？A:Ah,thesecretarywouldlikeawordwithyou在这个例子中，B用升调回答“Yes”.表示这是一个开放式的回答，相当于“Yes,butwhydoyouask？”或“Yes,butwhowanttoknow？”也就是说B在回答A的同时又提出了一个新的问题要其回答， 掌握这一点后，对以下对话所提问题就不难回答了。M:HowlongshallwestayattheGrandCanyon？W:A↗dayQ:Whatdosethewomanmean？A.WeshallstayattheGrandCanyonforonedayB.ShallwestayattheGrandCanyonforoneday？C.TostayattheGrandCanyonforonedayistooshortD.TostayattheGrandCanyonforonedayisenough（3）陈述句一般读降调，用以陈述事实，若读升调往往表示对所说事情有所怀疑，例如:Shelenthimher↘car（用以陈述事实）Shelenthimher↗car（含有惊奇怀疑之意，相当于“Didshereallylenthercartohim？”）因此，一下几个问题的选择就很容易了M:Istartdrivingat8:00yesterdayandarrivedhereat5:30thismorningW:Youdroveall↗night？Q:Whatdosethewomanmean？A:MightdrivingcanbedangerousB:Youshouldn"thavedrivenduringthenightC:Whydon"tyoudriveallnight？D:Didyoureallydriveallnight？（4）有一些一般疑问句读作降调，实际上表示感叹，如:Hasn"tshe↘grown！这句话实际表示:她长得多快！如: M:Wasn"tSam"sspeech↘great？W:Areyouserious？Q:WhatdosethemanrayaboutSam"sspeech？A.Sam"sspeechwasn"tgreat,wasit？B.Sam"sspeechwasgreat,wasn"tit？C.SamgaveseriousspeechD.Samwasnotserious这里顺便说一下，问句不表示疑问的另一种情况:当一方提问，另一方用问句作为回答时，问句有时是不需要回答的，实际上相当于陈述句，不过别有意味，例如:A:AreyougoingtowatchTVagain？B:Whatelseisthereto↗do？B反问A一个问题“whatelseisthereistheretodo?",意思是（除了看电视）还有什么好干的呢？因此，对于下面的问题不难回答了。M:DoyouthingPettyisqualifiedtodothejob?W:IfPettyisnot,whois?↗Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?(C)(A)Pettyisnotqualifiedforthejob.(B)Nobodyisqualifiedforthejob.(C)Pettyiswellqualifiedforthejob.(D)AllexceptPettyarequalifiedforthejob. 有些一般疑问句句式也不需要回答，其功能也相当于陈述句，但是肯定结构表否定，否定结构表肯定，而且传递了说话人浓烈的情绪，例如：W:Haven"tyougotanythingbetterto↗do?MOk,mum,I"llturnofftheTvandbegintodomyhomework.显然，妈妈的意思是责备儿子不该看电视，而应该作弊看电视更有益的事情，也就是说妈妈认为儿子有更肯定的事情可做。而对话中，儿子当然也明白妈妈的意思，因此说要关掉电视开始做功课。再如：M:I"veobservedyoufortenminutes.Whathaveyoubeendoing?W:Areyou↗blind?Q:Whatcanbeninferredabouthtewoman"sattitudetowardtheman?(B)A:politeB:unfriendlyC:IndifferentD:Cautious女士用肯定意义的一般疑问句说”Areyoublind?"意思是说“你不是瞎子，难道看不见吗？可知女士不太友善。II.ToneGroupandNuclens玉雕师语言的重要组成部分，语调的基本单位是语调群”Tone_group,Tone_unit).一个句子根据说话者的表达意图可以划分为数个语调群，可以按照他的意思和几苟分成小段，这样的小段就叫做意群（Sense-group或者Word-group）。这使得表达的倾听更加容易，意思更加清晰。句子意群间可以有短暂的停顿，用符号“┃” 表示。一个语调群通常相对应于一个意群，有数个重读音节和若干个非重读音节组成。每个语调群中最后一个重读音节通常是传递最重要信息的标志。是这个语调群的核心（Nucleus）所在，音调变化就在这个音节上，或上升，或下降，或升降结合。一个语调群中至少有一个重读音节，也可以有一个以上的重读音节和不定数的非重读音节。6）语调群的划分在一个语调群中有一个音节特别响亮，并且有音调的变化，或降调，或升调，或降升调，这个重读音节就是语调的核心。语调核心是一个语调群中最重要的部分。它接受语调、表达句子意义和讲话者的态度与情感。一般地说，语调核心是语调群中最后一个重读音节。下面三句各有一个语调群：|’Go.||Go‘there.||Gotothe＇‘blackboard.|又如：|’Howdoyou↘do?||niceto↘＇seeyou.▏第一个例句“Howdoyoudo?”有两个重读音节 how和do，两个非重读音节do和you。最后一个重读音节是do，他接受降调，是语调核心，整个句子就是一个语调群。第二个例句“It’snicetoseeyou。”有两个重读音节nice和see，三个非重读音节it’ s，to和you。最后一个重读音节是see，他接受降调，是语调核心，整个句子就是一个语调群。在长句中，如果有许多重读音节，按照降调的规律，应该逐个递降。但由于重读音节很多，声音会越来越低，听起来很单调，无抑扬顿挫。因此，可以在句子中选择任何一个说话者认为重要的重读音节，将嗓音提高，又开始一个从高到低的递降过程。每一个从高到低的递降过程的语调组合就形成了语调群。句中某个音节上升的现象叫做句中上升，通常用垂直的箭头“↑”来显示。试比较：I’msorry▏Icouldn’tquitemakeout▏whatyouwere↘saying.(只有一个从高到低的语调群，听起来比较单调)I’msorry▏Icouldn’tquite↑makeout▏whatyouwere↘saying.(有一个句中上升，因此就有了两个从高到低的语调群，听起来比较生动)I’m(↑)sorry▏Icouldn’tquite↑makeout▏whatyouwere↘saying.(有两个句中上升，因此就有了三个从高到低的语调群，听起来非常抑扬顿挫)句中上升一般要遵守下列规则：（1）句中上升的重读音节应放在语调群的第一个重读音节上或短语上；（2）可以把句中上升的那个音节读得比第一个重读音节（调头）高；（3）一个长句中可以出现一个以上的句中上升。2.语调群的构成一个完整的语调单位或语调群通常有四个部分组成：调冠、调头、调核、调尾。 1)调冠（Pre-head）任何在调头前的，或若无调头，则把调核之前的非重读音节称作“调冠”。句子Wearelearningaforeignlanguage.中，weare组成了这一语调单位的“调冠”。2）调头（Head）语调单位中从第一个重读音节到调核前的那一部分是语调单位的“调头”。句子Wearelearningaforeignlanguage.中，“调头”由5个音节组成：learningaforeign。3）调核（Nucleus）调核是指语调单位中最具重要性的音节。例如：Weare＇learninga＇foreign＇language.这个句子有9个音节，其中3个是重读音节。最后一个重读音节是lang-。所以，他也是语调单位的调核。调核是语调单位的核心部分。既是这个语调单位只含一个音节，如单字句”Yes.””No.””Why?”等，调核仍然是不可或缺的部分。调核具有如下特征：（1）是语调单位中最后一个重读音节；（2）是出现语调变化的音节；（3）通常比同一语调单位中的其他重音更为响亮；（4）在信息的传达中起着举足轻重的作用；（5）可以出现在语调单位的任何一个词或短语中。4）调尾（Tail） 在语调单位中，所有出现在调和之后的音节都称为“调尾”。在句子Wearelearningaforeignlanguage.中，语调单位的调核在音节“lang”上。调核之后有1个非重读音节，这个音节是语调单位的调尾。句子Wearelearningaforeignlanguage.的语调结构分析如下：Wearelearningaforeignlanguage.PHNTP=调冠pre-headH=调头headN=调尾nucleusT=调尾tail声调部分从语调核心开始，包括尾随的任何重读和非重读音节：前声调包括语调核心前的一系列重读和非重读音节。例如：I＇thinkyoushouldap＇plyforit.例句中-ply和forit是声调部分，-ply前面的Ithinkyoushouldap-是前声调。声调部分又可分为语调核心和调尾。语调核心的语调影响后面调尾的音调；语调核心是升调，调尾则音调上升；语调核心是降调，调尾则用低平调。前声调部分中第一个重读音节是调头，调头前面的非重读音节是调冠。例如：I＇thinkyoushouldap＇plyforit.PHNTHe＇saidhewouldcometo＇seeme. PHNTIdon’t＇thinkit’llbe＇difficult.PHNTShe’llbe＇abletodoit＇properly.PHNTItwasa＇verydark＇night.PHNHe＇saidso.PNTThey’llbe＇late.PNIsn’tJohn＇going?PNTGo＇ahead.HN＇Pardon.NT＇Thanks.N 一般地说，调头音调最高，整个语调群的音调由高到低。语调核心有调的变化，或降调、或升调、或降升调。语调核心接受降调时，调尾用低平调；语调核心接受升调时，语调核心音调由低到高，调尾音调上升。语调群中的重读音节构成了基本的语言语调模式，而非重读音节依据重读音节的音调高地调整发音，为了发音的方便，可区分为三个发音级别：重音、次重音和弱读。因此，调头或调核多用重读音节发音，而那些在较长的调冠和调尾中的音节，则多用次重音来发音。例如：Perhapstheywere＇stillat↘homethen.此句中调头中still和调核home用音调较高的重读音节来发音，而调冠Perhapstheywere和调尾then则用音调较低的非重读音节来发音。降调：Gladto↘meetyou.SheisourEnglish↘teacher.以上两句，语调群中音调由高到低。升调：Issheinterestedin↗music?DoesJanelikeChinese↗literature?以上两句，语调群中音调由低到高。降升调：You’ll↘belate↗.Don’tforgetto↘givemethechange↗.以上两句，语调群中音调由高到低又到高。又如以下各句：I＇thinkitisratherex↘pensive.You＇needn’thave↘toldhim.There’s＇nothing↘wrongwithher.I＇shouldn’tbesur↘prised. Johnisvery＇happyinhisnew↘home.A＇Frenchman↘toldmeaboutit.＇Hadn’tyouseenhinbe↗fore?Isn’ttherea＇post-officeanywherenear↗here?但是，讲话人的态度和情感往往决定语调核心的语调。例如：A:WasJaneinagood↗mood?(A询问Jane的情绪状态)B:No,shewasina＇badmood.Shewasina＇verybad↘mood.(B明确表达Jane情绪不好，非常不好)A：She＇can’thavebeeninaverybad↗mood.(A关切地询问并表示怀疑)B:She＇wasinaverybad↘mood.(B明确地回应A的怀疑，强调事实)Ⅲ.FunctionsofIntonation语调和重音相结合表达意义，强调使得表达更加容易。强调有如下功能：1.语义功能句子会因说话者的不同语调而表达不同的意思。同一个句子中因调核的位置不同而传递不同的信息。例如：A.Heonlypromisedtocome.B.Heonlypromisedtocome. 在句子A中，调核是come，是说话者想要传递的最重要的信息。句子理解为：“他做了来的许诺，而不是做了其他的许诺。”在句子B中，调核的位置变了，最重要的信息词不是come，而是promised。句子理解为：“他许诺要来，但是他到底来不来还不能肯定。”1.态度功能语调可以用来传递不同的感情和态度。说话者通过用不同的语调（包括音质、音高、语调）表明其态度，诸如“关心的”、“厌倦的”、“中立的”、“礼貌的”、“胆怯的”、“无礼的”。如：Thatisthecontentofthe↘news.(降调：表示“完结”、“确定“)↗Red，↗Brown，↗Yellowor↘blue.(升调：表示“列举”、“鼓励”)Areyousatisfiedwiththe↗arrangement?(升调：表示“询问”、“好奇”)You↘maybe↗right.(降升调：表示“怀疑”、“不确定”)↘Goand↗askhim.(降升调：表示“犹豫”、“保留意见”)↗Youwere↘first.(升降调：表示“意外”、“印象深刻”)2.语法功能语调群的划分、调核的位置、语调的选择与句子结构有着极大的关系。其中一个成分的改变将改变句子的结构，句子所传递的意思也随之改变。例如：A.Thisismy↘sister,May. A.Thisismy↘sister,↘May.在句子A中，降调落在sister上，表明说话者正在向May介绍自己的妹妹。在句子B中，降调落在sister和May上，May是sister的同位语，表明说话者正在向对方介绍自己的妹妹，她的名字之May。又如：A：＇Thosewho＇sold∨quickly＇madea↘profit.B：＇Thosewho∨sold＇quickly＇madea↘profit.上句在划分了语调单位并标明了不同的语调后，具有了不同的含义：A句表示Aprofitwasmadebythosewhosoldquickly;B句表示Aprofitwasquicklymadebythosewhosold.再如，下句仅仅把语调核心的降调改为升调，就可以把此句由肯定句变为疑问句：Youare↘student.Youare↗student?1.重音功能语调有助于区别重要信息和次重要信息。重要信息总是重读，重音使得倾听者领会新的和重要的信息。例如：A：Theylikepopmusic.B：Theylikepopmusic.C：Theylikepopmusic. 在A句中，pop是重读的，句子的意思是 “他们喜欢的音乐是流行乐而不是其他音乐”；在B句中，like是重读的，句子的意思是“他们喜欢（而不是厌恶）流行音乐”；在C句中，They是重读的，句子的意思是“他们（而不是别人）喜欢流行音乐”。Unit23TheFallingToneSectionB.PronunciationforCommunication1.TheBasicMeaning降调是英语最常见的音调变化，降调的基本意义是肯定。完整，独立，既讲话人对所讲的内容肯定无疑，所表达的意思是完整的，语法结构是独立的，降调主要用于陈述句，特殊疑问句，表示命令的祈使句，感叹句等，例如:I"ma↘teacherWeworkfortyhoursa↘week2.TheUseoftheFallingTone（1）直截了当的陈述句，用降调，因为说话人对所讲的肯定无疑，降调在陈述句中表示肯定和完整的意思，说话者持有一种主管的态度，暗含认真严肃，有把握，坚持，清晰，坦率之意，例如:Hehates↘lyingIt"sSunday↘todayYou"vetalkedtoo↘muchI↘lostit Theyareworkingvery↘hardI"mvery↘pleasedwithitSwimmingismyfavourite↘sportIdon"tre↘memberIhaveneverbeen↘thereIt"saquarterpast↘four（2）特殊疑问句一般用降调，表示"明确的"，“坦诚的”Whatdidyoufind↘there？Who"sthat↘man？Howlongdidittakeyouto↘getthere？Whydidn"thecomeherehim↘self？Whatareyou↘reading？Whatdoseheusually↘getup？Whatdidyou↘leaveit？（3）强命令，用降调，因为听者没有选择余地，必须服从，例如:Turn↘rightHandsup,no↘harmDon"twastesomuch↘timeTellme↘allaboutit（4）降调常用在祈使句中，表示“热情的，坚定的，真诚的”，但有事暗含“冷漠，苛刻”之意，例如:Turnoffthe↘TV Don"tbe↘sillyPutitover↘thereGoand↘findit（5）选择疑问句的第二部分用降调，例如:Wouldyouacreforacupof↗teaor↘coffee？IsDr.Pricean↗Americanoran↘Englishman？（6）从句前边的主句用降调),例如Ipickedupthereceiverandwas↘overjoyedwhenIrecognizedthevoiceofGrantFiremanhadbeenfightingtheforestfirenearlythree↘weeksbeforetheycouldgetinundercontrol（7）非限制性定语从句的先行词用降调，例如:Thewomanhandedanexpensiveminkcoattothe↘assistant,whowrappeditupforherquicklyHewillputoffthepicnicuntilMay↘1.Whenhewillbefree（8）表示“痛苦，恐惧，愤怒，惊讶”等强烈感情的感叹句用降调，例如:My↘godDis↘gustingHow↘miceitisWhatexciting↘newsWhatasurp↘rise Whatan↘awfulfilmthatwas（9）一般疑问句一般用升调，但是若有言下之意的一般疑问句用降调，例如:Doyouunderstandit↘mow？（言下之意是我在三解释，你还不明白吧吗？暗含不耐烦之意）Areyou↘satisfied？（你该满足了吧，暗含不耐烦之意）Haveyougotthe↘tickets？（降调一般疑问句表示说话人态度粗摔，不耐烦或不高兴）例如:Couldtheyholdthenettingsomeother↘time？Woulditbetoolate.doyou↘think？Wasn"tPatamarvelous↘dancer？（言下之意是Patisamarvelousdancer）Isthatareasonfordes↘pair（言下之意That"snotareasonfordespair）（11）在历数多个事物时，降调在句尾表示完结OnMonday,weusuallyhaveChinese,math,Englishorother↘subjectsYoucanhaveone,ortwooreven↘threeofthem（12）反意疑问句用降调表面说话者希望得到对方的确定和允许，例如:Theplayisinteresting,isn"t↘it？She"sneverbeenaboard,hasn"t↘she？以“Willyou”开头的一般疑问句具有祈使句的功能。一般用降调，一般疑问句的否定形势具有感叹句的功能，也用降调，例如: Willyoube↘patient？Willyoustoptalkinglike↘that？Isn"the↘lazy？Haven"ttheymadeamessof↘it！Unit24TheRisingToneⅠ.TheBasicMeaning升调的基本意义是不肯定、不完整、不独立，即讲话人所谈内容不很肯定、所表达的意思往往是不完整的、语法结构通常不独立，因此升调主要用于短语后面，也常常用于句中不完整的部分后面。例如：He’llarrivehereintwo↗days?(句子表达的意思不肯定)I’mtakingonepairofwhite↗shoesandtwopairsofblack.(句中whiteshoes用升调，因为句子的意思没有表达完整，所带物品是“Onepairofwhiteshoesandtwopairsofblack”)。Ⅱ.TheUseoftheRisingTone(1)一般疑问句用升调，表示讲话人提出疑问。例如：Areyouquite↗sure?Haveyoubeenstayinghere↗long?Isityourlug↗gage?WillyoucomeFriday↗morning?ShallItellhimtocomeandsee↗you?MayIhelp↗you?Didhebringhis↗money? Wouldyoulikeanydes↗ert?Ishecomingto↗night?Haveyougotthetic↗kets?(1)反意疑问句用升调，当升调用在反意疑问句的附加问句时，表明说话者想从对方那里得到答案，无论这个答案是肯定的还是否定的。表示讲话人对事实不肯定。例如：Wecancomehereanother↘time,↗can’twe?Theyallspeak↘English,don"tthey?It"syourluggage,isn"tit?Hedidn"tshowup,didhe?(3)选择文具的第一部分用声调，给听者一个选择的余地，例如：Everyafternoonat↗teatimeQueenlikestofeedherbeloved↓dogs.Ifherearenoeveningen↗gagements.Shewillgotoher↓studyafterdinner.1.列举时，被列举的事或者人用升调，表示意思不完整，句末用降调，例如：Granthasthreedaughters↗Mary.↗andSallyand↓Elizabeth.InthenineteenthcenturypeopleinBritainassociatedRPwith↗power.↗educationandmaterial↓success.Shebought↗red,↗yellow↗,and↓greenrugs.2.祈使句表示请求时候用升调，多用在跟孩子说话或者叫简短的句子中，升调必将掉听上去温和、真诚，有建议和鼓励之义，例如： Haveanice↗time!Mindthe↗door!Comeandseemea↗gain.Don"tstayouttoo↗late.Comewith↗us.Helpyour↗selfDon"tdrivetoo↗fast.1.陈述句中加个问号用升调，表示听着像确认对方所讲的内容。如：（MarryandJohngortheresafely.)Theygotthere↗safely?(Janedoesn;twanttoreadthebook.)Shedoesn"twanttoreadthe↗book?有时陈述句用升调表示疑问，说话者还有话要说，但希望对方开口使对话得意继续，低升调表示吃惊，挑剔，不满意的反驳。例如Youwant↗it?(Doyouwantit?)Ciga↗rette?(DoyoutakeCigarette?)Westayherealittle↗longer?(Dowestayherealittlelonge?)Youlike↗him?(Doyoulikehim?)有时陈述句用升调表示讲话者有言下之意没有表达，留给听者去思考。例如：——Wemustsendforthe↗doctor.——It"snotusesendingforthe↓doctor/——I"llleave↗home. ——Youcan"tdo↓that.1.问候或警告时候常用升调。有些简短的问候语句用低升调表示友好的，听上去温和轻快。如：Good↗morning!Mindyour↗head.Don"t↗dropit.Good↗afternoon.Good↗evening.So↗long,,oldchap.2.特殊疑问句用升调表明说话者想弄清楚问题，了解答案，有时候可以表示说话者对问题感兴趣，语气亲切热情。例如：Wheredoyou↗live?Whatdidyou↗say?Whathaveyougot↗there?Youaredefinitely↗coming?Youlike↗it?Whotoldyoutodo↗it?Whendidyou↗come?(1).感叹句中基本不用升调，如果用低升调表示愉悦则含有鼓励，活泼，轻快和漫不经心之意。如：↗great!All↗right.Rightyou↗are. ↗Ok.So↗nice.beauti↗ful.ˇˇˇˇUnit25TheFalling-RisingToneSectionBPronunciationforCommunication1.TheBasicMeaning降升调是降调和升调功能的结合，它也是英语的常用语调之一。降升调可用来表反讽、正话反说、言外之意、相反的意见甚至警告等。降升调在英语中用的也相当多，多半隐含“但是”引起的“言外之意”。例如：Itisvery∨efficient.(言外之意“butnotbeautiful”)Mary,↘whereare↗you?（亲热的呼语）Sheisvery∨young.（表示不赞同）Iamsorrytokeepyou∨waiting.（表示正常的道歉）Nowlisten∨carefully.(表示客气的请求)∨Really.（表示难以置信）Don’t↘makea↗noise.（表示紧迫的命令）↘Mostofthe↗timetheystayedathome（言下之意是“有时他们外出”） 讲话人对所说内容比较肯定，用降调，但是忽又改变主意，保留了一部分意思，语调转为升调，所以，降升调往往包含言下之意，让听者去思考。You’llbelate.（言下之意是“你必须快走，否则要迟到了”）Youcan’ttalkto↘melike↗that.(言下之意是“你怎么能这样对我说话”表示讲话人不高兴的情绪)降升调可以落在一个音节上，而该音节往往是语调群中最后的一个重读音节，即语调核心上只有一个单词的句子也有此用法。如：∨Yes.∨Why?∨Fifty.∨Expensive.降升调也可以落在两个单词上，降调落在重要内容的词上，升调落在次要内容的词上，如：↘Thatwas↗nice.↘Shewasn’tvery↗friendly.Hewas↘quite↗kind.Idon’tgo↘thatway↗usually.Ⅱ.TheUseoftheFalling-risingtone降升调是中国学生不太熟悉的语调，了解了降升调的基本含义，可以更有效的进行交流。（1）降升调用在陈述句中表示不完整，含有“让步”“感激”“ 遗憾”“责备”“请求”“反驳”等意，例如:I↘likehis↗wife.(EvenifIdon’tlikehim.)Idon’t↘expectshe↗will.(Evenifit’spossibleshedoes)Ican∨doit.(Maybeyoucanreallydoitforme)You∨can(Canyouhelpme?表请求)Shearrivedon∨Monday.(No,IhavegottheexactnewsthatshearrivedonTuesday表反驳)(2)疑问句中用降升调可以表示更加强烈的感情色彩。降升调表示”吃惊”“感兴趣”“同情”“厌恶”“不信任”以及“犹豫”“烦躁”和“夸张”。例如：Iwon’tgo∨tomorrow?Whydoyouchangeyour∨mind?Areyougoingtothe∨wedding?AmI∨going?Iknowhis∨face.Ilikethecolorofyou∨dress.(3)表示对比的时候，对比的两个词中第一个接受降升调，第二个接受降调。例如：Icanseethe∨teapotbutIcan’tseethe↘tea.(在此，teapot和tea是两个被对比的词，teapot接受降升调，tea接受降调)Youcancomeon∨Tuesdaybutnot↘Monday.Hedoesn’t∨wantitbuthisbrother↘may. (4)人们在交谈时谈到一些问题，听者并不感兴趣，但为了表示礼貌，用简单问句如：“wereyou,didthey,hasshe”等时，可以用降升调，然后话题很快转到双方感兴趣的话题。如Jane去超市购物，营业员熟悉老顾客Jane，在推销商品时随便聊起：Wewereatthe↘seasideyesterday.而Jane对此并不感兴趣，出于礼貌接了一句:Oh,∨wereyou?这时用降升调，很快转移话题到他需要购买的商品上（5）在交谈时一方面没有听清另一方面的内容时需要确认一下，例如：1一IhavejustbeentotheGreatwall一↘Wheredidyou↗say?2一Isshegoingtoplay?一Isshe↘willingtoplay,youmean?(6)鼓励别人时可以用降升调，例如：A:MostlikelyIwillfallintheexamB:No,you∨won’t.Youare↘working↗hard（A认为他考试不及格，B不同意，他认为A不会不及格，所以won‘t用降升调时也有鼓励之意）（7）表示赞赏，可以用降升调，例如:↘Well↗done↘Pretty↗good↘Perfectly↗designed（8）提醒或警告对方时，降升调比升调更有力。例如： Be∨careful!Mindyou,↘don’t↗fallAttention∨pleaseDon’tbe∨late(9)告别祝愿时，降升调比降调或升调更活泼，亲切，例如：Enjoy∨yourself∨GoodbyeGood∨luck