英语语法术语(标准格式版) 10页

language语言grammar语法sentence句子clause分句phrase词组word词morpheme词素segmentation切分法freemorpheme自由词素simpleword（morphemeword）简单词（单词素词）compoundword复合词compoundnoun复合名词compoundadjective复合形容词compoundverb复合动词compoundadverb复合副词compoundpronoun复合代词compoundconjunction复合连词compoundpreposition复合介词inflectionalaffix屈折词缀derivationalaffix派生词缀prefix前缀infix中缀suffix后缀allomorph词素变体closedclass封闭词类functionword功能词preposition介词pronoun代词determiner限定词conjunction连词auxiliary助动词openclass开放词类contentword实义词noun名词adjective形容词adverb副词mainverb主动词cardinalnumeral基数词ordinalnumeral序数词interjection感叹词head(headword)中心词nounphrase名词词组 verbphrase动词词组adjectivephrase形容词词组adverbphrase副词词组prepositionalphrase介词词组simpleverbphrase简单动词词组complexverbphrase复杂动词词组finiteverbphrase限定动词词组tense时person人称number数non-finiteverbphrase非限定动词词组premodifier前置修饰语postmodifier后置修饰语complementation补足成分independentclause独立分句dependentclause从属分句simpleclause简单分句simplesentece简单句complexclause复杂分句complexsentece复杂句mainclause主句subordinateclause分句finiteclause限定分句non-finiteclause非限定分句verblessclause无动词分句fullsentence完全句minorsentece不完全句compoundsentence并列句compound-complexsentence并列复杂句clauseelement分句成分basicclausetype分句基本类型subject（compoundsubject）主语(并列主语)predicate（compoundpredicate）谓语(并列谓语)predicateverb谓语动词object（directobject/indirectobject）宾语(直宾/间宾)complement(subject/objectcomplement)补语(主补/宾补)adverbial状语SVC,SV,SVO,SVoO,SVOC,SVA,SVOA concord/agreement一致subject-verbagreement主动一致/主谓一致grammaticalconcord语法一致原则notionalconcord意义一致原则principleofproximity就近原则coordinatesubject并列结构作主语nounphraseofamountorquality表示数量概念的名词词组relativeclause关系分句relativepronoun关系代词antecedent先行项cleftsentence分裂句focuselement中心成分existentialsentence存在句notionalsubject实义主语coordinateconstruction并列结构coordinateelement并列成分simplenoun简单名词compoundnoun复合名词derivativenoun派生名词commonnoun普通名词individualnoun个体名词collectivenoun集体名词materialnoun物质名词abstractnoun抽象名词propernoun专有名词countable/countnoun可数名词uncountable/non-countnoun不可数名词number数singularnumber单数pluralnumber复数regularplural规则复数irregularplural不规则复数partitive/unitnoun单位词/单位名词case格commoncase通格possessivecase/genitivecase所有格/（名词）属格independentgenitive独立属格doublegenitive双重属格determiner限定词definiteairicle定冠词indefinitearticle不定冠词zeroarticle零冠词 possessivedeterminer物主限定词genitivenoun名词属格demonstrativedeterminer指示限定词relativedeterminer关系限定词interrogativedeterminer疑问限定词indefinitedeterminer不定限定词multiplicativenumeral倍数词fractionalnumeral分数词quantifier量词specificreference特指genericreference类指definitespecificreference确定特指anaphoricspecificreference前照应特指cataphoricspecificreference后照应特指situationalreference语境照应（特指）definitequantity确定数量indefinitequantity非确定数量referentialmeaning所指意义predeterminer前位限定词centraldeterminer中位限定词postdeterminer后位限定词personpronoun人称代词subjectivecase主格objectivecase宾格genitivecase属格possessivepronoun(genitivepronoun)物主代词(属格代词)nominalgenitivepronoun名词性属格代词possessivegenitivepronoun限定词属格代词reflexivepronoun反身代词reciprocalpronoun相互代词demonstrativepronoun指示代词indefinitepronoun不定代词interrogativepronoun疑问代词relativepronoun关系代词gender性masculinegender阳性femininegender阴性neutergender中性commongender通性nounofcommongender通性名词 person人称firstperson第一人称secondperson第二人称thirdperson第三人称Reflexiveform反身形式emphaticuse强调用法unemphaticuse非强调用法reference照应，所指pronounreference代词照应anaphoricreference前照应cataphoricreference后照应situationalreference语境照应personreference人称照应demonstrativereference指示照应tense时presenttense现在时pasttense过去时aspect体progressiveaspect进行体perfectiveaspect完成体voice态activevoice主动态passivevoice（be-passive/get-passive/passiveinfinitive）被动态(be型/get型被动态/不定式被动态)mood式indicativemood陈述式statement(declarativesentence)陈述句question(interrogativesentence)疑问句imperativemood祈使式subjunctivemood虚拟式hypotheticalmeaning假设意义non-factualmeanig非事实意义Be-subjunctiveBe型虚拟式Were-subjunctiveWere型虚拟式auxiliary助动词primaryauxiliary基本助动词modalauxiliary情态助动词semi-auxiliary半助动词simpleverbphrase简单动词词组 complexverbphrase复杂动词词组notionalverb实义动词complementation补足成分transitiveverb及物动词intransitiveverb不及物动词linkingverb连系动词dynamicverb动态动词stativeverb静态动词single-wordverb单词动词phrasalverb词组动词finiteverb（finiteform）限定动词（限定形式）non-finiteverb（non-finiteform）非限定动词（非限定形式）baseform原形grammaticalform语法形式simpletense一般现在时simplepast一般过去时presentprogressive现在进行时pastprogressive过去进行时presentperfective现在完成时pastperfective过去完成时presentperfectiveprogressive现在完成进行时pastperfectiveprogressive过去完成进行时futuretense将来时operator操作词predication述谓成分OldEnglish古英语prediction预见willingness意愿intention意图infinitive(to-infinitive/bare-infinitive)不定式(带to/不带to不定式)-ingparticipleing分词-edparticipleed分词conditional条件句impliedconditional含蓄条件句ability能力possibility可能permission许可obligation义务（必须，应该）necessity必然determination决心epistemic推测性 non-epistemic非推测性deepstructure深层结构surfacestructure表层结构dynamicadjective动态形容词stativeadjective静态形容词presentparticiple现在分词pastparticiple过去分词gerund动名词danglingparticiple(unattachedparticiple)悬垂分词（无依着分词）attachmentrule依着规则logicalsuject逻辑主语one-wordadjective单词形容词compoundadjective复合形容词centraladjective中心形容词peripheraladjective外围形容词gradableajective等级形容词non-gradableajective非等级形容词causativeconstruction使役结构simpleadverb简单副词derivativeadverb派生副词adverbofmanner方式副词adverbofdegree程度副词adverboftime时间副词adverboffrequency频率副词adverbofplace地点副词conjunctiveadverb连接副词explanatoryadverb解说副词adjunct修饰/结合性状语dsjunct评注/分离性状语conjunct连接性状语positive/absolutedegree原级comparativedegree比较级superlativedegree最高级syntheticform综合形式analyticform分析形式comparativeconstructure比较结构analyticlanguage分析性语言simplepreposition简单介词complexpreposition复杂介词two-wordpreposition双词介词three-wordpreposition三词介词four-wordpreposition四词介词 exclamation(exclamatorysentence)感叹句emphasizer强调词reinforcementtag强调附加结构doublenegative双重否定rhetoricalquestion修辞疑问句partialnegation局部否定question(interrogativesentence)疑问句generalquestion(yes-noquestion)一般疑问句(是非疑问句)specialquestion（wh-question）特殊疑问句（wh-问句）alternativequestion选择疑问句tagquestion附加疑问句non-assertiveword非肯定词command(imperativesentence)祈使句existentialsentence存在句notionalsubject实义主语realsubject真主语locativeadverbial地点状语temporaladverbial时间状语nonreferringit非指代性itemptyit虚义itanticipatoryit先行itpseudo-clefsentence拟似分裂句coordinator并列（连）词correlativecoordinator关联并列连词coordinateconstruction并列结构subordination从属subordinator从属连词simplesubordinator简单从属连词complexsubordinator复杂从属连词correlativesubordinator关联从属连词marginalsubordinator边际从属连词one-wordsubordinator单词从属连词adverbialclauseoftime时间状语分句adverbialclauseofplace地点状语分句adverbialclauseofmanner方式状语分句adverbialclauseofcause原因状语分句adverbialclauseofresult结果状语分句adverbialclauseofpurpose目的状语分句 adverbialclauseofcondition条件状语分句adverbialclauseofconcession让步状语分句Infinitiveclause不定式分句-ingparticipleclause-ing分词分句-edparticipleclause-ed分词分句quasi-coordinator近似并列连词absoluteconstruction独立结构relativeword关系词relativepronoun关系代词relativeadverb关系副词relativedeterminer关系限定词attributiveclause(relativeclause)定语从句（关系分句）restrictiverelativeclause限定性关系分句non-restrictiverelativeclause非限定性关系分句doublerelativeclause双重关系分句embeddedrelativeclause嵌入式关系分句conditional条件句realconditional真实条件句unrealconditional非真实条件句basicform基本形式variantform变体形式alternativeform替换形式directspeech直接引语indirectspeech间接引语reportingverb引述动词modification修饰语restrictivemodifier限制性修饰语non-restrictivemodifier非限制性修饰语discontinuousmodification分隔修饰appositive同位语restrictiveappositive限制性同位语non-restrictiveappositive非限制同位语substitute替代词nominalsubstitute名词性替代词verbalsubstitute动词性替代词clausalsubstitute分句性替代词substitution替代nominalsubstitution名词性替代verbalsubstitution动词性替代clausalsubstitution分句性替代ellipsis省略wordorder词序 normalorder正常词序naturalorder自然词序postponement后置fronting前置endfocus句尾焦点endweight句尾重心informationfocus信息焦点informationunit信息单位oldinformation(giveninformation)旧信息（已知信息）newinformation新信息fullinversion全部倒装partialinversion部分倒装cohesion粘着性coherence连贯性unity统一性redundancy累赘correctness正确性communicativepfunction交际功能transitionalwords/phrases过渡词语logicalconnectors逻辑纽带grammaticalconnectors语法纽带coreferencepro-form指代词comparativereference对比照应parallelconstruction平行结构keyword关键词synonym(near-synonym)同义词（近义词）sentencegroup句群（语段）text语篇single-sentencegrouptext单语段语篇multi-sentencegrouptext多语段语篇topsentence主题句topicsentencegroup主题语段supportingsentence辅助句supportingsentencegroup辅助语段