英语音标详解教案资料.ppt 125页

EnglishPronunciation EnglishPhonemesSyllables,StressandRhythmReadingskillsIntonationDifferencebetween“British English” and “American English” GameofTonesReadthefollowinglettersinrisingtoneandfallingtone.ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ EnglishPhonemesVowelsConsonants BackgroundCardinalVowelsFrontCentralBackClosei：u:Close-mideɔ:Open-midɛɔæopenaɑɒɪʊəɜ:ʌ VOWELLettersAa/eɪ//æ/Ee/i://e/Ii/aɪ//ɪ/Yy/aɪ//ɪ//i:/Oo/əʊ//ɒ/Uu/ju://ʊ//ʌ/ Vowels FrontVowelsOpenyourmouthalittletomakethesound,spreadyourlipswide,likeyouaresmiling,thisisalongvowel.webeeseafieldreceivepolicepeople FrontVowelsFirstmakethesound/i:/,thenopenyourmouthalittletomakethesound,yourlipsaremorerelaxed,thisisashortvowel.visitexamminuteMonday FrontVowelsFirstmakethesound/ɪ/,thenopenyourmouthalittletomakethesound,yourlipsarerelaxed,thisisashortvowel.endredmanyheadfriend FrontVowelsFirstmakethesound/e/,thenopenyourmouthalittletomakethesound,yourlipsarerelaxed,thisisashortvowel.amcat CentralVowelsFirstmakethesound/e/,thenopenyourtonguebackwardsandloweralittle,yourtongueisataroundthemiddleofthemouth.Yourlipsaretight.termgirlwordfurlearnjournal CentralVowelsFirstmakethesound/e/,thenopenyourtonguebackwardsandloweralittle,yourtongueisataroundthemiddleofthemouth.Yourlipsarerelaxed.betterdoctoragofamouscolorfiguretodayopen CentralVowelsFirstmakethesound/e/,thenopenyourmouthalittlemore,putyourtonguebackwardsandloweralittle,butalittlemoreforwardandupthanthesound/ə/.yourtongueisataroundthelowermiddleofthemouth.Yourlipsarerelaxed.sonbutcoupleblooddoes BackVowelsFirstmakethesound/æ/,thenopenyourmouthalittlemore,putyourtonguebackwardandlower.Yourlipsareroundinshape.Thisisalongvowel.carclasshalfheartaunt Firstmakethesound/a:/,thencloseyourmouthalittlemore.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.Thisisashortvowel.BackVowelsdogwantcoughknowledgebecause BackVowelsFirstmakethesound/ɒ/,thenmakeyourmouthmoreclosedandmorerounded,putthebackofthetongueupalittletomakethesound.Thisisalongvowel.wartalkallhorseboardbeforefourdoorlawfaultbought BackvowelsFirstmakethesound/ɒ/,thenraisethebackofyourtongueandputforwardalittletomakethesound.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.Thisisashortvowel.footcouldbushwoman BackvowelsFirstmakethesound/u/,thenraisethebackofyourtongueandpullbackwardalittletomakethesound.Yourlipsarestronglyroundinshape.Thisisashortvowel.dogoosesouprudechewshoetwofruit Listenandcheckyour/ə/ Diphthongs Firstmakethesound/e/,thenmakethesound/ɪ/,thereisaglidefrom/e/to/ɪ/.gateraindaysteintheygreatsleigh Firstmakethesound/a/,thenmakethesound/ɪ/,thereisaglidefrom/a/to/ɪ/.timediecryeyehighheightbuy Firstmakethesound/ɔ/,thenmakethesound/ɪ/,thereisaglidefrom/ɔ/to/ɪ/.boilboy Firstmakethesound/a/,thenmakethesound/ʊ/,thereisaglidefrom/a/to/ʊ/.blousecow Firstmakethesound/ə/,thenmakethesound/ʊ/,thereisaglidefrom/ə/to/ʊ/.boattoesolowsoulthough /ʊə/tour-We made a tourof the yacht.- He took her on a tourof Europe.- Ithinkyouarenotquitesureaboutit./ʊə/Firstmakethesound/ʊ/,thenmakethesound/ə/,thereisaglidefrom/ʊ/to/ə/.poortoursureduringtheycruelusual Firstmakethesound/ɪ/,thenmakethesound/ə/,thereisaglidefrom/ɪ/to/ə/,withthetonguemovingupfromfronttothemiddlepositioninyourmouth.heroheredearcheermediafamiliarideaperiodVietnamfiercemedium Firstmakethesound/e/,thenmakethesound/ə/,thereisaglidefrom/e/to/ə/,withthetonguemovingfromlowfronttothemiddlepositioninyourmouth.bearcareairtheirthere Consonants ConsonantLettersBb/b/Dd/d/Cc/k//s//ʃ/Ff/f/Gg/g/Dd/d//dʒ/Hh/h/Kk/k/Gg/g//dʒ//ʒ/Ll/l/Mm/m/Jj/dʒ/Nn/n/Pp/p/Qq/k/Rr/r/Ss/s//z//ʃ//ʒ/Tt/t//ʃ//tʃ/Vv/v/Yy/j/Ww/w/Zz/z/X/ks//gz/ Bilabial/PlosivesFirstcloseyourlipshard,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Openyourlipsfastandsuddenlyreleasetheairtomakethesound.Donotuseyourvoice. Bilabial/PlosivesFirstcloseyourlipshard,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Openyourlipsfastandsuddenlyreleasetheairtomakethesound.Useyourvoice. Alveolar/PlosivesFirstputyourtonguetipjustbehindyourtopteeth,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Thenmoveawayyourtonguetipfromyourteethridgefastandreleasetheairtomakethesound.Donotuseyourvoice.teachThailandbetterstopped Alveolar/PlosivesFirstputyourtonguetipjustbehindyourtopteeth,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Thenmoveawayyourtonguetipfromyourteethridgefastandreleasetheairtomakethesound.Useyourvoice.daymiddle Velar/PlosivesFirsttouchthebackoftheroofofyourmouthwiththebackofyourtongue,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Thenmoveawayyourtonguefastandreleasetheairtomakethesound.Donotusethevoice.cockcakeaskliketaxischoolconquer Velar/PlosivesFirsttouchthebackoftheroofofyourmouthwiththebackofyourtongue,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Thenmoveawayyourtonguefastandreleasetheairtomakethesound.Usethevoice.goghostegg Labio-dental/FricativeFirstputyourupperteethonyourlowerlip,andforcetheairoutbetweenyourteethandlipwithafrication.Donotusethevoicefitphotooffenough Labio-dental/FricativeFirstputyourupperteethonyourlowerlip,andforcetheairoutbetweenyourteethandlipwithafrication.Usethevoice Alveolar/FricativesFirstputyourtonguetipbehindyourupperteethtoalmosttouchtheroofofyourmouth.Forcetheairoutoverthetopofyourtonguewithafrication.Donotuseyourvoice.goosesocentniecetaxisciencepassbox AlveolarFirstputyourtonguetipbehindyourupperteethtoalmosttouchtheroofofyourmouth.Forcetheairoutoverthetopofyourtonguewithafrication.Useyourvoice.hiszooprizethose Glottal/FricativeFirstopenyourmouth,andforceastreamofairoutofyourmouthwithafrication.Keepyourtongueofftheroofofthemouth,anddonotuseyourvoice.hatwho Dental/FricativePutyourtonguetipbetweenyourupperteethandlowerteeth.Forcetheairoutbetweenyourtongueandupperteethwithafrication.Donotuseyourvoice. Dental/FricativePutyourtonguetipbetweenyourupperteethandlowerteeth.Forcetheairoutbetweenyourtongueandupperteethwithafrication.Useyourvoice. Palato-alveolarRaisethefrontofyourtonguetouardsthemid-roofofyourmouth.Forcetheairoutfromthetwosidesofyourtonguewithafrication.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.Donotuseyourvoice.sheetmachinedeliciousmotionsuretensionfascist Palato-alveolarRaisethefrontofyourtonguetouardsthemid-roofofyourmouth.Forcetheairoutfromthetwosidesofyourtonguewithafrication.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.Useyourvoice.casualallusionseizuregarageregime Alveolar/LateralFirstputyourtonguetipontheupperteeth-ridge.Forcetheairoutoverbothsidesofyourtongue.Useyourvoicewhenmakingthesound/l/.Whenit’sbeforeavowel,itisaclear/l/-lostlatevanilla Alveolar/LateralWhenitisbeforeaconsonantorattheendoftheword,itisadark/l/,alsoas/l/pullpooltalkwouldSilent“l” Post-alveolar/ApproximantRaiseyourtonguetiptowardsthebackoftheteethridgewithouttouchit.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.readcarrywrongrhythm Bilabial/ApproximantFirstmakethesound/u:/,thenmakeyourlipstightlyroundandpushtheairout.waterquitewhatone Palatal/ApproximantFirstmakethesound/i:/,thenraisethemiddleofyourtonguetotouchtheroofofthemouth,makingyourlipsspreadandforcetheairout.Useyourvoicetomakethissound.yetcueview Bilabial/NasalFirstcloseyourmouth,andsendtheairoutfromyournose.Useyourvoicetomakethissound,andthisisavoicedconsonant.mansummercombautumn Alveolar/NasalFirstopenyourmouth,andputyourtonguetipagainstyourteethridge,thensendtheairoutfromyournose.Useyourvoicetomakethissound,andthisisavoicedconsonant.namefunnysignknow Velar/NasalFirstopenyourmouth,andtouchthebackroofofyourmouthwiththebackofyourtongue,thensendtheairoutfromyournose.Useyourvoicetomakethissound,andthisisavoicedconsonant.singsink Palato-alveolarJointhesound/t/and/ʃ/.Donotusethevoice.chairwatchquestionnature Palato-alveolarJointhesound/d/and/ʒ/.Usethevoice.jamgemjudgeadjacent /tr/tree-Thetruckwasheavilyloaded.- Weplanttreesandflowersinspring.-Thisideaseemsgoodbutyouneedtotryitout./tr/Jointhesound/t/and/r/.Donotusethevoice.tryvictorysecretary /dr/dress-Shewearsabeautifuleveningdress.- Don"tdrinkanddrive.-Ihadsomeverystrangedreamslastnight./dr/Jointhesound/d/and/r/.Usethevoice. /ts/boats/ts/-Therearethreeboatsontheriver.Twocatsarerunningafteramouse.Theskirtsareverylovely.Theantslikeeatingapples.Firstputyourtonguetipjustbehindyourtopteeth.Forcetheairoutbetweenyourtongueandupperteethwithafrication.Donotuseyourvoice. /dz/woods/dz/-Theirfamilyoftenpicnicsinthe woods.She findsthestonesonthe seashore.SarahandIhadagreattimewhilethe kidswere away.Firstputyourtonguetipjustbehindyourtopteeth.Forcetheairoutbetweenyourtongueandupperteethwithafrication.Useyourvoice. Syllables,StressandRhythm SyllablesAsyllableisaunitoforganizationforasequenceof speech sounds.Asyllableistypicallymadeupofasyllablenucleus(a vowel or syllabicconsonant)withoptionalinitialandfinalmargins(typically, consonants).syllabicconsonant:/r//m//n//l/aconsonantformsasyllableonitsownoristhenucleusofasyllable.animalmiddlebattlecriticismsymbolismtourismcousindozenfrozenbuttoncottonmuttonmaidensuddenwoodenMonosyllableOne–SyllablewordsItreegreatpleaselightwordDisyllableTwo–SyllablewordsCi·tyta·blere·lystu·dentpu·pilPolysyllableMulti–SyllablewordsBas·ket·ballna·tion·al·i·tyte·le·phone StressThestressplacedonsyllableswithinwordsiscalled wordstress or lexicalstress.Thepositionofstressinawordisnotpredictable inEnglish.Stressisusuallytrulylexicalandmustbememorizedaspartofthepronunciationofanindividualword.Thestressmark⟨ˈ⟩isplacedimmediatelybeforeastressedsyllable,andwhenthestressedsyllableisinthemiddleofaword,thestressmarkalsomarksasyllablebreak.Forexampleintheword"understood"⟨/ʌndə"stʊd/⟩Sometimesmorethanonelevelofstress,suchas primarystress and secondarystress,maybeidentified.Forexampleintheword“education”GeneralRules:PrefixesunstressedSuffixesthatcauseashiftofstressintherootword:-eous,-graphy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ical,-ious,-ity,-ion‘Photographpho’tographyphoto’graphicNumerals:stressonthefirstsyllableCompound:stressonthefirstelementReflexives:stressonself/selves Stress`winter`summer`season`people`picnic`swallow`gentle`rainbowbe`ginsuc`cessen`joyde`cideAt`tentionbe`sidegi`raffea`larmˎmaga`zineˎuni`versityˎlemo`nadeˎunder`standˎconver`sationˎengi`neerˎkanga`roo`Chi`nese`thir`teen`after`noon`un`known`six`teen`seven`teen`eigh`teen`nine`teen 重读单词-变化一个单词重读音节的位置变化会导致单词词性发生变化。the`recordn.tore`cordv.the`presentn.topre`sentv.the`desertn.tode`sertv.the`producen.topro`ducev.`perfectadj.toper’fectv. 句子中的重读和弱读实词(名词、动词、形容词、副词)以及其他信息词（疑问词、指示代词、物主代词、小品词、否定缩略词）一般是重读，而功能词（冠词、代词、所有格、介词、助动词、连词）一般是弱读。`Don’tbelate.`Dobequiet`Comeon,I`don’t`wanttobelate.`Who’sinthebathroom?His`wife’sItalian.The`man’sinthekitchen. sentencestress强度重要的词语（实词或信息词）制造话语节奏 RhythmSpeakersofstressed-timedlanguagessuchas English and MandarinChinese putroughlyequaltimelagsbetweenstressedsyllables,withthetimingoftheunstressedsyllablesinbetweenthembeingadjustedtoaccommodatethestresstiming.Syllable/"sɪləbl/syl·la·bleBasketball/"bɑːskɪtbɔːl/bas·ket·bleTelephone/"telɪfəʊn/te·le·phoneDepartment/dɪ"pɑːtmənt/de·part·mentTelevision/"telɪvɪʒn/te·le·vi·sionNecessary/"nesəsəri/ne·ces·sa·ryRemarkable/rɪ"mɑːkəbl/re·mar·ka·bleEducation/ˌedʒu"keɪʃn/ed·u·ca·tionNationality/ˌnæʃə"næləti/na·tion·al·i·tyPhysiology/ˌfɪzi"ɒlədʒi/phys·i·ol·o·gyCommunication/kəˌmjuːnɪ"keɪʃn/com·mu·ni·ca·tionExamination/ɪɡˌzæmɪ"neɪʃn/ex·am·i·na·tionCreativity/ˌkriːeɪ"tɪvəti/cre·a·tiv·i·ty RhythmicPatterns在重读音节和非重读音节之间有长短不同的停顿，非重读音节越多，就读的越快。 stress-timednature...‘cats‘eatfishthe‘catis‘eatingthefishthe‘catstherehave‘eatenthefishthe‘catstheremusthave‘eatenthefishthe‘catstherecouldhavebeen‘eatingthefish RhythmicPatterns RhythmicPatterns RhythmicPatterns RhythmicPatterns RhythmicPatterns RhythmicPatterns ConsonantclustersWord-InitialClustersblblowbladeblackblameblankblockclclassclevercloseclueclingclarityflflagflakeflameflankflapflashglgladglassglowglideglazeglanceplplayplanpleaseplantplentyplugslslaveslangslowslotslipsleep brbreadbreakbringbrightbrownbrothercrcrackcradlecreamcreatecrycrossdrdreaddrydrilldreamdressdrivefrfromfryfrogfrontfriendfrostgrgreatgreengrowgroundgriefgrinprpraisepraypreachpracticepreparepresenttrtreetraytrytraintreattroubleWord-InitialClusters scscanscalescarescatterschoolscheduleskskirtskyskateskipskillskinslsleepslightsliceslyslipperslendersmsmallsmartsmellsmilesmokesmoothsnsnacksnowsnagsnailsnakesnapspspacespadesparespeakspokespoonststarstaystealstorestopstudentswsweepsweatswellswimswitchSwisssplsplitsplashsplendidsplendorsplurgesplicescrscrabblescramblescratchscreamscreensprspreadspringsprayspritesprinklesproutstrstrangestraightstressstreetstrongstrikesqusquaresquashsqueaksqueezesquealsquawkWord-InitialClusters thrthreethreadthrivethrowthroughthrillthwthwackthwaitethwartWord-InitialClusters Word-FinalClustersvoicelessconsonant+s/s/bookscapscupsvoicelessconsonant+t/t/factleftshiftvoicelessconsonant+ed/t/askedlookedworked-t+s/ts/boatscoatscatsvoicedconsonant+s/z/pigseggsfilmsvoicedconsonant+ed/d/closedturnedclimbed-d+s/dz/bedsspendsgrades-f/fe+s=ves/vz/leaveswivesknivesconsonant+y+s=ies/iz/ladiesstudiesstories/aiz/fliesspiestries otherconsonantformationchwatchesshwashesge+es/iz/bridgesxboxessbusest+ed/id/wanteddmended RhymeHumptyDumptysatonawall.HumptyDumptyhadagreatfall.Alltheking"shorses,Andalltheking"smen,Couldn"tputHumptytogetheragain. Blow,Wind,BlowBlow,wind,blow!Andgo,mill,go!Thatthemillermaygrindhiscorn;Thatthebakermaytakeit,Andintorollsmakeit,Andsendussomehotinthemorn. I"malittleteapotI"malittleteapot,shortandstout,Hereismyhandle,hereismyspout,WhenIgetallsteamedup,hearmeshout,Tipmeoverandpourmeout. Readingskills 爆破音Plosives爆破音就是发音的时候，口腔中会形成一层阻碍，必须通过阻碍，发出的声音。/b/be/p/peacap/d/bedduck/t/bettable/g/piggirl/k/pickcat 爆破音+辅音爆破音和辅音相邻时，爆破音不发出爆破声，只保留发音动作，稍作停顿，实际上，只有后一个辅音发音。/b/jobsearch/p/keepquietstoptalkingfriendshipfirstkeepsilentstepforward 爆破音+破擦音爆破音与/ts//dz//tr//dr//tʃ//dʒ//f//v//θ//ð//s//z//ʃ//ʒ//r//h/相连时，轻微爆破。/d/hardtimesathousandthanksagoodseasongoodnews/t/post-cardjustthenfirststepbrightsky 爆破音+音节辅音爆破音与/m//n//ŋ//l/相连时，轻微爆破。/g/abigzooabigtreeabigjarabigfish/k/takethistakecaretakethreeablackjacket 爆破音1+爆破音2+爆破音3第一个爆破音为不完全爆破，形成并保持较长时间，第二个不发音，第三个正常爆破。SleptbadlylaggedbehindcollectpenniesRobbedcarspickedberriesadapttothegrowth 爆破音的送气当爆破音/p/,/t/,/k/在重读音节中紧跟在/s/的后面时，爆破音就不送气。也就是由/b/替代/p/,/d/替代/t/，/g/替代/k/。Speaksparesportspyspring/sb/Schoolscarscorescareskirt/sg/Starstaystealstupidstock/sd/ 弱化weakening非重读单词弱化：1.元音弱化为/I/或者/ə/be,me,he,she,the,wehis/ɪz/he/ɪ/him/ɪm/a,an,some,the,them,us,am,are,can,do,does,had,has,have,must,shall,was,were,will,at,for,from,of,to,and,as,but,so,than,that,could,wouldhad/əd/has/əz/have/əv/must/məs/will/əl/and/ən/2.有时候单词的元音消失am/m/can/kn/do/d/had/d/has/z,s/have/v//z,s/some/sm/shall/ʃl/them/ðm/was/wz/for/fr/from/frm/of/v,f/and/nd,n/than/ðn/ StrongForms&WeakForms StrongForms&WeakForms StrongForms&WeakForms StrongForms&WeakForms StrongForms&WeakForms commoncontractions commoncontractions 连读Linking前一个单词以辅音结尾，后一个单词以元音开头，两个词就发生连读：ComeinWorkoutGoodideaThinkofitReaditagainSpeakEnglishFirstofallAllofus r/re结尾的单词+元音开头的单词/r/添音ThereisThereareOurownMoreoverFarawayRememberitLateron连读 Glides/j/&/w/延音滑动/j/glide:sayjitmyjowntoyjairplane/w/glide:Howwisit?bluewinkIsawwit AssimilationProgressiveAssimilation顺同化前一个语音影响后一个语音studentslaughedbagsbacksmovedfishedRegressiveAssimilation逆同化后一个语音影响前一个语音Haveto/hæftə/hasto/hæstə/usedto/ju:stə/horsehoe/hɔ:ʃʃu:/hisshirt/hi:ʃʃɜ:t/cupboard/’kʌbəd/fivepens/’faɪf’pəns/He’sinpain/m/ItrainsinMay./m/They’reinKorea/ŋ/ coalescentAssimilation融合同化两个语音互相影响，融合为一个新的音/s,t/+/j/-/ʃ/issuesugarsurenationancientHe’scomingthisyear./z/+/j/-/ʒ/pleasurevisionoccasionmeasureDoesyourmotherknow?/t/+/j/-/tʃ/statureIsthatyourdog?/d/+/j/-/dʒ/procedureWouldyoumindmoving?/ts/+/j/-/tʃ/Sheletsyourdogin.Hehatesyourhairdo./dz/+/j/-/dʒ/Shefeedsyourdog.Heneverneedsyouradvice.Assimilation Pausing停顿Inthediscoursecontext,largestreamofspeechcanbebrokenintosmallerunitswhenwethinkaboutwhereaspeakercanlogicallypauseinanutterance.Thissemanticallyandgrammaticallycoherentsegmentofdicourseistermed“sensegroup”or“intonationunit”,whichhasitsownpitchpattern.Pausingoccurswhentheindividualspeakerthinksitnecessary. IntonationFalling-highfall,lowfallRising-highrise,lowriseFalling-RisingRising-Falling IntonationUnitsAnintonationunitortonegroupgenerallycorrespondssyntacticallywithaclauseandmajorsyntacticphrase,orasensegroup,inanutterance.Pitchchangesinanintonationuniteithersignalthedivisionofutterancesintotonegroupsorcarryvarioustypesofmeaning,primarilydiscoursalandattitudinal.Inthefollowingexamples,pausescanoccuratthepointswhereboundariesbetweenintonationalphrasesareindicatedby“/”. IntonationUnitsEveryintonationunithasa“nucleus”.Weare‘learningaforeignlanguage.Pre-headHeadnucleustail调帽调头调核调尾前后都有停顿，包含一个突出的部分，有自己的语调模式，有在语法上连贯的内部结构 语调功能不同的语调要使用在不同的语境中，错误的语调可能会导致误解和尴尬。音高的四种程度：1.特别高：用于表达强烈的情感，如惊讶、热情、不相信、强调等等2.高：普通对话主要使用高和中等音调3.中：普通对话主要使用高和中等音调4.低：主要表示话语结束。 句子语调降调：表达确定、终结、唐突用于：命令、陈述、特殊疑问句、反义疑问句升调：不完整、不确定、疑虑用于：位于主句之前的从句或短语，有都单独的语调群，一般疑问句，疑问短语/反意疑问句-表示新的信息或说话者不确定、期待确认的信息，列举事物，选择疑问句第一部分。降升调：表示犹豫、暗示、礼貌的要求、道歉。升降调：确定、反对、突显 Listenandrepeat Listenandrepeat Listenandrepeat Listenandrepeat Listenandrepeat Listenandrepeat Listenandrepeat Listenandrepeat Listenandrepeat Listenandrepeat Listenandrepeat Listenandrepeat