中学初中英语语法——主谓一致详解 20页

主谓一致详解【基础知识】主谓一致指“人称”和“数”方面的一致关系。对大多数人来说，往往会在掌握主语和随后的谓语动词之间的一致问题上遇到困难。一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则支配：语法一致原则(grammaticalconcord)意义一致原则(notionalconcord)就近原则(principleofproximity)（一）语法一致原则用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致，就是语法一致。也就是说，如果名词中心词是单数，动词用单数形式；如果名词中心词是复数，动词用复数形式。例如：Thistableisagenuineantique.Bothpartieshavetheirownadvantages.Herjobhassomethingtodowithcomputers.Shewantstogohome.Theyaredivorcingeachother.Marywaswatchingherselfinthemirror.Thebirdbuiltanest.Susancomeshomeeveryweek-end.（二）意义一致原则有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义，而不是语法上的单、复数形式，这样的一致关系就是意义一致。例如：Democraticgovernmentgraduallytaketheplaceofanall-powerfulmonarchy.Abarrackswasattackedbytheguerilla.Mumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease.TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry.Itistheremainsofaruinedpalace.Thearchiveswaslost.Thispairoftrouserscostsfiftydollars.第-20-页共20页 （三）就近原则有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语。例如：Eithermygrandsonsortheirfatheriscoming.Nooneexcepthisdaughtersagreewithhim.Maryandhersistersarebakingacake.NeitherRichardnorIamgoing.二、以集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题有些集合名词，ommittee,council,crew,crowd,family,gang,government,group,mob,staff,team,union等，在意义上是复数，但在语法形式上是单数，这类名词作主语的主谓一致问题往往遵循“语法一致”或“意义一致”原则。例如：Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.Acouncilofeldersgovernsthetribe.Thepresentgovernmentistryingtocontrolinflation.Theschoolstaffareexpectedtosuperviseschoolmeals.（一）通常作复数的集体名词包括police,people,cattle,militia,vermin等，这些集体名词通常用作复数。例如：TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.Themilitiawerecalledouttoguardtheborderland.Itseemsthecattleonthesidesofthedikesweretheonlylivingcreaturesinthesedesolatesurroundings.（二）通常作不可数名词的集体名词通常作不可数名词的集体名词，包括poultry,foliage，machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise等,这类名词后的动词用单数形式。例如：Poultryisexpensiveatthistimeofyear.Thatgreenfoliagewasrestful.Themerchandisehasarrivedundamaged.第-20-页共20页 AllthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinChina.Thesuiteoffurnitureheboughtwasofcontemporarystyle.Theequipmentofthephotographicstudiowasexpensive.（三）可作单数也可作复数的集体名词可作单数也可作复数的集体名词,包括audience,committee,crew,family,government,jury等。例如：Theaudiencewas/wereenthusiasticontheopeningnightoftheplay.Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.Thejuryis/areabouttoannouncethewinners.Thegovernmenthas/havediscussedthematterforalongtime.三、acommittee,etcof+复数名词的主谓一致问题如果主语是由acommitteeof/apanelof/a(the)boardof+复数名词构成，随后的动词通常用单数。例如：Acommitteeoftwelvemenistodiscussthematter.Apanelofexpertshasconsideredthesituation.Theboardofmanagersisresponsibleforthefirm.四、以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题（二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题（三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题（四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题（五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题第-20-页共20页 以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题,如：arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：Arthritiscausesgreatpaininthejointsofthepatient.Thediabetesisakindofchronicdisease.Measlesusuallyoccursinchildren.Phlebitisisaswollenconditionofthebloodvessels.（二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：Dartsisbasicallyaeasygame.Marblesisnotconfinedtochildren.Skittlesisnotfashionablenowadays.Draughtsisnotverydifficulttolearn.但当Darts，Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。例如：Threedartsarethrownateachturn.Allnineskittleswerebroughtdownbythegoodthrow.（三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如theUnitedStates，theNetherlands等，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。例如：TheUnitedStateswashitbytheGreatDepressionin1930s".InearlyJanuary1996theNetherlandswashitbyitsworststormsince1976.但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。例如：TheWestIndiesarecommonlydividedintotwoparts.TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplant.TheStraitsofGibraltarhavenotlosttheirstrategicimportance.TheNiagaraFallsareperhapsthemostsplendidwaterfallintheworld.（四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题第-20-页共20页 某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics,mathematics,mechanics,optics,acoustics,politicsstatistics,economics,linguistics,athletics等,谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：Physicsisafundamentalsubjectinscience.Thethirdworldeconomicsispromising.Acousticsstudiesthescienceofsound.Mathematicsisaninterestingsubject.Athleticsisarequiredcourseforstudentsofallgrades.但如果这类名词表示学科以外的其它含义，可作复数用。例如：Athleticshavebeengreatlyencouragedatthiscollege.Theacousticsofthenewconcerthallareperfect.Theeconomicsoftheprojectarestillatissue.（五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题A.以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语英语中有一些通常以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名词，如glasses,pincers,pliers,scissors,shorts,suspenders,trousers等，这类名词做主语，如果不带“一把”、“一副”等单位词，谓语动词通常用复数。例如：Mary"sglassesarenew.John"strousersareblack.如果带有单位词，则由单位词决定动词的单、复数形式。例如：Onepairofpincersisn"tenough.Twopairsofscissorsaremissingfrommytoolbox.B.其他以-s结尾的名词英语中还有一些以-s结尾的名词，如archives，arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,goods,minutes,morals,remainsstairs,suburbs,thanks,wages这类名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。例如：第-20-页共20页 ThearchivesofthecountryarekeptintheDepartmentofSecurity.Thecontentsofthebookaremostamusing.Highwagesoftenresultinhighprices.Mythanksaresincere.五、如果句子的主语是并列结构，其主谓一致问题通常遵循以下原则：（一）由and/both...and连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题（二）由or/nor/either...or连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题（三）主语+asmuchas,etc的主谓一致问题（一）由and/both...and连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题由and/both...and连接的并列结构作主语，可根据主语的意义决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。例如：Pancakesandsyrupisatastybreakfast.ThenumberanddiversityofBritishnewspaperisconsiderable.Goodandbadtasteareinculcatedbyexample.Fishandchipsaregettingveryexpensive.Atruckandacarwereintheditch.BothCathyandherdaughterLidahavegonefishinginCanada.当and连接的并列名词词组带有each，every,或者manya等限定词时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：Eachmanandeachwomanthereisaskedtohelp.Everyflowerandeverybushistobecutdown.Everychangeofseason,everychangeofweather,indeedeveryhouroftheday,producessomechangeinthemagicalhuesandshapesofthesemountains.Manyaboywasdisappointedafterseeingthefilm.（二）由or/nor/either...or连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题由or,nor,either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。例如：NeitherLucynorCarolhasanymoneyleft.第-20-页共20页 NeithersleetnorsnowstopshimfromdrivinghisnewMercedes-Benz.EitherTinaorCarolissuretoknowtheanswer.Neithermyfathernormybrothersarelikelytobeattheater.NeithertheKansascoachnortheplayerswereconfidentofvictory.Notonlyone,butallofusarehopingtobethere.Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenstolen.（三）主语+asmuchas,etc的主谓一致问题当主语后面跟有由asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan等引导的从属结构，或跟有由aswellas,inadditionto,with,alongwith,togetherwith,except等引导的词组时，其后的动词形式取决主语的形式。例如：Thevessel,withitsentirecrewandcargowaslost.Theocean,aswellasthegulfandthebay,providesgoodfishing.John,ratherthanhisroommates,istoblame.Hugh,aswellashistwosisters,isvacationinginWyomingthissummer.Someoftheemployeesasmuchasthemanagerwereresponsibleforthefailure.Myhusband,morethananyoneelseinthefamily,islongingtogothereagain.Billy,togetherwithhissisters,waswoundedintheaccident.Nooneexcepttwogirlswaslateforschool.六、以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题数量概念分两类：一类是确定数量，如twoyears,fiveseconds,threekilos,等，另一类是非确定数量，如allof...,someof...,noneof...。如果用这类表示数量概念的名词词组作主语，会产生主谓一致问题。（一）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题（二）以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题（一）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语当主语为表示确定数量的名词词组时，如果数量概念被看做一个整体，动词用单数，如果被看做组成该数量的个体，动词用复数。例如：Thetreasurerconsideredthattwentydollarswasnottoomuchtoask.第-20-页共20页 "Twomonthsistooshortatime,"Generalmanagerwarned,"wemusthurryup."Threeweeksisneededtocompletethetask.Thereweresixsilverdollarsineachofthestockings.Threepintsisnotenoughtogethimdrunk.Atotalof50,000newbicycleswasregisteredintheyear.如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数/百分数+of”词组构成，其动词形式取决于of词组中名词的类别。例如：Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentisagainsttheplan.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthiscoveredbysea.Overtwentypercentofthecitywasdestroyedinthewar.Forty-fivepercentofthedoctorswerewoman.两数相减或相除，谓语动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。例如：Sixtyminusseventeenleavesforty-three.Forty-twodividedbysixisseven.Sixandeightmakes/makefourteen.Sixtimeseightis/areforty-eight.如果主语由"onein/oneoutof+复数名词"构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数。例如：Oneintenstudentshaspassedtheexamination.Oneoutoftwelvebottleswasleftintact.（二）以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题如果主语由"aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof+名词"或由“akind/sort/typeof,thiskind/sort/typeof+名词”构成，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：ApanelofushasdecidedtohireaboatandtravelthroughHollandbycanal.Apileofapplelogswassetbesidethehearth.Aportionofreportsisdeceiving.Thiskindofcarsisratherexpensive.第-20-页共20页 Thistypeofwomenisdangerous.Thattypeofmachinesisup-to-date.如果主语是由“manya+名词"或“morethanone+名词"构成，随后的动词遵循“语法一致”原则，用单数。例如：Manyapersoninthesecircumstanceshashopedforalongbreak.Manyamanhashisownresponsibility.Morethanonestudenthasfailedtheexam.Morethanoneshipwaslostthisyear.如果主语是allof,someof,noneof,halfof,mostof,lotsof,loadsof,plentyof,等表示非确定数量的名词词组，谓语动词的单、复数形式根据of词组中名词类别而定。例如：MostofthemoneywasrecoveredbyDeputyPlayer.Allofthecargowaslost.Someofthebookswerebadlytorn.Noneofmyfriendsevercometoseeme.Halfofthebuildingwasdestroiedduringthewar.Halfofthestudentsareeagertoleavenow.Lotsofpeoplearewaitingoutside.Loadsofappleshavebeendistributedamongthechildren.Plentyofwaterwaspreparedforirrigation.【模拟试题】一.单项填空1.—Wouldyoudomethefavortocarrytheboxforme?—_________.A.NotatallB.NevermindC.WithpleasureD.Yes,it’sreallysorry2._________inorout,healwaysclosesallthewindows.A.EitherB.NeitherC.WhetherD.Both第-20-页共20页 3.He’llattendthemeeting_________inBeijingnextmonth.A.heldB.tobeheldC.holdingD.hold4.Theheadmasteraskedhisstudentswhatthey_________themselvesonSaturday.A.didwithB.dealtwithC.madeupD.tookup5.Such_________fineweatheris_________unusualchanceforusalltogoforapicnic.A.a;anB.the;anC.a;theD./；an6.Therewasa_________talkbetweenKoreaandTheUSlastweek.A.friendB.friendlyC.friendshipD.friendless7.It’stoolatetogotothecinemanow._________,it’sstartingtorain.A.BesidesB.HoweverC.MeanwhileD.Anyhow8.—Whydon’tyougohome?—I’lldosowhenI_________myhomework.A.shallfinishB.willfinishC.havefinishedD.finished9.Myclassteacheraswellasotherteachers_________verykindtome.A.areB.isC.doD.does10.Infrontofmyhouse_________tothesea.A.ariverliesB.ariverlieC.lieariverD.liesariver11.—Themaninthephotoisjustlikeyourbrother.—Well,it’s_________.A.aphotoofmybrotherB.aphotoofmybrother’sC.oneofmybrotherD.ofmybrother12.—HaveyouanytroublefindingyourwayinShanghai?—Yes,Itriedtofindmywaytotheairportbut_________.A.hasbeenlostB.getlostC.lostD.gotlost13.Today,manypollutedrivers_________cleanerandcleaner.A.becameB.arebecomingC.havebecomeD.become第-20-页共20页 14.Wasitwhenhewasayoungman_________hejoinedthearmy?A.whoB.whatC.thatD.and15.—Sorry,Ican’tgotoyourparty.—Whatcan_________you_________doingthat?A.keep;/B.protect;fromC.pretend;fromD.prevent;from二.完形填空ProfessionalsportsareverypopularintheUnitedStatesandtheyarebigbusiness.Themostpopularsportsarebasketball,footballandbaseball.___16___hasitsownseason.And___17___supporters.Professionalteamsarenamedforthecities___18___theyarelocated.Whenateamplaysinachampionshipgame,mostpeopleinthecity___19___thegamewithinterestandenthusiasm.Basketballis___20___aroundtheworld.ProfessionalbasketballgamesintheUS___21___indoorsduringwintermonths.FromNovembertoApril___22___canfindaprofessionalbasketballgameseveralnightsaweekinmostlarge___23___cities.BasketballisanAmericansport.It___24___thenationalpastime.Thegameisplayedintheevening___25___everynightoftheweekand___26___weekendsaswell.TheseasonbeginsinApriland___27___intheOctober.Football___28___mostpopularprofessionalsportintheUS.ItisplayedonSundays___29___thefallfromAugusttoJanuary.Americanfootballisdifferent___30___internationalfootball,___31___Americanscalledsoccer.Bothgamesrequire___32___andspecializedskills.Professionalplayersarevery___33___.Themostfamousplayers___34___millionsofdollarsfortheirplayingskill.Americanbestplayershavehigher___35___thanthecountry’spresident.16.A.EveryB.BothC.EachD.All17.A.millionB.millionsC.millionofD.millionsof18.A.whenB.whereC.whoD.whose19.A.followB.walkC.runD.jump20.A.well-knownB.wellC.knownD.fame21.A.playedB.isplayedC.playsD.areplayed22.A.somebodyB.oneC.anyoneD.everybody23.A.AmericaB.EnglandC.AmericanD.English第-20-页共20页 24.A.wascalledB.hasbeencalledC.iscalledD.becalled25.A.nearlyB.closeC.closelyD.near26.A.atB.inC.onD.during27.A.finishB.finishingC.finishedD.finishes28.A.becameB.isbecomeC.isbecomingD.hasbecome29.A.duringB.whileC.onD.at30.A.ofB.fromC.withD.about31.A.whenB.thatC.whereD.which32.A.strongB.strengthC.strengthenD.stronger33.A.wellpayB.goodpayC.wellpaidD.goodpaid34.A.makeB.hadC.gotD.received35.A.moneyB.salariesC.payD.wage三.阅读理解AItisnotunusualtoseeyourdesk-mateyawn(打呵欠)ashecomplainsthathedidn’thaveagoodsleepthenightbefore.Manyteensdon’tgetenoughsleepbecausetheyhavetoomuchhomework,whichkeepsthemupatnight.Someteenscannotsleepatnightevenwhentheywantto.Studiesshowthatduringyourteenageyears,thebody’sbiologicalclockisreset,tellingyoutosleeplateratnightandwakeuplaterinthemorning.Butchangesinthebodyclockaren’ttheonlyreasonteenslosesleep.Lotsofpeoplehaveinsomnia(失眠).Themostcommoncauseofinsomniaisstress.Butallsortsofthingscanleadtoinsomnia.Theseincludephysicaldiscomfort,emotionaltroublesandevensleepingenvironment.It’scommonforeveryonetohaveinsomniafromtimetotime.Butifitlastsforamonthormoregoandseeadoctor.Somepeoplehaveaconditionthatcausesstomachacid(酸)tomovebackwardtowardsthechest.Thisproducestheuncomfortable,burningfeelingcalledheartburn.Soevenifthepersondoesn’tnoticethefeelingsofheartburnbecauseheissleeping,hemayfeeltiredthenextday.第-20-页共20页 Mostteenshavenightmaressometimes.But,iftheyarefrequent,aperson’ssleeppatterncanbeseriouslyaffected.Themostcommoncauseofnightmaresisemotionalproblems,suchasstress(压力)oranxiety.Ifyouhavethemalot,it’sagoodideatotalktoadoctor.Doctorsencourageteenstomakelifestylechangestodevelopgoodsleepinghabits.Youprobablyknowthatcoffeecankeepyouawake,butdidyouknowthatplayingvideogamesorwatchingTVdoesthesame?36.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphis________.A.Thereisaproblemthatteenagerscan’tgetenoughsleep.B.Sleepingproblemshavedifferentcauses.C.Yawningisagoodwaytogetridofsleep.D.Teenagerscaretoomuchforhomework.37.TheTeenagers’biologicalclock________.A.easilymakesteenagersleadtoinsomniaB.istheoriginoftheirinsomniaC.providesthemwithplentyoftimeatnightD.ishelpfultoimprovetheirconcentration(注意力)38.Whatdoesthewritersayabout“nightmares”?A.Itisnothingandshouldn’tbetakenseriously.B.Itcanreleasetheirstressoranxiety.C.Emotionalproblemsaretheonlywaytoformnightmares.D.Peoplewillsufferfromsleepiffrequent.39.Whichwaycanhelptogetridofinsomnia?A.Drinkingsomecoffeebeforegoingtobed.B.PlayingvideogameorwatchingTVfromtimetotime.C.Turningtoadoctorforhelp.D.EatingmuchmedicineforinsomniaB第-20-页共20页 Russiantraditionordersthatmenshouldkisseachotherthreetimesonthecheeksatofficialfunctions.Now,anewrulinginMoscowiscallingforpoliticiansinthecapitaltosticktotheoldhandshake.AccordingtoBritain’sTheTelegraphnewspaper,politiciansinMoscowhavebeentoldtostopkissingeachotherwhentheymeetbecausethe“kissingceremony”takessolong.LeonidBrezhnev,thegeneralsecretaryoftheCommunistPartyfrom1964to1982,wasfamousfortreatingmalecolleaguestoafulllip-lock.OnephotographofhimkissingEricHonecker,theleaderoftheDemocraticRepublicofGermany,wasusedforaprotestpaintingontheBerlinWallwiththecaption:“Oh,God,helpmesurvivethisdeadlylove”.KissingthreetimesonthecheeksatofficialoccasionsisaRussiantradition.Thepracticehasbeenrevivedamonghigh-rankingofficialsinpastyears.Inthedistantpast,akissfromthetsar(emperor)wasthehighestsignofrecognition.TheMoscowruling,however,haspromptedauthoritiesinothercitiestoconsiderbanningthepractice.AlexeiKleshko,aparliamentmemberinSiberia,said:“Single-sexkissesshouldbeavoided,includingatofficialmeetings.It’senoughtoshakehands.Ofcourse,ifoneistalkingaboutalongfriendshiporfatherlyrelations,itmightbeOKtoembrace.Butthat’sthemaximumthatshouldbeallowed.”AnotherMPVladimirGorlov,saidheonlyallowedhimselftokissthehandofawomanatwork:“Thereareinformalrelationsandtherearemeetingsgovernedbyprotocol,”hesaid.“Whenamaniskissinganothermanatanofficialevent,Ihaveanegativeattitudetowardsit.Therearerulesofdecency.”40.Moscowiscallingforpoliticianstosticktohandshakebecause________.A.itispopularathomeandabroadB.itistheirtraditionC.itsavestimeD.Russianwomenhaveastrongloveofit41.BymentioningBrezhnev,theauthor________.A.wantstoshowhisrespecttoBrezhnerB.admiresBrezhnevforhisskillsatkissingC.justshowsthemediamadefunofpicturesofpoliticianskissingD.praisesBrezhnev’sgoodrelationwithHonecker42.IfthetsarkissedaRussianwoman,shewouldfeel________.第-20-页共20页 A.nervousB.proudC.shamefulD.curious43.Wecaninferfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat________.A.KleshkoisstronglyagainstanykindofkissB.KleshkoisamanoutofdateC.GorlovesharesthesameviewwithKleshkoissingle-sexkissesD.Gorlovewon’tkissanymaninanyformCHaveyoueverdreamedofvisitingaplanetintheMilkWay?Whilethetripsoundsexciting,itwouldtakeyearsandyearstoreachyourdestination.Sointhefuture,bedtimeforastronautsmaybemorethanafewhoursofregularshut-eye.Theywouldhavetosleepforyears.Europeanresearchersarenowconductinghibernationexperiments.Thestudymayhelpthemunderstandwhetherhumanscouldeversleepthroughtheyearsitwouldtakeforaspaceflighttodistantplanets.“Iftherewasaneffectivetechnology,itcouldmakedeep-spacetravelareality,”saidMarkAyreoftheEuropeanSpaceAgencylastmonth.Whatseemslikesciencefictionisnotcompletelyunlikely.Researchershavebeenabletousechemicalstoputlivingcellsintoasleep-likestatewheretheydon’tage.Theyhavenowmovedontosmall,non-hibernatingmammalslikerats.Theresultswillbeoutbytheendof2004.Amajorchallengeisthefactthatcellscanbeverysimplesystems,whereasbodyorgansarefarmorecomplex.“It’slikemovingfromasimpleApplecomputertoasupercomputer,”saidMarcoBiggiogera,ahibernationresearcheratItaly’sUniversityofPavia.Justlikebearsandfrogs,thehibernationofhumanbeingswouldcauseaperson’smetabolism(新陈代谢)tolowersotheywouldneedlessenergy.Medicalresearch,however,isjusthalfofaspaceflighthibernationsystem.Thereisthechallengeofdesigningasuitableprotectiveshelter.Suchashelterwouldprovidetheproperenvironmentforhibernation,suchasthepropertemperature.Itwouldalsohavetomonitor(监控)lifefunctionsandservethephysiologicalneedsofthehibernator.第-20-页共20页 AccordingtoAyre,thesixpersonHumanOuterPlanetsExplorationMissiontoJupiter’smoon(木星的卫星)Callisto,couldbeanopportunitytousehumanhibernation.Themissionaimstosendsixhumansonafive-yearflighttoCallisto,wheretheywillspend30days,in2045.44.Europeanresearchersareconductinghibernationexperimentsto________.A.ensureastronautstogetacompletesleepB.findthesecretofsomecreaturesC.makepreparationsforthejourneytoJupiter’smoonCallistoD.knowifmancansleepforyears45.Thesentence“Whatseemslikesciencefictionisnotcompletelyunlikely”means________.A.Sciencefictionispeople’simagination.B.Sciencefictionisimaginative,butitcanberealized.C.Thingsseemimpossiblemaycometrue.D.Thingsdescribedinsciencefictionaresuretobecometrue.46.Thepassageisimpliedbutdoesn’tstatesthat________.A.puttinglivingcellsintoasleep-likestateisfulloffailureB.BiggiogeraisconfidentwiththeexperimentC.human’shibernationneedsnoenergyD.medicalresearchisthekeytospaceflighthibernationsystem47.Bydesigningasuitableprotectiveshelter,astronautscan________.A.haveagoodhibernationB.lessenthepressureoftravelinginspaceC.feedthemselvesinspaceshipD.monitortheirbodychanges48.What’sthebesttitleforthepassage?A.SixhumanstoflytoCallistoB.Humanhibernationimproveshealth第-20-页共20页 C.SpacetravelattractspeopleD.Deepsleepfordeepspacetravel【试题答案】一.单项填空1.C。当对方向你求助时，表示肯定的回答有：“I’mgladto”；“Why,ofcourse”；“With(great)pleasure”等。2.C弄清题意是解答此题的关键：无论是在家还是不在家，他总是关着窗户。答案非C莫属。3.B。空缺处的非谓语动词应该是既表示被动，又表示将来，所以答案只能选B。4.A。dowith常与what连用，dealwith则常与how连用。5.D。weather是不可数名词，而chance是可数名词，unusual读音的第一个音标是元音音素，所以之前要用不定冠词an。6.B。少数名词后加–ly构成形容词，并非副词。如：fatherly,motherly,brotherly,comradely等。7.A。从题干结构看，空缺处填入however也可，但从题干意思看，后面句子很明显是对句子意思的递进，所以答案选A，而不选B。8.C。空缺处前面的主句是一般将来时态，when引导的时间状语从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。此处用现在完成时表示将来完成时的意义。9.B。题干的主语是myclassteacher,aswellasotherteachers是修饰语。10.D。当地点状语位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。11.A从题意看，照片上的人就是我弟弟本人，所以答案选A。12.D。but前面的分句是过去时态，那么but分句也肯定要用过去时态，而且是被动语态，排除A、B项，get型被动语态常带有不愉快、不顺利的意味，答案自然凸现。13.B。从题意看，“许多被污染了的河流变得越来越干净”，“变”应该是表渐进的状态，所以要用进行时态。14.C。如果把题干还原成一个陈述句，强调句句型一目了然，被强调部分是whenhewasayoungman。第-20-页共20页 15.D。题干第2句话的意思是：什么阻止你不能参加我的晚会？“阻止……做……”，英语表达是prevent…fromdoingsth.。二.完形填空16.C。前面提到football和basketball两种体育活动，此句指每项活动都有自己的季节。every不能作主语，both、each、all均能作句子的主语，但只有each表示单数意义。17.D。millionsof后接可数名词复数，其余选项不可与名词复数连用。18.B。由where(=inthecities)引导定语从句，从句意为：这些职业球队所在的城市。19.A。follow意为“注视、注意、倾听”，此处指多数城市里的人们带着兴趣和热情观看球赛。20.A。well-known意为“出名的”，句意为：篮球闻名于全世界。21.D。play意为“进行……比赛”。此句意为：在冬天的几个月里，美国职业球赛在室内进行，表示现阶段的情况。选A时态不符，选C主谓数不一致。22.B。one泛指某个人。23.C。上下文均提到American。24.B。此处宜用现在完成时，表示从过去到现在一直称篮球为国民消遣活动。25.A。根据四个选项，只有nearly(几乎)可用于句中，表示几乎每个晚上。26.C。weekend前面用介词on。27.D。此句意为：季节开始(begins)于四月，结束(finishes)于十月。这是由and并列两个谓语动词，形式上一致。28.D。此处宜用现在完成时表示从过去到现在足球都是十分流行的职业体育活动。29.A。在秋季，可用inthefall或duringthefall。30.B。bedifferentfrom意为“与……不同”。31.D。非限制性定语从句应由which(=football)引导，不用that。32.B。篮球和足球都需要体力(strength)和技能(skills)。33.C。由下文可知：职业运动员所得薪水很高，故选wellpaid。第-20-页共20页 34.A。make意为“获得、挣得”。35.B。pay意为“工资”，普通用词。wage意为“工资”指发给从事体力劳动者的工钱。salary意为“薪金”，指发给做比较重要工作的、具有较高技术或从事脑力劳动的人员的工作，如公司职员、秘书、教师、官员等，总统(president)属官员，故要选salary。三.阅读理解36.A。第一段主要说的是“青少年睡眠不足的原因，如作业多或想睡但是睡不着。”37.A。由句子Butchangesinthebodyclockaren’ttheonlyreasonteenslosesleep.可知“生物钟的变化能导致失眠”。38.D。由句子iftheyarefrequent,aperson’ssleeppatterncanbeseriouslyaffected.可知“经常做梦，睡眠会受到影响”。39.C。由句子Doctorsencourageteenstomakelifestylechangestodevelopgoodsleepinghabits可知。40.C。由句子becausethe“kissingceremony”takessolong可知。41.C。根据“Oh,God,helpmesurvivethisdeadlylove”可知“Honecker厌烦这一礼节”，所以认为C项比较恰当。42.B。由句子Inthedistantpast,akissfromthetsar(emperor)wasthehighestsignofrecognition.可知人们的看法。43.C。Kleshko认为“Single-sexkissesshouldbeavoided,includingatofficialmeetings.”，Gorlov说“Whenamaniskissinganothermanatanofficialevent,Ihaveanegativeattitudetowardsit.”，可知“他们两人持相同的观点”。44.D。由句子Thestudymayhelpthemunderstandwhetherhumanscouldeversleepthroughtheyearsitwouldtakeforaspaceflighttodistantplanets.可知。45.C。本句话意思是“看起来像科幻小说的事情并非完全不可能”。46.B。其话语的意思是“这就像把简单的苹果电脑变成超级电脑一样”，可以推测“只是一个时间问题，其过程可能复杂一些，但是可能性是存在的。”47.A。由句子Suchashelterwouldprovidetheproperenvironmentforhibernation可知。48.D。文章主要围绕“为打发星际探索中的漫漫旅途，人类开始进行’冬眠’第-20-页共20页 技术的研究”。所以认为D项比较全面地概括了文章意思。第-20-页共20页