高中英语语法专题精讲精练-动名词 6页

动名词定义：动名词是动词的一种非限定形式，兼有动词和名词的特征，它可以带宾语，也能被状语修饰。动名词接宾语或状语构成动名词短语。动名词有时态和语态的变化。基本形式：由动词原形家词尾-ing构成，与现在分词形式相同。动名词已经名词化了，而现在分词常表示动作或状态。如：asleepingchair躺/睡椅（动名词，表用途）asleepingchild正在睡觉的孩子（现在分词，表状态）一、动名词的句法功能动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。1、作主语1）直接位于句首做主语。Readingisanart.读书是一种艺术。Climbingmountainsisreallyfun.爬山真是有趣。Workingintheseconditionsisnotapleasurebutasuffering.在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。注意：动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数2）用it作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。Itisnouse/nogoodcryingoverspiltmilk.覆水难收Itisawasteoftimepersuadingsuchapersontojoinus.劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。Itwashardgettingonthecrowdedstreetcar.上这种拥挤的车真难。Itisfunplayingwithchildren.和孩子们一起玩真好。这种用法在习惯句型中常用，常用句型：Itis+nouse/nogood/useless/senseless/fun/enjoyable/tiring/interesting/foolish/nice/awasteoftime/aplessure…+v.ing注意：important，essential，necessary等形容词后面不用动名词（常用不定式）。3）用于“Therebe”结构中。Thereisnosayingwhenhe"llcome.很难说他何时回来。Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.对这种事情不是开玩笑。Thereisnoholdingbackthewheelofhistory.历史的车轮不可阻挡。常用句型：Thereisno+v.ing=Itisimpossibletodo…注意：在“Therebe”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语。4）用于布告形式的省略结构中。Nosmoking(=Nosmokingisallowed(here)).禁止吸烟。Noparking.禁止停车。5）动名词的复合结构作主语当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如：Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.他们前来帮忙对我们来说是极大的鼓舞。LaoLi’sgoingtherewon’tbeofmuchhelp.老李去不会有多大帮助。2、作宾语（1）作动词的宾语*某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise,suggest,allow,permit,avoid,consider,enjoy,finish,cannothelp,imagine,include,keep,keepon,mind,miss,delay,practise,resist,postpone(推迟)，deny(否认),appreciate(欣赏，感激),-6- escape,excuse,pardon,can’tstand,putoff,giveup等。如：Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?吧窗户打开好吗？ShesuggestedgoingtotheGreatWallforthespringouting.她建议去长城春游。Seeingthepicture,hecouldn’thelplaughing.看了这幅画，他禁不住大笑起来。Markoftenattemptstoescapebeingfinedwheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。*在下面这种结构中也可以用动名词（短语）做宾语：find/think/consider…+it（形式宾语）+nouse/nogood/useless…+v.ing（真正宾语）.Ifounditpleasantwalkingalongtheseashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。Doyouconsideritanygoodtryingagain?你认为再试一次有好处吗？*形容词worth后也可接动名词，作为复合谓语的宾语。Themusiciswellworthlisteningtomorethanonce.这种曲子很值得多听几遍。（2）作介词的宾语*能接动名词的短语有：thinkof/about,dreamof/about,hearof,prevent/keep/stop…from…,dependon,setabout,succeed(in),worryabout,burstout,insiston,be/getusedto,devote…to…,lookforwardto,payattentionto,getdownto,begoodat,dowellin,befondof,beinterestedin,betiredof,beafraidof,spend…(in),feellike,prefer…to…,insteadof,incaseof等等。Wearethinkingofmakinganewplanforthenextterm.我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。Shallwehavearestorgetdowntodoingourwork?我们休息呢还是开始干活？AnnhasbeenlookingforwardtocomingtoChinaforalongtime.安好久以来就盼望着来中国。*在下面的结构中，介词in常可省略：（1）S+have+trouble/difficulty/problems/fun/astruggle/agoodtime/ahardtime+(in)+v.ing（2）S+spengtime/money+(in)+V.ing（3）S+bebusy+(in)+V.ing（4）S+losenotime+(in)+V.ing（立即……）Wearebusy(in)preparingforthecomingsportsmeet.我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。Doyouhaveanydifficulty(in)understandingspokenEnglish?要听懂英语口语你有困难吗？3、作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。Yourtaskiscleaningthewindows.你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaningthewindowsisyourtask.)WhatIhatemostisbeinglaughedat.我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。(BeinglaughedatiswhatIhatemost.)4、作定语动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：awalkingstick＝astickforwalking=astickwhichisusedforwalkingawashingmachine=amachineforwashing=amachinewhichisusedforwashingareadingroom=aroomforreading=aroomwhichisusedforreadingsleepingpills=pillsforsleeping=pillswhichisusedforsleeping二、动名词的复合结构带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如：-6- Hercomingtohelpencouragedallofus.他来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。(=Thatshecametohelpencouragedallofus.)Jane’sbeingcarelesscausedsomuchtrouble.简的粗心惹来了不少麻烦。(=ThatJanewascarelesscausedsomuchtrouble.)What’stroublingthemistheirnothavingenoughfood.烦扰他们的是食物不足。(=What’stroublingthemisthattheyhavenotenoughfood.)在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。如：Wouldyoumindmy/meusingyourcomputer?用下你的电脑介意吗？Thefatherinsistedonhisson’s/hissongoingtocollege.爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学。Mary’s(不可用Mary)beingillmadehermotherupset.玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。His(不可用Him)smokingmadehisfamilyangry.他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。例：Iwouldappreciate_______backthisafternoon.A．youtocallB．youcallC．youcallingD．you’recalling（Key：C；换成yourcalling也对）在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：a.无命名词Thebabywasmadeawakebythedoorsuddenlyshutting.这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。b.有生命名词但表示泛指意义Haveyoueverheardofwomenpractisingboxing?你听说过妇女练拳击吗？c.两个以上的有生命名词并列Doyourememberyourparentsandmetellingaboutthis?你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗？三、动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态如下：主动语态、被动语态、一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone（一）时态1、动名词一般式：表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或之后发生的动作。Ihatetalkingwithsuchpeople.我讨厌与这样的人说话。Beingcarelessisnotagoodhabit.粗心不是一个好习惯。2、动名词的完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。Idon’trememberhavingmethimbefore.我记不得以前见过他。Thankyouforhavingtakingsomuchtroubletohelp.谢谢你费力帮忙。Hedeniedhavingtakenanymoneyfromthecashregister.他否认从现金出纳机里拿了钱。（二）语态动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其后发生。如：Idon’tlikebeinglaughedatinpublic.在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。Hecameinwithoutbeingasked.没有谁请他进来他自己进来了。（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：Iamverypleasedatyourhavingbeenhonouredwithamedal.我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。-6- （3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如：Excusemeforbeinglate.我来晚了请你原谅。Idon’trememberevermeetingsomewhere.我记不得原来在什么地方见过。Thankyouforgivingussomuchhelp.谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。如：Iforgetoncebeingtaken(havingbeentaken)tothecityzoo.我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。四、动名词的否定式：not+V.ingIregretnotbeingabletohelpyou.我很抱歉不能帮助你。Iapologizefornothavingwaitedforyou.没有等你，我向你表示歉意。五、动名词与动词不定式的区别：1.作主语或表语时：动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语，在意义上相近，但动名词多用来表示泛指的抽象的动作或经常性的动作；不定式多用来表示特指或具体的动作，特别是将来的动作。比较：Smokingisnotgoodforhealth.Itisnotgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.MyjobisteachingEnglish.Ourtasknowistoincreasefoodproduction.我们现在的任务是增加粮食产量。2.在like,hate,prefer等动词后：如果表示一般倾向，多用动名词做宾语；如指特定的或具体的某次行为，用不定式更多一些。Ilikereadingbooksinmysparetime.Iliketoreadthatbook.Theypreferwalkingtocycling.Hepreferstostayathometoday.3.有些动词后即可用动名词也可以不定式做宾语（如like,love,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,want,need,stop,remember,forget,try,attempt等）。有时区别不大，如：Let’scontinueworking/towork.Whendidyoubeginlearning/tolearnEnglish?但有时两种结构之间含义不同，如remember,forget,regret,try,stop,mean,goon等。HetriedspeakingEnglishtous.他试着用英语和我们讲话。Pleasetrytodoitbetternexttime.下次请设法做得更好些。Thismeanssettingoutatonce.这意味着立即出发。Hereallymeanttocome.他确实打算来的。4.在表示“需要”意思的want,need,require,deserve等动词后：当主语表事物时，其后既可用动名词的主动式也可用不定式的被动式表被动含义。Mywatchneedsrepairing/toberepaired.Thehousewantscleaning/tobecleaned.Thewaydeservesmentioning/tobementioned.Theseyoungtreeswillrequirelookingafter/tobelookedaftercarefully.5.在allow,permit,advise,recommend,consider,forbid等词后，常用动名词做宾语，用不定式做宾语补足语。Wedon’tallowsmokinghere.-6- Hermotherdoesn’tallowhertostayuplate.注意：Seeingisbelieving./Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。六、动名词与现在分词的区别1､动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:Myhobbyisswimming.可改为Swimmingismyhobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,但可加very,quite等副词修饰，例如:Thestoryis(very)interesting.(不可改为:Interestingisthestory)③动名词作表语时，不可与进行时态相混淆，如：Herjobiswashingclothes.（动名词做表语）Sheiswashingclothesnow.（现在进行时）2､动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质､状态或动作等｡试比较:aswimmingboy和aswimmingsuit前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即aboywhoisswimming,现在分词swimming表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即asuitforswimming,动名词swimming表示suit的用途｡检测练习1）Markoftenattemptstoescape____wheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.A）havingbeenfinedB）tohavebeenfinedC）tobefinedD）beingfined2）Ireallyappreciate____tohelpme，butIamsurethatIcanmanagebymyself.A）youtoofferB）thatyouofferC）yourofferingD）thatyouareoffering3）Thethieftookawaythewoman’swalletwithout____。A）beingseenB）seeingC）himseeingD）seeinghim4）Noonecanavoid____byadvertisements。A）tobeinfluencedB）beinginfluencedC）influencingD）havinginfluenced5）Theyareconsidering____beforethepricesgoup。A）ofbuyingthehouseB）withbuyingthehouseC）buyingthehouseD）tobuythehouse6）IfIhadremembered____thedoor,thethingswouldnothavebeenstolen。A）tolockB）lockingC）tohavelockedD）shavingslocked7）Mytransistorradioisn‘tworking。It____。A）needrepairingB）needstorepairC）needsrepairingD）needtoberepaired8）Itisnouse____menottoworry。A）youtellB）yourtellingC）foryoutohavetoldD）havingtold9）Heisverybusy____hispapers。Heisfartoobusy____callers。A）towrite；toreceiveB）writing；toreceiveC）writing；receivingD）towrite；forreceiving10）Thesuspectatlastadmitted____stolengoodsbutdenied____them。A）receiving。。。sellingB）toreceive。。。tosell-6- C）toreceiving。。。tosellingD）tohavereceived。。。tohavesold11）Sheapologizedfor____tocome。A）hernotbeingableB）herbeingnotableC）notbeingableD）thatshe’snotableto12）Pleasestop____，boys，Ihavesomethingimportantto____you。A）saying。。。talkB）telling。。。sayC）talking。。。speakD）talking。。。tell13）Tony，wouldyougoandseeifSamhasanydifficulty____histaperecorder？A）tofixB）fixingC）forfixingD）fix14）Iremember____tohelpusifweevergotintrouble。A）onceofferingB）himonceofferingC）himtoofferD）toofferhim15）Johnregretted____tothemeetinglastweek。A）notgoingB）nottogoC）nothavingbeengoingD）nottobegoing16）Doyoufeellike____outorwouldyourather____dinnerathome？A）going。。。tohaveB）togo。。。tohaveC）togo。。。havingD）going。。。have17）Wehadsometrouble____thehouseandnobodyseemed____whereitwas。A）infinding。。。knowingB）finding。。。toknowC）tofind。。。knowingD）tofind。。。toknow19）Itisnogood____remembergrammaticalrules。Youneedtopractisewhatyouhavelearned。A）tryingtoB）totrytoC）trytoD）triedto20）Idon’tlike____atme。A）themlaughingB）theirlaughC）themlaughD）themtohavelaughed21）Wesuggested____inhotelsbutthechildrenwereanxious____out。A）sleeping。。。tocampB）sleeping。。。campingC）tosleep。。。tocampD）tosleep。。。camping22）Thematchwascancelledbecausemostofthemembers____amatchwithoutastandardcourt。A）objectedtohavingB）wereobjectedtohaveC）objectedtohaveD）wereobjectedtohaving23）After____himbetter，Iregretted____himunfairly。A）gettingtoknow。。。tojudgeB）gettingtoknow。。。tohavejudgedC）gettingtohaveknow。。。judgingD）gettingtoknow。。。havingjudged24）Heislookingforwardto____hisholidayinBritain。A）spendB）havespentC）spendingD）havingbeenspending25）“Whywereyousolateforworktoday？”“____totheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecauseofthetraffic。”A）DrivingB）IdroveC）TodriveD）ThatIdrove26）Itwasimpoliteofhim____without____good－bye。A）toleave，sayingB）leaving，tosayC）toleave，tosayD）leaving，saying27）Hekept____tohisparents。A）puttingofftowriteB）toputofftowriteC）puttingoffwritingD）toputoffwriting-6-