高中英语语法五大基本句型 38页

 五大基本句型1.主（n./pron./todosth/doingsth/主语从句）——谓（vi.如：come,go,arrive,stay,work,fall,rise,die,happen,fail,appear,lie,sit,stand,last)(1).Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.(2).Yourbrotherhasgonehome.(3).WeworkhardatEnglish.2.主-------谓（vt.如：visit,spend,forget,raise,have,seat,astonish,satisfy,embarass)-----宾（n./pron./todosth/doingsth/宾语从句）(1).Istudychemistryandhestudiesphysics.(2).Ihaveneverseensuchaninterestingfilm.(3).Hedoesn"tknowwhattoread.3.主-------谓（vt.)------间接宾语（sb)-------直接宾语(sth.)(1).Givesbsth=Givesthtosb:send,pass,hand,show(2).Buysbsth=Buysthforsb:make,get,cook,call,find(3).Asksbsth=Asksthofsb(1).Willyoulendmeyourbike?(2).PeterboughtMaryanewdress.(3).Pleasegethimsomehotwater.(4).Willyoutellussthaboutyourschoollife?(5).Thislittleboyisalwaysaskingtheteacherallsortsofquestions.(6).Passmethepaper,please.JohnisteachingMaryhowtorideabicycle.4.主-----谓(vt.)-------宾-------补(n./adj/adv/介词短语/todosth----如：ask,tell,order,want,wish,encourage,allow,forbid/Dosth----如：“四看”、“二听”、“一感觉”；have,let与make/Doingsth/Donebysb.)(1).Isawherenterthelab.(2).NathanHalefelthisheartbeatingfast.(3).Weelectedhimourschoolheadmaster.(4).Thestudentsoftenkeeptheirclassroomcleanandtidy.I"llhavethebikerepaired.Iheardhimsinginghappilyinthenextroom.Thatmanmadetheboyobeyhim.Hepaintedthedoorred.Shefoundherbikestolen.letmehavealook.WecallherXiaoli.Weaskedthemtostayforlunch.Iwishyoutogowithme.Don"tkeepyourmotherwaiting.suddenlyshesawawalletlyingontheground.Whenhewokeup,hefoundhimselftieddown. 5.主-----系(be/look,smell,taste,sound,feel/prove,remain,stay,keep/turn,get,become,make)----表。Thenewswasexciting.Hewasexcitedatthenews.Theteachers"officeiscleanandtidy.ShebecameaLeaguememberin1978.TheSummerPalacelooksespeciallybeauitifulintheearlymorning.Themusicsoundssweet.Youranswerdoesn"tsoundright.Thedishsmellsgood/delicious.Theliquidtastesbitter.MyjobistoteachEnglish./teachingEnglish.Thisstoryisveryinteresting.I"minterestedinthestory.Hebecameawriterin1960.比较：Heturnedwriterin1960.Hewillmakeagoodathlete.（成为）希望你能熟记上述经典例句，真正掌握这五大基本句型呀。 名词性从句（一）、什么叫名词性从句？名词性从句在复句中的位置如何？1.主语从句-----谓语------宾语.(1).Whetheritistrueremainsaquestion.(2).Whetherhewillgoornothasnotbeendecided.(3).Itisn"tquiteclearwhyshedidit.(4).Itisnotknownwhereshehasgone.(5)Whatiscalledatomicenergyisactuallynuclearenergy.2.主语------谓语(vt.)------宾语从句.(1).IwonderwhetherornotMikeisathomenow.(2).Idon"tcarewhetherornothiscarbreaksdown.(3).Hisparentsthinkitapitythattheirsondidn"tpasstheexam.(4)Afterwhatseemedanendlesswait,itwasatlasthisturntostepintotheconsultingroom.(5)HewasborninwhatisnowknownasShanghai.注意;it作形式宾语的特殊句型：(1).oweittosb.that------“把----归功于----”          (2).Leaveittosb.that----“把---留给某人去做”(3).Takeitforgrantedthat---“想当然”                 (4).keepitinmindthat----"记住"(5).Ilike/enjoy/hateitthat--------                              (6).seetoitthat----=makesurethat----"务必、确保"(7).dependonitthat------(1).Ienjoy____whenyouhelp_____isintrouble.       A.it,thosewho           B.that,who            C.this,anyone          D.it,whoever(2).IoweittoyouthatI"mstillalive.(3)Ileaveittoyoutojudge.（我让你做判断）(4).Youmaydependonitthattheywillhelpyou.（你可以放心他们会帮你的)(5).Wouldyouseetoitthatthevillagershavecleandrinkingwater?(你负责保证）(6)Itakeitthatyouwon"tbecomingtoSophie"sparty.(我想你不回去参加） (7).I"mcountingonitthatyouwillcome.(我正指望着你回来)3.主语-----系-------表语从句.(1).Chinaisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.(2).That"swhyweloveourmotherlandsomuch.(3).Itlooksasifit"sgoingtorain.(4).Thereasonwhyhewasabsentyesterdywasthathewasill.4.某些名词（如：thenews/idea/fact/hope/belief/promise/suggestion/possibilityproblem/conclusion/opinion/remark评论、意见，saying格言、谚语，evidnce)---引导词（如：that,whether,how,when,where,why)----同位语从句（注意：which不能引导同位语从句)(1).Herecomesthenewsthatsomeforeignfriendswillcometoourschool.(2).Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody.(3).Wordcamethattheirheadmasterwouldsoonvisitourschool.(4).Ihavenoideawhenshewillcomeback.(二）、名词性从句的引导词：(1).连接词：that,whether/if,asif--------在从句中不充当任何成分。(2).连接代词：who,what,which,whose-------在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语。(3).连接副词：when,where.why,how,howmany/much/soon/often/long-----在从句中充当状语。注意：(1).if不能引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及介词的宾语从句。        (2).与ornot或不定式连用，要用whether.           (3).what本身有一定的意义，且在从句中充当一定的成分，而that本身无任何意义，且在从               句中不充当任何成分。            (1).Itisunknownwhether/ifsheisill.(如果 用形式主语，if和whether都可以）           (2).Idon"tcareifhedoesn"tshowup.他来不来我都不在乎（若宾语从句为否定结构，              则多用if,而不用whether)           (3)Afteryearsofhardwork,hewasmadewhatshewas.(主语补足语----经过多年的辛劳，                                                                                                            她被弄成这样）注意：inthat(由于、因为），exceptthat(除了----），butthat(如果没有、要不是-----），besides           that(除了----)         (1)IknownothingabouthiscareerexceptthatheisagraduateofTsinghuaUniversity.          (2)Hewouldhavehelpedusbutthathewasshortofmoneyatthattime.           (3)ButthatIsawit,Icouldn"thavebelievedit.(三).弄清一类连词：“无论（不管）--------”Nomatterwho-----==Whoever-------Nomatterwhat-----==Whatever------Nomatterwhich------==Whichever-------Nomatterwhen-------==Whenever---------Nomatterwhere-----==wherever----------Nomatterhow+adj/adv------==However+adj/adv-------左边：只能引导让步状语从句。而右边：既可以引导让步状语从句，又可以引导名词性从句。(1).I"llgivethebookto_______wantsit.  (A).anyone (B).thosewho (C).whoever   (D).whomever(2).Nomatterwho=Whoeverwantstoreadthebook,youmaylendittohim.(3).Howeverlate=Nomatterhowlateheis,Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.(5).Whenever=Everytimehesawme,hegreetedme.Whereveryougo,we"llbethinkingofyou.(四).弄清同位语从句与定语从句的区别:(1)that引导定语从句时，that充当定语从句的成分；that引导同位语从句时，that不充当从句的任何成分。(2)当when,where,why引导定语从句时，其意义与先行词有关，与先行词的意义基本相同，没有疑问意义；但它们引导同位语从句时，其意义与被同位的词毫无关系，其意义完全与疑问词相同，即when表示；“什么时候”，where表示：“哪儿”。它们引导两种从句时都在从句中做状语。(1).Heexpressedthehopethathehadformanyyears.    HeexpressedthehopethathewouldcometoChinaagain.(2).Ihavethe1stimpressionthathegavemein1980.     Ihavethe1stimpressionthatheisanhonestman.(3).Thenewsthatyouheardisnottrue.   ThewholenationwasplungedintodeepsorrowatthenewsthatAbrahamLincolnwasmurderedata     theatre.(4)比较：IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.(定语从句)              ThisisthehousewhereIlived2yearsago.(定语从句)               Ihavenoideawhenshewillbeback.(同位语从句）               Thenarosethequestionwhereweweretogetthemachinesneeded.(同位语从句）(五).特殊句型要牢记：(1).Itissaid/believed/reported/thought/well-knownthat---------(2).Itturnedoutthat------“结果是，原来是-----”(3).Ithappenedthat------“碰巧--------”(4).Itoccurredtomethat------=Itstruckmethat-------“突然想起------”(5).Wordcamethat------“有消息传来说---------”(6).Itseems/appearsthat-----------“似乎是，好像是---------”(7).Itisapity/afact/nowonderthat-------“真遗憾、是事实、难怪------”(8).Itispossible/probable/likelythat-------(9).Itisimportant/necessary/strangethat--------{从句中用虚拟语气:（should）+动词原形}(10).Itiscertainthat-------(11).Itfollowsthat-------“于是乎，从而--------”(12).Thereisnopointindoingsth.      Thereisnoneedtodosth.(13).Itisuptosbtodosth. “该由某人做某事，由某人负责”(14).Itisjustlikesbtodosth.“某人恰恰是这个样子”(15).Seetoitthat-----=Makesurethat------“务必。确保”(16).Howdiditcomeaboutthatyouwerelateagainyesterday?六、弄清一组句型的区别：(1)Itwasnotuntil----that------（强调结构）(2).Itwas+时间段+ago或+介词短语+that------(强调结构）(3).Itwas+时间点名词+when------"当----时已是----时间了”(4).Itis/was/will(not)be+时间段名词+before------（肯定句）“过多久---就/才-----”                                                                                     (否定句）“不久----就/才-----”(5)Itis+时间段+since-------  例如：(1).ItwasnotuntilyesterdaythatIreceivedhisletter.(2).Itwasonthecoaststhatlotsofpeopledisappeared.(3).Itwas3yearsagothathearrivedinAustralia.(4).Itwas10o"clockintheeveningwhenhecameback.(5).Itwillbehoursbeforehearriveshere.(6).Itwasnotlongbeforetheydrovetheenemyfromtheirhomeland. (7).Itis3dayssinceweleftourschool.(8).Itis10yearssinceIwasateacher.(我不当教师已经10年了)(9).Itis5yearssincehelivedinLondon.(他有5年不在伦敦住了) 定语从句1.什么叫定语从句？先行词？引导词？定语从句的位置如何？(1).Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.(2).ThenoodlesthatIcookedweredeliicious.(3).Whoisthemanthatisreadingoverthere?(4).ThegirlthatwesawyesterdaywasJim"ssister.(5).Thefishwhichweboughtwerenotfresh.(6).Whoisthepersonwhomyoujusttalked to?(6).Mrs.Readisthepersontowhomyoushouldwrite.(7).IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.(8).Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.(9).Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.(10).WeiFangisthestudentwhosehomecaughtfirelastnight.2.定语从句的引导词分为5个关系代词:（1).who--指人，在从句中作主语。（2).whom--指人，在从句中作宾语。(3).whose--指人或物，在从句中作定语。(4).which---指物，在从句指作主语或宾语;which还可以作定语起到限定词的作用（this/that/these/those),但其前面必须有介词。(5).that--指人或物，在从句指作主语或宾语。(5)as---指人或物，在从句中作主、宾、表，既可以引导限制性定语从句(thesame-----as,such---as,as/so---as),也可以引导非限制性定语从句（位置灵活).3个关系副词:(1).when--指时间，在从句中作时间状语。(2).where--指地点，在从句中作地点状语。(3).why--指原因，在从句中作原因状语。注意：判断用关系代词还是用关系副词，主要取决于什么？取决于引导词在从句中所充当的成分：若引导词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语时，须用关系代词；若引导词在从句中充当状语时，须用关系副词。(1).I"llneverforgettheday______yousavedme.  That"sthespecialday_______I"llneverforget.(2).Thisisthehouse______myauntlivedlastyear.  Thisisthehouse______myauntboughtlastyear.(3).We"llvisitthevillage,______wasoncethesiteofafamousbattle.  We"llvisitthevillage,______afamousbattleoncetookplace.(4).Oct.1,1949wastheday______we"llneverforget.  Oct.1,1949wastheday______thePRCwasfounded.(5)Helosthistemper,atwhichpointIdecidedtogohome.此时我决定回家(6)ChaplinwenttotheStatesin1910,bywhichtimehehadlearnedtodanceandactincomedies.(7)Hissoninsistedonjoiningthearmy,inwhichcasehehadtogivein.(8)3.一般来说，that/which都可以指物（可互用），但在下列情况下，必须用that指物，不用which.(1).当先行词本身为不定代词时：all,much,little,sth,anything,everything,noyhing.(2).当先行词被adj最高级/序数词修饰时。(3).当先行词被thevery(正是、就是)、theonly、thelast修饰时。(1).Allthatglittersisnotgold.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.Youcantakeanyroomthatyoulike.Thereisnodifficultythatwecan"tovercome.ThisisthelasttimethatI"llgiveyoualesson.Thisis theverybookthatI"mafter. Chinaisnotthecountrythatitusedtobe.(关系代词在从句中作表语时）4.As引导的定语从句：(as在定语从句中必须充当成分：主语、宾语、表语)(1).Thesame--------as--------(2).Such----------as--------(3).As-clause,main-clause.==Main-clause,as-clause.(4).such/as-------as-------(5)as/so------as--------(1).Asweknow,morethan70%oftheearth"ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.(2).Thiselephantislikeasnake,asanybodycansee.(3).Thiskindofcomputer,asiswell-known,isoutofdate.(5).ThisisthesamebagasI lostyesterday.(6).Ihavethesametroubleasyou(have).(7).Don"ttalkaboutsuchthingsasyoudonotunderstand.(8).Airisagas,asisknowntous.   Asweallknow,airisagas.   Air,asweknow,isagas.(9)Hecanliftsoheavyastoneasnooneelsecan.比较：Thisissoheavyastone/suchaheavystonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状语从句)          Thisissoheavyastone/suchaheavystoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句）注意：1.as引导的非限制性定语从句常有，只能指代整个主句的内容，不能指代单个先行词：“如同---             ----那样”：          asweknow/asisknowntoall,asweallcansee,ashasbeensaidbefore/above,ashasbeen          pointedout,asmightbeexpected(正如所预料的那样),asisoftenthecase(情况常常是这样),          2.which在非限制性定语从句中，既可以指代整个主句，也可以指代单个先行词。指代的是先行词             本身而不是主句时，不可用as代替which.          3.在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语，也可作实义动词的主语，而as             只能作系动词be的主语。 (1)Theappletree,whichIplantedlastyear,hasnotanyfruit.(2)Hemarriedher,which/aswasnatural.(3)Hesawthegirl,whichdelightedhim.5.特殊的句型(1).Doallonecantodosth.  Dowhatonecantodosth.  Do/tryone"sbesttodosth.(2).Idon"tliketheway(that)youwalk  Idon"tliketheway(inwhich)youwalk.(3).This/Itisthe1st/2ndtimethatI havedonesth.  This/Itwasthe1st/2ndtimethatI haddonesth.(4).Helivesinthehousewhosewindowfacessouth.  Helivesinthehousethewindowofwhichfacessouth.  Helivesinthehouseofwhichthewindowfacessouth.(5).Heenteredthemeetinghall,inthefrontofwhichweresittingsomeimportantmen.(6)比较：Asisreportedinthenewspaper,talksbetweenthe2countriesaremakingprogress.              Itisreportedinthenewspaperthattalksbetweenthe2countriesaremakingprogress.              Whatisreportedinthenewspaperisthattalksbetweenthe2countriesaremakingprogress.(7)Wewentuptotheroof,fromwherewehadagoodviewoftheprocession.   Theystoodnearthewindow,fromwherewecouldseethewholegarden.注意：(1)No/never/not--------先行词-------But----=that------not或who------not：“没有--------不----的”          (2)当先行词是case,condition,situation,position,point,stage 等名词时，表示情况、方面、处境              时，用关系副词where.但先行词是occasion时，用关系副词when.          (!)Therewasnomanbutadmiredhim=nomanwhodidn"tadmirehim.          (2)Thereisnodificultybutmaybesmoothedaway.=nodifficultythatmaynotbesmoothedaway.          (3)Therearesomecases,wherethisroledoesn"tholdgood.（适用)           (4)InChinathereisnoonebutknowsLeiFeng.          (5)Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.          (6)Hersisterhasbeecomealawyer,_____shewantedtobe.            A.who       B.what         C.that       D.which    (关系代词指代人的职业、身份）6.相似结构，注意辨别：(1)*Isthismuseum_______theyvisitedyesterday?    *Isthisthemuseum_______theyvisitedyesterday?   *Isthismuseum________theystayedyesterday?   *Itwasthemuseum_______yousawmanytreasures.   *Itwasinthemuseum_______yousawmanytreasures.   *Itwasinthemuseum_____youdroppedinthatyousawmanytreasures.(2).Shelivedinthehouse________sheusedtolive.                                        _________sheusedtolivein.                                        _________sheusedtodropin.                                       _________sheusedtovisit.                                       __________windowswerebroken.                                       thewindows______werebroken.                                        and__________windowswerebrokken.                                        _________thebrokenwindows.    A.where       B.inwhich     C.atwhich    D.that     E.which       F.its          G.with         H.ofwhich     I.whose        J.不填       K.theone(that)    Keys:1.k;de;a; ab;     d;   e                           2.ab;dej;        de;   de;  i;  h; f; g.(3).______isknownisthathehasgonetocollege.    ______isknownthathehasgonetocollege.     _____isknown,hehasgonetocollege.     Weallknow_______hehasgonetocollege.    Hehasgonetocollege,________madeussurprised.    Hehasgonetocollegeand_____madeussurprised.    Hehasgonetocollege,_____surprisedus.    Hehasgonetocollege,______Iamsurprisedat.    _____surprisedusmostwas______hehasgonetocollege.   A.It     B.As    C.Which          D.What     E.that (4).Heissuchagoodteacher______wealllike.     Heissuchagoodteacher_____wealllikehim.    Heissuchagoodteacher,_____weallknow.     Heisagoodteacher,_____makesusrespecthim.     A.as      B.that       C.which(5).HearrivedinBeijingin1984,_________hebecameamanagersomeyearslater.    HearrivedinBeijingin1984,_______wasimportantforhim.    HearrivedinBeijingin1984,_______hewasalreadyinhisfifties.    HearrivedinBeijingin1984,and_____hebecamefamous.   Itwasin1984_____hearrivedinBeijing.   A.when    B.where    C.which   D.there    E.that   Keys:3.d;a;b;e;ce;c;bc;d;e                           4.a;b;ac;c         5.b;c;a;d;e状语从句 一、什么叫状语从句？状语从句有哪些种类？引导词是什么？1.时间状语从句：when,while,as,before,after,since,till(until),assoosas,hardly--when,nosooner--than,                            once, each/everytime,thefirsttime,thelasttime,nexttime,themoment,theminute,                            theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly 2.地点状语从句：where,wherever3.原因状语从句：because,since,as,nowthat,inthat,considering(that)4.目的状语从句：sothat---,inorderthat---,incase---,forfearthat---(以防、以免、生怕)=lest5.结果状语从句：sothat---,so/such---that---6.条件状语从句：if,unless,as/solongas----,onconditionthat---,providing(provided)that,assumingthat,                             supposethat,supposingthat,giventhat,when7.方式状语从句：justas---,asif,theway---8.让步状语从句：(al)though,everif,whether,nomatterwho/what/where---,as(虽然）,while9.比较状语从句：as---as,notas/so---as,more---than,themore----themore,less---than例如：1.Shetreatedthechildthewayhismotherdid.2.Childasheis,heknowsalot.3.MuchasIlikeit,Iwillnotbuyit.4.Tryasyouwill,youwon"tmanageit.5.LosemoneyasIdid,Igotalotofexperience. 4.Youmayborrowthisbook,onconditionthatyoudon"tlendittoanyoneelse.5.I"llcomeonconditionthatJohnisinvited,too.6.NosoonerhadIreachedthebusstopthanthebusstarted.7.Hardlyhadheclosedthedoorwhentherecameaknockonit.8.Takeyourumbrella,incaseitrains.9.Wehadn"tmetfor20yearsbutIrecognizedhimthemomentIsawhim.10.Nowthatyouarewellagain,youcanworkwiththem.11.Whenyoureadthebook,you"dbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveaquestion.12.Howeverlateheis,Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.13.WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.14.JackandTomhadtowait2moreweeksbeforethemanagercameback.15.Forall(that)hehaslotsofmoney,he"sfarfrombeinghappy.(虽然、尽管)16.Withallhisroughness,hehasaheartofgold.(虽然他粗俗，但他有一颗金子般的心）17.Airistouswhatwateristofish. 18.Readingistomindwhatfoodistothebody.19.Ithoughtconditionswouldgetbetter,butasitistheyaregettingworse.(事实上，实际情况是）20.Leaveitasitis.别动它（让它保持原来的样子）21.Statethefactsastheyare.按照实际情况把事实摆出来。22.Heis,asitwere,awalkingdictionary.(仿佛、好像可以说是)(=/=asitis/was)23.Theskyiscovered,asitwere,withablackcurtain.(仿佛）二、注意：特殊的引导词（连词）：themoment----=assoonas----=immediately----=directly---=hardly---when=nosooner---thanas/solongas---,onconditionthat---,incase---,nowthat---,providedthat---=supposingthat---,everytime---,thefirsttime---,thelasttime---,nexttime---例如：(1).Onarrivingatthestation,thethiefwasarrested.比较：               Onhisarrivalatclassroom,thecameandthebellrang.          (2).ThefirsttimeIclimbedontothewall,Ifeltnervous.           (3).ThelasttimeshesawJames,hewaslyinginbed.三、并列连词when=andjustthen（就在这时，突然---）的三种句型：1.Iwasdoingsth.whensth.happened.2.Iwas(just)abouttodosth.whensth.happened.3.Ihadjustdonesth.whensth.happened.例如：1.Iwasjustabouttogooutwhenthetelehphonerang.2.Ihadjustfallenasleepwhenthebabystartedtocry.3.IwasthinkingofthiswhenIheardmynamecalled.四、状语从句中的省略：有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中，如果从句中的主语与主句中的主语一致或主语为it时，且从句谓语又包含Be动词，就可以省略从句中的“主语+Be”部分。1.Ifasked,youmaycomein.2.Whilewalkinginthestreet,Imetanoldfriendofmine.3.Ifpossible,sendmewordtomorrow.4.Hewon"tattendthemeetingunlessinvited.5.Hegotmuchtallerthanexpected.7.Helookedthroughthenewspaperwhilehavinghissupper.8.Oncerecovered,shethrewherselfintoherstudy.9.Whenstillaboyof10,hehadtoworkdayandnight.he10.Shetriedherbestthoughratherpoolinhealth.11.Hewasfondofswimmingwhenyetachild. 12.Theboylookedasifafraidofnothing.五、如何区别不同的从句：（1）据连词。（2）据句子结构和句意：1.Youaretofinditwhereyouleftit.2.Tellmetheaddresswherehelives.3.Idon"tknowwherehecamefrom.4.Wherehehasgoneisnotknownyet.5.Thisplaceiswheretheyoncehid.6.Makeamarkwhereyouhaveaquestionwhenreading.虚拟语气什么叫虚拟语气？虚拟语气在主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句及状语从句中的用法如何？一、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法：1.与现在事实相反：    If条件句                                                          主句 过去时（Be-----were)                             would/should/could/might+dosth.(1).IfIwereyou,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.(2).IfIhadtime,Iwould/shouldreaditagain.2.与过去事实相反：      If条件句                                                     主句 Haddonesth.                                   would/should/could/mighthavedonesth.(1).IfIhadtakenhisadvice,Iwould/shouldnothavemadesuchamistake.(2).Youplayedallthewhilelastterm.Ifyouhadstudiedhard,youwouldhavemadesomeprogress.(3).IcouldhaveseenhimyesterdayifIhadgottothestationearlier. (4).Ifshehadtoldhimaboutthedanger,hewouldn"thavegothurt.3.与将来事实相反：   If条件句                                                      主句(1)过去时 (2).shoulddosth.                         would/should/could/mightdosth.(3).weretodosth.(1).Ifsheshouldcome,Iwould/shouldaskherforhelp.(2).Shewon"tcometomorrow.Ifshecame,Iwouldshowhermynewcomputer.(3).Ifitshouldrain,thecropscouldbesaved.(4).I"msureshewillneveraskmesuchquestionsagain.Ifsheweretoaskmeagain,     Iwouldrefusetoanswerher.注意：如果条件从句中有were,助动词had或should,可将if省略，而把were,had或should移至主语之前。(1).WereIastudent,Iwouldstudyharder.(2).Wereittorain,thecropswouldbesaved.(3).Hadhehelpedme,Iwouldnothavefailed.(4).Shouldhegetthelettertomorrrow,shewouldleaveforSHatonce.二、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：Itisimportant/necessary/strange/essential/natural/ashame/nowonder/apitythat-----{(should)+动词原形}(1).Itisnecessarythatwe(should)writetohimagain.(2).Itisstrangethatheshouldhaveleftwithoutsayinggood-bye.（竟然）(3).Itisapitythatheshouldbesoproud.（竟然）三、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法：1.Iwishthat-------(1).一般过去时(Be-----were):表示与现在事实相反。                          （2）过去完成时（haddonesth.):表示与过去事实相反。                         （3）过去将来时（would/could/mightdosth.)：表示与将来事实相反。(1).IwishIcouldhaveseenherlastnight.(2).Iwishhewerewithus.                 (3).Iwishhewouldhaveatry.(4).Iwishyouwouldspendthewintervacationwithus.(5).IwishIcouldhavespokenGermanthatday.(6).ChildrenwisheverydaywereaNewYea"sDay.(7).HowIwishIhadn"tmadesuchamistake.(8).IwishIhadtakentheiradvice.2.虚拟语气：“一、二、三、四”后面的宾语从句中要用{（should)+动词原形}                     “一坚持”：insist;                      “二命令”：order,command;                         "三建议”：advise,suggest,propose;                     "四要求”：ask,demand,require,request.注意：(1).当suggest作“建议”解时，用虚拟语气；作“暗示、表明”解时，用陈述语气。          (2).当insist作“强烈要求，坚决主张”解时，用虚拟语气；作“坚持说”解时，用陈述语气。(1).Hesuggestedthatwe(should)makeatriptoHuangshan.(2).Hisaccentsuggeststhatheisfromthesouth.(3).Heinsiststhathe(should)besentwhereheismostneeded.(4).Heinsiststhathedidn"tdothat.(5).Iproposethatwe(should)workoutaplanfirst.(6).Heinsistedthathewasstrongand(should)besentthere.(7).Theheadmastersuggestedthatwe(should)makebetteruseofoursparetime.(8).Theworkersrequestedthattheirworkingconditions(should)befurtherimproved. 3.Wouldrather+sb.+(1)一般过去时-------与现在或将来事实相反。或：                                +(2)Haddonesth.--------与过去事实相反。例如：（1）I"dratheryouvisitedustoday.                  I"dratheryouvisitedustomorrow.                  I"dratheryouhadvisitedusyesterday.           (2)-----I"mgoingtoseetheVictim"sbrother.               -----I"dratheryou_______.  A.do         B.donot        C.don"t           D.didn"t四、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：Itis(high/about)time+(1).forsth.                                  +(2)(forsb.)todosth.                                  +(3)(that)--从句[一般过去时或shoulddosth.-----这里的should不能省略](1).It"stimeIwenthome.或It"stimeIshouldgohome.五、虚拟语气在方式状语从句及目的状语从句中的用法：1.Asif=Asthough---------(1)一般过去时(Be----were)：表示与现在事实相反。(与主句动作同时）                                         (2)过去完成时（haddonesth.);表示与过去事实相反。（在主句动作之前）                                        (3)过去将来时（would/coulddosth.)：表示与将来事实相反。（在主句动作之后）(1).Hespeaksasifhehadreallybeenthere.(2).Shelookedasifshewereill.(3).HeordersmeasifIiwerehiswife.(4).Shelooksasifshehadbeenill.(5).Hetalksasifhehadbeenabroadbefore.(6).Shetalksaboutitagainasthoughshewouldneverend. 2.Sothat------(为了、以便于）=Inorderthat---------【从句中用情态动词may/might/can/could】(1).Shegotupearlysothatshecouldcatchthetrain.(2).Heturnedtheradioupsothateveryonecouldhearthenews.(3).Hesatinthefrontoftheclassroomsothathecouldseeclealy.3.should用于由lest,incase,forfearthat引导的目的状语从句中：“可以、会”.其中lest,forfearthat句中的should可以省去。incase句中的should通常不省去，但是incase句中可以不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气。lest,forfearthat后面也可以接其他形式。(1)Hetookhis raincoatwithhimincaseitshouldrain.(2)IwillnotmakeanoiseforfearthatI(should/might)disturbyou.（以免打扰你)(3)Caremustbetakeninusingthismethodlestoverflow(should)occur.(以免发生溢流现象）(4)Shehidherjewelryforfearthatitwouldbestolen.（以防被盗）六、Ifonly---------=Iwish--------------（虚拟形式同wish）：“要是-----就好了”(1).Ifonlytheywereherenow.                (2).Ifonlyhehadcomeyesterday.(3).IfonlyIwereasstrongasyou.七、含蓄虚拟条件句（不直接出现If条件句，而是通过别的一些词，如：but,otherwise,without,butfor或上下文来暗示一种条件）(1).Withoutyourhelp,wewouldnothavemadesuchgoodprogress.(2).Butforyourhelp,wecouldn"thavesucceeded. 或    Ifithadn"tbeenforyourhelp,wecouldn"thavesucceeded.(3)Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthewassobusy.(4).Hewasbusythatday.Otherwise ,Iwouldhavetaken partinthesportsmeeting.八、错综（混合)时间虚拟条件句(即从句和主句中的时间不一致）：(1).Ifyouhadnotwatchedtelevisionsolatelastnight,youwouldn"tbesosleepynow.             (过去）                                                                        （现在） (2).IfIwereyou,    Iwouldhavetakenhisadvice.             (现在）               （过去）九、其他形式的虚拟语气：1.Hadhoped/intended/meant/planned/wanted/thought/expected/supposedtoHavedonesth.=  Hoped/intended/meant/planned/wanted----tohavedonesth.(本来希望、打算、计划做某事，但却没做成.)例如：(1)I_______tomeetMr.Thompsonthismorning,butIfoundnobody______intheroomwhenIcame.                A.hoped,left          B.hadhoped,left            C.hoped,leaving          D.hadhoped,leaving          (2)Shehadmeanttobuythefurniture,butitrained.         (3)Iintendedtohaveattendedthemeeting,butIwasill.2.Was/weretoHavedonesth.(本来打算做某事，但却为做成）例如：Hewastohavecomehereyesterday,buthehadanimportantmeetingtoattend.3.Wouldlike/lovetohavedonesth.(本来想做某事，但实际上没做成）例如;Iwouldlovetohavegonetothecinemathatday,buttheticketswereallsoldout.4. Was/weregoingtodosth.(本来打算做某事，但却未做成）例如： Iwasgoingtofinishmyarticlebutmyfriendarrived,soIdidn"thavetime小试牛刀：1.Youcan"timaginethatawell-bahavedgentleman_____besorudetoalady.  A.might       B.need             C.should             D.would2. -----Whydidn"tyoubuythebook?  ------I_______butmymother___________allowme.  A.would,didn"t            B.wouldhave,didn"t         C.hadhad,wouldn"t       D.hadbought,hadn"t 3.You______havetoldhimthebadnews,whichmadethingsevenworse. A.shouldn"t        B.wouldn"t    C.needn"t         D.couldn"t4.Iwouldlove______tothepartylastnight,butIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport. A.togo         B.tohavegone        C.going          D.havinggone5.---IstayedatahotelwhileinNewYork。 ----Oh,didyou?You______withBarbra. A.couldhavestayed      B.couldstay                  C.wouldstay          D.musthavestayed倒装句什么叫倒装句？全部倒装？部分倒装？构成倒装句的条件是什么？一、全部倒装（即整个谓语跑到主语前面去了）1.Here/there,In/out,Up/down,away等小副词放在句首时，使用全部倒装。(这类句型中只能使用一般时态，不能用进行时）(1).Listen!Theregoesthebell.                    (2).Look!Herecomesthebus.(3).Theboycamein.----------___________________________________________(4).Thebirdflewaway..-------_____________________________________________但，当主语为人称代词时，主谓不能倒装。如：(1).Hereyouare.                          (2).Outherushed.2.{表示方位的介词短语}+谓语+主语。（用全部倒装）(1).Inthehallsataprofessor.(2).Ahighbuildingstandsinthedistance.--------_________________________________________ (3).Acityliestotheeastofthe2hills.--------_________________________________________二、部分倒装（即谓语的一部分跑到主语的前面去了）：1..Hardly,Scarcely,little,Never,seldom,Neither/Nor,Notuntil-----,Notonly-----,Hardly----when-----,Nosooner-----than---, Bynomeans等否定词位于句首时，主谓要部分倒装。(1).Youcanhardlyunderstandthetext.------___________________________________________(2).Heknowslittleaboutthenews.------___________________________________________(3).Ididn"trealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasteduntilIbegantowork.------___________________________(4).Notonlydoeshestudyhardbutalsoheinkind.比较：     NotonlyhebutalsohisparentshavebeentoBJ.(不倒装）(5).Ihadhardlygottotheairportwhentheplanetookoff.-----____________________________________(6).Hehadnosoonergonetobedthanthetelephonerang.-----__________________________________2.So+助动词+主语.：“某人也如此”  Neither/Nor+助动词+主语：“某人也不如此”  So+主语+助动词.：“某人的确如此”注意：如果前句中既有行为动词，又有be动词；或既有肯定，又有否定，这时，只能用：          Soitiswithsb.=It"sthesamewithsb.(1).Hehaspassedtheexam,______________________________(我也通过了）(2).------DoyouknowJimquarrelledwithhisbrother.    -------Idon"tknow,__________________________(我也不想知道）(3).Ifyoudon"tgototheparty,________________________________（我也不去了） (4).------Shelikestoplaythepiano,butshecan"tplayitwell.     -------__________________________________________（她弟弟也如此）(5).------Heisawriterandhaswrittenalotofbooks.    -------_________________________________（我也如此）(6).------HeisgoodatEnglish,butdoesn"tdowellinmaths.     ------______________________________________（我也如此)3.{Only+状语（副词、介词短语、状语从句----从句内部不倒装）+助动词+主语。（部分倒装）(1).OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.(2),IrealizedtheimportanceofEnglishonlythen.----________________________________________(3).Hecomestoseemeonlywhenheisfree.-----__________________________________________(4).Hedidn"tgothereonlybecausehewasverybusy.----_____________________________________但，only修饰主语时，主谓不倒装。如：(1).Onlytheteacherscanusethisroom.(2).OnlysocialismcansaveChina.三、虚拟语气句中的省略与倒装：在if虚拟条件从句中，若从句中的谓语动词含有助动词were,had,should，可以将这3个助动词提至句首，省略if,从而构成特殊的倒装句。(注意;在倒装句中否定式不能用缩写的形式）(1).Ifithadbeenpossible,wouldyouhavedoneit?----_______________________________________(2).IfIwereyou,Iwouldn"tgo.-----________________________________________________(3).Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,wewouldn"thaveachievedsomuch.-------___________________________________________________________________________ (4).Hadhestudiedhard,hecouldn"thavefailedintheexam.-----_________________________(5).Shoulditraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.----____________________________不定代词什么叫不定代词？要弄清不定代词的总数、单复数，泛指或特指。一、什么叫不定代词？不定代词             含义                   数量关系              作定语时名词的数                    作主语时谓语的数both               两者都                      等于2                         复数                                  复数either            两者中任何一个        等于2                         单数                                  单数neither          两者都不                   等于2                        单数                                   单数all                 三者或三者以上都      大于或等于3               单数或复数                         单数或复数none              三者或三者以上都不   大于或等于3              单数或复数                       单数或复数each              每一个                        大于或等于2             单数                                   单数every             每一个                      大于或等于3               单数                                  单数注意：(1).All作定语时，可修饰复数可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。           (2).Every不能单独作主语或宾语，但可以修饰单数可数名词，或构成复合不定代词;everyone,everybody等.二、弄清下列区别：1..All（三者或三者以上全部)-----Any(三者或三者以上任何一个)-----None(三者或三者以上无一个)    Both(二者都)------Either(两者中任何一个)------Neither(二者中任何一个都不)如;Ourhandsareallwet.2.Every(大于或等于3)：强调整体，只能作定语。  Each(大于或等于2)：强调个体，可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。例如：(1).Onbothsidesofthestreet=Oneach/eithersideofthestreet.          (2).Eachofushasadictionary.=Weeachhaveadictionary.           (3).Eachofthe2haswonaprize.比较：Everyonehasstrongandweakpoints.          (4).Ihave5friendsinmyhometown.Iwrotealettertoeachofthemyesterday.          (5)._________oneofuswilltryhisbesttofinishthework.           (6).Wemustmakegooduseof_________minute.3.Some(“一些",修饰可数名词或不可数名词)--------一般用于肯定句中。  Any(“一些",修饰可数名词或不可数名词)---------一般用于否定句、疑问句或if条件从句中。注意：some也可以用于疑问句中，表示：(1)期望对方给予肯定的回答。(2)表示“邀请、请求”。(3)表示“劝告或建议”的反问句中。而any也可以用于肯定句中，表示：“任何一个,随便哪一”。any不能在否定句中作主语。例如：(1).Someareplayingbasketball,___________areplayingchessintheclassroom.          (2).Wouldyoulike____________tea?         (3).Can"tyouborrow____________jewelryfromafriend?          (4).Won"tyouhave_____________morefish?          (5).IhavesomeEnglishmagzines,ButIdon"thave__________Frenchmagzines.          (6).Haveyougot____________ticketsfortheconcert?          (7).Theteacheraskedusifwehad____________questions.         (8).Youmaycomeat____________time.          (9).Heisclevererthan___________otherboyinhisclass.4.Noneof----“----中没有一个人或物”(后面往往有一个特定的范围）   Noone-----“没有人”=Nobody.(单独使用，后面不接of短语）注意:None用来回答以"Howmany/much---?"开头的疑问句，而Noone用来回答以       "Who---?"开头的疑问句，Nothing用来回答以"What----?"开头的疑问句。 例如：(1).--------Howmanybooksarethereonthedesk?----------_________________          (2).---------Whoisintheclassroom?--------____________________          (3)-------What"sinthebox?---------____________________          (4).Iwantedsomethreadbuttherewas______inthedrawer.              A.none             B.nothing               C.noone          D.notthing5.Other-----泛指，“其他的、别的”：otherboys/students                                                      /money/nootherway/everyotherday                                                      / someotherreason/anyotherplant  Another-----泛指，“三个或三个以上中的另一个，再一个”  Others------泛指，“另外一些”  Theothers-----特指，“其余所有的人或物”  Theother-------特指，两者中的另一个，或两部分中的另一部分。用图示来表示：(1).#----------------------@                      (2).#------##@#########                             one----------------theother                      one--------another                        (3).####----------@@@@@@              (4).###---------@@@@@######                              some------------theothers                       some--------others例如：(1).SomewillvisittheSummerPalace,______________willvisittheGreatWall.          (2).Somearecarryingwater,________________arewateringthetrees.          (3).Hestudiesharderthanany_____________studentinhisclass.          (4).Chinaisbiggerthanany_____________countryinAsia.比较：                Chinaisbiggerthanany____________countryinAfrica.           (5).Ihave2brothers.Oneisadoctor,_________________isaprofessor.          (6).Ihave____________questiontoask.           (7).Wouldyoulike_____________cupofcoffee?          (8).Idon"tlikethispen.Pleaseshowme________________.          (9).Theyaskedustostayfor___________fewdays.          (10)Hegoesswimmingevery_______________day.          (11).Thereisno____________waytodoit.          (12).Threecomradesspokeatthemeeting.Onewasadoctor,____________wasapeasant,                  andthethirdwasaPLAman.6.One/Ones---------(泛指),只能代替可数名词，其前面往往有修饰词。  That/Those--------(特指),可代替可数名词或不可数名词，其前面无任何修饰词，后面往往是of/in---。                               That（指人少用）.   It-------特指,指代上文已出现过的那个名词，表示同一个东西。注意：Theone和theones表示特指。one和ones表示泛指。          Theone相当于that,theones相当于those例如：(1).ThepopulationofChinaislargerthan___________ofJapan.          (2).ColorTVsetsaremoreexpensivethanblack-and-white___________.          (3).Thosebooksarenotsointerestingas_____________youborrowedlastweek.          (4).Thispenislongerthan______________onthedesk.           (5).Thisparkismorebeautifulthanthat_____________.          (6).Thiscapistoosmall.pleasegivemeabig______________.          (7).Thestidentsinourclassworkharderthan_____________intheirclass.            (8).Thechildrenlovethehouseswithgardensbetterthan____________withoutthem.          (9).I"llwriteanotherarticleassoonasIfinish_____________I"mwriting.          (10).NodictionaryisasusefulastheoneIboughtlastyear.(theone=that)          (11)ThechildrenfromtheUnitedStatesaredifferentfromtheonesfromChina.(theones=those)三、全部否定与部分否定：   全部否定                             部分否定Notall -----------------------Noneof----或Noone或No+名词Notboth---------------------NeitherNoteverything-------------NothingNoteverybody--------------Nobody或NooneNoteverywhere-------------NowhereNotalways-------------------Never例如：(1).Boththeanswersarenotcorrect.-------___________________________________________         (2).Alltheanswersarenotcorrect.---------____________________________________________        (3).Everyonecannotdoit.------------_________________________________________         (4).Allmyfriendsdonotsmoke.--------________________________________________________四、一些固定搭配：Otherthan---(除了),noneotherthan---(不是别人或物，正是),everyotherday(每隔一天),everyfewdays(每隔几天),somedayorother(迟早，总有一天),onlyafew(仅少数，只有几个),quiteafew(相当多的),notafew(相当多的),notalittle(很，非常),notabit(根本不，一点儿也不),fromonetoanother,someotherday(改天),no---otherthan(除---外没有),havenothingof(不理睬),noneotherthan(恰恰是，除---没别的),nothingmorethan(这不过是---而已),havenoneof(拒绝参加，不接受),everynowandthen(时常，间或),allbut--( 几乎，差点，除---外全部都),nonebut--(仅，只有，除---外谁也不),anythingbut(决不),nothingbut(只是，不外是，无非是),nootherthan(正是，就是),nothingotherthan(不是别的，而是),somethinglike(有点像---，大约),littlebylittle(逐渐地）。例如：Nonebutfoolsbelievehim.除非傻瓜才相信他。练习：(1).---------Doyouwantacupofteaorcoffee?--------__________,Ireallydon"tcare.               A.Neither         B.None         C.Either         D.Both          (2).TheSmithshave3sons,oneababy,___________twinsof13.              A.another          B.other             C.theother       D.theothers           (3).Thecustomerwantedtochangeforadoubleroom,sohe               wasaskedtopay________$10.               A.more         B.another          C.other          D.every          (4).---------Is_________here?---------No,2studentsareillandcan"tcometoschool.              A.anybody           B.everybody         C.somebody         D.nobody          (5).Myfatherboughtasecond-handcar,but_______willneedlotsof               repairsbeforehecoulddrive.              A.they           B.it           C.one             D.which           (6).___________wasreportedthatSaddamwascaughtalive.比较;               ___________wasreported,Saddamwascaughtalive.               A.which             B.as         C.it           D.they           (7)Bothsideshaveaccusedofbreakingthecontract______.              A.another        B.theother                  C.neither                D.each           (8)ImadesomanychangesinmycompositionthatonlyIcouldreadit.To____else,itwashard                tomakeout.       A.none        B.everyone            C.someone     D.anyone            (9)----Oneweek"stimehasbeenwasted.               -----Ican"tbelievewedidallthatworkfor_______.              A.something          B.nothing                    C.everything       D.anything           (10)Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgattablemoment,_____I              willalwaystreasure.     A.that       B.one           C.it               D.what           (11)IpreferaflatinInvernessto_____inPerth,becauseIwanttolivenearmyMum"s.               A.one              B.that             C.it              D.this           (12)Thethoughtflashedacrossmymind;bysomemeansor____shehassome              informationaboutmyengagement.Buthow?               A.others         B.other               C.theothers         D.another            (13)------Shallwemeettonight?                 --------Sorry,I"mbusy.Howabout______day?               A.everyother          B.theother           C.anyother            D.someother             (14)I"mmovingtothecountrysidebecausetheairthereismuchfresherthan____inthecity.               A.ones             B.one                    C.that                D.those             (15)Ijustwantanumbralla,so_____willdo.        A.anyone      B.anyone      C.it       D.one             (16)Carsdocauseussomehealthproblems---infactfarmoreserious____thanmobilephonedo.               A.one          B.ones         C.it         D.those(2005江西）             (17)Whathesaidis_____butpracticalsince______dependson"if".               A.anything,everything    B.nothing,everyything      C.everything,anything    D.none,everything            (18)Althoughheispoor,hespends______onclothes.               A.notalittle       B.onlyalittle          C.alittle       D.afew            (19)------Whatdoyouthinkheis?                  -------______fromwhathesaid,heis_____butateacher.              A.Judged,somebody         B.Judged，something       C.Judging,anything  D.Judging，anybody           (20)-----Howaboutthepriceoftheserefrigerators?                 -----They"reequalinpriceto,ifnotcheaperthan,______attheotherstores.              A.others         B.it               C.that           D.theones不定代词什么叫不定代词？要弄清不定代词的总数、单复数，泛指或特指。一、什么叫不定代词？不定代词             含义                   数量关系              作定语时名词的数                    作主语时谓语的数both               两者都                      等于2                         复数                                  复数either            两者中任何一个        等于2                         单数                                  单数neither          两者都不                   等于2                        单数                                   单数all                 三者或三者以上都      大于或等于3               单数或复数                         单数或复数none              三者或三者以上都不   大于或等于3              单数或复数                       单数或复数each              每一个                        大于或等于2             单数                                   单数every             每一个                      大于或等于3               单数                                  单数注意：(1).All作定语时，可修饰复数可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。           (2).Every不能单独作主语或宾语，但可以修饰单数可数名词，或构成复合不定代词;everyone,everybody等. 二、弄清下列区别：1..All（三者或三者以上全部)-----Any(三者或三者以上任何一个)-----None(三者或三者以上无一个)   Both(二者都)------Either(两者中任何一个)------Neither(二者中任何一个都不)如;Ourhandsareallwet.2.Every(大于或等于3)：强调整体，只能作定语。  Each(大于或等于2)：强调个体，可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。例如：(1).Onbothsidesofthestreet=Oneach/eithersideofthestreet.          (2).Eachofushasadictionary.=Weeachhaveadictionary.           (3).Eachofthe2haswonaprize.比较：Everyonehasstrongandweakpoints.          (4).Ihave5friendsinmyhometown.Iwrotealettertoeachofthemyesterday.          (5)._________oneofuswilltryhisbesttofinishthework.           (6).Wemustmakegooduseof_________minute.3.Some(“一些",修饰可数名词或不可数名词)--------一般用于肯定句中。  Any(“一些",修饰可数名词或不可数名词)---------一般用于否定句、疑问句或if条件从句中。注意：some也可以用于疑问句中，表示：(1)期望对方给予肯定的回答。(2)表示“邀请、请求”。(3)表示“劝告或建议”的反问句中。而any也可以用于肯定句中，表示：“任何一个,随便哪一”。any不能在否定句中作主语。例如：(1).Someareplayingbasketball,___________areplayingchessintheclassroom.          (2).Wouldyoulike____________tea?         (3).Can"tyouborrow____________jewelryfromafriend?          (4).Won"tyouhave_____________morefish?          (5).IhavesomeEnglishmagzines,ButIdon"thave__________Frenchmagzines.          (6).Haveyougot____________ticketsfortheconcert?          (7).Theteacheraskedusifwehad____________questions.          (8).Youmaycomeat____________time.          (9).Heisclevererthan___________otherboyinhisclass.4.Noneof----“----中没有一个人或物”(后面往往有一个特定的范围）  Noone-----“没有人”=Nobody.(单独使用，后面不接of短语）注意:None用来回答以"Howmany/much---?"开头的疑问句，而Noone用来回答以       "Who---?"开头的疑问句，Nothing用来回答以"What----?"开头的疑问句。 例如：(1).--------Howmanybooksarethereonthedesk?----------_________________          (2).---------Whoisintheclassroom?--------____________________          (3)-------What"sinthebox?---------____________________          (4).Iwantedsomethreadbuttherewas______inthedrawer.              A.none             B.nothing               C.noone          D.notthing5.Other-----泛指，“其他的、别的”：otherboys/students                                                      /money/nootherway/everyotherday                                                      / someotherreason/anyotherplant  Another-----泛指，“三个或三个以上中的另一个，再一个”  Others------泛指，“另外一些”  Theothers-----特指，“其余所有的人或物”  Theother-------特指，两者中的另一个，或两部分中的另一部分。用图示来表示：(1).#----------------------@                      (2).#------##@#########                             one----------------theother                      one--------another                        (3).####----------@@@@@@              (4).###---------@@@@@######                              some------------theothers                       some--------others例如：(1).SomewillvisittheSummerPalace,______________willvisittheGreatWall.          (2).Somearecarryingwater,________________arewateringthetrees.           (3).Hestudiesharderthanany_____________studentinhisclass.          (4).Chinaisbiggerthanany_____________countryinAsia.比较：                Chinaisbiggerthanany____________countryinAfrica.          (5).Ihave2brothers.Oneisadoctor,_________________isaprofessor.          (6).Ihave____________questiontoask.           (7).Wouldyoulike_____________cupofcoffee?          (8).Idon"tlikethispen.Pleaseshowme________________.          (9).Theyaskedustostayfor___________fewdays.          (10)Hegoesswimmingevery_______________day.          (11).Thereisno____________waytodoit.          (12).Threecomradesspokeatthemeeting.Onewasadoctor,____________wasapeasant,                  andthethirdwasaPLAman.6.One/Ones---------(泛指),只能代替可数名词，其前面往往有修饰词。  That/Those--------(特指),可代替可数名词或不可数名词，其前面无任何修饰词，后面往往是of/in---。                               That（指人少用）.   It-------特指,指代上文已出现过的那个名词，表示同一个东西。注意：Theone和theones表示特指。one和ones表示泛指。          Theone相当于that,theones相当于those例如：(1).ThepopulationofChinaislargerthan___________ofJapan.          (2).ColorTVsetsaremoreexpensivethanblack-and-white___________.          (3).Thosebooksarenotsointerestingas_____________youborrowedlastweek.          (4).Thispenislongerthan______________onthedesk.           (5).Thisparkismorebeautifulthanthat_____________.           (6).Thiscapistoosmall.pleasegivemeabig______________.          (7).Thestidentsinourclassworkharderthan_____________intheirclass.           (8).Thechildrenlovethehouseswithgardensbetterthan____________withoutthem.          (9).I"llwriteanotherarticleassoonasIfinish_____________I"mwriting.          (10).NodictionaryisasusefulastheoneIboughtlastyear.(theone=that)          (11)ThechildrenfromtheUnitedStatesaredifferentfromtheonesfromChina.(theones=those)三、全部否定与部分否定：   全部否定                             部分否定Notall -----------------------Noneof----或Noone或No+名词Notboth---------------------NeitherNoteverything-------------NothingNoteverybody--------------Nobody或NooneNoteverywhere-------------NowhereNotalways-------------------Never例如：(1).Boththeanswersarenotcorrect.-------___________________________________________         (2).Alltheanswersarenotcorrect.---------____________________________________________        (3).Everyonecannotdoit.------------_________________________________________         (4).Allmyfriendsdonotsmoke.--------________________________________________________四、一些固定搭配：Otherthan---(除了),noneotherthan---(不是别人或物，正是),everyotherday(每隔一天),everyfewdays(每隔几天),somedayorother(迟早，总有一天),onlyafew( 仅少数，只有几个),quiteafew(相当多的),notafew(相当多的),notalittle(很，非常),notabit(根本不，一点儿也不),fromonetoanother,someotherday(改天),no---otherthan(除---外没有),havenothingof(不理睬),noneotherthan(恰恰是，除---没别的),nothingmorethan(这不过是---而已),havenoneof(拒绝参加，不接受),everynowandthen(时常，间或),allbut--(几乎，差点，除---外全部都),nonebut--(仅，只有，除---外谁也不),anythingbut(决不),nothingbut(只是，不外是，无非是),nootherthan(正是，就是),nothingotherthan(不是别的，而是),somethinglike(有点像---，大约),littlebylittle(逐渐地）。例如：Nonebutfoolsbelievehim.除非傻瓜才相信他。练习：(1).---------Doyouwantacupofteaorcoffee?--------__________,Ireallydon"tcare.               A.Neither         B.None         C.Either         D.Both          (2).TheSmithshave3sons,oneababy,___________twinsof13.              A.another          B.other             C.theother       D.theothers           (3).Thecustomerwantedtochangeforadoubleroom,sohe               wasaskedtopay________$10.               A.more         B.another          C.other          D.every          (4).---------Is_________here?---------No,2studentsareillandcan"tcometoschool.              A.anybody           B.everybody         C.somebody         D.nobody          (5).Myfatherboughtasecond-handcar,but_______willneedlotsof               repairsbeforehecoulddrive.              A.they           B.it           C.one             D.which           (6).___________wasreportedthatSaddamwascaughtalive.比较;               ___________wasreported,Saddamwascaughtalive.               A.which             B.as         C.it           D.they           (7)Bothsideshaveaccusedofbreakingthecontract______.              A.another        B.theother                  C.neither                D.each            (8)ImadesomanychangesinmycompositionthatonlyIcouldreadit.To____else,itwashard                tomakeout.       A.none        B.everyone            C.someone     D.anyone           (9)----Oneweek"stimehasbeenwasted.               -----Ican"tbelievewedidallthatworkfor_______.              A.something          B.nothing                    C.everything       D.anything           (10)Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgattablemoment,_____I              willalwaystreasure.     A.that       B.one           C.it               D.what           (11)IpreferaflatinInvernessto_____inPerth,becauseIwanttolivenearmyMum"s.               A.one              B.that             C.it              D.this           (12)Thethoughtflashedacrossmymind;bysomemeansor____shehassome              informationaboutmyengagement.Buthow?               A.others         B.other               C.theothers         D.another            (13)------Shallwemeettonight?                 --------Sorry,I"mbusy.Howabout______day?               A.everyother          B.theother           C.anyother            D.someother             (14)I"mmovingtothecountrysidebecausetheairthereismuchfresherthan____inthecity.               A.ones             B.one                    C.that                D.those             (15)Ijustwantanumbralla,so_____willdo.        A.anyone      B.anyone      C.it       D.one             (16)Carsdocauseussomehealthproblems---infactfarmoreserious____thanmobilephonedo.               A.one          B.ones         C.it         D.those(2005江西）             (17)Whathesaidis_____butpracticalsince______dependson"if".                A.anything,everything    B.nothing,everyything      C.everything,anything    D.none,everything            (18)Althoughheispoor,hespends______onclothes.              A.notalittle       B.onlyalittle          C.alittle       D.afew            (19)------Whatdoyouthinkheis?                  -------______fromwhathesaid,heis_____butateacher.              A.Judged,somebody         B.Judged，something       C.Judging,anything  D.Judging，anybody           (20)-----Howaboutthepriceoftheserefrigerators?                 -----They"reequalinpriceto,ifnotcheaperthan,______attheotherstores.              A.others         B.it               C.that           D.theones