高中英语语法系统复习--- 一名词 12页

高中英语语法系统复习---一名词I.名词　名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：　1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。　2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。　3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。　4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：专有名词名词个体名词集体名词可数名词普通名词物质名词不可数名词抽象名词1.1名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加清辅音后读/s/map-maps浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bags/car-cars 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾加-es读/iz/bus-buses/watch-watches以ce,se,ze,等结尾加-s读/iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再加es读/z/baby---babies1.2其它名词复数的规则变化1）以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：　twoMarys　　　　theHenrysmonkey---monkeys　holiday---holidays　　2）以o结尾的名词，变复数时：a.加s，如：photo---photos　　piano---pianosradio---radios　　zoo---zoos；b.加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoesc.上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros/zeroes。　3）以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：a.加s，如：belief---beliefs　roof---roofssafe---safes　gulf---gulfs；b.去f,fe加ves，如：half---halves　　knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolveswife---wives　life---lives　thief---thieves；c.上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves。1.3名词复数的不规则变化1）child---children　foot---feet　tooth---teethmouse---mice　　　man---men　woman---women　注意：由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women，如anEnglishman，twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是theBowmans。 2）单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese，li，jin，yuan，twoli，threemu，fourjin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers。3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：people　police　cattle等本身就是复数，不能说apeople，apolice，acattle，但可以说aperson，apoliceman，aheadofcattle,theEnglish，theBritish，theFrench，theChinese，theJapanese，theSwiss等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如TheChineseareindustriesandbrave.　中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a.maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。b.news为不可数名词。c.theUnitedStates，theUnitedNations应视为单数。TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如："TheArabianNights"isaveryinterestingstory-book.《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。5）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses（眼镜）　trousers,　clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair（对，双）;　suit（套）;apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers等。6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。　1.4不可数名词量的表示1）物质名词a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。比较：Cakeisakindoffood.　蛋糕是一种食物。（不可数）Thesecakesaresweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。（可数）b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：Thisfactoryproducessteel.　（不可数）Weneedvarioussteels.　（可数）c.当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如： Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我国因茶叶而闻名。Twoteas,please.请来两杯茶。2）抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：fourfreedoms四大自由thefourmodernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如aglassofwater一杯水/apieceofadvice　一则建议。　1.5.定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1)用复数作定语。例如：sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2）man,woman,gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如：menworkers　　womenteachers　　gentlemenofficials3）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：goodstrain（货车）armsproduce　武器生产customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：two-dozeneggs　两打鸡蛋　aten-milewalk十英里路two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan.　一个五年计划1.6不同国籍人的单复数国籍总称（谓语用复数）单数复数中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks 法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes1.7名词的格英语中有些名词可以加""s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：ateacher"sbook。名词所有格的规则如下：1）单数名词词尾加""s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加""s"，如theboy"sbag男孩的书包，men"sroom男厕所。2）若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加"""，如：theworkers"struggle　工人的斗争。3）凡不能加""s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of+名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：thetitleofthesong歌的名字。4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：thebarber"s理发店。5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有"s，则表示"分别有"；只有一个"s，则表示"共有"。例如：John"sandMary"srooms（两间）　　JohnandMary"sroom（一间）6）复合名词或短语，"s加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：amonthortwo"sabsence1.8练习1.Hewaseagertomakesomeextramoney,sinceduringtheseyearshecouldhardlyliveonhis_______.A．littlewageB.fewwageC.wageD.wages 2.Mostofthehousesinthevillagewereburntto______duringthewar.A.anashB.theashC.ashD.ashes3.Thestudentsatcollegesoruniversitiesaremaking______forthecomingNewYear.A.manypreparationsB.muchpreparationC.preparationsD.preparation4.Paintingin_____isoneoftheirspare-timeactivities.A.oilB.anoilC.oilsD.theoil5.Intheviewoftheforeignexperts,therewasn’t____oilhere.A.muchB.lotsofC.agreatdealofD.many6.Thelargehousesarebeingpainted,but______.A.ofgreatexpenseB.atagreatexpenseC.inalotofexpensesD.byhighexpense7.Theroomwassmallandcontainedfartoo______.A.muchnewfurnitureB.manynewfurnitureC.muchnewfurnituresD.manynewfurnitures8.Jimwaslatefortwoclassesthismorning.Hesaidthatheforgotbothofthe______.A.roomsnumberB.roomnumberC.room’snumbersD.roomnumbers9.Computerscando______workinashorttime,butamancannotdo______byhimself.Agreatmany…manyB.agreatdealof…muchC.much…agreatdealD.many…agreatmany10.Shedidn’tknow_____hehadbeengiven.A.howmanyinformationB.thenumberofinformationC.howmanyinformationsD.howmuchinformation11.Heinvitedallofhis______tojoinhisweddingparty.A.comrade-in-armsB.comrades-in-armsC.comrades-in-armD.comrade-in-arm12.Allthe______inthehospitalgotariselastmonth.A.womendoctorsB.womendoctorC.womandoctorsD.womandoctor13.Aftertenyears,alltheseyoungstersbecame_____.A.growns-upsB.grown-upC.growns-upD.grown-ups 14.Thepoliceinvestigatedthose_____abouttheaccident.A.stander-byB.stander-bysC.standers-byD.standers-bys15.TheNazikeptthose______intheirconcentrationcamp.A.prisoner-of-warsB.prisoners-of-warsC.prisoners-of-warD.prisoner-of-war16.Themanagerwasgreatlyappreciatethat_____madebyLindalately.A.newreelB.newsreelC.new-reelsD.newsreels17.Mary’sdressissimilarinappearancetoher______.A.eldersisterB.eldersister’sC.eldersistersD.eldersistersdress18.Allthepeopleattheconferenceare______.A.mathematicteachersB.mathematicsteachersC.mathematicsteacherD.mathematic’steachers19.ProfessorMackaytoldusthat______ofleadareitssoftnessanditsresistance.A.somepropertyB.somepropertiesC.propertiesD.propertyhysics_____withmatterandmotion.A.dealB.dealsC.dealingD.are21.Hehaswrittenseveralbooks,buthislastworks_____wellknownamonghisfriends.A.haveB.havebeenC.isD.are22.Afterhecheckedupmy______heart,thedoctoradvisedhimtorestforafewdays.A.father-in-law’sB.father-in-lawC.father’s-in-lawD.father’s-in-law’s23.Hetoldme_____wouldcometohisbirthdayparty.A.manyJackfriendsB.Jack’smanyfriendsC.manyJack’sfriendD.manyfriendsofJack’s24.Ihadmyhaircutatthe_____aroundthecorner.A.barberB.barbersC.barber’sDbarbers’25.Yesterdayeveningwehadalovelyeveningat______.A.PeterandHelen’sBPeterandHelens C.PeterandHelenD.Peter’sandHelen’s26.______receivesonlyasmallportionofthetotalamountofthesun’senergy.A.Theearth’ssurfaceB.ThesurfaceearthC.ThesurfaceofearthD.Theearthsurface27.Numerousmaterialsareavailableto______.A.todayofdesignersB.today’sdesignersC.today’sofdesignersD.todaydesigners28.WhydidyouspeaktoPeterthatway?Don’tyouknowheisanoldfriendof______?A.mybrotherB.mybrothersC.mybrother’sD.mybrother’sfriend29.______isawell-informedman.Hecantellyouanythingyouwanttoknow.A.ThisJohn’soldfriendB.ThisoldfriendofJohnC.That’sJohn’soldfriendD.ThisoldfriendofJohn’s30.______istoomuchforalittleboytocarry.A.Abike’sweightB.TheweightsofabikeC.TheweightofabikeD.Bile’sweight31.Generallythereare______televisionprogramsforchildrenonSaturday.A.littleB.muchC.alargenumberofD.alargeamountof32.Whentheygottothelecture-room,therewere______left.A.onlyfewseatsB.averyfewseatsC.onlyafewseatsD.soafewseats33.______travelsfasterwhenthezipcodeisindicatedontheenvelope.A.AlittlemailB.ApieceofmailC.AmailD.Asmallmail34.TheDepartmentpurchased______toimprovetheworkingconditionsthere.A.anewequipmentB.anewpieceofequipmentC.newequipmentsD.newpiecesofequipments35.Theboytriedhardbuttherehasbeen______inhiswork.A.littleimprovementB.alittleimprovementC.manyimprovementsD.fewimprovements36.Today’smodernTVcamerasrequire______lightascomparedwiththeearliermodels.A.onlyafewB.onlyfewC.onlyalittleDonlylittle37.Nocountrycanaffordtoneglect______. A.aneducationB.educationsC.educationD.theeducation38.Pleasewritetheanswerstothequestionsattheendof______.A.eighthchapterB.chaptereightC.eightchapterD.chaptertheeight39.______isonlysurpassedbythatofmonkeys’andapes’.A.TheintelligentdogB.ThedogswhoseintelligenceC.TheintelligenceofdogsD.Thedogsbeingintelligent40.All______musttakethegraduateManagementAdmissionTest.A.businessstudentB.business’sstudentsC.businessstudentsD.business’sstudent41.______anywhereintheUnitedStatescostslessthanadollarwhenyoudialityourself.A.ThreeminutescallC.Athree-minutescallB.Three-minutecallD.Athree-minutecall42.The______aboutnuclearenergyrevolvesaroundthewasteproblem.A.public’schiefconcernB.publicchiefconcernC.chiefpublicconcernD.chiefconcernofpublic’s43.______thefirstandlargestethnicgrouptoworkontheconstructionofthetranscontinentalrailroad.A.ChinesewereB.TheChinesewasC.ChinesewasD.TheChinesewere44.______cangetabetterviewofthegamethantheparticipants.A.Looker-onB.Lookers-onC.Looker-onsD.Lookers-ons45.Agroupofspectatorswasdispersedbythepolicewho______atthesceneoftheaccidentswithinminutes.A.wereB.havebeenC.wasD.hasbeen46.Ourlivestock______notasnumerousastheyusedtobe.A.isB.areC.beD.been47.Oneofthemostsurprisingthingsisthat______maycomefrompetroleum.A.muchoftomorrowfoodB.muchofthefoodoftomorrowC.manyoftomorrow’sfoodD.muchoftomorrow’sfood48.Scottisanorphanbuthereceived______.A.verygoodeducationB.verygoodeducations C.averygoodeducationD.manygoodeducations49.Afterseveralday’shardworking,wehavemade______onthedesign.A.muchimprovementB.severalimprovementsC.manyimprovementD.someimprovement50.Theboywasveryhappythathismotherboughthimanewpairofshoesata______yesterday.A.shoesshopB.shoeshopC.shoes’sshopD.shoe’s51.Eggs,thoughnourishing,have______offatcontent.A.largenumberB.alargenumberC.ahighamountD.thehighamount52.Hehasdonesome______onthatsubjectfromvariousanglesoverthepasttenyears.A.researchB.aresearchC.researchesD.theresearches53.Recently,hehaslostallhis______.A.wageandsavingatcardB.wagesandsavingsatcardC.wagesandsavingatcardD.wagesandsavingsatcards54.Thecountry’swealthcomeschieflyfromitsmany______.A.herdofcattleB.heardofcattlesC.herdsofcattleD.herdsofcattles55.InBritainthe______areallpaintedred.A.letterboxesB.lettersboxClettersboxesD.letters’sbox56.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad______.A.alittlewhitehairB.somewhitehairC.afewwhitehairD.muchwhitehair57.Allhis______farfromsatisfactionA.conductisB.conductareC.conductsisD.conductswillbe58.Althoughthetownhadbeenattackedbythestormseveraltimes,______wasdone.A.afewdamagesB.fewdamagesC.littledamageD.alittledamage59.Hewas______whattodo.A.athiswitendB.athiswitsendC.athiswit’sendD.athiswits’send60.Wouldyouliketohaveacupofteaand______withme?AtwotoastsB.twopiecesoftoastC.twopieceoftoastsD.towpiecesoftoasts61.Accurate______coveringthefactarenotobtainable.A.datumB.datumsC.dataD.datas 62.OnMondaymorningsometeachersexchangedafew______.A.how-are-yousB.ofhow-are-you’sC.how-are-you’sD.ofhowareyou63.Albertsaidhemetthegirl______A.athisuncle’sSmithroomB.atSmith’shisuncle’sroomC.athisuncleSmith’sroomD.attheroomofhisuncle’sSmith’s64.ItisfourmonthssinceIlastsawKeats______.A.atMrs.Smith’s,thebooksellerB.atmyaunt’s,Mrs.Palmer’sC.atmyaunt’s,abooksellerD.atMrs.Palmer’s,thebookseller’s65.Thisroomis______.A.theeditor’s-in-chief’sofficeB.theeditor-in-chiefofficeC.theeditor-in-chief’sofficeD.theeditor’s-in-chiefoffice66.Myoldclassmate,ComradeSun,worksat______.A.ateachercollegeB.ateachers’collegeC.ateacher’scollegeD.acollegeofateacher’s67.Thepolicemenputthecriminal______.A.inaironB.intoaironC.inironsD.intoapairofiron68.Ourteachergaveme______.A.anadviceB.theadviceC.manyadviceD.muchadvice69.Mymothercuttheclothwith______scissors.A.aB.twoC.acoupleofD.apairof70.Myhouseiswithin______fromtherailwaystation.A.astone’sthrowB.athrowofastoneC.stone’sthrowD.thestone’sthrow 答案：1D2D3C4C5A6C7A8D9C10D11C12A13D14B15B16B17B18C19C21C22A23D24C25A26A27C28C29D30B31C32C33B34C35A36C37C38B39B40.C41D42A43D44B45A46B47D48B49C50B51C52A53D54C55A56D57A58C59D60B61C62B63B64D65B66C67C68D69D70A