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  • 2022-06-17 15:10:24 发布

英语语法基础知识——不定式

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动词不定式(一)一、不定式的形式和意义不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,通常前面带有小品词to,有时也可以不带to,可以和助动词和情态动词构成谓语,但不定式在句中不能单独作谓语,不受句子主语的人称和数的限制,其否定形式是直接在其前面加not,而不需要借助于助动词。不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语,其逻辑主语可以是句子的主语,但有时也可以是句子中的其它成分,这需要根据上下文判定。不定式没有时的特征,但有体和语态的形式。以动词do为例,不定式的体和语态的变化形式见下表: 主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing/完成进行式tohavebeendoing/   1.不定式的一般式不定式的一般形式所表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作同时发生,在表示原因时,不定式所表示的动作发生的时间在谓语动词的动作之前;在表示目的和结果时,不定式所表示的动作发生的时间在谓语动词的动作之后。e.g.I)Whoheardhimsaythat?II)Theyinvitedustogothereinthesummer.2.不定式的完成式,即:tohavedone+过去分词,表示一个先于谓语动词之前就已经发生的动作或状态,通常表示其动作在谓语动词之前已经完成。e.g.I)I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.II)Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready.【注】在desire,expect,hope,intend,mean,plan,promise,think,want,wish,beto和would/shouldlike后面的不定式完成式可以表示没有实现的愿望、期待或计划。e.g.I)Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.  II)Hewastohavegiventhefirsttalk,buthecamelate.3.不定式的进行式,即tobe+-ing分词,通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。e.g.I)Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver.据说他们正在这条河上修另一座大桥。II)Hepretendedtobelookingforabook.4.不定式的完成进行体,即:tohavebeen+进行分词,通常表示其动作在谓语动词之前已经开始并一直在进行,该动作有可能会继续进行下去或有可能刚刚停止。e.g.I)Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.II)Heappearstohavebeenwaitingalongtime.5.不定式的被动语态一般来说,当不定式的逻辑主语表示动作的执行者时,不定式应用主动语态;当不定式的逻辑主语表示动作的承受者时,不定式应用被动语态。如:e.g.I)It’sanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.我受邀在这里讲话,深感荣幸。 II)Shepreferredtohavebeengivenheavierworktodo.她宁愿分给她的是更重的工作。【注】在下面几种情况下,不定式的主动形式表示的被动意义:a)当名词或代词被动词give,show,find或consider等支配时,通常用不定式的主动式表示被动意义,如:e.g.I)Theyfoundthelecturehardtounderstand.他们发现这报告不好懂。II)Hewillshowyoutherightpathtotake.他将告诉你该走什么道路。b)在形容词easy,hard,difficult,comfortable后面作补语的不定式的主动式表示被动意义,如:e.g.I)Heisnoteasytoconvince. 他不容易被说服。II)Constantlybeingwatchedbythepubliccanbehardtotolerateattimes.总是被公众关注有时可能令人难以忍受。c)在therebe引导的句型中,修饰主语的不定式可以用主动式作定语,强调的是人;如果用不定式的被动式,强调的则是物。如:e.g.I)Therearestillmanythingstotakecareof(tobetakencareof).还有好些事要处理。II)Arethereanymoreitemstoput(tobeput)ontheagenda?还有什么别的项目该列入议程?d)在有些不定式作补语的句型中,不定式的主动式表示被动意义,如:e.g.I)Whoistoblameforit?该怪谁呢?II)Thereasonisnotfartoseek.原因不难找。二、不定式在句中的功能1.作主语:不定式作主语时,可以放在句首;也常用it作为形式主语,放在句首代替不定式,而将不定式移到句子后面,使句子显得比较平衡,在这种情况下,有时用“for/of+代词/名词”表示不定式的逻辑主语。如:e.g.I)Tocompletethatbuildingintenmonthswasagreatachievement.(=Itwasagreatachievementtocompletethatbuildingintenmonths.那座楼十个月就盖成了是一个了不起的成就。II)Itisnotaneasythingtomasteralanguage.掌握一门语言是不容易的。III)Itisagreathonorforustobepresentatthisparty.我们来参加这个大会是很荣幸的。IV)Itisunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的。【注】在以某些形容词如:kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate(体谅人的),rude,naughty等表示人的特性的形容词作表语时,不定式前通常用of+代词/名词表示不定的逻辑主语,否则用for+名词/代词。2.作宾语许多动词可直接跟不定式做单宾语或双宾语中的直接宾语,后面常常跟不定式作宾语的动词有:afford(经得起),agree,attempt,begin,care,choose,claim(声称),continue,decide,decline(拒绝),demand,expect,help,hope,intend,like,love,manage,mean, neglect(忽视),offer,plan,prefer,prepare,promise,propose(提议),refuse,remember,start,try,undertake(承诺),want,wish等。e.g.I)Theyproposedtoattackthecityatdawn.他们打算在拂晓时对这座城市发起进攻。II)Ican’taffordtobuyacar.我买不起小汽车。有些动词后面常常跟可跟疑问代词或疑问副词how,what,where,whether,which,who,whom+不定式结构作宾语。常见的有:advice,ask,consider,decide,discover,discuss,explain,findout,forget,instruct(指示),know,learn,remember,see,show,teach,tell,think,warn,wonder等。e.g.I)Noonecouldtellmewheretogetthebook.没有人能告诉我哪里能找到这本书。II)Hedidn’tknowwhethertolaughortocrywhenheheardthewords.听了这话他是啼笑皆非。还有一些动词通常跟名词或代词+不定式这种复合宾语结构。这时动词不定式也可以称为宾语补足语。这类动词很多,下面仅列出一些常用的有代表性的动词:allow,appoint(任命),ask,assist(帮助),authorize(授权),believe,cause,compel(迫使),consider,drive,enable(使……能够),encourage,entitle(使有权利),expect,force,get,help,inspire(鼓舞),lead(使得),oblige(逼迫),permit,require,suppose等等。e.g.I)Hisconsciencecompelledhimtotellthetruth.他的良知促使他讲出了真情。II)Iexpecttheretobeabrightfuture.【注1】believe,consider,declare,feel,find,suppose,take,think等动词可跟宾语以及不定式tobe+形容词或名词短语构成复合宾语结构,有时tobe可以省略。e.g.I)Theyconsideredthemselves(tobe)verytolerant,butnobodyelsedid.他们认为自己很很有忍耐力,但其他人并不这样认为。II)Theyfoundtheanswer(tobe)quitesatisfactory.他们对答复感到很满意。【注2】在有些复合宾语结构中,常用it作形式宾语,而把不定式置于宾语补足语之后。e.g.I)Shethoughtitunnecessarytoarguewithhimaboutit.她觉得没有必要和他辩论。II)Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.他们发现不可能把一切按时准备好。【注3】有些动词后面跟不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式中的to可省去。属于这类结构的动词通常是感官动词如:feel,hear,listento,lookat,hear,notice,observe,perceive(觉察),see,smell,watch和使役动词如:have,let,make。如:e.g.I)Suddenlywefelttheatmospheregrowtense.我们突然觉得气氛紧张起来。II)Whatmakeyouthinklikethat?是什么使你这样想?但是这种句子如果变成被动结构,to就不能不要。如:e.g.I)Theyweremadetoworkdayandnight.他们被迫日夜干活。II)Someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.听见有人上楼。 【注4】有些短语动词,如:callon(号召),countupon(指望),dependon(依赖),longfor(渴望),relyon(依赖),waitfor等后面也可以用这种名词或代词+不定式复合宾语结构。e.g.I)Thegovernmentcallsonthepublictofightagainstpiracy(盗版).II)Wearealllongingforthenewtermtobegin.动词不定式(二)3.作表语同时,不定式还可用作表语,表示主语的具体内容,也可以表示主语的目的、结果、同意、安排、命令、决定和劝告等意义,其主语可以是抽象名词、带to的不定式或以what引导的名词性从句。如果作表语的不定式含有疑问意义,可以根据要表达的具体意义在不定式前面加what,which,when,where,whether和how等疑问词。e.g.I)Themostimportantthingistoputtheoryintopractice.II)Todothiswouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe.这样做是削足适履。III)Ourdifficultyiswheretofindaguide.【注】如果主语分句或修饰主语的定语分句中部分中有all,what,或形容词最高级等限制性比较强的词,并且使用了实义动词do的限定或非限定形式,作表语的不定式中的to可以省略。e.g.I)Thebestwecandoisrememberoursevenastronauts,ourChallengerSeven.我们所能做到的最好方式是铭记住我们的7位宇航员,我们挑战者号的7位勇士。II)AllIdidwas(to)givehimalittlepush.III)WhattheywanttodoisgetthewholethingoversotheycansitdownandwatchTV. 他们要做的是把不得不做的事一劳永逸地做完,然后可以坐下来看电视。4.作定语不定式作定语通常置于它所要修饰的词语之后,一般表示将要发生的动作,带有"将要"、"可能"、"应该"、"必须"和"需要"的意义。有时不定式与它所修饰的词语之间含有逻辑上的主谓关系,有时不定式与它所修饰的词语之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系时,此时可以用主动形式的表示被动意义,如果这个不定式是不及物动词,它后面就应有必要的介词。e.g.I)Hewassoonchosenasthemantospeakforthepartybecausehewasagreatorator.他是一个伟大的演说家,因而不久就被选为党的发言人。II)Sheusuallyhasalotofmeetingtoattend.III)Wheneveritiscoldwehavefueltowarmusandsheepskincoatstowear.天冷时,我们有燃料取暖,有羊皮衣御寒。IV)Isthissomethingtobeashamedof?不定式还常常用来修饰与动词或形容词有关联的名词,如wish,hope,need,decision,attempt(试图),ability, necessity(需要)等等,注意这些名词相对应的动词或形容词后面也可以跟不定式。e.g.I)Theenemyfailedintheirattempttolandontheisland.II)Youshouldhaveconfidenceinyourabilitytofulfill(完成)thetask.另外,“介词+which+不定式”结构也可以起定语作用。 e.g.I)Shehadnotimeleftinwhichtopackherthings.她没有时间收拾行礼了。II)Hehadalittlemoneyinthebank,withwhichtohelphismother.他银行里有一点存款,用来帮助他的妈妈。5.作状语不定式作状语可表示原因、目的、结果、条件和行为方式。a)不定式作状语表示原因时通常用在表示情感和情绪的形容词后。有此用法的形容词有:amazed(吃惊的),angry,annoyed(苦恼的),anxious(焦虑的),ashamed(惭愧的,羞耻的),confused(困惑的),content(满足的),delighted(高兴的),disappointed,eager,fortunate(幸运的),frightened(害怕的),glad,happy,lucky,proud,sad,shocked(震惊的),slow,sorry,surprised,thankful,unable,unwilling(不情愿的),unwise,willing等。e.g.I)Hewasannoyedtohearthemtalklikethat.II)Weshallbeveryhappytocooperate(合作)withyouinthework.b)作状语表示目的时,通常置于动词之后,但为了强调目的,也可将不定式位于句首。此外,不定式也常在soas或inorder后,不过inorder(to)可置于句首,而soas(to)则不行。e.g.I)Todoagoodjob,wemusthavetherighttools.II)Heworestrangeclothessoastoshowhiscontemptforthetradition.他身着奇装异服以示对习俗的蔑视。c)表示结果的不定式通常位于句子的后半部,往往与表示程度的修饰语联用,最常见的表示结果的动词不定式结构有:such+(名词短语)asto...,该结构中的名词或名词短语有时可以省略;so+形容词(或副词)+asto...;形容词(或副词)+enoughto... ;too+形容词(或副词)+to...。另外,动词不定式还可能表示一种意外的或令人不愉快的结果,如onlyto...结构。e.g.I)WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoexcited?II)Hemadealongspeech,onlytoshowhisignoranceofthesubject.他讲了一大段话,只暴露出他对这么学问一无所知。III)Wefoundtheroomnotbigenoughtoholdsomanypeople.IV)Yourstupidityissuchastomakemedisappointed.你傻得令我失望。V)I’mjusttoobusytogetagoodnight’ssleep.d)而表示行为方式的不定式则通常由asif或asthough引导。e.g.Theywalkedslowly,asiftoprolong(延长)thewonderfulevening.6.作同位语作同位语的不定式常跟在名词或代词后面,有逗号、冒号或破折号与它所要说明的名词或代词分开。e.g.Themagazinewentontosaythatthemenureallyhastwoimportantfunctions:(1)tosellfood;and(2)torepeatandemphasizetheuniqueatmosphereofthatrestaurant.该杂志接着指出:菜单实际上具有两个重要功能:1)推销食品,2)重申并强调餐馆的独特氛围。三、不定式中to的省略 1.在助动词或情态动词do(does,did),will,shall,would,should,can,may,must(除了ought,have,be)后面,应省略to。e.g.I)Theycanfindasolution.II)SomeancientEgyptiansdidnoteatpork.一些古埃及人不吃猪肉。2.make,let,watch,see,hear,notice,feel,have,listento后面跟不定式作其宾语补足语时,不定式中的to的应省略。e.g.I)Fatherhadmybrotherwashthecaryesterday.II)Shemademesitatthetable.3.在hadbetter(最好),wouldrather(宁愿),cannotbut(只能)结构后面应省略不定式中的to;wouldrather...than...后面也常常跟不带to的不定式。e.g.I)IthinkIhadbettertaketheearliestbus.II)Iwouldratherhavericethanhavesomenoodles(面条)4.两个或两个以上作用相同的不定式并列使用时,第一个不定式前面有to,而后面的不定式中的to可省略。e.g.Itwashishabittogooutatnightandbringgiftstothepoor.【注】如果两者之间有对比关系或不定式前有逗号,每个不定式前面都应有to。e.g.Itisusuallyeasiertofollowrulesofsocialconductthantodependonone’sowntaste.遵循社会行为准则通常要比根据个人的情趣行事容易一些。5.在why或whynot引导的问句中,如果没有主语,to应省略。e.g.Whynottryasecondtime?6.当不定式用作主语补足语时,如果不定式所表示的意义是动词do意义的延伸,在all...do,what...do,thething...do等句型中to可以省去。e.g.Thebusbrokedown.Theonlythingwecoulddowaswalkthere.7.作介词except和but宾语的不定式,如果前面句中的动词是do或have的话,不定式不带to,否则不定式必须要有to。e.g.I)Imissedthelastbus.Icoulddonothingbutstayinthevillageforthenight.II)Theydon’ttalktoanyoneexcepttoanswerquestions.8.help后做宾语补足语的不定式中的to可以省略也可以不省略;如省略to,在上下文清楚的情况下,甚至还可同时将宾语省略。e.g.Hehelpedme(to)repairmyradio.1.—Haveyouenjoyedyourvisithere?—Yes,I’llbeverysorry_____.A.forleavingB.ofleavingC.toleaveD.withleaving2.—I’llhelpyouwheneveryouneedme.—Good.I’dlike_____metomorrow.A.youhelpingB.thatyouwillhelpC.youtohelpD.thatyou help3.—Wheredidhego?—Hewenttoanotherstore_____.A.tobuypencilsB.forbuyingpencilsC.buypencilsD.buyingpencils4.—Mybabyhasahearttrouble.—Didthedoctorfinditdifficult_____?A.intreatingB.treatingC.fortreatingD.totreat5.—Didthejudgeaskyoumanyquestions?—Yes,and_____.A.theyweredifficulttobeansweredB.toanswerthemwastobedifficultC.theyweredifficulttoanswerD.theyhaddifficultyinanswering6.Thelostchilddesirednothingbut_____home.A.goB.togoC.goingD.went7.LastsummerItookacourseon_____.A.howtomakedressesB.howdressesbemadeC.howtobemadedressesD.howdressestobemade8.Iknowhim_____agoodbasketballplayerwhileincollege.A.tohavebeenB.tobeC.wasD.hadbeen9.Iwassurprised_____.A.watchinghimtoeatsoquicklyB.watchhimeatsoquicklyC.watchinghimeatsoquicklyD.towatchhimeatsoquickly10.Nowwecouldnotdoanythingbut_____forhimhere.A.waitedB.waitingC.towaitD. wait11.Idon’tknowherandIdon’t_____.A.wantB.wanttoC.wantitD.wantso12.Toplayfairisasimportantas_____.A.toplaywellB.playwellC.weplaywellD.playingwell13.It’smostfoolish_____so.A.foryoutosayB.ofyoutosayC.withyousayingD.inyoursaying14.Ihavenopen_____.A.writingB.towriteC.towritewithD.tobewriting15.Thoselettersare_____tothecountrysiderightaway.A.tobesentB.sendingC.tohavebeensentD.sent16._____ourwishes,wemusttryourbesttoworkwell.A.RealizingB.TorealizeC.RealizedD.Havingrealized17.Wouldyouplease_____onthetable?A.don’twriteB.nottowriteC.notwriteD.notwriting18.Tompretended_____somethingwhenhismothercamein.A.writingB.towriteC.tobewritingD.beingwritten19.Weareallafraid_____byrobbers.A.torobB.toberobbedC.ofrobbingD.ofbeingrobbed20.I’msorry_____offthelightwhenIlefttheroom.A.toforgettoturnB.tohaveforgottentoturnC.tohaveforgottenturningD.tobeforgettingturning21.Thechildhadnochoicebut _____.A.tocryB.cryC.cryingD.cried22.Don’ttakethemedicine.Itcan’thelp_____ridofyourcold.A.gettingB.togetC.togettingD.gets23.—Doyougetsomeone_____yourclothes?—Yes,Ioftenhavethem_____.A.wash/washedB.towash/washedC.washing/washD.washed/washing24.Theydidnotobserveher_____inandgoupstairs.A.tocomeB.comingC.comeD.hascome25.Youwillmakegreatprogressinthedays_____.A.comingB.thattocomeC.whentocomeD.tocome26.Withallherfriendsandmoneygone,shereallydidn’tknow_____.A.howtodoB.whattodoC.whichtodoD.whentodo27.—Doesanybodywantanextratickettogototheplay?—Whomwouldyouratherhave_____withyou,Georgeorme?A.togoB.goC.goneD.going28.—Canyourideahorse?—No,Ineverhadthechance_____.A.forlearningitB.forlearninghowC.howtolearnitD.tolearnhow29.—Ididn’thearyou_____inlastnight.—That’sgood.Wetried_____noisy.A.come/notbeingB.coming/tonotbeC.coming/notbeingD.come/nottobe30.Weadvisedher_____thereat once.A.shouldgetB.getsC.togetD.togetting31.Weagreed_____herebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tohavemetD.tomeet32.HewouldsitaloneandlistentoMary_____thepiano.A.toplayB.playingC.playedD.play33.Heis_____honestaman_____alie.A.so/totellB.too/totellC.very/totellD.such/thattell34.Irantoofast_____whereIwasgoing.A.tonoticeB.formetonoticeC.tonoticeformeD.andnotice35.Thatbeggarseems_____anythingyesterday.A.nottohaveeatenB.nottoeatC.didn’teatD.tonothaveeaten36.TolearntospeakEnglishwell,_____.A.muchpracticeisneededB.oneneedsmuchpracticeC.muchpracticeisneededbyoneD.oneisneededmuchpractice37.Wedidn’texpectouroffer_____soquickly.A.rejectedB.torejectedC.toberejectedD.rejecting38.Mymotherwillbesorry_____thatnews.A.hearingB.tobeheardC.whenhearD.tohear39.I’dratherlosethegame_____.A.nottohurthimB.nothurthimC.thantohurthimD.thanhurthim40.ItisMasterWuwhotaughtus_____themachine.A.howtodowithB.ranC.howtorunD.howcould run41.Wouldyoube_____toshowmethewaytotheCityHall?A.goodenoughB.goodenoughasC.sogoodD.asgoodas42.Iwenttoseehim_____himout.A.findingB.findC.onlytofindD.tofind43.Sheseemed_____atthenews.A.surprisingB.surpriseC.surprisedD.tosurprise44.Themanwilldoeverythinghecan_____acameraforhiswife.A.togetB.gotC.buyD.bought45.Wehavebeenlookingfortheboyallthemorning,butheisnowhere_____.A.toseeB.seeingC.seenD.tobeseen46.Youlooklight-hearted.Nothingseems_____toyou.A.tohappenB.tohavebeenhappenedC.tohavehappenedD.tobehappened47.Thematterhadbetter_____asitis.A.leaveB.beingleftC.leavingD.beleft48.Iwantedtohavehim_____thejob,butshehadit_____instead.A.do/doneB.does/doingC.todo/doingD.todo/done49.Whathesaidmadeusdeeply_____.A.moveB.movedC.tomoveD.moving50.Helikesparties.Heisalwaysthefirst_____andthelast_____.A.coming/leavingB.tocome/leaveC.come/leaveD.tocome/toleave1.Theteachertoldthem________makesomuchnoise.  A.don’t  B.not  C.willnot  D.not to  2.Ourmasteroftentoldus_______thingsforgranted.  A.nottohave    B.nottotake  C.didn’ttake    D.nottomake  3.Tellhim_______thewindow.  A.toshutnot    B.nottoshut  C.tonotshut   D.notshut  4.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim______.  A.notto  B.nottodo  C.notdoit  D.donotto  5.MrsSmithwarnedherdaughter________afterdrinking.  A.nevertodrive    B.toneverdrive  C.neverdriving    D.neverdrive  6.Thepatientwaswarned_______oilyfoodaftertheoperation.  A.toeatnot  B.eatingnot  C.nottoeat  D.noteating  7.Theworkerswantus________togetherwiththem.  A.work  B.working  C.towork  D.worked  8.Theywouldnotallowhim________acrosstheenemyline.  A.toriskgoing    B.riskingtogo  C.forrisktogo    D.riskgoing  9.Isawhim_______outoftheroom.  A.go  B.hadgone  C.hasgone  D.goes  10.Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher_______upfromchildhood.  A.grow  B.grew  C.wasgrowing  D.to grow  11.I’veheardhim_______aboutyouoften.  A.spoke  B.speaks  C.speak  12.Thoughhehadoftenmadehislittlesister_______,todayhewasmade______byhislittlesister.  A.cry;tocry    B.crying;crying  C.cry;cry      D.tocry;cry  13.Hewasmade_________.  A.go  B.gone  C.going  D.togo  14.Johnwasmade_______thetruckforaweekasapunishment.  A.towash  B.washing  C.wash  D.tobewashing  15.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade_______.Healwaysworkshard.  A.learn  B.tolearn  C.learned  D.learning  16.There’resomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan’tmakeupmymind_______tobuy.  A.what  B.which  C.how  D.where  17.Thereisn’tanydifferencebetweenthetwo.Ireallydon’tknow_________.  A.wheretochoose    B.whichtochoose  C.tochoosewhat    D.tochoosewhich  18.“Haveyoudecidedwhen________?”  “Yes,tomorrowmorning.”  A.toleave       B.tobeleaving  C.willyouleave    D.areyouleaving  19.LastsummerItookacourseon ________.  A.howtomakedresses      B.howdressesbemade  C.howtobemadedresses    D.howdressestobemade  20.Hedoesn’tknow______tostayornot.  A.whether  B.if  C.either  D.ifhewill  21.Shepretended_______mewhenIpassedby.  A.nottosee    B.notseeing  C.tonotsee    D.havingnotseen  22.---Thelightintheofficeisstillon.    ---Oh,Iforgot_______.  A.turningitoff    B.turnitoff  C.toturnitoff    D.havingturneditoff  23.Weagreed_________herebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.  A.havingmet  B.meeting  C.tomeet  D.tohavemet  24.LittleJimshouldlove_______tothetheatrethisevening.  A.tobetaken  B.totake  C.beingtaken  D.taking  25.Iwouldlove______tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.  A.togo  B.tohavegone  C.going  D.havinggone  26.Frankisthekindofpersonwhopeopleliketo________.  A.makefriendwith    B.makefriendsof  C.makefriends     D.makefriendswith  27.Goon________theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.  A.todo  B.doing  C.with  D.tobe doing  28.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_______onabigrockbythesideofthepath.  A.tohaverested  B.resting  C.torest  D.rest  29.Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident________losehisjob.  A.sonotasto    B.soasnotto  C.soastonot    D.notsoasto  30.Ineedadayortwo________.  A.tothinkitover  B.tothinkover  C.ofthinking  31.Hewastooexcited_________.  A.speak  B.tospeak  C.nottospeak  D.speaking  32.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered________thefirstcomputer.  A.toinvent       B.inventing  C.tohaveinvented   D.havinginvented  33.Hesaidhewouldrathernot_______itrightnow.  A.doing  B.todo  C.do  D.tobedoing  34.Ratherthan_______onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers_______abicycle.  A.ride;ride     B.riding;ride  C.ride;toride    D.toride;riding  35.It’sfreezingoutside.You_______putonyourovercoat.  A.hadbetterto    B.hadbetter  C.wouldbetter     D.wouldbetterto  36.Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto_______.  A.sit  B.siton  C.besit  D.besat on  37.I’mhungry.Getmesomething_________.  A.eat  B.toeat  C.eating  D.foreating  38.---Iusuallygotherebytrain.    ---Whynot_______byboatforachange?  A.totrygoing    B.tryingtogo  C.totryandgo    D.trygoing  39.Shedidnothing_______atthephoto.  A.exceptlook      B.buttolook  C.excepttolook    D.butlooking  40.Iaskedhimto_______meafewminutessothatwecouldgooveralltheproblems.  A.spend  B.spare  C.save  D.share  41.Theywon’tlettheirteacher_______inthatway.  A.tobetreated    B.beingtreated  C.treated       D.betreated  42.John,youmustgetyourroom________afterbreakfast.  A.tobecleaned    B.toclean  C.cleaning       D.cleaned  43.Theproblem_______attomorrow’smeetingisaverydifficultone.  A.beingdiscussed    B.discussed  C.tobediscussed    D.todiscuss  44.Hereachedthestation_____only_____thatthetrainhadjustleft.  A.tired;learned      B.tiring;learning  C.totire;tolearn    D.tired;to learn  45.---Didthatbookgivetheinformationyouneeded?    ---Yes,but______,wehadtoreaditalmostentirely.  A.forfindingit    B.tofindit  C.findingit      D.byfindingit  46.I’msorryIforgot______yourdictionary.Let’sborrowonefromLiMing.  A.totake  B.taking  C.tobring  D.bringing  47.Shecouldn’tdecidewhichrestaurant_______.  A.tohavelunch    B.toeat  C.toeatat      D.eatingat  48.Thisproblemissaid_____threetimes.  A.tohavebeentalked     B.tohavediscussed  C.havingbeendiscussed    D.tohavebeentalkedabout  49.Everybodybelievedtheman______awaythediamondring.  A.betaken  B.taking  C.totake  D.tohavetaken  50.Iprefer____ratherthan______.  A.read;watch       B.toread;watch  C.reading;towatch    D.toread;towatch参考答案1—5CCADC6—10BAADD11—15BABCA16—20BCCDB21—25ABBCD26—30BBDDC31—35DBBAA36—40BCDDC41—45ACCAD46—50CDABD