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(1)表语从句1. 定义:用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。2. 构成:关联词+简单句3. 引导表语从句的关联词的种类:(1) 从属连词that。如:The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如:He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。注:从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句,但as if却可引导表语从句,如:All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了,但宛如昨天一样。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如:It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如:The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。解释:1. 连词because可引导表语从句。如:I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。2. 在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示,should可省略。如:My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。(2)主语从句 1. 定义:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。2. 构成:关联词+简单句3. 引导主语从句的关联词有三类:(1) 从属连词that。 如:That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。(2) 从属连词whether。如:Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如:What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。解释:1. 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有:A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如:It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如:
It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如:It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如:It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如:It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。如:
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗?Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗?G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。如:How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪!2.注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。 (3)宾语从句 1. 定义:用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。2. 构成:关联词+简单句3. 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类:(1) 从属连词that。如:He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。
注: that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下,that不能省略。1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句,that宾语从句放在and的后面时,that不能省略。)大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that不能省略。)对他我一无所知,只知道他是南方人。3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that从句位于句首时,that不可省略。)我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。4. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语,that不可省略。)鉴于他的特殊情况,我们决定应允他一段试用期。(2)从属连词if/whether。如:I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。如:Who or what he was, Martin never learned.他是什么人?他是干什么的?马丁根本不知道。I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。(1) 介词宾语从句宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如:He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他对那天发生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。有时介词可以省略。如:I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。
Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。解释:1.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。如:We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不会屈服。2.作介词的宾语:连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语,只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导,则需用it先行一步,作形式宾语。如:He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生,只是有点粗心。You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。介词宾语不可以用which来引导,而要用what来引导。如:Are you sorry for what you’ve done?你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗?3.某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句,这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等,连词that可省略。如:
I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能确定我该做什么。I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.恐怕你没领会我说的意思。I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.我好奇怪,我以前没看到过。Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。4.连词whether (…or not)或if引导的宾语从句if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用,但whether常和or not连用,if一般不与or not连用。如:I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义,应避免使用if而用wheter。试比较:Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.if从句可理解为宾语从句,意为“请告诉我你是否想去”;此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话,请告诉我一声”。
5.宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句,有时谓语尽管是否定意思,却不用否定形式,而将think等动词变为否定形式。如:I don’t think you are right. 我认为你错了。I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意,是吗?6. 宾语从句的时态变化规律:(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时,从句可根据需要用任何时态。(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时,从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如:The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳运行。 (4)同位语从句 1. 定义:用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。2. 用法:同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等,关联词多用从属连词that。如:They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来?Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。注:同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如:I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作,这个问题需要考虑。We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。解释:1.that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别
that引导的同位语从句that引导的定语从句句法功能上that只起连接从句的作用,无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用,还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。意义上从句是被修饰名词的内容。从句起限定作用,是定语如:The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句,that不可省。)李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句,that在从句中作told的宾语,可省。)他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。2.一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如:This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.这就是我们唯一的请求:尽快解决这个问题。
测试:A. 用适当的连接词填空:1. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. ---- Is that you had a few days off?7. Word came I was wanted at the office.8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?9. The teacher didn’t tell me we were wrong.10. It’s generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.B. 单项选择:1. It was true Alice did surprised her mother. A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that2. Does matter much he can’t come to the meeting.
A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether3. ----What are you anxious about? ---- . A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working. A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person6. I really don’t know ____________ I had this photo taken.A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can’t remember . A. where B. there C. which D. that 8. ----What do you think of China? --- different life is today from it used to be. A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that9. Give this to you think can do the work well.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever10. troubles me is I can’t learn all these English idioms by heart. A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that答案: A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that 5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which 9. where 10. whateverB. 1—5 CABBB 6—10 ACACD(5)定语从句 (一)定义及相关术语1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有when, where, why等。 关系词通常有下列三个作用:A、引导定语从句;B、代替先行词;C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如: The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中,who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句,修饰先行词the man, “who”是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词the man,在定语从句中作主语。(二)关系代词引导的定语从句1.who 指人,在定语从句中作主语。The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。 Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2.whom 指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。 Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。
The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。 The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。 注意:关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替,也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3.Which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4.That 指人时,相当于who 或whom;指物时,相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿?The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。5.Whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意:指物时,常用下列结构来代替:The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? (三)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。注意:1. 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如:look for, look after, take care of 等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. (误)2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who, that;关系代词指物时只可用which,不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)3.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如:
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母,他们俩待他都很好。In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果,有些已经坏了。There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有40个学生,大多数来自大城市。Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今为止,他写了10部小说,其中3部是关于农村生活的。(四)关系副词引导的定语从句1. when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。 The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。 October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。 Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗?2. where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗?3. why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。 注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如: From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时,他就已经知道长大后要做什么。 Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。 The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
(五)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“,”与主句隔开。用逗号“,”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删除,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。只是对先行词的补充说明,如删除,主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语:“...的”通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上A.作宾语时可省略A.不可省略B.可用that
B.不用thatC.可用who 代替whomC.不可用who 代替whom限制性定语从句举例:The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。非限制性定语从句举例 :His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他,对他要求很严格。China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的, 现在正变得越来越强大。Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天,我参观了人民大会堂,在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义:1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。(意含: 她还有其他哥哥。) Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college. 她哥哥是当兵的,他总是鼓励她上大学。(意含: 她只有一个哥哥。)2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written. 所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。(意含: 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。)All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written. 所有的书都带插图,这些书都写得很好。(意含: 没有不带插图的书。) (一)限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时,或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如:Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗?There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who,如:Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。如:The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如:This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。4.当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如:This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后,那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who。如:Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。
5.当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如:Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁?Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身?6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如:They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。 (二)关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时, 其用法有相同之处,也有不同之处。具体情况是:1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语,代表前面整个句子。如:He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了,这是很自然的事。He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实, 这一点我们看得出来。 2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后,甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外,as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如:As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知,中国是发展中国家。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人,这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知, 约翰是个著名作家。Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了,这一点我不相信。注意:当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。如:Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到,这使得老师很恼火。These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的,这使得这些桌子很重。1. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时,关系词常用as。 如:I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意:当先行词受the same 修饰时,偶尔也用 that引导定语从句,但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如:She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。 (三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导,而且通常可以省略。如:The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。 I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。 (四)关系代词与关系副词的选择 用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用(即所担当的成分)。试比较:A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。 I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。 I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。
This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。 (五)but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如: There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。(but = who don’t) (六)定语从句与同位语从句的区别1.定语从句修饰限定先行词,它与先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,它与先行词是同位关系。 The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. (定语从句) 刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。 The fact that he has already died is quite clear. (同位语从句) 他已经去世了,这个事实很明了。2.定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导,关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分,关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导,在从句中一般不担当成分;有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导,这些连词则在从句中担当成分。 The news that he told me is true. (定语从句) 他告诉我的消息是真的。 The news that he has just died is true. (同位语从句) 他刚刚去世了,这个消息是真的。
The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。 The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. (同位语从句) 我们如何筹集这么多资金,这个问题很难解决。 The question that he raised puzzled all of us. (定语从句) 他提出的问题让我们很为难。 The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. (同位语从句) 他是否一定会赢得那场比赛,这个问题很难回答。 3.同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。如: A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. (同位语从句)我们可以向老师请教,这个主意不错。 The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice. B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. (同位语从句) 地球围绕太阳转,这个事实人人皆知。 The fact is that the earth moves around the sun. C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. (同位语从句) 请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。 The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.(6)不定式的构成1. 不定式的构成
不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时式和语态的变化,通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例): 主动式被动式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing/完成进行式to have been doing1) 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。如:They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。2) 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之后发生,它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语,有时也可作主语、定语等。如:She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do. 我本来想告诉你这件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country. 对我来说,在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。3) 不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如:It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好,这些天一直帮我们。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我们没料到你一直在这儿等我们。4) 不定式的完成进行式 如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作,就需要用完成进行式。如:They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 据说他们已经在西藏工作20年了。We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我们很高兴这些天能互相帮助。5) 动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如: Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。6) 疑问词+动词不定式: 不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用,通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等动词后面作宾语,有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如:On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
听到这个消息,他不知道该哭还是该笑。When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。The most important problem is how to get so much money. 最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。介词后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如:Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。7) 不定式的被动式:当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式,to be +过去分词和to have been +过去分词。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。如:It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher. 对他来说,被老师责备是一件好事。They seemed to be satisfied with the result. 他们似乎对结果很满意。He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往农村工作。She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting. 她是会上最后一个被提到的人。I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被听到。
We don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time. 我们不喜欢我们的朋友不时地被嘲笑。2. 不定式的语法作用 1) 不定式作主语:To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。在很多情况下,人们通常用it作为形式上的主语,而把不定式短语移到谓语之后,使句子显得平稳一些。如:It’s good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。2) 不定式作表语: The most important thing is to put theory into practice. 最重要的事情是把理论付诸实践。 The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。3) 不定式作宾语: He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。
I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. 我宁愿被饿死也不愿乞讨。He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it. 我问到他的时候,他假装读过这本书。另外,不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时,人们常常用it代表不定式,而将真实宾语放在补足语之后。如:Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你认为这样翻译是不是更好?I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。4) 不定式作补语:①不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语,这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如:I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想请你帮我做英语练习。I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我从来没想到鞋子这么快就穿破了。注意:动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。如: Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 谁能帮我拎这个重箱子?
②在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中,动词不定式不带to。 I often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。 They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day. 他们每天让孩子晚上7:00上床睡觉。注意:get, leave等词也有“让”“叫”的意思,和使役动词意思相近,但它们后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有to。如: I’ll get him to try it again. 我将让他再试一次。 How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger? 你怎么让他跟一个陌生人一起吃晚饭?注意:当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时,不定式就成了主语补语,作主语补语的不定式必须加to。如: Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹,但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。③think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语多由to be+形容词或名词构成,think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。如: When he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured.
她醒来的时候,发现自己受了重伤。 I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好,很诚实。 含有此类复合宾语的句子变成被动语态时,不定式同样被称之为主语补足语。如: The young man was considered to have great promise. 这个年轻人被认为大有前途。 The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 形势看来很使人鼓舞。④以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等构成谓语的句子中,动词不定式通常也可看作主语补语。如:More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident. 据报道,有20多个人死于事故。I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car. 他被汽车撞的时候,我碰巧在和他谈话。5) 不定式作定语: 不定式在句中作定语通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后,以下几种情况常用不定式作定语:①能带不定式作宾语的动词,其同源名词可以带不定式作定语,常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。如:
He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly. 他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable. 我想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。②常与不定式搭配的形容词,其同源名词一般可以带不定式作定语,常见的有ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition等。如:His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.他急切地想准时完成工作是很明显的。We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.我们欣赏他能把一门外语说得这么好。③序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。如:He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.他总是第一个来最后一个离开。The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.下一个出席会议的人是贝克先生。④还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如:person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。如:We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。
He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.他没有理由离开他的朋友独自住到岛上去。⑤不定式作定语时,有时与被修饰的名词之间有意义上的动宾关系,如果该不定式动词是不及物动词,它后面需加上适当的介词。如: There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。There are many interesting books to choose from, but I don’t know which to borrow. 有很多有趣的书可以挑选,但我不知道该借哪一本。6) 不定式作状语: 不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。① 不定式作目的状语,有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to结构。如: In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏,妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。 He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。 注意:so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。②不定式作结果状语,常见的结构有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。如:
The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说,这个问题很难回答。He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗?He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。注意:too…to通常表示太……而不……,但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。③不定式作原因状语,通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形容词有:happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如:They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息,他们很惊讶。We are proud to be young people of new China. 成为新中国的青年,我们感到很骄傲。另外,hard, difficult, easy, fit,comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。这时候,作句子主语的除了是表示人的词外,还可以是表示物的词。如:The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。The room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服。
注意:后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系,此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则需要带上适当的介词。3. 不定式的复合结构 1) 不定式复合结构的构成不定式在使用时通常有自己的逻辑主语,一般可以是句子的主语或宾语,或者由物主代词暗示出来。如:They plan to build a hotel. 他们计划建造一个酒店。His father sent him abroad to study literature. 他父亲送他出国去学文学。I could see her eagerness to go abroad. 我可以看出他急切地想出国。但有时需要明确表示出不定式的逻辑主语(即不定式动作的执行者),此时一般用for/of +名词(代词)短语+不定式来构成不定式的复合结构。如:It’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人们用电做饭是很昂贵的。 It’s careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯这样的错误真是粗心。2) 不定式复合结构的语法作用不定式的复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。①不定式的复合结构作主语、宾语,通常用it 作形式主语或形式宾语来代替不定式的复合结构。如:
It’s necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. 货物很有必要用坚固的箱子打包。 They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness. 他们认为我们要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。②不定式的复合结构作表语、状语、定语。如:That’s for you to decide. 那个由你来决定。For the test to be passed, the students should work harder than before. 为了能通过考试,学生们应该比以往更认真学习。I have some books for you to read. 我有几本书送给你读。 1. 不定式不带to的规则:前面我们已经谈到,在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时,不定式符号to常常省略,下面还有几种情况请大家注意:① 动词原形come, go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。如:Go tell her. 去告诉他。 Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。②在why引起的一些疑问句中,疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如:
Why spend so much money? 为什么花这么多钱?Why not let her have a try? 为什么不再让她试一试?③在had better(还是……最好), had best(最好,顶好), would rather(宁可,宁愿), would rather…than(宁可……而不……), would sooner(宁可,宁愿), would sooner…than(宁可……而不……), cannot but(不得不,必然), cannot choose but(只得), cannot help but(不得不)等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。如:You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好听一听老师的看法。I would rather work than stay idle. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。One’s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。④在介词but, except之前如有动词do的任一形式,其后的动词不定式不用to。如:Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理农具外,没有做其它的事情。Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。如but 之前没有do,其后的不定式则一般要加to。如:
I’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我们别无选择,只好乘出租车了。They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时,为了避免重复,后面的不定式符号to可省略。如:I really don’t know what to say and do. 我真的不知道该说什么,该干什么。 Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.? 你能不能帮我打电话给他,叫他下午两点来开会? 但如果两个不定式有对比的意思,则不定式符号to不可被省去。如: I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是来夸你的,不是来骂你的。 The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. 新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易,而不是使生活更艰难。2. 动词不定式的省略问题:上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语,下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时,往往要省略动词不定式,但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to,一般有下面几种情况:①含有助动词或情态动词如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等+动词原形结构时: ---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你认为我应该去看医生吗?
---Yes, I think you ought to. 是的,我想你应该去。She must go but you don’t have to. 她必须走,但你没有必要。②含有动词want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等+不定式作宾语结构时:---Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你去看长城了吗?---I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本来想去的,但我太忙了。You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的话,你可以和他们一起去。③含有动词如ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等+不定式做宾语补语或主语补语时:Don’t do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父亲叫你去做,不然不要做任何事情。---May I use your car? 我可以用你的汽车吗?---No, I forbid you to. 不,我禁止你使用。④对话的答语中含有形容词如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等+不定式作表语结构时:---Will you lend me a hand? 你能帮我一个忙吗?---I’m willing to, but I can’t now. 我很愿意,但我现在不行。---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow? 明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗?
---I’ll be glad to. 我很乐意。3. 不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别: 动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动,有时比较复杂。主要有下面几种情况:①不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。如:Have you got a key to unlock the door? 你有开门的钥匙吗?②不定式做后置定语,和被修饰名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式,不定式为不及物动词时,其后应加相应的介词。如:Do you have anything to say on this question? 针对这个问题你还有什么要说的吗?He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一个合作愉快的人。③不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,不定式为不及物动词时要加相应的介词。如:The fish is delicious to eat. 这鱼很好吃。The chair is comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子坐起来很舒服。④在There be结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式。如:There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。
There is a lot of work to do. 有许多事情要做。(表示某人必须做这工作)注意下面两个句子的含义:There is a lot of work to be done. (强调有许多事情必须做。)There is nothing to be done. (强调出了某事,现在没办法解决。)4. for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法区别:句型“It is +形容词+for somebody+不定式”中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性,如:important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。It’s difficult for us to finish the work within two hours. 我们要在两小时之内完成工作是很难的。It’s reasonable for them to run away so quickly. 他们这么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。“It is +形容词+of somebody+不定式”中的形容词表示人物性格和特征。如:kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。It’s kind of you to think so much of us. 难为你这么为我们着想。It’s silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket 这个男孩真傻,一直往篮子里倒水。5. 高中阶段能接不定式的常见动词:
能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有:want(想要), like(喜欢), wish(希望), hate(憎恨,讨厌), prefer(宁愿), hope(希望), fail(失败), plan(计划), refuse(拒绝), ask(要求),continue(继续),manage(设法), try(尽力), offer(提供), start(开始), begin(开始), forget(忘记), remember(记得), promise(答应), mean(打算), pretend(假装), intend(想,打算), attempt(尝试,企图), decide(决定), learn(学会), desire(渴望,请求), agree(同意), care(关心,喜欢), choose(选择), determine(下决心), expect(期望), afford(负担得起,买得起)等。能接不定式做补语的常见的动词有:感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等;使役动词make, let, have 等;还有一般的动词如advise(建议), allow(允许), ask, beg(乞求), command(命令,指挥), tell(告诉), invite(邀请), force(强迫), oblige(强迫), get(致使), help(帮助), wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage(鼓励), persuade(说服), permit(允许,许可), remind(使想起,提醒), request(请求,要求), order(命令), warn(警告,提醒), cause(引起)等。6. 高中阶段常见的不定式短语:高中阶段常见的一些不定式短语可以作谓语,如:be able to do(能,会), be about to do(即将做……), used to do(过去常常……), be glad to do(乐意做……), would like to do(想要做……),be likely to do(很可能做……), go all out to do something全力以赴,be supposed to do应该等。
高中阶段还有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子,也可以称它们为插入语。如:to tell you the truth(说老实话),to be frank(坦率地说), to begin with(首先), to be brief(简言之), to make a long story short(长话短说), to be exact(精确地说), to say nothing of(姑且不说),to conclude(总而言之), to be sure(诚然、固然), to do him justice(说句对他公道的话),so to speak(可以这么说、打个譬喻说)等。To tell you the truth, I hate him. 说老实话,我恨他。To be frank, I don’t agree with what you said. 坦率地说,我不同意你说的话。Ⅰ. 选择填空:1. I’ve heard him ______ about you often.A. speak B. speaks C. spoke D. speaking2. I went to see him, _______ him out. A. finding B. find C. only to find D. to finding 3. He didn’t know _______ or stay. A. to leave B. if that he should leave C. if to leave D. whether to leave 4. ---Will the Smiths go abroad this summer? ---No, they finally decided _______. A. to B. not going C. not to D. not to be going
5. ---I usually go there by train. ---Why not _______ by boat for a change.A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 6. He pretended _______nothing about it. A. know B. to know C. knowing D. knew 7. Little Jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 8. They would not allow him _______ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to going C. for risk to go D. risk going9. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind _______ to buy.A. what B. which C. how D. where 10. Charles Babbage is generally considered _______ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 11. The missing boys were last seen _______ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 12. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 13. I regret _______ you that we are unable to offer you employment. A. informing B. having informed C. to inform D. to informing 14. You had better get a doctor _______ your bad tooth. A. pull out B. to pull out C. pulled out D. pulling out 15. The matter had better _______ as it is. A. leave B. being left C. leaving D. be left 16. He was so foolish _______ his car unlocked. A. to leave B. that leave C. as to leave D. for him to leave 17. Almost everyone fails _______ the driving test on the first try.
A. passing B. to have passed C. to pass D. in passing 18. The girl was made _______ she didn’t love at all. A. marry a man B. to marry a man C. to marry with a man D. married with a man 19. The man will use what he has _______ a camera for his wife. A. to get B. got C. buy D bought20. .To answer correctly is more important than _______ . A. a quick finish B. to finish quickly C. finishing quickly D. you finish quick21. Tom kept quiet about the accident _______ lose his job. A. so as not to B. so not as to C. so as to not D. not so as to22. I felt it an honor _______ to speak here. A. to ask B. asking C. to be asked D. having asked23. ---I’d like to buy an expensive camera. ---Well, we have several models _______ .
A. to choose from B. to choose C. to be chosen D. for choice24. _______to the left and you’ll see the post office.A. To turn B. Turning C. Turned D. Turn 25. Will you be able to attend the lecture next week? A. giving B. given C. to be given D. being givenⅡ. 句子改错: 1. I don’t know if to help him or not.2. She can’t help cleaning the house because she’s busy making a cake.3. We all hope you to make rapid progress.4. The results of the research are to publish soon.5. It is too heavy for me to lift it.6. It’s awfully good for you to come and meet us.7. These are very good books for your children to be read.8. He did what he could help me with my physics.9. Let’s find a place to put the things.10. It would be easier to climb over the mountain than going round the valley.
答案:I. 选择填空:1---5 A C D C D 6---10 B A A B C11---15 A C C B D 16---20 C C B A B21---25 A C A D C II. 句子改错: 1. if →whether 2. cleaning →to clean 3. hope →wish4. publish →be published 5. lift it →lift 6. for →of7. be read →read 8. help →to help 9. things →things in10. going →to go(7)-ing分词的构成1. -ing分词的构成 -ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化,通常有下表几种形式(以do为例): 主动形式被动形式
一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done -ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如: Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址,我只好在家里等着。 His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式: -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作;完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如: Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生,他对书本很感兴趣。 Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课,他考试不及格。
3. -ing分词的被动式: -ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间,-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如:The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他从来没谈起过他被记者采访的事情。Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后,他把烟戒了。 注意:在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后,作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如:Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。4. -ing分词的语法作用 -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质,另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。 1)–ing分词(短语)作主语:Laying eggs is the ant queen""s full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。在下面两种结构中,-ing分词也作主语。①为了保持句子平衡,通常用作形式主语,而把真实主语放在句末。如:It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。It""s a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。
②在There is no结构中,通常用-ing分词。如:There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。 2) -ing分词(短语)作表语:His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。 3) -ing分词作宾语:①–ing分词作动词宾语。如:I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。We enjoy attending Miss Li""s class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。②-ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语,而用it作形式宾语。如:I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place. 我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Do you consider it any good trying again? 你觉得再试一次会有好处吗?③-ing分词作介词宾语,经常用在一些短语的后面。如:I""m against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。They don’t feel like walking that much. 他们不喜欢走那么多路。
He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter. 他去了伦敦,希望能成为一个著名的画家。 此类短语还有很多。如:look forward to(渴望,盼望), be proud of(以……自豪), be responsible for(对……负责), insist on(坚持), think of(考虑,想到), dream of(梦想), object to(反对,抗议), hear of(听说), prevent…from(防止,阻止), keep…from(防止,阻止), stop…from(防止,阻止), be engaged in(从事于), depend on(依靠,依赖), thank…for(因……而道谢), excuse…for(因……而道歉), aim at(目的在于), devote…to(献身于), set about(着手做), be/get used to(习惯于), be fond of(喜欢), be afraid of(害怕), be tired of(对……厌烦), succeed in(成功地做……), be interested in(对……感兴趣), be ashamed of(对……感到羞愧)等等。 注意:在有些句子中,介词常可省去。如:I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚? 另外,-ing分词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语,在句中作状语。如:He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句话也没说就提前离开了。Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children. 除了做饭和缝纫以外,她还要照顾四个孩子。
On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy. 听到这个消息后,所有的学生都高兴得跳了起来。 4) -ing分词作定语:①单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如:reading room 阅览室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐车sleeping car 卧车 singing competition 歌咏比赛 waiting room 候车室a waiting car 一辆等待着的车 a sleeping child一个酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飞鱼the exciting news令人振奋的消息 a boring speech令人乏味的演出②-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面,也相当于一个定语从句。如:Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁?They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。③–ing分词还可以作非限制性定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句,常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself. 歌词一般讲当前的工作,大部分是他自己写的。When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 当她出现的时候,约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。
5) -ing分词做状语: -ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。①-ing分词短语作时间状语,相当于一个时间状语从句,有时可由连词when, while引出。如:While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书,一边不时地点头。Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画,他想起了她的童年。②-ing分词短语作原因状语,相当于一个原因状语从句。如:Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. 因为不知道他的地址,我不能把这本书送给他。Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night. 因为非常激动,那晚我们许多人都没睡着。③–ing分词短语作结果状语。如:His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了,留给他许多钱。She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces. 她非常生气,把玩具扔在地上,把它摔成了碎片。
④-ing分词作伴随状语,可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间,表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如:They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 他们在那儿站了半小时,观察着天上的星星。Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly. 年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。 ⑤-ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语,相当于一个状语从句。如:A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small. 一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况,他们还是要我赔偿损失。 注:-ing分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。⑥“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语,表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如:His hair became grey with the years passing. 随着时间的推移,他的头发变花白了。Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 没人注意,他从窗户溜了出去。
6) -ing分词作补语:①--ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语,作宾语补语。如:I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. 我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop. 昨晚,店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态,这时,-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如:We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。5. -ing分词的复合结构: -ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing分词构成,在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格,通常在句中作主语和宾语。如:His coming made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。
1. –ing分词作主语和表语时与不定式的区别: -ing分词和动词不定式作主语和表语的主要区别在于:在表示比较抽象的一般的多次性行为时多用-ing分词;在表示具体的或一次性的动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。如:Smoking is forbidden here. (泛指吸烟)这里禁止吸烟。It’s not good for you to smoke so much. (指你吸烟)吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。My job is to teach you English this term. 我这一学期的工作是教你们英语。2. 高中阶段能接-ing分词作宾语的常见动词:mind(介意), suggest(建议), enjoy(欣赏,), admit(承认), appreciate(感激,欣赏), avoid(避免), delay(推迟), dislike(不喜欢,厌恶), escape(逃脱), finish(完成), forgive(宽恕), imagine(想象), keep(保持), miss(错过), practise(训练), resist(抵抗,抵制), risk(冒险), deny(拒绝,否认), consider(考虑)等。3. 有些动词既能接不定式,又能接-ing分词,含义有所不同。如:①forget, remember, regret等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作,而后接-ing分词作宾语表示分词动作先于谓语动作。如:Do you remember seeing me before? 你记得以前见过我吗?
Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时要记得锁门。②动词mean, stop, try, go on等动词后面接分词和接不定式作宾语,意思也有所不同。如:I try not to think about that. 我尽量不去想那件事。Would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好吗?I mean to change it for another one. 我想换成另外一个。Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit. 做完练习以后,我们继续学习下一单元的单词。After a short rest, they went on working. 短暂地休息以后,他们又继续工作。He stopped talking when the bell rang. 铃响的时候,他停止了讲话。While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. 工作的时候,他不时地停下来和汤姆谈话。 注意:有时人们把stop后的动词不定式理解为目的状语。③动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语,不可以接动词不定式作宾语,但可接不定式作宾语补语。如: Please permit me to say a few words. 请允许我说几句话。
We don’t permit smoking here. 我们这儿不允许吸烟。④动词need, require, want作“需要”解时,后面接-ing分词或不定式的被动式。如:The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully. 这些小孩需要细心地照料。⑤动词like, hate, prefer等后面,如表示一般性动作,多用-ing分词;如指特定的具体的某次动作,多用不定式。如: I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you. 我喜欢游泳,但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去学校。I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。⑥动词begin, start后面,如表示有意识地开始做某事,常用-ing分词,否则用不定式更多一些。如:We began to do that job last year. 我们去年开始做那工作的。 They started talking about the film at once. 他们立刻开始谈论那部电影。 注:下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语:a. 当start, begin本身用于进行时态时。
When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents. 老师走进教室的时候,他正开始写信给他的父母亲。b. 当start, begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem. 一听到消息,他就开始考虑一个好办法来解决这个问题。c. 当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我们正准备离开,天开始下雨了。4. -ing分词作表语的两种不同含义: ①-ing分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如:Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的问题是了解人民的需要。②-ing分词作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如:This story is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。①–ing分词作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如:
reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 鱼杆flying suit 飞行服 writing table 写字台 listening practice 听力训练②-ing分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在意思上接近一个定语从句,可以表示正在进行的动作,也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如:developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家a growing city = a city that is growing 发展着的城市an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子a touching story = a story that is touching 一个动人的故事working people= people who are working 劳动人民6. 不定式和-ing分词作宾语补语的区别: 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后,既可用-ing分词构成复合宾语,也可用不定式构成复合宾语,两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing分词时,表示动作正在进行;用不定式时,表示动作发生了,即动作的全过程结束了。如:Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.) 有人在敲门你听见了吗?Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.) 你听见有人敲门了吗?7. 高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语,后接-ing分词或名词。如:
admit to(承认), contribute to(捐助、贡献), get down to(着手做), give way to(让位于),keep to (坚持、遵守), lead to (导致),look forward to(期待), take to(从事), turn to (求助于), stick to(忠于、坚持), point to(指向、表明), see to (注意、处理), be used to (习惯于), devote oneself to (献身于), be equal to (胜任的、等于), be familiar to (为……熟悉). 高中阶段有一些固定的-ing分词短语,如generally speaking(一般来说), judging from…(根据……来判断), considering…(考虑到……), talking of…(谈到……,提到……), supposing…(假如……)等,它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语,也可当作一个插入语。如:Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 考虑到他是多么的穷,我们决定让他免费听音乐会。选择填空:1. The officers narrowly escaped ___________in the hot battle.A. have killed B. to kill C. to be killed D. being killed 2.___________ the letter, he went out to post it.
A. Writing B. Being writing C. Having written D. Written 3. Don""t you remember ___________ ?A. seeing the man before B. to see the man beforeC. saw the man before D. to have seen the man before 4. People couldn""t help ___________ the foolish emperor in the procession.A. laugh at B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing on 5. We’re looking forward ___________ the photo exhibition.A. to visiting B. to visit C. to having visited D. visiting 6. The girl ___________ under that tree is my sister.A. sitting B. sits C. is sitting D. sat 7. This sentence needs ___________ .A. a improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved 8. ___________ anything about the accident, he went to work as usual..
A. Not known B. Known not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing 9. The next morning she found the man ___________ in bed, dead.A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 10. There was terrible noise ___________ the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 11. The secretary worked late into the night, ___________ a long speech for the president.A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 12. “Can""t you read?” Mary said ___________ to the notice.A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing13. How about two of us ___________ a walk down the garden?A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking14. ---I must apologize for ___________ahead of time. ---That’s all right.
A. letting you not know B. not letting you knowC. letting you know not D. letting not you know 15. ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. ---Well, now I regret ___________ that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 16. Would you ___________ me your identification card, sir?A. mind to show B. mind showing C. trouble to show D. trouble showing 17. He suggested ___________ on Saturday.A. to have a meeting B. having a meeting C. a meeting to have D. that having a meeting 18. It is no good ___________ to come now. He is busy.A. if you ask him B. to ask him C. asking him D. that you ask him19. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used ___________ late for his lecture.A. to have students B. for students to beC. for students’ being D. to students’ being
20. He dressed himself quickly and ___________ his schoolbag, went to school.A. carried B. to carry C. carrying D. carries21. ___________ for several weeks, the city needed food.A. As having flooded B. being flooded C. Having been flooded D. To flood22. ___________ ill worried my parents greatly.A. I fell B. Me falling C. My falling D. I falling23. She is writing a letter to a friend of hers, ___________ him to attend the meeting.A. having invited B. inviting C. to invite D. invited24. Our town has dozens of factories, ___________several saw mills.A. included B. are including C. are included D. including 25. ___________ the classroom, the students went to the playground to watch the football match.
A. To clean B. Having cleaned C. Cleaned D. Cleaning答案:1—5 D C A C D 6---10 A C D A B11---15 B A C B D 16---20 B B C D C 21---25 C C B D B(8)-ed分词 1. 分词的定义动词的-ed分词即过去分词,是由动词的过去分词构成,一般只有一种形式。2. 过去分词的语法作用: 过去分词一方面具有动词的性质,另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词,在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。1) 过去分词作表语,主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如: Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子,它是坏的。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。2) 过去分词做定语: 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面,相当于一个定语从句。如:The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。 过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面,相当于一个定语从句。如:Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗?The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语,前后用逗号隔开。如:The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.这些书是鲁迅写的,受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功,共有一千个学生出席了。3) 过去分词做状语: 过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样,也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
①表时间,相当于一个时间状语从句,有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如:Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 从山顶上看,这个城市就像一个大花园。Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.入党以后,他决定献身于党的事业。②表原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。如:Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other. 激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了,停止了争吵。 Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 受到了讲演的鼓舞,年轻人决定起来从事斗争。③表条件,相当于一个条件状语从句,有时过去分词前可用if等词。如:Given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会,他会做得更好。Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.和你哥哥相比,你应该更加努力学习英语。
If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热,会变成水蒸气。④表让步,相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如:Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽,他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑,他还是继续他的研究。⑤表方式或伴随情况。如:The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。4) 过去分词作补足语: 过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语,用作宾语补语。如:When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿?When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.当你在作报告时,你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。
当这类句子变成被动语态时,过去分词用作主语补语。如:One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。1. 过去分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如:When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时,他沉默不语。Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.由于在农村出生并长大,他对生物很感兴趣。如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致,必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。2. 动词have后所接的三种宾语补语: have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to, 不定式动作由宾语发出,表示一次性的动作。如: I had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。 Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。
have somebody /something doing something -ing分词作补语,分词动作也由宾语发出,强调动作的延续或正在进行。如:They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。 have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语,宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系,通常有两种情况:①主语让别人做某事,强调主语的意志。如:He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后来,这个中心让人种了很多树。②主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境,说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如:He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。He had one eye lost in the war. 在战争中,他失去了一只眼睛。3. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式:the bridge to be built 将要建造的桥 (表示将来的动作)the bridge being built 正在建造的桥 (表示正在进行的动作)the bridge built 造好的桥 (表示完成的动作)4. 过去分词和–ing分词作表语的区别:
过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受,而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征,如:Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 听到那个消息,我们感到很惊讶The news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.看到这么动人的情景,所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。 英语中这样的分词还有很多,如:amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。5. 过去分词和–ing分词作定语的区别:过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语:boiled water开水 boiling water正沸腾的水developed countries发展的国家 developing countries发展中国家fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子changed condition改变了的情况 changing condition变化着的情况
由此可见,过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作;而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。1. I’m going to have my car .A. to be fixed B. to fix C. fixed D. to fix 2. What’s the language in Germany?A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 3. some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. having been followed by 4. He had his leg in the match yesterday.A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking 5. Most of the people to the party were famous scientists.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting 6. more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given7. The murderer was brought in, with his hands behind his back.A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied8. The computer center, last year, is very popular among the students in this school.A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened9. in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose10. The Olympic Games, in 776BC, didn’t include women players until 1912.A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first played11. Don’t get in the rain.A. to be caught B. catching C. to catch D. caught12. I found a car in a pool by the side of the road.
A. to be stuck B. stuck C. sticking D. stick13. ---By the way, when did you get your bedroom ? ---Last week.A. to paint B. painted C. painting D. to be painted14. The children were found in the cave.A. trapping B. trapped C. to be trapped D. be trapped15. They found a old woman on the ground when the door was broken down.A. dying, lying B. dead, lied C. death, laying D. died, lain16. On a morning the little girl was found at the corner of the street.A. freezing, freezing B. freezing, frozen C. frozen, frozen D. frozen, freezing17. No one enjoys fun of in public.A. making B. being made C. to be made D. to make
18. Before he came to London, he had never heard a single English word .A. speaking B. spoken C. to be spoken D. speak19. from space, the earth, with water seventy percent of its surface, looks like a blue ball.A. Seen, covered B. Seen, covering C. Seeing, covering D. Seeing, covered 20. An crowd is awaiting the arrival of the film star.A. excited B. exciting C. excite D. excitedly答案:1---5 C B B B A 6---10 A D D C A11—15 D B B B A 16---20 B B B B A(9)独立主格结构 1. 独立结构的实质和类型
所谓“独立结构”(Absolute Construction)实质就是带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句。如前所述,非限定分句和无动词分句通常是以主语的一定成分作为自己的逻辑主语,从而依附于主语。但也有一些非限定分句和无动词分句带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,因此叫“独立结构”。其实,所谓“独立结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属分词。“独立结构”按其结构形式,分为不定式“独立结构”,-ing分词“独立结构”,-ed分词“独立结构”和无动词“独立结构”,通常在句中起状语分句的作用。例如:(1) A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后,有的拎着皇帝的衣袍,有的则给他整腰带等。(some to hold…和others to adjust…为不定式独立结构)(2) There being nothing else to do, we left. 由于没有其它事情可做,我们离开了。(There being…为-ing分词独立结构)(3) She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着,双手叉在胸前。(her hands clasped…为-ed分词独立结构)(4) He went off, gun in hand. 他手里拿着枪离开了。(gun in hand为无动词独立结构)(5) The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside. 由于地板又湿又滑,我们呆在屋外。(The floor wet…为无动词“独立结构”) 2.“独立结构”的用法和意义由上述诸例可以看出,“独立结构”与主语之间通常用逗号隔开,但也有用破折号的。例如:
(6) The room was in chaos--- dirty clothes strewn on the floor, cosmetics scattered over the dresser, empty bottles and cans everywhere. 房间一片混乱,脏衣服扔在地板上,化装品散乱在梳妆台上,到处都是空的瓶。在“独立结构”中做主语的名词词组有时可以省去限定词。例如:(7) The manager sat quietly in the office, (his ) eyes closed. 经理静静地坐在办公室里,双目紧闭。“独立结构”的位置是比较灵活的,它可位于句首,句中或句尾。例如:(8) Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上,窗户俯视着操场。(9) He guiding her, they stumbled through the street. 他引着他,两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。(10) He, God willing, would be in the village before the second next month. 他,如果情况允许,将于下月二日前来到这个村庄。如果一句中含有几个“独立结构”,通常是把表示概括意义的结构置于最后。例如:(11) The professor was slammed against the wall, his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignity lost. 教授被猛推倒墙上,被搜了身,手被拷着,尊严尽失。“独立结构”在句中可表示多种含义。例如: 表示时间:
(12) His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. =After his homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play. 家庭作业完成之后,杰姆决定去看戏。(13) The meal over, we began to work again. =When the meal was over, we began to work again. 吃完饭,我们又开始干活。表示原因:(14) The last bus giving gone, we had to walk home. =Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home. 由于末班车已开走,我们只得步行回家。(15) Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. =As her shirt was caught on a nail, she could not move. 由于裙子被钉子钩住,她不能移动。表示条件:(16) Whether permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday. =If weather permits, the football match will be played on Wednesday. 假如天气允许的话,足球赛将在星期三举行。表示方式和伴随状况:(17) He put on his socks wrong side out. 他穿上袜子,反面朝上。(18) The children were watching the acrobatic show, their eye (being) wide open. 孩子们在看杂技表演,眼睛睁得很大。 在上述诸例中,“独立结构”均可变为由with引导的介词词组,即在“独立结构”前可用介词with。介词with在此没有什么意义,只是比较口语化。例如:
(19) They sat in the room with the curtains drawn. 他们坐在房间里,窗帘拉下来。 With the tree growing tall, we get more shade. 树长高了,我们得到更多的阴凉。 He came into the classroom with a book in his hand. 他手里拿着一本书走进教室。 1. 不定式“独立结构”,-ing分词“独立结构”,-ed分词“独立结构”之间的区别。 不定式“独立结构”表示即将发生的动作。例如:(1) We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们将在十点四十五分集合,队伍整十一点开始游行。(2) The plan was that the two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle, the details to be worked put later. 计划是双方应先就基本原则达成协议,细节问题以后拟订。 -ing分词“独立结构”表示正在进行的动作,且主语与-ing分词之间为主动关系。例如:(3) We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,每一个人就像干两个人的活。 -ed分词“独立结构”表示已发生的动作,主语与-ed分词之间为被动关系。例如:(4) This done, we went home. 做完此事,我们就回去。
(5) All our saving gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了,我们就开始找工作。2. 无动词“独立结构”的常见类型:(1) 名词+介词短语 (2) 名词+adj.或adv. 例如:He sat st the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 将下列每组句子连接成一句,至少使用一个独立结构。1. a. She stood back and looked at him. b. Her face smiled radiantly.2. a. His exam was finished. b. Porter stumbled wearily from the room.3. a. Henry Adams ran from the room . b. Cold shivers ran down his spine.4. a. The meeting was closed. b. Nobody had any more to say.5. a. There was no way for me to cross. b. I walked upstream on the south side.6. a. Marie sat on the edge of frail wooden chair in Irby"s suite. b. The champagne glass was in her hand. c. Her tears were in her eyes.
7. a. All the money had been spent. b. Jack started looking for work.8. a. The whole meeting was in uproar. b. The chairman abandoned the attempt to take a vote. 9 a. My task was completed. b. I went to bed.10. a. In front of him stood a man. b. The man held a gun in his hand.11. a. Walking into the room, I saw Grandpa. b. He was sitting at the desk.c. His newspaper was spread before him.12. a. The prisoner stood quietly on the wooden platform. b. A small cotton bag was put over his face.c. His hands were tied behind his back. d. A noose was fixed securely about his neck.(10)强调结构 1. 强调句的定义强调是有效地进行思想交流的重要手段之一。人们在交际过程中,为了使自己的思想能为听者或读者恰当的理解,必须突出重要的内容,这就需要运用强调的手段。2. 强调的构成在现代英语中,人们可以通过语音手段、词汇手段、语法手段来进行强调。
(1) 语音手段 在口语中,人们可以根据交流的需要,通过语句重音来对不同的词语进行强调。例如 He speaks English well 这句话,可以通过语句重音来分别对不同的词进行强调: A: We need a good student to host the evening party. B: Well, he speaks English well. (侧重“他”) A: He’s been living in Canada for years. B: He speaks English well but his writing is not very good. (侧重“说”) A: He speaks fluent French. B: He speaks English well, too. (侧重“英语”) A: Do you think he is fit for the job? B: Certainly. He speaks English well. (侧重“好”)(2) 词汇手段 人们常用一些形容词、副词、否定词等词汇手段来较强语气。例如: This is a most interesting TV play. 这是一部非常有趣的电视剧。 Grace is tall, but Catherine is still taller. 格雷斯个子很高,但是凯瑟林个子更高。 War and peace is the best novel that l have ever read.《战争与和平》是我曾经读过的最好小说。
The last thing that a lazy student wishes is examination. 懒学生最不愿意的事情就是考试。At that very moment the policemen came. 就在那时警察到了。 I can"t even remember the name of that old friend of mine. 我甚至连那位老朋友的名字都不记得了。Where in the world did you go just now ? 你刚才究竟去哪儿了?What on earth are you doing? 你究竟在干什么?She"s not in the least angry with me. 她一点也不生我的气。 The president himself will chare the meeting. 总统将亲自主持这个会议。(反身代词作主语同位语表示强调)(3) 语法手段1. 用It is/was…that/who…句型表示强调。 被强调的部分(通常是句子的主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语)放在is/was的后面,如被强调的是人,则后面可用who,whom等代替。例如: He met an old friend in the park yesterday. 他昨天在公园碰见一个老朋友。 上述句子可以通过强调句型对除谓语以外的不同成分进行强调。如: It was he who/that met an old friend in the park yesterday. (强调主语) It was an old friend that/who he met in the park yesterday. (强调宾语)
It was in the park that he met an old friend yesterday. (强调地点状语) It was yesterday that he met an old friend in he park. (强调时间状语)2. 用助动词do, does或did来强调谓语动词。例如:Do come early. 一定早点来。He did send you a letter last week. 他上周确实给你寄过一封信。We’re pleased that she does intend to come. 她的确打算来,我们非常高兴。 3.用主语从句+BE+被强调部分,主语从句常用what引导。例如:John wants a ball. 约翰想要一个球。What John wants is a ball. 约翰想要的是一个球。 Mary gives piano lessons every day. 玛丽每天教钢琴。 What Mary does every day is (to) give piano lessons. 玛丽每天干的工作是教钢琴。 4. 用修辞疑问句,表示强调。疑问句转用作加强语气的陈述句时,即可称为修辞性疑问句。需要注意的是:肯定的修辞疑问句其意义相当于强调的否定陈述句;而否定的修辞疑问句其意义则相当于强调的肯定陈述句。如: Can anyone doubt the truth of his statement? 谁能怀疑他陈述的真实性? (= Surely no one can / would doubt it.)
Who doesn"t know the sun rises in the east? 谁不知道太阳从东方升起?(=Everyone knows…) 5 人们还可以通过改变句子结构或颠倒正常语气的手段来进行强调。例如: Never will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国决不会第一个使用核武器。 Only in this way can we catch up with and surpass the world"s advanced level of science and technology. 只有这样,我们才能赶上并超过世界先进科技水平。 Happy are those who are content. 知足常乐。 1. It is/was…that… 强调句型的强调部分必须是对 that / who 之后句子的某一成分表示强调,如果把 "It is (was)...that "去掉,该句应该意思完整,不缺任何句子成分。区分下例两句:It was 7 o’clock when he came back. 他回来时7点钟了。(it指时间) It was at 7 o’clock that he came back. 他是7点钟回来的。(强调句,强调at 7 o’clock)只能由because引导,不能由since、as或why引导。例如:It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river. 正是由于水涨了,他们没有渡过河去。(不用because或since)
3.注意 " not ... until " 强调句型的变化。比较下列三个句子: She didn"t remember her appointment with the doctor until she had arrived home. It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor. Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor.4. It is/was…that…强调句型中,that作宾语时可以省略,例如:It was a new dictionary (that) Father bought for me. 父亲给我买的是一本新字典。Was it her (that) you were talking about? 你刚才是和她在谈话吗?5. 如果强调的是特殊疑问句,要用“特殊疑问词+is/was + it + that +…”结构,表示“究竟是谁……,到底在哪里……”等等。例如:Who was it that you want to see? 你究竟想见谁?Where was it that you saw the teacher? 你到底在哪里看见老师的?Why is it that you want to change your mind? 你究竟为什么要改变主意? I.单项选择 从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案:1. It _____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago .
A. was B. are C. were D. had been2. It was not until 1920 _____ regular radio broadcasts began. A. which B. when C. that D. since3. She said she would go and she ________ go. A. didn’t B. did C. really D. would4. It was the training _____ he had as a young man _____ made him such a good engineer. A. what; that B. that; what C. that; which D. which; that5. --- Were all three people in the car injured in the accident? --- No, ______ only the two passengers who got hurt. A. there were B. it were C. there was D. it wasII.句型转换 改写下列各句,强调黑体字部分:1. Bill made a kite at school yesterday.2. John sells potatoes.3. The mother loves her baby dearly.4. I painted the door white.5. She left her gloves in your room.6. Mr Smith gave a new pen to me.
答案: I. ACBDDII. 1. It was Bill who made a kite at school yesterday.2. What John wants is a book. 3. The mother does love her baby dearly.4. It was white that I painted the door.5. It was in your room that she left her gloves.6. It was me that Mr Smith gave me a pen to. (11)现在完成时 1. 现在完成时的定义现在完成时通常是指过去某一动作对现在的影响或过去某一动作持续到现在(可能要继续下去)2. 现在完成时的构成现在完成时是由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成的
3. 现在完成时的基本句型 肯定式疑问式否定式I have workedHave I worked?I have not workedI haven’t workedHe /She/ It has workedHas he /she / it worked?He /She / It has not workedHe / She / It hasn’t workedWe have workedHave we worked?We have not workedWe haven’t workedYou have worked
Have you worked?You have not workedYou haven’t workedThey have workedHave they worked?They have not workedThey haven’t worked4. 现在完成时的基本用法 a. 现在完成时可表示过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响,后面通常不用时间状语,但句中常出现already, just, yet等副词。如:Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。I’ve just finished reading the novel.我刚刚读完这本小说。Have you seen the doctor yet?你看过医生了吗?注:already和yet用法上的区别 already常用于肯定句,置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句,常用于句末。但already有时也可用语疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。如:b. 现在完成时也可表示从过去某时开始的动作,状态一直持续到现在,常和for, since引导的时间状语连用。如:
I have learned English for 5 years. He lived in Beijing since he was born.注:(1) for和since引导的时间状语的区别: for + 一段时间, since + 一点时间 从句(从句中常用一般过去时)(2)表示继续的现在完成时也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past(last) few years……, this week (month, year……), all day, all this week等时间状语连用。如:Tom has had a toothache all day.I haven’t heard from him recently.(3)现在完成时也可表示从过去到现在曾经经历过或做过的事情,常和often, ever, never, before, once, …times等时间状语连用。如: I’ve never been to Beijing.我从没去过北京。He has read this book before.他以前读过这本书。语法学习纲要由江苏省靖江高级中学外语组为英语猫网站特供1. 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别(1)两者都可表示过去发生过的动作,但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响,而后者则是表示过去动作的事实。(2)两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作,现在完成时含义为该动作仍在继续,而一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。如:
He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。(动作仍在继续)He lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年。(动作已结束)2. 点动词与延续性动词的区别 所谓点动词是指含有终止或短暂意义的动词。如:begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive, join, marry等动词。它们通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。如:I have bought a book.我买了一本书。 I’ve had this book for three weeks.这本书我已经买了三星期了。 某些非延续性动词可以与since连用,表示重复的动作或状态。如:I have met her often since I moved here.They have gone fishing five times since last spring. 有些非延续性动词现在完成时在否定结构中可以与since或for短语连用。如:He has never touched beer for a whole week.I haven"t bought anything for a year.3. has been to和has gone to的区别has been to表示“曾经去过”说明所提及的对象一回到说话地点has gone to表示“去……”说明所提及的对象不在说话地点。如:I’ve been to Beijing for many times.我到过北京很多次了。
Tom has gone to Beijing and will come back next week.汤姆已到北京去了,下星期才回来。4. have got的含义 have got形式上是现在完成时,却和have是同一个意思She has got a slight temperature. She has a slight temperature.她有点发烧。Have you got a new dictionary? Do you have a new dictionary?你有一本新字典吗?5. 注意下面各句的意思:He has gone for two days. 他走了,将离开两天。= He has gone and will be away for two days.She has come for a week. 她来了,要呆一个星期。= She has come and will stay here for a week.I haven"t heard from her since she lived in Nanjing. 自从她离开南京以来,我一直没有她的音信。1.You won’t know if it fits you until you ___ it on. A. will try B. are trying C. try D. have tried2.It’s said that he ___ sent to Australia to improve his English. A. would be B. was to be C. has been D. had been
3.This is the second time you ___ late this week. A. had arrived B. arrived C. have arrived D. arrive4.The living standard of the people in Nanjing ___ since1983. A. has raised B. had been risen C. has risen D. rose5.Mr. Smith has lived in Canada for twelve years, so he ___ life there. A. used to B. get used to C. got used to D. has got used to6.Mike ___ with Jane for one year. A. has been in love B. has fallen in love C. has been loved D. has loved7. Tom was said to ___ Mary for 40 years. A. have been married to B. have married with C. have been married with D. had married with8.Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___. A. have been taken place, have been set up B. have taken place, have been set up C. have taken place, have set up D. were taken place, were set up9.Robert is said ___ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
10.The price ___, but I doubt whether it will remain so. A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down(12)过去进行时 1过去进行时的定义过去进行时常表示过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段内正在进行的动作。2过去进行时的构成过去进行时是由“be动词的过去式was/were+现在分词”构成。3过去进行时的基本句型 肯定式疑问式否定式I was workingWere you working?I was not workingHe / She / it was working.Was he / she / it working?
Yes, he / she / it was.No, he / she / it wasn’t.He / she / it was not working.We were working.Were we working?We were not workingYou were workingWere you working?You were not workingThey were workingWere they working?They were not working4过去进行时的基本用法 a.过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作,常和表过去的时间状语连用,如:I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。They were expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等待。b.过去进行时可与soon, the next moment, in minutes, minutes later等时间状语连用,表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。如:
Soon the whole town was talking about it.不久镇上的人就都谈论起这种事了。c.过去进行时可用来申述原因或用作借口,这种用法常用在口语中。如:-- Have you finished your homework, Mary?玛丽,你作业做完了吗?-- No, I was helping my mother is the kitchen all day yesterday.还没呢,我昨天一天都帮妈妈在厨房干活。d.过去进行时可用来为一个后一系列动作的发生提供背景。如:I hurt my leg when I was riding a bike.我在骑车时把腿摔坏了。e.过去进行时可表示过去未曾实现的愿望或打算,这时be动词was/were要重读。如:I was writing him a letter this morning and forgot all about it .我本该今天早上给他写信的,后来全给忘了。I was seeing her tomorrow. 我本来打算明天会见她。He was watching the play yesterday, but he was too busy. 他昨天本来要看那场戏的,可是太忙了。5 一般过去时和过去进行时的区别 (1)一般过去式常表示在过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态(包括过去习惯动作),常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有just now, a moment ago, yesterday, last week(month, year), the day before yesterday及表示过去的时间状语从句。如:I was sixteen yesterday old last year.我去年16岁。He worked in a factory in 1986.他1986年在一家工厂工作。
I met her in the street the day before yesterday.前天我在街上遇见了她。He often swam in the river when he was young.他小时侯常在河里游泳。(2)过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语有,at that time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week…), at+点钟+yesterday (last night / Sunday…),when sb. did sth等时间状语从句。What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday?昨天晚上七点你在干什么?I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time.我第一次遇到玛丽是在三年前,当时她在一家无线电商店工作。I was cooking when she knocked at the door.她敲门时我正在做饭。(3)一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成,而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。如:I saw you while you were speaking to the teacher.你在和老师谈话时我看见了你。注意:有的过去时间状语既可用于一般过去时,也可用于过去进行时,但含义不同。如:She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。(信写完了)She was writing a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。(信不一定写完)
一、过去进行时的时间状语1.when 和while引导的状语从句中,强调某个动作正在进行的过程中时要用进行时态,while表示一段时间,因此它所引导的状语从句中,谓语动词常用进行时态,如:When/While we were having supper, the light went out.我们正在吃饭时灯熄灭了。2.when用作并列连词时,主句常用进行时态,从句则用一般过去时,表示主句动作发生的过程中,另一个意想不到的动作发生了。如:I was walking in the street when someone called me.我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。二、下面几种情况不用一般过去时而要用过去进行时:1. 表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。如:Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week.汤姆那一周里每天都是六点钟起床。2. 与always连用表示赞美,厌烦等感情色彩时。如:John was always coming to school late.约翰上学总是迟到。Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people.雷锋总是为人民做好事。3. 用来描写故事发生的情景时。如:
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.那是一个漆黑的夜晚,风刮得很厉害,雨下得很大,一个解放军战士突然出现在河岸上,他想过河去。4. when作并列连词,表示“(这时)突然”之意时,第一个并列分句用过去进行时,when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如: I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步,突然遇见了他。We were playing outside when it began to rain.我们正在外边玩,这时下起雨来了。5go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。如:I was leaving for Wuhan that day.那天我正要去武汉。She was coming later.她随后就来。 三、过去进行时表示婉转语气(只限于want, hope, wonder 等动词),用以提出请求。如:I was wondering if you could help me.I was hoping you could send me home. 1.My brother ___ while he ___ his bicycle and hurt himself. A. fell, was riding B. fell, were riding C. had fallen, rode D. had fallen, was riding2. Tom ___ into the house when no one ___.
A. slipped, was looking B. had slipped, looked C. slipped, had looked D. was slipping, looked3.The last time I __ Jane she ___ cotton in the fields. A. had seen, was picking B. saw, picked C. had seen, picked D. saw, was picking4.I don’t think Jim saw me; he ___ into space. A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared5.I first met Lisa three years ago. She ___ at a radio shop at the time. A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked6.---Hey, look where you are going! ---Oh, I’m terribly sorry.________. A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice7. The reporter said that the UFO ___ east to west when he saw it. A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel8. I ___ my breakfast when the morning post came. A. had B. had been having C. have been having D. was having9.When I arrived at his office, he ___ on the phone. A. was speaking B. spoke C. had been speaking D. had spoken
10. “What’s the matter, Ali? You look sad.” “Oh, nothing much. As a matter of fact, I ___ of my friends back home.” A. just thought B. have just been thinking C. was just thinking D. have just thought (13)过去完成时 1 过去完成时的定义过去完成时表在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作。强调“过去的过去”2 过去完成时的构成过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成3 过去完成时的基本句型 肯定式否定式疑问式简略回答I had workedI had not worked
Had I worked?Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.He/She/It had workedHe /She/It had not workedHad he/she/it worked?Yes, he/she/it had.No, he/she/it hadn’t.We had workedWe had not workedHad we worked?Yes, we had.No, we hadn’t.You had workedYou had not workedHad you worked?Yes, you had.No, you hadn’t.
They had workedThey had not workedHad they worked?Yes, they had.No, they hadn’t.4 过去完成时的基本用法 (1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。例如:By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如:I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候,我在车站已等了20分钟。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。(3)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。例如:
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如:I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。(5)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如:He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。(6)在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中,如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的,那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。例如:When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如:
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后,努力提高他的英语水平。(7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。例如:They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙,但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。(8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。例如: Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。 1.历史事实通常用一般过去时表示,如: They learned that President Lincoln led the American War.He told the students that Hitler killed millions of Jews.2.过去完成时可以代替一般过去时,表示惊奇,如:
I saw her coming, but in a minute, she had disappeared.They wanted to keep it a secret, but a few days later, everyone had known it.3. 过去完成时可表示对后来动作的影响,对比下面两组句子: A) He had eaten something before taking dinner. (So he had no appetite at dinner.) B) He ate something before taking dinner. (He might have his usual appetite at dinner.) A) She felt better after she had taken a few days"" rest. (Feeling better is the result of taking a few days"" rest.) B) She felt better after she took a few days"" rest. (Feeling better may not be the result of taking a few days""s rest.) 单项选择 1.By the time he was twelve, Edison ______ to make a living by himself. A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun2.That dinner was the most expensive meal we _______. A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had
3.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party. A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived4.When Jack arrived he learned Mary ______ for almost an hour. A. had gone B. has set off C. had left D. had been away5. ---How long _______ each other before they ______ married? ---For about a year. A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got6.Helen ________ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _______ home. A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come下列各句中出现了时态使用错误,请指出并改正1.When she was at the middle school, she often reads in the library.2.When she got home, the children went to bed.3.He said he didn’t see his uncle for many years.4.I didn’t go to see the film because I saw it before.
5.The wind was still blowing, but the rain has stopped.6.By the end of last term we learned about 1,500 English words.7.Lu Xun had spoken to the youth about the study of the foreign language.8.Yang Mei learned some English before she came to this school.(14)现在完成进行时 1 定义 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去。2 现在完成进行时的构成现在完成进行时是由“have/has+been+动词的现在分词”构成3 现在完成进行时的基本句型 肯定式疑问式简略回答I have been working.Have you been working?Yes, I/we have.No, I/we haven’t.
He/She/It has been working.Has he/she/it been working?Yes, he/she/it has.No, he/she/it hasn’t.We/You/They have been working.Have they been working?Yes, they have.No, they haven’t.注: 现在完成进行时基本上没有否定结构4 现在完成时的语法作用 (1)在强调指出动作还未结束,还要继续下去。如:I’ve been reading this book for two hours, but I haven’t finished it. 这本书我已读了两个小时了,但我还没读完。I’ve read this book.我已读完这本书了。(2)强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。She has always been working like that.她一贯是这样工作的。(3)动作不包含持续意义的动作,要表示延续到现在的动作,要用现在完成进行时。They’ve been building a ship.(在进行)他们一直在造一艘船。(4)现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。
We’ve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我们经常见面。现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别(1)现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性,它是现在完成时的强调形式。试比较:We’ve been living here for ten years.We’ve lived here for ten years.我们在这儿已经住了十年了。(2)在不用时间状语的情况下,现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。如: The students have been preparing for the exam.(还在进行)学生们一直在准备考试。The students have prepared for the exam.(已经结束)学生们为考试作了准备。(3)有些表示状态,感情,感觉的动词如:have, exist, like, hate, hear, know, sound等动词不能用于现在完成进行时,但可用于现在完成时。如:They’ve known each other since 1970.自从1970年起他们就相互认识了。单项选择1.Even though they ___ for twenty years, the two neighbours are not on good terms. A. have been lived side by side B. had been living side by side
C. have been side by side living D. have been living side by side2.I haven’t seen Mary these past few days, I’m afraid she ___ herself for some time. A. hasn’t been feeling B. hadn’t been feeling C. isn’t feeling D. wasn’t feeling3.She ___ on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words. A. will be working B. worked C. has been working D. will have worked4.---Hi, Tracy, you look tired. ---I’m tired. I ___ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted5.---Hi, Joan, I have seen you for weeks. What ___ recently? ---Carrying on some research on wildlife. A. have you been doing B. have you done C. were you doing D. did you do6.You must be tired now since you ___ for five hours. A. have been worked B. have been working C. worked D. would work (15)情态动词
专题:情态动词 (一)情态动词的定义 情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。(二)情态动词的特点 1)有一定词义;2)不受主语人称和数的变化影响;3)与主要动词的原形(或称不带to的不定式)一起构成谓语(除ought to作固定词组看待)。(三)情态动词的分类和意义意义情态动词此主题相关图片如下:
(四)情态动词的基本用法1. can (could)1)表示能力,could主要指过去时间。Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗?2)表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。The temperature can fall to –60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing. 气温可降至—60℃,也就是零下60℃。He can’t (couldn’t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。
You mustn’t smoke while you’re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. 在林子里走时勿吸烟,那样可能会引起火灾。3)表示允许。Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗?He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading—room.他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。4)表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。Where can (could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢?He can’t (couldn’t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心?5)比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗?I’m afraid we couldn’t give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。2. may (might)1)表允许,might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。You may take whatever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。
May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗?在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式,如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please don’t ./ You’d better not. / No, you mustn’t.等,以免显得太严峻或不客气。2)表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定。He may be at home. 他可能在家。She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。They might be having a meeting, but I’m not sure. 他们有可能在开会,不过我不肯定。3. must1)表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。You mustn’t talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。--Must we hand in our exercise—books now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗?--No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to. 不必。(这种情况下,一般不用mustn’t)2)表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定句。
He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。She’s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴着钻石项链,一定很有钱。4. shall1)表征询意见,用于第一、第三人称疑问句。Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗?Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗?What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么?2)表说话人的意愿,有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思,用于第二、第三人称陈述句。You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。(命令)You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺)He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的,我告诉你。(警告)Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。(决心)5. will1)表意愿,用于各种人称陈述句。I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
None is so blind as those who won’t see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。If you will read the book, I’ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。2)表请求,用于疑问句。Will you close the window? It’s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗?有点冷。Won’t you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗?3)表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。The door won’t open. 这门打不开。The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. 那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点,看着车辆行人通过。6. should1)表义务。意为“应该”(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。You shouldn’t waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。2)表推测,意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。The film should be very good as it is starring first—class actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的,估计拍得很好。
They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。7.would1)表意愿。They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。2)表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗?Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗?They wouldn’t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。3)表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。8. ought to 1)表义务,意为“应该”(因责任、义务等该做),口气比should稍重。You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲,应当管他。You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。2)表推测,暗含很大的可能,语气较弱。
Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。There’s a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞,明天应该是个好天。9. used to 表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city.他过去住在乡下,现在住在城里。There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房,现在拆了。I usedn’t (didn’t use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗? (一)need和dare的用法 need和dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。1.用作情态动词--Need I come? --Yes, you must. --我需要来吗? --需要。You needn’t telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。
I don’t think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。How dare you say I’m unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平?Not one of them dared mention this. 他们谁也不敢提这件事。2.用作实义动词You don’t need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。The table needs painting (to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。We should dare to give our own opinion. 我们要敢于提出自己的观点。He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。I dare day he’ll come again. 我想他会再来的。(I dare say…为固定习语)(二)情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法1.情态动词后跟完成式,表“应当已经……”,“想必已经……”,“本来可以……”等意。I should have finished the work earlier. 我应当早一点完成这项工作的。He isn’t here. He must have missed the train. 他还未到,一定是没赶上火车。Where can (could) he have gone? 他能到那里去了呢?
You may (might) have read about it. 你可能在报上已经读到这件事了。You could (might) have been more careful. 你本来可以更细心的。He needn’t have worried about it. 他本不必为此事担心。There was a lot of fun at yesterday’s party. You ought to have come, but why didn’t you? 昨天的聚会非常有意思。你本应该来,为何不来呢?2. 情态动词后跟进行式,表示“想必正在……”,“可能正在……”,“应当正在”等意。It’s twelve o’clock. They must be having lunch. 现在是十二点。他们一定正在吃饭。They may be discussing this problem. 他们可能正在论讨这个问题。He can’t be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话。She shouldn’t be working like that. She’s still so weak. 她不应当那样干,她身体仍那么虚。(三)几组词的辨异 1. can 和be able to1)情态动词can只有两种时态形式,现在式can和过去式could,而be able to有多种时态形式。Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。
2)用在过去时中,could经常表示能够做某事,事实上不一定去做,而was∕were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”。在否定句中两者可通用。He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn’t feel like it that day. 他能游过英吉利海峡,但那天他不想游。Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。2. must和 have tomust表示主观意志,而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式,除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间,在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用had to代替。I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。We had to get everything ready that night. 我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。3. would和used to1)used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同,而would只表过去的情况。People used to think that the earth was flat.过去人们认为地球是平的。(现在人们不这么认为。)She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country. 在乡下时,她总是在早晨去散会儿步。(可能现在仍有散步的习惯。)
2)used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况,而would只表示过去的习惯动作。He used to ∕would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。She used to be fat. 她过去很胖。 1. I __________ you, because I thought I must be wrong. A. dare not ask B. dare not to ask C. dare not asking D. dare to not ask2. There __________ some flowers in the garden. A. were used to be B. used to be C. uses to be D. used to be having3. “__________ I take it out?” “I’m sorry, you __________.” A. Could …couldn’t B. Might…might not C. Could…can D. May…can’t4. You were stupid to climb the tree. You __________ hurt yourself. A. may B. might C. will D. might have5. You __________ those letters. Why didn’t you ? A. should post B. should have posted C. must have posted D. ought to post.6. All the lights are on, the Smiths __________ up. A. must get B. is getting C. must be getting D. would get
7. He __________ lead a horse to the water but he __________ not make it drink. A. will…can B. may…can C. may…dares D. dare…can8. “Need we do this job now?” “Yes, __________.” A. you need B. you should C. you must D. you can9. __________ to have lunch with us today? A. Do you likes B. Would you like C. Will you liked D. Have you liked10. He said that you __________ watch TV all the evening if you wished. A. may B. must C. can D. might11. –Is John coming by train? --He should, but he __________ not. He likes driving his car. A. must B. can C. need D. may12. Peter __________ come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet. A. must B. can C. may D. will13. Michael __________ be a policeman, for he’s much too short. A. needn’t B. can’t C. shouldn’t D. won’t 14. I thought you __________ be hungry, so I have brought you some cakes.
A. may B. might C. can D. could15. I wonder how he __________ that to the teacher. A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared say16. Come on! We __________ hurry because there isn’t much time left. A. may B. must C. can D. need17. Amy did best in the English test. She __________ hard last week. A. must have working B. should have worked C. should work D. must work18. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone __________ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to19. –--I stayed at a hotel while in New York. ---Oh, did you? You __________ with Barbara. A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed20. It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack __________ be here at any moment. A. must B. need C. should D. can答案:1.A2.B3.D4.D5.B6.C7.B8.C9.B10.D11.D12.C13.B14.B15.D16.B17.A18.D19.A20.C
(16)被动语态 (I)被动语态的概念 语态也是动词的一种形式,表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,如:People grew rice in this area some years ago.被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者,如:A new swimming pool will be built on our school.(II)被动语态的构成 被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称,数,时态和语气的不同而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下:1.一般现在时 am/is/are+V(p.p)人们利用电能运转机器。People use electricity to run machines. Electricity is used to run machines.Is electricity used to run machines? Yes, it is . / No, it isn’t.2.一般过去时 was/were + V(p.p)昨天我们在山坡上种了许多树。We planted many trees on the hill yesterday.Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they were not.3.一般将来时 will/shall +be+V(p.p)下星期我们将举行一场运动会。We will hold a sports meeting next week.A sports meeting will be held next week. Will a sports meeting be held next week? Yes, it will. / No, it won’t.4.过去将来时 should/would +be+V(p.p)他告诉我们人们将在他家乡建一个大水坝。He told us that people would build a big reservoir in hishometown. We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.Were you told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown? Yes, we were./No, we weren’t.5.现在进行时 am/is/are +being+V(p.p) 他正在油漆房子。He is painting the house. A house is being painted.Is the house being painted? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t .6.过去进行时 was/were +being+V(p.p)当我进厨房时,她正在做蛋糕。She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen.
A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.Was a cake being made when I came into the kitchen? Yes, it was./ No, it wasn’t.7.现在完成时 have/has +been+V(p.p)他已经结束工作了。He has finished his work. His work has been finished.Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.8.过去完成时 had +been+V(p.p)到上个月为止,他们已经把这本书翻译成了英语。They had translated the book into English by the end of last month.The book had been translated into English by the end of last month.Had the book been translated into English by the end of last month? Yes, it had./ No, it hadn’t.9.将来完成时will have +been+V(p.p) The students will have learned 2,000 words by the end of next year.2,000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.Will 2,000 words have been learned by the end of next year? Yes, they will./No, they won’t.10. 过去将来完成时would have +been+V(p.p)
He told me that Mr. Brown would have taught them for two years by the next summer.I was told that they would have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by the next summer.注:1.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时,用“情态动词+be+V(p.p)”构成。如:You must operate the machine with care. The machine must be operated with care.Must the machine be operated with care? Yes, it must. / No, it mustn’t.2.含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语,变成被动语态时,分别用“be going to +be +V(p.p)”和“be to+be+V(p.p)”。如:We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting.The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.Is the problem going to be discussed at the meeting? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.3.被动语态除常用be加过去分词构成外,还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中。如:The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.
4.被动语态没有完成进行时态,也没有将来进行时态,如果要将这些时态的主动结构变为被动结构,可以用完成时态或一般将来时态来表示。如:他已被检查过了。He had been being examined.通常用He has been examined.来代替。 当我们到那儿时他将正被检查。He will be being examined when we get there.通常用He will be examined when we get there.(III)被动语态的几种句型将主动语态转换成被动语态,通常分以下四步进行:1.将主动语态中的宾语转换成被动语态的主语。2.将主动语态中的动词改为“be+V(p.p)”3.原来主动语态中的主语,如果需要,放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现,如没有必要,可以省略。4.主动语态中的其他句子成分不变。由于主动语态结构的不同,因而转换成被动语态的方式也各有不同,现分类说明如下:a.由及物动词形成的被动语态:(1)S+V+O 主语+动词+宾语People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown in the south.注:带有宾语从句的句子转换成被动语态时,需要将宾语从句变为主语从句,通常用形式主语来代替,而将主语从句后置。
They said that he would come back soon. It was said that he would come back soon.类似的还有:It is reported / believed /hoped /supposed that ……(2)S+V+O+C 主语+动词+宾语+宾补We elected Li Ming monitor of our class. Li Ming was elected monitor of our class.注:在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾补变为被动结构时应加上to作主语补足语。奴隶们被奴隶主强迫整日整夜工作。Slave-owners made slaves work all day and all night.Slaves were made to work all day and all night by slave-owners.(3)S+V+Oi+Od 主语+动词+间宾+直宾 昨天他给了我一件漂亮的生日卡。He gave me a beautiful birthday card yesterday. I was given a beautiful birthday card yesterday.A beautiful birthday card was given to me yesterday.注:用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时,通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词。如:to, for, of等,以加强间接宾语的语气。b.由动词短语形成的被动语态:
一般情况下,只有及物动词才能跟宾语,而不及物动词不能跟宾语,所以只有及物动词才有被动语态,不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后,变成一个动词短语,相当于一个及物动词,就可以形成被动语态。约翰打开了收音机。John turned on the radio. The radio was turned on.奶奶照看我姐姐。Grandma takes care of my sister. My sister is taken care of by Grandma.注:千万不要遗漏介词或副词。c.祈使句的被动语态通常借助let句式请把窗户关上。Please close the window. Let the window be closed.(IV)被动语态的使用时机 被动语态的使用往往不是任意的,而是按照表达思想,描述事物的需要,通常在下列情况下使用被动语态。1.不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。这本书已被翻译成许多种语言。This book has been translated into many languages.2.动作的对象是谈话的中心。我们家乡将建一条新铁路。A new railway will be built in our hometown.3.修辞的需要,为了使句子更加简练匀称:
他出现在舞台上受到了观众的热烈欢迎。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.注:被动语态便于论述客观事实,故常用于科技文章,新闻报道,书刊介绍及景物描写。 (I)被动语态与系表结构的区别:所谓系表结构,在此指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样,所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。1.被动语态中的过去分词是动词,多强调动作;系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,多强调状态。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名词表动作的执行者,而后者则一般用by+物或不用。如:The tree was uprooted by the wind.(被动结构)那棵树被风连根拔起。 The tree was uprooted when we saw it.(系表结构)当我们看到那棵树时,它已经被连根拔起了。2.系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时这四种时态;而被动语态除了不用于完成时态外,可用于其它任何时态。The composition has been written.这篇作文已写完了。(系表结构)The composition is being written.这篇作文正在写。(被动语态)3.系表结构中的过去分词可被very修饰,被动语态中的过去分词须用much修饰。He was very agitated.他很激动。(系表结构)
He was much agitated by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。(被动结构)4.be+不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构,如:be gone, be learned, be ashamed这些动词通常是表示状态,智力活动或心态的动词。be+延续性动词的过去分词通常是被动语态,如:be loved, be encouraged, be praised 等。(II)主动形式表被动意义 在下列情况中,谓语形式是主动的,但具有被动的含义。1.转化为系动词的感官动词+表语The food tastes delicious.这种食物尝起来很可口。The idea sounds good.这个主意听起来不错。2.有少数及物动词转化而来的不及物动词,常见的有:cut, lock, open, read, sell, shut, wash,wear, write等。此时句子的主语一般是物,而且这些动词常和表示行为的状语,如:well, easily或与否定词连用构成否定句。如:The apples sell well.这些苹果很好卖。The door won’t shut.这门关不上。注:含有这类动词的句子也可写成被动语态的句子,但含义不同。主动语态表示现状,被动语态则侧重某一动作的发生。The clothes wash well.这些衣服很好洗。The clothes aren’t well washed.这些衣服没好好洗。
3. 某些动词以物作主语时,其进行时也可表被动意义。The dinner is cooking. 正在烧饭。The book is printing.书正在印刷中。4.一些固定句型表示被动含义 a. be worth doing sthThe film is well worth seeing.这部电影很值得一看。b. have/ get sb/sth done have作使役动词没有被动语态,但可用这种结构表被动或使役。I had my watch stolen.我的手表被偷了。c. sth need/want/require doing=sth need /want/require to be doneThe room needs cleaning.=The room needs to be cleaned.这间房屋需要打扫。d. to be under/in +抽象名词 The railway is under construction.这条铁路正在被修建。e.一些不定式 (1)There be…… There are a lot of things to do.有许多工作要做。(2)不定式修饰want, have等动词的宾语,且句子主语是不定式动作的执行者。I have a lot of things to do.我有许多事情要做。
(3)动词不定式前有表性质的形容词,且动词不定式中的动词与句子主语有动宾关系。The question is easy to answer.这个问题很容易回答。(4)当不定式修饰buy, get, give等动词的直接宾语,而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时 I bought him a story-book to read.我给他买了本故事书看看。(5)在 “This(that) is +名词”的句型中,修饰表语的不定式用主动形式表被动。This is a hard question to answer.这是个很难回答的问题。(III)主动语态不能改成被动语态的情况1.有些动词虽是及物动词,但由于表示的是状态或关系,通常不用于被动语态,常见的这类动词有leave, enter, reach, resemble, suit, lack, benefit等。这男孩像他爸爸。The boy resembles his father.2.不可拆开的短语动词如:take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等短语动词。台湾属于中国。Taiwan Island belongs to China.3.宾语是a.反身代词,相互代词,同源宾语,不定式,动名词等。b.虚词it,如foot it, cab it等。 c.身体的某一部分如shake one’s head等。d.某些抽象名词等,如:interest等。
I. Multiple choice1. No permission has ___ for anybody to enter the building.(MET 88) A. been given B. given C. to give D. be giving2. I ___ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.(MET 89) A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given3. The police found that the house ___ and a lot of things ___.(MET90) A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen4. ---Have you moved into the new house? --- Not yet, the rooms ___.(MET 91) A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painted5. As we joined the big crowd I got ___ from my friends.(NMET 2001) A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed6. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ___ by the hour.(NMET 98) A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay7. Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.
A. have been taken place, have been set up B. have taken place, have been set up C. have taken place, have set up D. were taken place, were set up8. The suit’s finished, ___ it? A. doesn’t B. isn’t C. hasn’t D. has9. The surface of the table ___ smooth enough. A. hasn’t felt B. doesn’t feel C. isn’t feeling D. isn’t felt10. Such plants never ___ in this part of the world. A. have grown B. are growing C. grow D. are grown11. These kinds of shoes ___ well. A. were not sold B. won’t be sold C. are not sold D. don’t sell12. Text books ___ to come in time. A. require B. required C. are required D. are requiring13. When the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners ___. A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating14. Don’t get that ink on your shirt, for it ___.
A. won’t wash out B. won’t be washing C. isn’t washing out D. doesn’t wash out15. Tom ___ to work in the office though he didn’t like serving there. A. wanted B. was wanted C. was wanting D. had wanted16. He said he wouldn’t mind ___ at home. A. leaving alone B. being left alone C. to be left lonely D. to leave alone17. Tom was said to ___ Mary for 40 years. A. have been married to B. have married withC. has bee n married D. had married with18. The TV play ___ last night. A. was tired out me B. tired out me C. was tired me out D. tired me out 19. I remember ___ for the job, but I forget the exact amount. A. to be paid B. being paid C. to pay D. paying20. In front of the hall color flags were ___. A. hunged B. hanged C. hang D. hanging答案:1—5 ABDAA 6—10 CBBBC 11—15 DCBAB 16—20 BADBD
二 翻译下列句子1.据说她能讲几种外国语。2.城里的大部分街道都拓宽了。3.我们不太可能被邀请参加这个聚会。4.他应该为他做的是受到惩罚。5.这些书是为儿童写的吗?6.这本书在他的学校里正在被用作教科书。7.更多的人将被派到那儿去帮助工作。(17)虚拟语气 一.语气的定义和种类。1 语气(mood) 语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2 语气的种类 a. 陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:
There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。 Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗? How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊!b. 祈使语气:表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如: Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。 Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。c. 虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed!祝您成功!二.虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法。条件从句有两类,一是真实条件句,另一是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生,是真实条件句,这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如:If time permits, we’ll go fishing together.如果时间允许,我们就一起去钓鱼。如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。如: If you had come yesterday, you would have met that famous professor.如果你昨天来,你就会见到那位著名的教授了。
(隐含的事实是:你昨天没来,也没见到那位著名教授)。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气,现将其形式列表如下:动词形式 时间从句主句与现在事实相反动词过去式(be的过去式用were)would(could/should/might)+动词原形与过去事实相反had+动词过去分词would(could/should/might)+have过去分词与将来事实可能相反动词过去式should+动词原形were to+动词原形would(could/should/might)+动词原形
注:主句中的should只用于第一人称,但在美国英语中,should常被would代替;从句中的should可用于各种人称。1.表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If I were you, I should(would ,could, might)tell him the truth. 要是我是你,我就会告诉他真相了。(事实上我不是你) If she had time, she would(could, might)help me.如果她有时间,她就会帮我了。(事实上她没有时间)2 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I should(would, could, might)have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码,我就会给你打电话了。(事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。) If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t(couldn’t) have failed in the exam.如果你听了我的建议,你就不会考试不及格。(事实上你根本没听我的。)3 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it should rain, the crops would(could, might)be saved.假如天下雨,庄稼可能就收获了。 ---What would happen if I put the paper on the fire? ---It would burn. ---我若把只放在火上会怎么样?
---纸会烧着。 注:在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中,were to + 动词原形比较正式,常用于书面语中。如: If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square.三.虚拟语气的其它用法。 1 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。 在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that…”这类句型中,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形”结构,表示某事是“重要”,“奇怪”,“自然”,“必要”等意义。如: It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English. 重要的是每个北京人能说英语。 It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要马上把他送医院。 2 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。 (1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that。 a.表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were )表示。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question.
我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。) I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家乡四季如春。(只是愿望,实际根本不可能实现。) b.表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词用 had+过去分词。如: I wish (that) I hadn’t wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(实际上已经浪费掉了。) He wishes (wished) he hadn’t lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(事实上机会已经失去了,他感到惋惜。) c.表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为 “would/should/could/might+动词原形”,此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止。 I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。(2)在suggest(建议), demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建议), insist(坚持要做), command(命令), request(要求), desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用 “(should)+动词原形”,表示建议,要求,命令等。如: I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.我建议马上开会。 The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。
注: 当suggest表示暗示,主语为something;insist表示坚持观点时,后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较: His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。 He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。 He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。 He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持他每天都要早操。3 虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法。 当主语为advice, suggestion, order, proposal等词时后接表语从句,表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构,表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如: My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。 The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately.司令官的命令是部队立即开拔去前线。4.特殊的虚拟语气结构。 (1)虚拟语气用在状语从句中 由as if 或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时,从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用动词的过去式(be→were)或had+过去分词。如:
The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child.这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子一样。 He speaks as if he had been to the United States.他说得好象他真的到过美国似的。 (2)在It is time (that) …; I’d rather (that)…句型中从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式表示虚拟语气,意思是“该干某事了,时间已经有些晚了”“我宁愿/希望”。如: It is time that we did something to stop pollution.该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。 It is time that Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten.该父亲去幼儿园接莉莉的时候了。 I’d rather you told me the truth.我真希望你告诉我真相。 I’d rather I didn’t see you again.我宁愿不再见着你。 (3)虚拟语气用在简单句中 a 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气,常用于日常会话中。如: Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗? It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。 b在一些习惯表达中。如:
You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。 I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。 c用 “may+动词原形”表示祝愿,但愿,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。如: May good luck be yours!祝你好运! May you be happy!祝你快乐! May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就! 用动词原形。例如: Long live the people! 人民万岁! “God bless you,” said the priest.牧师说:“愿上帝保佑你!”5.虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法 在名词advice, suggestion, order, proposal等后接的同位语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气,起形式为 “(should)+动词原形”,说明“建议”,“劝告”,“命令”等的具体内容。如: The order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of time.提前两天完成工作的命令传来了。 Reluctantly she accepted their proposal that she should be operated on.她勉强接受了他们要她去接受手术的建议。
(一)主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气(混合条件句) 有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作,发生的时间不一致,这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如: If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.如果你当时听了我的话,现在就能完成这份工作了。(从句说明过去,主句说明现在。) If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你,我就去参加她的生日晚会了。(从句说明现在,主句说明过去。) If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.假若你不借钱给我, 我不可能买下这幢新房,很可能现在还住在危房里。(从句说明过去,主句说明过去和现在。)(二)含蓄条件句 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况; 1. 条件暗含在短语中。如: (1)W hat would I have done without you? 如没有你,我会怎么办呢?(条件暗含在分词短语without you中) (2) It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way中)
(3) This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事,如发生在战时,就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime中) (4) But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助,我们的实验是不会成功。 (暗含条件是but for your help) (5) He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马,否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or) (6) Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人,他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone) 2. 条件暗含在上下文中。如:(7) You might stay her forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to)(8) We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)(9) Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含if you should accept it)(10) I would appreciate a little of your time. 谢谢你给我一点时间吧。(可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time) 3. 在不少情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件。如:
(11) You wouldn’t know. 你不会知道。(12) I would like to come. 我愿意来。(13) I wouldn’t have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。(14) He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他将那事讲的非常仔细,简直就象他亲眼看见一样。(三)条件从句中省去if的情况 在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中,常可以省略if,将had, were或should提至句首。如: Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night. 假如我看了那部电影,昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。 Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 假如我是一只小鸟,我就能自由翱翔。 Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest. 要是下周能下雨的话,农民们就能有个好收成了。1 He suggested that the meeting put off. A. not be B. should not C. wouldn’t D. be not2 What would have happened if you her child?
A. hadn’t helped B. couldn’t help C. wouldn’t help D. didn’t help3 It is strange that he so. A. thinks B. think C. thought D. will think4 If I with her last summer, I with her now. A. worked…am getting on very well B. had worked…would get on very well C. had worked… would have got on very well D. had worked…will get on very well5 I wish I my uncle yesterday. A. met B. have met C. would meet D. had met6 The old professor gave orders that the experiment before 6. A. was finished B. will finish C. be finished D. shall be finished7 It’s high time he home. A. goes B. went C. will go D. is going to go8 you succeed and you be healthy.
A. May…may B. Wish…wish C. Hope…hope D. Should…may9 Galileo insisted that the earth round the sun. A. should move B. move C. moves D.A or B10 I was very busy yesterday, otherwise I to the meeting. A. came B. would come C. had come D. would have come11 Supposing the weather bad, where would they go? A. will be B. is C. were D. be12 your letter, I would have started off two days ago. A. If I received B. Should I receive C. If I could have received D. Had I received13 If only I to my parents’ advice! A. listening B. listen C. am listening D. had listened14 If it rain next week, the farmers could still have a good harvest. A. should B. could C. would D. might
15 ---Why didn’t you come to the party yesterday? ---I , but an unexpected visitor came to see me. A. did B. would C. had D. was going to 16 I’d rather you me the news. A. not tell B. not to tell C. didn’t tell D. hadn’t told17 I to stay there for one more week, but I changed my mind. A. would have hoped B. was hoping C. had hoped D. hoped18 His silence at the meeting suggested that he to your plan. A. shouldn’t agree B. wouldn’t agree C. hadn’t agreed D. didn’t agree19 He the job well, but he so careless. A. hadn’t done, had been B. could have done, was C. could do, was D. had done, had been20 Li Ling acted that way as though he a foreigner.
A. were B. had been C. should be D. is答案: 1-5 AABBD 6-10 CBACD 11-15 CDDAD 16-20 CCDBA(18)主谓一致 1、定义: 所谓“主谓一致”,就是指谓语在人称和数上必须受主语的人称和数的支配。这是英语和汉语在构句里的又一迥异之处。2、主谓一致的种类:⑴ 语法形式上的一致主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词为复数形式。如:I often help him and he often helps me. 我经常帮助他,他经常帮助我。We often help each other and learn from each other. 我们经常互相帮助,互相学习。⑵ 意义上的一致a.主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。如:The crowd were surrounding the government official. 人群包围住了这位政府官员。
单数形式代表复数内容的词有:people, police, cattle等。如:The Chinese people are brave and hard-working. 中国人民勇敢而又勤劳。b.主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。如:Great Expectations was written by Charles Dickens in 1860. 《远大前程》是查尔斯•狄更斯1860年所著。形复意单的单词有:news,works 和一些以s结尾的书名、组织机构的名称(如:“The Selected Poems of Li Bai”,the United States, the United Nations)以及以ics结尾的学科名称(如:physics,politics,maths,economics等)。⑶ 就近原则就近原则即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。 a. 并列主语用连词or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接,谓语应同相邻的主语保持人称和数的一致。如:Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music.不仅学生而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。Are either you or he wrong? 要么是你错,要么是他错吗?b. 在there be 表存在的句式中,主语是两个或多个名词(短语)的并列时,be 的形式与最前边的一个名词(短语)一致。如:There is a pen, two knives and several books on the table.
═ There are two knives, a pen and several books on the table.桌子上有一支钢笔、两把小刀和几本书。C. 副词或介词短语在句首的倒装句中,必须认准哪是主语。如:Between the two buildings stands a monument. 两幢楼之间耸立着一块纪念碑。On the ship were over 2,200 people. More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among those was the young woman. 船上有2,2001人, 1,500多人丧生,这位年轻妇女也在其中。 名词作主语1、某些集体名词,如family, team等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。如:My family is large. 我的家庭是个大家庭。 (看作一整体)My family all like music. 我的家人都喜欢音乐。 (指家庭中一个个成员之和)属于这类的集体名词还有:audience, class, club, company, crew, crowd, group, government,party, public, staff 等。名词population一词的使用情况类似。如:The population of the earth is increasing very fast. 地球上的人口数增长很快 。One third of the population in this country enjoy drinking coffee. 这国三分之二的人喜欢喝咖啡。
“a group(crowd) of+复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数,前者强调整体,后者强调各个部分。2、单、复数同形的名词作主语时,按意义一致的原则。作单数意义时,谓语动词用单数,反之,谓语动词用复数。这类名词有:sheep, fish, deer, means(方法), works(工厂), Chinese, Japanese等。如:Every means has been tried out without much result.每一种方法都试过了却没什么结果。All means have been tried out without much result. 所有方法都试过了却没什么结果。This shoe works was set up in 1980. 这家鞋厂建于1980年。Those shoe works were all set up in 1980. 这些鞋厂都建于1980年。当它们前面有a, such a, this, that修饰时,谓语用单数;有all, such, these, those修饰时,谓语用复数。3、名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般指商店、工场、住宅等,作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。如:My doctor’s is not far from my home. 我的家庭医生诊所离我家不远。My uncle’s is just across the street. 我叔叔家在街对面。常见的省略名词有:the baker’s, the barber’s, the carpenter’s, the Smith’s 等等。表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待,但作主语时,谓语动词常常用复数。如:
Richardson’s have a lot of goods to sell. Richardson的店里有许多货可卖。4、当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。如:Two hours is enough for me to finish the work. 两小时对我来说完成这项工作足够了。Two hundred dollars gives Jack much help. 两百美元帮了Jack大忙。5、如果主语有more than one… 或many a…构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍然用单数形式。如:More than one comrade has asked to stay. 不止一位同志已经要求留下。Many a passenger was killed in the accident. 许多乘客在这一次事故中丧生。但是“more+复数名词+than one”结构及“more than one hundred+复数名词”结构之后,谓语动词一般用复数形式。如:More members than one are against your plan. 不止一位成员反对你的计划。6、不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词及each…and each…, every…and every…, no…and no…, many a …and many a…结构作主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:Every man and every woman is at work. 所有男的和女的都在工作。Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall. 许多课桌和凳子将被搬出大厅。
7、表示成双成套的名词,如:chopsticks (筷子), compasses, clothes, glasses, jeans, scissors, shoes, socks, trousers等,作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式;但如与a kind of, a pair of, the pair of, a series of 连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:The trousers are in the drawer. 裤子在抽屉里。There is a pair of shoes under the bed. 有一双鞋在床下。The pair of shoes is rather expensive. 这双袜子很贵。8、this kind of book ═ a book of this kind (这种书),其谓语动词用单数;短语this kind of books═ books of this kind═ these kind of books(口语)(这类书),但this kind of books作主语时,谓语动词用单数;books of this kind 和these kind of books作主语时,谓语动词用复数。all/these kinds of 后跟复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。如:This kind of books is very popular with young people. 这类书很受年轻人欢迎。Books of this kind are very popular with young people.这类书很受年轻人欢迎。These kind of parties are dangerous. 这类政党很危险。All kinds of flowers have come out in the valley. 山谷里各种各样的花已竞相开放。9、如果名词词组的中心词是all, most, rest, some, neither, none, no等词,所指是复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式;反之用单数。如:Some of the pigeons have been missing. 一些鸽子已经不见了。
Some of the ice has melted so far. 迄今已有一些冰融化掉了。All of the water in the area has been seriously polluted. 这地区所有的水都已受严重污染。All of the books have been sold out. 所有的书都已被卖完了。None of us have been there. 我们没人去过那里。None of the stolen money has been found yet. 被偷的钱至今一点也未找到。The rest of the students are watering trees. 其余的学生正在浇树。The rest of the wine has gone bad. 剩下的酒已经变质了。B. 由连接词连接的名词作主语1、用and或both…and连接并列主语,表示不同概念,谓语动词常用复数。如:You and he both stand up. 你和他都站了起来。Water and air are both important. 水和空气都很重要。Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不待人。但并列结构充当主语表示整体概念时,即指的是同一人,同一事物或同一概念,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有:⑴ 相关名词并列表示整体概念。如: iron and steel 钢铁 law and order 治安 bread and butter 黄油面包
⑵ 配套事物。如:a watch and chain 一块带链的表 a needle and thread针线 a coat and tie配有领带的上衣A knife and fork is needed for a western meal. 吃西餐时要用刀和叉。The cart and horse is coming. 马车来了。⑶ 表示兼职或有多个称呼的人。如:the worker and poet 这位工人兼诗人The writer and teacher is speaking at the meeting. 这位教师兼作家正在会上发言。⑷ 两个完全重合的概念并列。如:aim and end 目的 truth and honesty 真诚capacity and efficiency 效能 love and affection 情感To love and to be loved is the great happiness. 爱与被爱是幸福。Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. 早睡早起是好习惯。2、当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。如:
Your father as well as you is very kind to me. 不仅你而且你的父亲对我都非常好。He, like you and Xiao Li, is very clever. 他象你和小李一样非常聪明。Mr Robbins, together with his wife and children, is leaving London for Paris. Robbins先生明天将和妻子和孩子离开伦敦去巴黎。C. 代词作主语 1、名词性物主代词作主语时,根据它所替代的是单数还是复数来确定谓语动词的单、复数。如:Theirs (their classroom) is a big classroom. 他们的教室是一个大教室。Your trousers are black and mine are brown. 你的裤子是黑色的,我的是棕色的。2、such, the same起指示代词作用,应根据其所指的内容来确定单、复数。如:Such is our plan. 这就是我们的计划。Such are my hopes. 这些就是我的愿望。3、关系代词which, who, that在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与其前的先行词的数保持一致。如:Those who want to go should sign your names here. 那些想去的人在这儿签上你们的名字。He is one of the students who are good at maths. 他是那些擅长数学的学生中的一位。
He is the only one of the children who often speaks ill of others behind their backs. 他是这些孩子中唯一经常在背后讲别人坏话的人。4、疑问代词who, what, which作主语时,谓语动词可以根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如:Who lives next door? It’s Xiao Liu. Who live next door? It’s Zhang and Liu.5、不定代词any, either, neither,none, all, some, more等作主语时,有以下两种情况:单独作主语,视其在文中的意义,动词可用单数或复数形式。例如:Now all has been changed. All are present at the meeting. either, neither单独作主语,谓语通常用单数。但是后接of时,若of的宾语为不可数名词,谓语动词当然用单数形式,若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时,动词可以是单数,也可以是复数,在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更为常用。如:Do (Does) any of them know English? 他们中有人懂英语吗?None of them like (likes) football. 他们中没人喜欢足球。D. 分数、量词作主语
1、“分数或百分数+of+名词”构成的短语及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, half of, a heap of, heaps of +名词”构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词的数与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。如:More than 70 percent of the surface of ouor planet is covered by water. 我们星球的表面百分之七十多都被水覆盖着。One third of the students are girls in our group. 我们队三分之一的学生是女生。注意: a large quantity of 修饰可数名词或不可数名词,其短语作主语,谓语动词用单数,而(large) quantities of修饰可数名词或不可数名词,其短语作主语,谓语动词一般用复数。如:A large quantity of people is needed here. 这儿需要大批人。Large quantities of food have rotten away. 大量食物都已经腐烂了。短语in quantity, in large quanities意为“大量的”;in small quantities意为“少量的”。2、a great deal of/ a large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,但large amounts of 修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式。如:A great deal of rice was taken from the country to the city by railway. 很多大米通过铁路从乡下运往城市。Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge. 许多前都花在这座桥的建设上了。
3、a number of+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数:the number of+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。如:A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend. 这个周末许多学生将去野炊。The number of days in February this year is 28. 今年二月份的天数是二十八天。4、one and a half后,名词要用复数形式,但其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:One and a half bananas has been eaten by the child. 这孩子已经吃了一根半香蕉。5、half of, (a) part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数,修饰可数名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数。如: Half of the building is finished. 这幢大楼已经建了一半。Part of the glasses in the store are made in Suzhou. 店里部分玻璃杯是苏州产的。E. 名词化的形容词作主语“the+形容词(或过去分词或现在分词)”如:the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the wounded, the injured, the unemployed, the dying, the living 等结构担任主语表示一类人时,谓语动词常用复数形式;但也有少数的形容词或过去分词与定冠词连用指个别或表示抽象的概念时,谓语动词用单数。如:
The young are more active than the old in the work. 做这项工作青年人比老年人积极。The injured in the accident is an engineer. 在这次事故中受伤的那人是位工程师。The beautiful attracts all the tourists. 美景吸引住了所有的游客。F. 动名词、不定式短语和从句作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。如:To learn a foreign language is not so difficult as you think. 学一门外语并不象你想象的那么难。Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟有害健康。That he has won the game is known to us all. 他赢了这场比赛是我们众所周知的事。但what引导的主语从句所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。如: What we need is more time. 我们需要的是更多的时间。What we need are good teachers. 我们需要的是好老师。 单项选择题:The whole class _____ the teacher attentively. A. are listening to B. is listening to C. are listening D. is listening
2. The League secretary and monitor _____ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were 3. He played on the _____ for two hours and when he returned he found half his goods _____ stolen. A. sand; were B. sand; was C. sands; were D. sands; was4. _____ can be done _____ been done. A. All; have B. All that; have C. All; has D. All that; has5. About 40 _____ of the population of that country _____ on farms. A. percent; lives B. percent; live C. percents; live D. percents; lives6. The Olympic Games _____ held every _____ years. A. is; four B. are; four C. is; five D. are; five7. No one but her parents _____ it. A. know B. knows C. is knowing D. are knowing8. The results of the examination _____ that you have all made great _____ . A. show; progress B. shows; progress C. show; progresses D. shows; progresses
9. No bird and no beast _____ in the lonely island. A. are seen B. is seen C. see D. sees10.Here _____ a new pair of shoes for you. A. is B. are C. have D. has单句改错题: 1. Your family is very kind. I’ll never forget the favor you’ve done me.2. When and where to build the new school haven’t been decided.3. Three quarters of the land is covered with green grass while the rest are covered withpine trees.4. Not even one of the hundred students who took the test have passed.5. On each side of the street stands a lot of trees.6. There seem to be a knife and fork on the table.7. The students in our school each has known the meaning of WTO.8. The number of people who own cars are increasing.9. Such people as he is to be punished.10.It were Tom and John who played a trick on the old man.答案:
一、1. A 2. B 3.C 4. D 5. B 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A二、1. is—are 2. haven’t—hasn’t 3. are—is 4. have—has 5. stands—stand 6. seem—seems 7. has—have 8. are—is 9. is—are 10. were—was(19)it的用法 it可用作人称代词、指示代词、先行词及引导词等。1. 人称代词it,是第三人称单数中性,代表前文已提到过的一件事物。如: 1)That vase is valuable. It’s more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很珍贵,它有200多年的历史。 2)I love swimming. It keeps me fit. 我喜欢游泳,它能使我保持健康。 当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时,也可用it来表示。 如: 3)It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 宝宝真可爱,是男孩还是女孩? it可用来指代团体。如: 4)The committee has met and it has rejected the proposal. 委员会已开过会,拒绝了这项建议。 it用以代替指示代词this, that.如:
5)--- What’s this? --- It’s a pen. —这是什么? —是一支钢笔。 6)--- Whose book is that? --- It’s Mike’s. —那是谁的书? —是迈克的。2. 指示代词it,常用以指人。如: 7)Go and see who it is. 去看看是谁。 8)--- Who is making such a noise? —是谁发出这样的吵闹声? --- It must be the children. —一定是孩子们。3. 虚义it无指代性,常用作没有具体意义的主语,出现于表示天气、气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如:9)It is half past three now. 现在是三点半钟。10)It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. 这里离最近的医院也有六英里。11)It was very cold; it snowed and grew dark. 天气很冷;天下着雪,渐渐地变黑了。 it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。如:12)It’s awful—I’ve got so much work I don’t know where to start. 糟透了——我有这么多工作要做我不知从何开始。13)How is it going with you? 你近况如何?
14)Take it easy. 不要紧张。 it也常用于下列结构:15)It looks as if the college is very small. 看起来这个学院很小。16)It seems as though our plan will be perfect. 似乎我们的计划很完善。17)It’s my turn. 该轮到我了。 it也常用于某些习惯用语中作宾语,各该习惯用语有具体意义,但it并无具体意义。如:cab it 乘车 catch it 受责,受罚 come it 尽自己分内 come it strong 做得过分 walk it 步行make it 办成 take it out of somebody 拿某人出气4. 先行词it. it充当形式主语或形式宾语,本身无意义,只起一种先行引导的作用,先行词不重读。后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、-ing分词结构或名词性从句。 (1)用作形式主语 18)It is difficult to translate this article. 翻译这篇文章很难。 19)It is getting harder every day for a lazy man to get a living. 懒汉谋生是日益困难了。 20)What time would it be most convenient for me to call again?什么时候我再给你打电话最合适?
21)It is no use going there so early. 这么早去那里没有用。 22)It has been a great honour your coming to visit me. 你的来访是我很大的荣幸。 23)It is strange that he did not come at all. 真奇怪,他竟还没来。 24)It doesn’t matter what you do.什么都没关系。 在上述诸例中,后置的真正主语可以取代先行it的位置,而出现于句首。 To translate this article is difficult. Going there so early is no use. That he did not come at all is strange. 上述结构远不如用先行it结构普通。此外,也并非所有先行it结构都可作上述转换。如: 25)It seems that John is not coming after all. 似乎约翰终竟不来。 26)It happened that John was the only witness. 碰巧约翰是唯一的证人。 上述两例只能转换为: John doesn’t seem to be coming after all. John happened to be the only witness. (2)用作形式宾语
27)I found it difficult to explain to him what happened. 我觉得向他解释清发生了什么事很困难。 28)He thought it no use going over the subject again. 他认为再讨论这个问题没有用了。 29)They kept it quiet that he was dead. 他们对他的死保密。 30)We must make it clear to the public that something should be done to stop pollution. 我们必须使公众明白应该采取措施制止污染。5. 分裂句引导词it. 分裂句是以it为引导词的强调句型。它的结构形式是:It+be的一定形式+中心成分+that-/who-从句。如: 31)It was Jane that/who called this morning. 是珍妮今天上午打来电话。 32)It was a parcel that she brought him. 她带给他的是一个包裹。 分裂句是由普通陈述句转换而来的。通过这种结构可以强调除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分。如: 33)John gave Mary a handbag at Christmas. 约翰在圣诞节给了玛丽一个提包。 根据上下文和语义意图,说话人可以通过分裂句分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语,使之成为信息中心。
34)It was John that/who gave Mary a handbag at Christmas. 是约翰在圣诞节给了玛丽一个提包。 35)It was Mary that John gave a handbag (to) at Christmas. 约翰在圣诞节是给玛丽提包的。 36)It was a handbag that John gave Mary at Christmas. 约翰在圣诞节给玛丽的是一个提包。 37)It was at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag. 是在圣诞节约翰给了玛丽一个提包。 分裂句的时态一般应一致,即主句与从句的时态应皆用现在时,或皆用过去时,或皆用将来时。如: 38)It is not I who am angry. 发怒的不是我。 39)It was my two sisters who knew her best. 是我的两个姐妹最了解她。 40)It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this. 对此须受责难的将不是你。 有时分裂句的谓语动词还可以采取复杂形式。如: 41)It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag. 可能是在圣诞节约翰给玛丽一个提包。 42)It might have been John who gave Mary a handbag. 很可能是约翰给了玛丽一个提包。
分裂句可以强调多种多样的状语成分。如: 43)It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang. 是在她即将上床睡觉时电话铃响了。 44)It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday. 我昨天是由于想买一本词典而进城的。 45)It was not until his father came back that Tom went to bed yesterday. 昨天汤姆是直到他父亲回来才上床睡觉的。(注意句中not的位置) 主语补语通常不可以用作分裂句的中心成分,如在规范英语中通常不说: It is beautiful that she is. It is chairman of the Committee that he is. 但是宾语补语是可以这样用的。如: 46)It is the chairman of the committee that they elected him. 他们选他是作委员会主席。 47)It is green that they have painted the wall. 他们把墙壁漆的是绿色。 注:(1)当强调的中心成分为主语,指人时可用连词that或who,如上述例(31)、(34)、(38),强调其余的成分时,连词一律用that。 (2)分裂句中的that与who在非正式文体中可以省略,如: 48)It was the President himself spoke to me. 是总统亲自和我谈了话。(省去从句主语who)
49)It was the dog I gave the water to. 我是给那条狗水的。(省去从句的宾语that) 50)It was yesterday I first noticed it. 我是昨天开始注意到的。(省去从句连词that) 有时还可省去句首的it is,如: 51)A good, honest trade you are learning, Sir Peter! 彼得爵士,你学得是一种很好而诚实的一行啊! (3)分裂句中的被强调部分有时可放在句首,如: 52)Now was it that his life was done, and the fate which he could not escape was upon him. 就在这时,他的生命完结了,他所逃不脱的命运降临了。 53)When was it that he arrived at the village? 是何时他到达了这个村子? 54)Why was it that he was late for school? 他是为什么上学迟到的?1. 分裂句引导词it与先行词it的区别: 比较:55)It is surprising that Mary should have won the first place. 玛丽本应获得第一名,真令人吃惊!(先行词it)
56)It is Mary that has won the first place. 是玛丽获得了第一名。(分裂句引导词it)2. 虚义it与分裂句引导词it的区别。 比较:57)It was three o’clock in the morning when his father came back.(虚义it指时间) 他父亲回来时是凌晨3点。58)It was at three o’clock in the morning that his father came back. (分裂句引导词it) 他父亲是在凌晨3点回来的。3. 分裂句中that/who- 从句与that/who引导的定语从句之区别。 比较:59)It is money that is most needed.(分裂句中的that-从句) 最需要的是钱。60)This is the money that is most needed.(that引导定语从句) 这就是最需要的钱。61)It is Mary who has broken the glass.. (分裂句中的who-从句) 是玛丽打破了玻璃杯。62)Mary is the girl who has won the first place.(who引导定语从句) 玛丽是获得第一名的姑娘。 区别方法:如将句型It is/was… that结构去掉,而句子能还原成普通陈述句,则该句是分裂句,否则不是。如(56)例去掉It is …that 则变成: Mary has won the first place. 玛丽获得了第一名。(58)例变成:His father came back at three o’clock in the morning. 他父亲在凌晨3点回来。
(59)例变成:Money is most needed. 钱是最需要的。(61)例变成:Mary has broken the glass. 玛丽打破了玻璃杯。4. “拟似”分裂句 如前所述,一般分裂句是不可以用简单陈述句的谓语动词作为中心成分的。如果要强调谓语动词,就得采用另外一种强调句型,这种句型又叫做“拟似”分裂句。如: 63)I gave her a book. What I did was (to) give her a look. 我所做的是给她一本书。 64)He took a plane to Beijing. What he did was (to) take a plane to Beijing. 他所做的是乘飞机去北京。 65)The student is going to write an article. What the student is going to do is(to) write an article. 这个学生要做的是写一篇文章。 “拟似”分裂句的主语通常是由what引导的名词性从句,从句的主动词通常是do的一定形式;这种分裂句的主语补语通常是不定式结构,可带to,也可不带to,它构成“拟似”分裂句的信息中心。 “拟似”分裂句还可采取另外一种形式,即“what-从句+be+名词词组”的形式,如: 66)What he gave her was a handbag. 他所给她的是个提包。 也可采取“名词词组+be+what-从句”的形式 67)A handbag was what he gave her. 提包就是他所给她的。
1. 用先行词it改写下列句子:(1)Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.(2)Whether they will come or not doesn’t matter very much.(3)He is quite likely to let you down.(4)You seem to have taken a dislike to him.(5)I happen to have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him.(6)Getting the car on the boat was rather complicated.(7)To be with you here this evening is a great pleasure.(8)You were so kind to invite us.(9)What you say does not matter in the least.(10)How he came to have such a valuable painting is a mystery.2. 翻译下列句子:(1)冬天,天色晚得早。(2)问她没有用,她什么也不知道。(3)从这儿到车站有两英里(路程)。(4)你见过下冰雹吗?
(5)由你来决定该怎么办?(6)据说他已去过美国两次了。(7)可惜你错过了那次音乐会。(8)看来,他很害怕。(9)牛奶已经泼翻,哭也无用。(即:作无益的后悔无济于事。)(10)几个月之后我们才又见面。3. 用强调句型改写下列句子。(划线部分为中心成分)(1)She has been studying French only for three months.(2)He has painted the windows green.(3)John bought the car from Henry.(4)I met Henry in New York.(5)He didn’t come home until 11 o’clock last night.翻译句子答案:(1)It is getting dark earlier in winter.(2)It is no use asking her because she didn’t know anything about it.
(3)It’s two miles from here to the bus station.(4)Have you seen it hailing?(5)It is up to you decide what to do.(6)It is said that he has been to the U.S.A. twice.(7)It’s a pity that you’ve missed the concert.(8)It seems that he is much afraid.(9)It’s no use crying over spilt milk.(10)It was several months before we met again.(20)倒装句 1. 倒装句的定义 英语最基本的词序是主语在谓语动词的前面。如果把谓语动词放在主语前面,就叫做倒装。2. 倒装句的构成a) 完全倒装 将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,称之为完全倒装。例如:Are you from here? 你是本地人吗?Now comes the chance. 机会来了。
b) 部分倒装 只将助动词、系动词或情态动词移至主语之前,谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面,称之为部分倒装。例如:Has he come? 他来了吗?Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。Only in this way can we do the work better. 只有这样我们才能把工作做得更好。3. 倒装的原因a) 句子语法结构的需要。例如:Did you attend the meeting? 你参加会议了吗?Long live peace! 和平万岁!b) 一些句型的固定用法。例如:Such were his last words. 他最后的话就是这样。c)强调的需要。倒装以后,句子更加流畅生动。例如:Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。Before us lay a lot of difficulties. 在我们前面有很多困难。Often did we warn them not to do so. 我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。4. 倒装句的基本用法a) 构成疑问句(除对主语或主语之定语提问的特殊疑问句外):
When are we going to drink to your happiness? 我们什么时候喝你们的喜酒?Have you seen the film? 你看了那部电影吗?b) 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中: Away went the crowd one by one. 人们一个一个地离去。Here comes our teacher! 我们的老师来了!c) 副词only+状语放在句首时:Only then did he realize his mistakes . 只有在那时他才认识到自己的错误。Only in this way can you learn maths well . 只有用这种方法你才能学好数学。d) 含有否定意义的副词或连词(如little, hardly, never, rarely, no sooner…than等)放在句首时:Little did I think that he could be back alive. 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。Not until New Year’s Day shall I give you a gift. 我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。Hardly had the train arrived at the station when we ran towards the sleeping car looking for our guests. 火车刚一进站,我们就跑到卧车那儿去找我们的客人。e) 副词so或 neither(nor)在句首:He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I.他对流行歌曲感兴趣,我也如此。He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.他没有去过农村,他也不想去那里。
f) 在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首: Thus ended his life. 这样结束了他的生命。So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him . 他讲话的声音那样大,连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。So small were the words that he could hardly see them. 字那么小,他几乎看不见。 1. 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中,如果主语是人称代词,主语和谓语不须倒装。例如:There he comes. 他来了。Away they hurried. 他们急忙走开了。2. so作“也”讲时,引导的句子用倒装语序,例如:He went to the film last night. So did I. 他昨天晚上去看电影了,我也去了。如不作“也”讲而只起连词作用,表示一种结果的意思,句子就要用正常语序。例如:His mother told him to go to the film. So he did. 他母亲叫他去看电影,他就去了。“He is a tall thin man.” “So he is.” “他又高又瘦。” “确实如此。”3. 某些让步状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首,以构成倒装结构。例如:No matter how interesting the book is,he doesn"t like to read it.不管这本书多有趣,他都不想看。
However hard a solid may be,we can change its shape. 不管一个固体有多硬,我们都可以改变其形状。Young as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他年轻,却知道很多东西。4. 在虚拟语气中,如果非真实条件句省略if,须将主句中的were, had和should等助动词和主语颠倒形成部分倒装。例如:Were he younger (= If he were younger), he would learn skating. 假如他年轻一些,他就会去学溜冰。Should they forget (= If they should forget) to bring a map with them, they would get lost in the woods. 如果他们忘记带一张地图的话,他们就会在深林里迷路。Had they realized (= If they had realized) how important the task was, they wouldn’t have refused to accept it. 假如他们认识到这个任务是多么重要的话,他们就不致于拒绝接受这项任务。 I.单项选择 从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案:1. My brother had a cold last week, _________. A. so had I B. so did I C. I had so D. so I had2. Not until _________ home __________ his parents had been ill for three days. A. he got; he knew B. did he get; he knew
C. he got; did he know D. did he get; did he know3. In hardly any situation ________ find her sad. A. that you can B. that can you C. you can D. can you4. Be quick! _________. A. The bus comes here B. Here comes the bus C. The bus here comes D. Here is the bus coming5. In ________ and the lesson began. A. the teacher came B. the teacher coming C. came the teacher D. did the teacher come6. On the wall _________ two large portraits. A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. hanging7. --- Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother? --- I don’t know, _________. A. nor don’t I care B. nor do I care C. I don’t care neither D. neither don’t I care8. Only when _________ how important it is to master English.
A. did I work I realized B. I worked did I realize C. did I work did I realize D. I worked I realized9. _______ in the darkness that he did not dare to move an inch. A. So frightened he was B. So frightened was he C. He was frightened so D. So he was frightened10. _______, she is still as strong as you. A. As old she is B. Old as she is C. As she is old D. As old is sheII.句型转换 改写下列各句,把黑体的副词放在句首,并使主、谓语倒装:1. I have never heard a speech as exciting as this.2. The mark was so small that I could hardly see it.3. I hardly turned off the light when my brother came in.4. It has at no time been more difficult for us to pass the examination.5. We can succeed only in this way.6. He did not speak a word at the meeting.7. Mary not only complained about the food, but also refused to pay for it.8. She had no sooner begun to speak than I sensed that something was wrong.
9. Mike has helped me with my English many a time.10.There was a sudden gust of wind and his hat went away.答案:I. BCDBC BBBBBII. 1. Never have I heard a speech as exciting as this.2. So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.3. Hardly did I turn off the light when my mother came in.4. At no time has it been more difficult for us to pass the examination.5. Only in this way can we succeed.6. Not a word did he speak at the meeting.7. Not only did Mary complain about the food, but also refused to pay for it.8. No sooner had she begun to speak than I sensed that something was wrong.9. Many a time has Mike helped me with my English.10. There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.(21)省略句
1. 省略句的定义 省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中,尤其在对话中,是一种十分普遍的现象。2. 小品词的省略(1)省略介词He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。I’ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years.我已学五年英语了。(2)省略连词thatI believe (that) you will succeed. 我相信你们会成功的。It’s a pity (that) he’s leaving. 他要走,真遗憾。I’m sure (that) she will help you. 我肯定她会帮你的。(3)省略关系代词I’ll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。3. 句子成分的省略(1)省略主语Beg your pardon. (我)请你原谅。(Beg前省略了主语I)
Take care! 当心!(Take前省略了主语you)Looks as if it will rain. 看起来象要下雨。(Looks前省略了主语it)(2)省略谓语Who next? 该谁了?(Who后面省略了谓语comes)The river was deep and the ice thin. (ice后面省略了was)We’ll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。(can后面省略了动词do)(3)省略表语Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗? 我准备好了。(am后面省略了ready)He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth. 他还是象年轻时那样,是一位运动爱好者。(had been后面省略了a lover of sports)(4)省略宾语Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash and you’ll dry. 让我们洗碗吧,我来洗,你来揩干。(wash和dry后面省略了宾语dishes)(5)省略定语He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 那钱他花了部分,其余的他都存了起来。(the rest后面省略了定语of the money)(6)省略状语He was not hurt. Strange! 他没有受伤,真奇怪!(Strange前面省略了状语how)
1. 省略句可同时省掉句子几个成份What exciting news! (= What exciting news it is!) 多么令人激动的消息啊!Pity he’s failed. (= It is a pity that he’s failed.) 很遗憾,他失败了。I like him more than her. (= I like him more than I like her.) 我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她。2. 英语中有一些固定的省略结构:a) 在以if, when, though, as if(好象)等连词引导的从句中,如从句中的主要动词是be ,常将主语和动词be 省略。If necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要,我们就往家里打电报。Whenever possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。While cycling, don’t forget the traffic lights. 骑车时,不要忘记看红绿灯。b) 由固定词组引导的疑问句:What about having a game of chess? 下盘棋怎么样?How come they left you alone here? 他们怎么会把你一人留在这里呢?What if it’s raining? 如果天下雨怎么办?Why not try again? 为什么不再试试呢?
c) 在口语中,为了避免重复,不定式可以省去和句子前部重复的动词原形而只留下不定式符号to。He may leave if he wishes to. 他可以走,如果他愿意的话。Don’t go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。3. 被省略的部分一般可以在句子中补上,但有时省略结构已经定型,如果把省略部分补上,反而不合乎习惯。He is taller than I am. 他比我高。(am之后省略tall,补上不合习惯)No parking. 禁止停车。(告示用语 = No parking is allowed here.)有一些习惯表达很难补上所省略的部分:Not at all. 不用谢。No matter. 不要紧。Thanks. 谢谢。 I. 改写句子 使用省略手段避免下面各句重复与冗赘:1. Someone has used my mobile phone, but I don’t know who has used it.2. John worked hard but his brother did not work hard.3. I have lazy students and hardworking students in my class.4. --- Has he ever been abroad?
--- No, he has never been abroad.5. If it is necessary, we will finish it ahead of time.6. You must not be late and you must not be absent.7. Give me your name and address, please.8. It is well done.9. Mother can take a rest, Mother should take a rest but Mother won’t take a rest after long hours of work.10.He could answer the questions very well if he would answer the questions but he didn’t answer the questions.II. 单项选择 从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案:1. --- I won’t do it any more. --- ________? A. Why don’t B. Why don’t do it any more C. Why not D. Why not to2. Although ________ to stop, he kept on working. A. tell B. telling C. having told D. told3. --- Will you waste your time and money on that? --- Certainly ________. A. I not B. don’t C. not D. no
4. --- Mary didn’t attend the lecture, did she? --- Yes, she ________. A. attended B. didn’t attend C. didn’t D. did5. --- What’s Joan doing? --- _________ newspapers in the room. A. She reading B. She reads C. To read D. Reading6. _________ always succeed. A. Honest and clever students B. Students who honest and clever C. Honest students and clever D. Students are honest and clever7. --- Can you climb that tree, my boy? --- __________ ? A. I B. Myself C. Mine D. Me8. Some people are against the plan but _______ support it. A. any more B. many more C. much more D. no more9. --- I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? --- Not at all. _________. A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like to D. I’d be happy to
10. --- Why not go and have dinner in a restaurant? --- _________. It’s too expensive. A. Why not B. I agree C. I’m afraid not D. I’m sure答案:CDCDD ADBDC 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