初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印) 270页

初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!第1页共227页初中英语语法精品一对一教案专题一：冠词.....................................2专题二：名词.....................................7专题三：代词....................................12专题四：数词....................................19专题五：形容词与副词............................27专题六：动词....................................36专题七：介词....................................57专题八：动词短语................................63专题九：时态....................................72专题十：被动语态................................88专题十一：宾语从句.............................100270 初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!第1页共227页初中英语语法精品一对一教案专题一：冠词.....................................2专题二：名词.....................................7专题三：代词....................................12专题四：数词....................................19专题五：形容词与副词............................27专题六：动词....................................36专题七：介词....................................57专题八：动词短语................................63专题九：时态....................................72专题十：被动语态................................88专题十一：宾语从句.............................100270 初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!第1页共227页初中英语语法精品一对一教案专题一：冠词.....................................2专题二：名词.....................................7专题三：代词....................................12专题四：数词....................................19专题五：形容词与副词............................27专题六：动词....................................36专题七：介词....................................57专题八：动词短语................................63专题九：时态....................................72专题十：被动语态................................88专题十一：宾语从句.............................100270 初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!第1页共227页初中英语语法精品一对一教案专题一：冠词.....................................2专题二：名词.....................................7专题三：代词....................................12专题四：数词....................................19专题五：形容词与副词............................27专题六：动词....................................36专题七：介词....................................57专题八：动词短语................................63专题九：时态....................................72专题十：被动语态................................88专题十一：宾语从句.............................100270 初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!第1页共227页初中英语语法精品一对一教案专题一：冠词.....................................2专题二：名词.....................................7专题三：代词....................................12专题四：数词....................................19专题五：形容词与副词............................27专题六：动词....................................36专题七：介词....................................57专题八：动词短语................................63专题九：时态....................................72专题十：被动语态................................88专题十一：宾语从句.............................100270 初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!第1页共227页初中英语语法精品一对一教案专题一：冠词.....................................2专题二：名词.....................................7专题三：代词....................................12专题四：数词....................................19专题五：形容词与副词............................27专题六：动词....................................36专题七：介词....................................57专题八：动词短语................................63专题九：时态....................................72专题十：被动语态................................88专题十一：宾语从句.............................100270 初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!第1页共227页初中英语语法精品一对一教案专题一：冠词.....................................2专题二：名词.....................................7专题三：代词....................................12专题四：数词....................................19专题五：形容词与副词............................27专题六：动词....................................36专题七：介词....................................57专题八：动词短语................................63专题九：时态....................................72专题十：被动语态................................88专题十一：宾语从句.............................100270 初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!第1页共227页初中英语语法精品一对一教案专题一：冠词.....................................2专题二：名词.....................................7专题三：代词....................................12专题四：数词....................................19专题五：形容词与副词............................27专题六：动词....................................36专题七：介词....................................57专题八：动词短语................................63专题九：时态....................................72专题十：被动语态................................88专题十一：宾语从句.............................100270 初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!第1页共227页初中英语语法精品一对一教案专题一：冠词.....................................2专题二：名词.....................................7专题三：代词....................................12专题四：数词....................................19专题五：形容词与副词............................27专题六：动词....................................36专题七：介词....................................57专题八：动词短语................................63专题九：时态....................................72专题十：被动语态................................88专题十一：宾语从句.............................100270 初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!第1页共227页初中英语语法精品一对一教案专题一：冠词.....................................2专题二：名词.....................................7专题三：代词....................................12专题四：数词....................................19专题五：形容词与副词............................27专题六：动词....................................36专题七：介词....................................57专题八：动词短语................................63专题九：时态....................................72专题十：被动语态................................88专题十一：宾语从句.............................100270 初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!第1页共227页初中英语语法精品一对一教案专题一：冠词.....................................2专题二：名词.....................................7专题三：代词....................................12专题四：数词....................................19专题五：形容词与副词............................27专题六：动词....................................36专题七：介词....................................57专题八：动词短语................................63专题九：时态....................................72专题十：被动语态................................88专题十一：宾语从句.............................100270 初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“初中英语语法精品一对一教案(已排版,直接打印)”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对92to.com的支持!第1页共227页初中英语语法精品一对一教案专题一：冠词.....................................2专题二：名词.....................................7专题三：代词....................................12专题四：数词....................................19专题五：形容词与副词............................27专题六：动词....................................36专题七：介词....................................57专题八：动词短语................................63专题九：时态....................................72专题十：被动语态................................88专题十一：宾语从句.............................100270 专题十二：状语从句.............................107专题十三：定语从句.............................113专题十四：从句复习.............................123专题十五：非谓语动词...........................147专题十六：倒装.................................160专题十七：主谓一致.............................172专题十八：祈使句和感叹句.......................187专题十九：反义疑问句...........................200专题二十：句子结构与成分.......................204第2页共227页专题一：冠词冠词的种类：①不定冠词：有a/an两种形式。a用在以辅音音素开头的词前面，an用以元音音素开头的词前面。判断一个词是以元音音素开头还是以辅音音素开头，是根据读音而不是根据字母。②定冠词:只有the一种形式。3、冠词的用法①不定冠词a/an的用法I.(1)Thisisabook.这是一本书。(2)Thereisaboyintheclassroom.教室里有一个男孩。(3)Thatisaschoolbag.270 那是一个书包。II.(1)Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.飞机是一种能飞的机器。(2)Atigercanbedangerous.老虎可能会很危险。(3)Ahorseisusefultomankind.马对人类有用。III.(1)Agirliswaitingforyou.一个女孩正在等你。(2)Ihaveabeautifulbedroom.我有个漂亮的卧室。(3)Itisanexcellentmovie.这是一部很棒的电影。IV.相当于every。(1)twokilometersanhour每小时两千米(2)fivelessonsaweek每周五节课(3)twiceamonth每月两次②定冠词the的用法I.(1)Givemethebook,please.请给我那本书。(2)Openthedoor,please.请把门打开。第3页共227页II.提到用“the”）(1)Doyouknowthegirlinred?你认识那个穿红衣服的女孩么？(2)Ihaveabook.Thebookisveryinteresting.我有一本书。这本书很有趣。III.(1)Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球绕着太阳转。(2)Themoonisbrightatnight.270 晚上月亮很明亮。IV.比较级前。(1)Thefirstlessonisveryeasy.第一课很简单。(2)Sheisthemostcarefulstudentinourclass.她是我们班最认真的学生。V.(1)TheGreensarewatchingTVnow.格林一家人正在看电视。(2)TheBlacksarecleaningthehouse.布莱克一家正在打扫房子。VI.(1)theWestLake西湖(2)theGreatWall长城(3)theUnitedStates美国VII.(1)thepoor穷人(2)therich富人(3)theold老人VIII.(1)JilinisinthenorthofChina.吉林位于中国的北部。(2)Thesunrisesfromtheeast.太阳从东方升起。(3)Ilikeplayingthepiano.我喜欢弹钢琴。IX.(1)inthemorning/afternoon/evening(在上午/下午/晚上)第4页共227页(2)intheend最后(3)bytheway270 顺便说一下(4)atthemoment此时，此刻③零冠词的用法I.面用零冠词。(1)Chinaisagreatcountry.中国是一个伟大的国家。(2)MarylivesinNewYork.玛丽住在纽约。II.月份或某年的某个季节，则需要在月份、季节前加”the”。(1)June1stisChildren‘sDay.六月一号是儿童节。(2)Springcomesafterwinter.春天在冬天过去之后到来。III.(1)Iwenttoschoolwithouthavingbreakfastthismorning.今天早上我没吃早饭就去上学了。(2)Heoftenplaysbasketballafterschool.他经常在放学后打篮球。④不定冠词a/an的区别单词是以元音音素开头还是以辅音音素开头，要根据其读音，而不是根据字母。(1)Heisanhonestboy.他是一个诚实的男孩(2)Therearesixtyminutesinanhour.一个小时有60分钟。(3)Thereisan―f‖intheword―five‖.在单词five中有一个f。在26个字母中，前面用an的字母有：A,E,F,H,I,L,270 M,N,O,R,S,X,其它用a。以u开头的单词要注意区别：anumbrella一把伞anunusualstory一个不同寻常的故事anunhappyboy一个不高兴的男孩auniversity一所大学第5页共227页aunit一个单元aEuropeancountry一个欧洲国家ausefulbook一本有用的书⑤有无冠词的区别很多表示地点的名词，前面有冠词时，单纯表示这个地点；前面没有冠词时，表示该地点的功能。(1)gotoschool上学（是学生）gototheschool到学校去（不一定是学生）(2)gotobed就寝，上床睡觉gotothebed向床边走去，走到床前（不一定是去睡觉）(3)inhospital因病住院inthehospital在医院里（不一定是病人）(4)attable吃饭atthetable在桌子旁(5)atschool在上学attheschool270 在学校里(6)inclass在上课intheclass在班级里冠词练习()1.Iread______story.Itis______interestingstory.A.a,anB.a,aC.the,theD./,an()2.Britainis__EuropeancountryandChinais___Asiancountry.A.an,anB.a,aC.a,anD.an,a()3.______Chinais_____oldcountrywith_____longhistory.A.The,an,aB.The,a,aC./,an,theD./,an,a()4._____elephantisbiggerthan______horse.A./,/B.An,aC.An,aD./,the()5.Wealwayshave______ricefor______lunch.A./,/B.the,/C./,aD.the,the()6.Ittookme______hourand_____halftofinish______work.第6页共227页A.a,a,aB.an,a,aC.an,a,theD.an,a,/()7.______doctortoldmetotake______medicinethreetimes______dayandstayin_____bed,thenIwouldbebetter270 soon.A./,a,a,theB.A,the,the,/C.The,the,a,/D.A,/,a,/()8.Thereis____pictureon____wall.Ilike____pictureverymuch.A.a,the,theB.a,the,aC.the,a,aD.a,an,the()9.Januaryis______firstmonthoftheyear.A.aB./C.anD.the()10.Shut_____door,please.A.aB.anC.theD./()11.Einsteinwon_____NobelPrizeinPhysicsin1921.A.aB.anC.theD./()12.What____finedayitistoday!Let’sgototheSummerPalace.A.aB.anC.theD./()13.Ilikemusic,butIdon’tlike____musicofthatTVplay.A.aB.anC.theD./()14.____girloverthereis____Englishteacher.A.The,anB.A,/C.The,/D.A,a()15.It’s____excitingwaytoshopontheNet.A.aB.anC.theD.270 /()16.Shewas___founderoftheMissionariesofCharity.A.aB./C.anD.the()17.Xi’anis___oldcitywith___longhistory,isn’tit?A.a,anB.an,aC.the,theD.the,a()18.Nancy’ssisteris____Englishteacher,isn’tshe?A.aB.anC.theD./()19.Chaffsis______boy,buthecanplaytheguitarverywell.A.aneight-yearsoldB.aeight-year-oldC.aeight-years-oldD.aneight-year-old()20.Weoftenhavesportsafterclass,andIliketoplay_____basketball.第7页共227页A.aB.anC.theD./专题二：名词1、名词的定义：名词是指表示人、事、物、地点或抽象概念的词。2、名词的种类：3.270 名词的用法名词的可数与不可数根据名词能否计数，可将名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。可以计数的名词称之为可数名词，不可以计数的名词称之为不可数名词。大部分物质名词和抽象名词都是不可数名词。I.不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不能直接用a/an表示不可数名词的量，表示不可数名词的量有两种方法：1、用some,any,alittle,little,much,alotof等表示量的多少，如somemilk,alotofwater等。作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。2、用―a/an+量词+of+名词‖的形式来表达。如果要表达两个或两个以上的概念时，量词部分用复数形式，不可数名词不变，如acupoftea,twoglassesofjuice等。II.A.可数名词复数的变化规则如下：第8页共227页（1）一般情况词尾加s，如book→books,desk→desks等。其读音规则是在清辅音后读［s］，在元音和浊辅音后读［z］。（2）以s,x,sh,ch等结尾的名词，通常在词尾加es，如：bus→buses,box→boxes,dish→dishes等。其读音为［iz］。（3）以―辅音字母+y‖结尾的名词，变y为i再加es，如：family→families,butterfly→butterflies。其读音为［z270 ］。（4）以f、fe结尾的词，把f或fe变为v再加es，如：leaf→leaves，life→lives等，其读音为［vz］。（5）以―元音字母+y‖结尾的词，直接加s，如：toy→toys,其读音为[z]。B.可数名词复数的不规则变化如下：（1）改变单数名词中的元音字母，读音改变。man→men,woman→women,foot→feet,tooth→teeth,mouse→mice（2）单复数形式相同，读音不变。sheep→sheep,deer→deer,Chinese→Chinese,Japanese→Japanese（3）其他形式：child→children（4）某国人变复数的规则如下：中国人Chinese→Chinese日本人Japanese→Japanese英国人Englishman→Englishmen法国人Frenchman→Frenchmen美国人American→Americans阿拉伯人Arab→Arabs埃及人Egyptian→Egyptians德国人German→Germans澳大利亚Australian→Australians可借用口诀记忆，即中日不变英法变，其余s270 加后面。C.以o结尾的名词变复数时，有生命的名词在词尾加es，无生命的名词在词尾加s。（kangaroo和bamboo除外）加es:potato,tomato,hero,Negro,mango第9页共227页加s：zoo,radio,photo,piano,kangaroo,bambooD.如果复合名词前面的名词是man或woman，变复数时，构成复合名词的两个名词全部都要变成复数形式；如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。manteacher→menteachers,womandriver→womendrivers,boystudent→boystudents,appletree→appletreesE.姓氏的复数表示“一家人”。e.g:TheBrown‘swillhaveatriptoJapan.布朗一家人将去日本度假。②名词的所有格I.1.有生命的名词所有格在词尾加‘s。若是复数并以s或es结尾的名词只加―‘‖。表示时间、空间、距离、价格重量的名词所有格和表示世界、国家和城镇的所有格及某些习惯表达法也使用‘s所有格。例如：theboy‘sparents这个男孩的父母，thestudents‘exercisebooks学生们的练习本，today‘snewspaper今天的报纸，threeminutes‘270 walk步行十分钟2.无生命的名词用of构成所有格。例如：thewindowoftheroom房间的窗户，thelegofthetable桌子的腿，themapofChina中国地图II.两个人各自拥有一样东西的所有格表达法：在每个人的名字后面加’s。e.g:1.It‘sLilyandLucy‘sbedroom.It‘scleanandbright.这是李莉和露西的卧室，很干净。2.Tom‘sandJack‘smothersarebothteachers.汤姆的妈妈和杰克的妈妈都是老师。III.双重所有格由of加上名词所有格或者名词性物主代词构成。e.g:1.Heisafriendofmybrother‘s.他是我兄弟的一个朋友。2.Issheadaughterofyours?她是你女儿吗？IV.第10页共227页of所有格既可用于有生命的人或物，也可用于无生命的东西。当用于有生命的人或物时，of所有格有时可以与‘s所有格互换。例如：Mr.Smith‘sson=thesonofMr.Smith270 史密斯先生的儿子Jim‘spatience=thepatienceofJim吉姆的耐心V.例如：thedoctor‘s诊所，theuncle‘s叔叔家名词练习()1．______aregoingtoseeafilm．A.Green‘sB.TheGreen‘sC.TheGreensD.TheGreen()2.Mrs.Greenis______mother．A.Lucy‘sandLily‘sB.LucyandLily‘sC.LucyandLilyD.Lily‘sandLucy()3.Bensawforty______inacave．A.thiefesB.thievesC.thiefD.thiefs()4.DongdongisoneoftheChineseinourschool.A.boyB.boysC.boiesD.boyes()5.Thisistheroom.A.children‘sB.childrens‘C.270 childrenD.childrens()6.---Isthat?---Yes,itis.A.apairofglassB.twopairofglassesC.apairofglassesD.glasses()7.HongWeiismakingacard.Shewantsaofscissors.A.packetB.bottle第11页共227页C.pairD.pairs()8.Thesebottlesofarefresh.A.milkB.milksC.jamsD.milkes()9.Afriendofwillcomethisevening.A.Denny‘sB.DennyC.Dennys‘D.Dennys()10.Thisisabigroom.It‘sthe.A.twin‘sroomB.twinsroomC.twins‘roomD.twinrooms2．用所给名词的适当形式填空1．The________(child)aretalkingtotheirteacher.2．Septemberl0this________(teacher)Day.3．Theseare________(girl)270 names.4．Theyare________(woman)teachers.5．Wehave________(banana).6．March8this_______(woman)Day.7．Theseare_______(boy)names.8．Two_______(appletree)arenearmyhome.9．Junelstis_______(child)Day.10．Therearealotof_______(boy)studentsinourclass.11．Every_______(student)hasabook.12．Thoseshoesare_______(Tom).13．Thereareseveral_______(knife)inthepencilbox.14．Mrs.Brownhastwo____________(child).15．Iwanttotakesome____________(photo)here.第12页共227页专题三：代词1、代词的定义：代词是代替名词并起到名词作用的词。2、代词的种类3、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的用法270 代词的形式变化表第13页共227页②三种代词用法特别注意。I.你们，他们【we,you,they】。e.g：1.You,sheandIareinthesameschool.你我他我们一个学校。2.We,youandtheyareallfromBeijing.大家都是北京人。II.知性别的人、形式主语和形式宾语等。e.g:1.It‘sarainydaytoday.今天是下雨天。2.Itisabouttenminutes‘walkfromhere.从这里步行大概要十分钟。3.---Whoisknockingatthedoor?谁在敲门？---ItisTom.是汤姆4.ItisimportanttolearnEnglish.学习英语很重要5.Ithinkitimportanttokeephealthy.保持健康很重要III.byoneself独自helponeselfto…随便吃……makeoneselfathome别拘束，像在自己家一样enjoyoneself玩得开心teachoneself自学saytooneself自言自语lookatoneselfinthemirror照镜子270 4、指示代词的用法指示代词表示―这个，那个，这些，那些‖指向性的代词为指示代词，主要有：this,that,these,those。其中this，these指在时间或空间上离说话人较近的人或物；that，第14页共227页those指在时间或空间上离说话人较远的人或物。this和that指代的是单数名词，these和those指代的是复数名词。I.e.g:---Hello,mayIspeaktoTom?你好，汤姆在吗？---Hello,thisisTomspeaking.你好，我就是。II.e.g:1.TheweatherinwinterinShanghaiismuchwarmerthanthatinBeijing.上海的冬天比北京暖和多了。2.Theapplesinthatboxarebiggerthanthoseinthisbox.那个箱子里的苹果比这个箱子里的大。5、不定代词的用法不定代词是不明确代替哪个具体名词的代词。常用的不定代词有：one,ones,both,all,either,neither,other,another,none,each,every,some,any,many,much,(a)few,(a)little等。还有由some-,any-,no-和every-合成的不定代词。I.one/ones指人或物，可作主语、表语和宾语。one用来替代前面的单数名词，ones用来替代前面的复数名词，以避免重复。e.g:1.Ilostmyoldcamera;thisisanewone.我丢了旧的照相机，这个是新的2.Redapplesoftentastebetterthangreen270 ones.红苹果比青苹果甜。II.either两者中的任何一个neither两者都不both两者都，反义词是neitherall三者或以上都，反义词是nonee.g:1.Therearealotoftreesoneithersideofthestreet.路两边有很多树。2.Bothofhisparentsareteachers.他的父母都是老师。3.AllofthestudentsarehappyonChildren‘sDay.所有的孩子儿童节都很开心。III.theother表示（两者中的）另一个第15页共227页another表示（三个或以上中的）另一个e.g:1.Ihavetwouncles.Oneisapolicemanandtheotherisadoctor..我有两个叔叔，一个是警察，另一个是医生。2.Herearethreeapples.Oneisred,anotherisgreenandthethirdisyellow.这里有三个苹果，一个是红的，另外一个是青的，第三个是黄的。IV.others270 表示另一些（人或物），不包括所有其余的。theothers表示所有其余的。e.g:1.Afterclass,somestudentsaretalkingwitheachother,andothersareplayinggames.下课后，一些同学正在聊天，另一些正在玩游戏。2.Ihavegottenpencils.Twoofthemareredandtheothersareblue.我有十支笔，两个是红色的，其余的是蓝色的。V.some一般用于肯定句中，any多用于否定句和一般疑问句中。e.g:1.Therearesomeapplesinthebox.箱子里有些苹果。2.Doyouhaveanywaterhere?这里有水吗？疑问句一般不用some，只有当表示邀请或期待对方做出肯定回答时才能用some。e.g:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?你想要来点咖啡吗？any用于肯定句，后面修饰可数名词单数时，表示―任一‖。e.g:Theteacherlikesanystudentinherclass.这个老师喜欢他班里的每一个学生。VI.few,little:几乎没有（否定语气）afew,alittle:一些，少数（肯定语气）few,afew指可数的事物，只能与可数名词复数搭配little,a270 little指不可数事物，只能与不可数名词搭配e.g:1.Let‘sbuysomemilk.Thereislittleinthefridge.让我们去买些牛奶，冰箱里没有了。2.Hehasafewfriends.Heoftenplayswiththem.VII.第16页共227页many表示许多，指可数的事物，只能与可数名词复数搭配；much表示许多，指不可数的事物，只能与不可数名词搭配。e.g:1.Wouldyouliketohavealookatmystamps?Ihavemany.你想看看我的有票吗？我有很多。2.Hedoesn‘tknowmuchaboutthiscompany.他对这个公司知道不是很多。VIII.用法。some-构成的不定代词多用于肯定句中，any-构成的不定代词用于疑问句和否定句中。e.g:1.Ihavesomethingtotellyou.我有些事情要告诉你。2.Doyouseeanybodyintheroom?你有没有看到房间里有人。修饰合成不定代词的定语要放在它们后面。e.g:Somethingterriblehappenedduringourtriptothatmountain.去往山上的旅途中，发生了件严重的事情。代词练习一、单项选择题()1.TheweatherinGuangzhouishotterthan____in270 Shenyang.A.thatB.itC.thisD.one()2.Mr.GreenisourEnglishteacher._____comesfromtheUSA.A.HeB.SheC.ItD.They()3.Mybikeisbroken.MayIborrow________?A.youB.yourselfC.yoursD.your()4.Wouldyoulikesometea?Yes,just_________.A.afewB.fewC.alittleD.littlebit()5.Wouldyoulikesometeaorcoffee?_________.Thanks,I‘vehadenough.A.EitherB.NeitherC.SomeD.Both()6.Ibought_______exercisebookswith__________money.A.afew,afewB.afew,alittleC.alittle,afewD.alittle,alittle()7.Imadethecakeby____________.Help__________,Tom.第17页共227页A.ourselves,yourselfB.myself,yourselfC.myself,youD.me,him()8.Enjoy_____________,MarkandMary.A.270 yourselfB.myselfC.yourselvesD.themselves()9._____________houseisthis?It‘smine.A.WhatB.WhoC.WhoseD.Whose()10.Sheisastudentand____________nameisMary.A.sheB.herC.hersD.his()11.ShewillgoskatingandIwilldo_________.A.suchB.sameC.thesameasD.thesame()12.__________ishe?Heisabusdriver.A.WhoB.WhichC.ThatD.What()13._____hatisthis?It‘s__________.A.Whose,meB.Who,mineC.Whom,hisD.Whose,mine()14.ThepopulationofChinaislargerthan__________ofJapan.A.oneB.itC.thatD.those()15.Lilyismorecleverthan_______inhisclass.A.anybodyB.anyoneelseC.elseanyoneD.somebodyelse()16._________likemusic.A.BothofthemB.BothoftheyC.ThebothgirlsD.Both270 them()17.Couldyougivemesomeink?Sorry,Ihave__________inmybottle.A.afewB.fewC.alittleD.little()18.Hehas___________totellus.A.somethingimportantB.importantsomethingC.anythingusefulD.usefulnothing()19.Wouldyoulike_____coffee?Yes,I‘dlike____.第18页共227页A.any,anyB.some,someC.some,anyD.any,some()20._________oftheteachersareexcellentinourschool.A.EveryB.EachC.EitherD.All()21.Ofthethreeforeigners,oneisfromLondonand________arefromtheUSA.A.twoothersB.theothertwoC.anothertwoD.theboth()22.Whichwouldyoulike,teaorcoffee?_______isOK.A.EitherB.NeitherC.AnyD.Both()23.Help__________tosomechicken,boysandgirls.A.youB.yoursC.yourselfD.270 yourselves()24.---Whatdoyouusuallyhaveforbreakfast?---_____milkand______eggs.A.Little,alittleB.Afew,fewC.Alittle,afewD.Afew,alittle()25.Whotaught___historylastyear?Nobody!Helearnedit__.A.him,himselfB.his,himselfC.himself,himselfD.his,him()26.Thereisn‘t___paperhere.Willyougoandget____forme?A.any,anyB.any,someC.much,manyD.many,much()27.Thefarmerisbusybecausehehasso_______sheeptokeepandso_________worktodo.A.much,manyB.many,muchC.many,alotD.alot,much()28.On_______sidesoftheriver.There‘remanytalltrees.A.everyB.allC.bothD.each()29.Whosephotoisthis?It‘s__________.A.meB.mineC.myD.270 myself()30.Whoisplayingthepianointhenextroom?_______isLiPing‘sbrother.A.ThisB.ThatC.ItD.He第19页共227页二、选择合适的不定代词填空。1.LiMingismorecarefulthan___otherboyintheclass.(some/any)2.Idon‘thave_____money,butIhave____friends.(many/much)3.Don‘tworry.Thereis________timeleft.(alittle/little)4.Hedidwellintheexam.Sohemade___mistakes.(afew/few)5.LiMingandLiPingare_________fromChina.(both/all)6.Therearemanybuildingson___sidesofthestreet.(both/either)7.Ihope________goeswell.(something/everything)8.Idon‘tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowme____.(theother/another)9.Iboughtalotofbananas.Onlythreeofthemaregreen,_______areyellow.(the270 others/others)10.__exceptJackwenttothepark.Hewasill.(Everybody/Nobody)专题四：数词1、数词的定义：表示数目多少或顺序先后的词为数词。2、数词的分类：数词可分为基数词和序数词，基数词表示数量的多少，序数词表示顺序的先后。3、数词的用法基数词的用法I.基数词1-12是独立的单词。one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve基数词13-19是在个位数后面加-teen构成，其中thirteen,fifteen,eighteen是不规则变化。thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen整十的基数词20-90是在个位数词后面加-ty构成，其中twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,eighty是不规则变化。twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety非整十基数词21-99是在十位数后面加上个位数构成，中间加上连字符“-”。twenty-one,seventy-six,eighty-eight第20页共227页270 三位数以上的基数词，百位数和十位数之间用and连接。twohundredandone,threethousandfivehundredandfourteen英语中没有“万”和“亿”这两个单位，在表示“万”和“亿”时，把“万”念成10个千，“十万”念成100个千，“亿”念成100个百万……以此类推。10,000：tenthousand100,000:ahundredthousand100,000,000:ahundredmillion35,845:thirty-fivethousand,eighthundredandforty-fiveII.hundred,thousand,million和billion等表示确切数字时，只用其单数形式；但是在表示不确切数字时，要用其复数形式，并且与of连用，表示约数。e.g:1.Therearemorethanthreehundreddaysinayear.一年有三百多天。2.ThousandsofvisitorstraveltotheGreatWalleveryyear.每年有成千上万的游客游玩长城。III.例如：LessonFive(thefifthlesson)第五课Room306306房间PageTwelve(thetwelfthpage)第十二页ClassOne,GradeSix270 六年级一班②序数词的用法。I.序数词1-3是独立的单词。first,second,third基数词4-19是在基数词后面加-th构成，其中fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth,thirteenth,fifteenth是不规则变化。fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth,eleventh,twelfth,thirteenth,fourteenth,fifteenth,sixteenth,seventeenth,eighteenth,nineteenth整十的基数词20-90变序数词时，变y为i再加“eth”。twentieth,thirtieth,fortieth,fiftieth,sixtieth,seventieth,eighties,ninetieth第21页共227页21以上非整十基数词变序数词时，只需将其个位数变成序数词，其它位数仍用基数词。twenty-first,seventy-sixth,twohundredandeighty-eighthII.e.g:1.Heisalwaysthefirstpersontoreachschool.他总是第一个到达学校。2.ThisisthethirdtimeformetogotoBeijing.270 这是我第三次去北京。4、各种数的表达I.英语中的日期表达采用―月、日、年‖或―日、月、年‖的顺序。年份用基数词表达，日期用序数词表达。例如：10月1日：October1st/thefirstofOctober2006年7月5日：July5th,2006/thefifthofJuly,2006II.直接表达法用基数词+o‘clock来表示整点，注意o‘clock须用单数，可以省略。例如：eighto‘clock八点钟，ten(o‘clock)十点钟用基数词按―钟点+分钟‖的顺序直接写出时间。例如：elevenfive十一点零五分，sixforty六点四十间接表达法如果分钟数少于30分钟，可用分钟+past+钟点表示，其中past是介词，意思是―过‖。例如：twentypastfour四点二十eightpastone一点零八分如果分钟数多于30分钟，可用（60分钟-原分钟数）+to+（原钟点数+1）表示，其中to是介词，意思是―差‖。例如：第22页共227页8:35可表示为twenty-fivetonine270 差二十五分钟九点，即八点三十五（其中的分钟数twenty-five是由60分钟减去35分钟得到的；钟点数nine是由8加上1得到的）。注意：①当分钟数是15分钟时，可用名词quarter（一刻钟）表示。例如：7:15可表示为aquarterpastseven，12:15可表示为aquarterpasttwelve②当分钟数是30分钟时，可用名词half（一半）表示。例如：9:30可表示为halfpastnine，3:30可表示为halfpastthree。III.1+1=2Oneplusoneistwo.一加一等于二。10-3=7Tenminusthreeisseven.十减三等于七。9×8=72Ninetimes/multipliedbytwoiseighteenth.九乘二等于十八。16÷2=8Sixteendividedbytwoiseight.十六除以二等于八。IV.分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母加s表示复数。例如：1/3onethird3/8threeeighthsV.表示“几岁”，用“基数词+yearsold”，“yearsold”也可以省略。e.g:Theboyistwelve(yearsold).这个男孩十二岁了。表示“在……年龄时”，用“attheageof270 +基数词”表示。e.g:Helearnedtoplaythepianoattheageofsix.他六岁的时候开始学弹钢琴。表示“在……几十岁时”，用“inone’s+整十的复数”表示。e.g:Themanbecameamillionaireinhisfifties.这个男的在他五十多岁的时候成为了百万富翁。VI.一次：once二次：twice第23页共227页三次及以上：基数词+timesthreetimes三次tentimes十次twenty-eighttimes二十八次VII.Ais+倍数+as+形容词原级+asB“A是B的多少倍”。e.g:Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.这个教室是那个教室的两倍大。Ais+倍数+形容词比较级+thanB“A比B大（多、高……）多少倍”。e.g:Thiscaristhreetimesmoreexpensivethanthattruck.这辆汽车比那辆卡车贵三倍。VIII.表示长、宽、高，用“基数词+单位词（meter,kilometer,foot,inch等）+形容词（long,wide,high等）”270 表示。twometerslong两米长threeincheshigh三英尺高fourincheswide四英寸宽表示时间、距离时，用含有数词的名词所有格形式作定语。fiveminutes‘walk步行五分钟twohours‘ride骑车两小时由数词和其它名词组成的复合数词，其中的名词用单数形式，各部分之间用连字符“-”来连接。athree-month-oldbaby一个三个月大的婴儿afive-dayholiday五天的假期④复合数词相当于一个形容词，用来修饰名词，不能作表语。Thebuildingistenmetershigh.（√）Thisisaten-meter-highbuilding.（√）Thebuildingisten-meter-high.（×）Thisisatenmetershighbuilding.（×）5、数词练习一、单项选择()1.Lincolnwasbornon________.A.February12th,1809B.1809,February12th270 第24页共227页C.1809,12thFebruaryD.February1809,12th()2.A_______boycansingtheEnglishsongverywell.A.ten-years-oldB.tenyearsoldC.ten-year-oldD.tenyearold()3.Anhourlater,_____ministerwassenttoseethe―magiccloth‖wovenbythosetwomen.A.twoB.thesecondC.thetwoD.second()4.AbrahamLincolnwas_______PresidentoftheUS.A.16B.the16C.16thD.the270 16th()5.Doyouthinkthereisanyroomforus________?A.twoB.thetwoC.secondD.thesecond()6.---Howmanystudentsarethereinyourclass?---________.A.TwentynineB.ThirtyandtwoC.Forty-fiveD.fifties()7.Whichnumberiswrong?_______.A.NinetyB.NinteenC.NinthD.Nineteenth()8.ThePeople‘sLiberationArmywasfounded_______.A.onAugust1st,1927B.in1927,1AugustC.on1stAugust,1927D.inAugust1,1927()9.Thenumber4,123isread_______.A.fourthousandonehundredandtwenty-threeB.fourthousandandonehundredtwenty-three270 C.fourthousandandahundredandtwenty-threeD.fourthousandsahundredandtwenty-three()10.Theoldprofessorstillworkshardthoughheis.A.inhissixtyB.inhissixtiesC.insixtiesD.inthesixty()11.Thisclassroomis________ours.第25页共227页A.threetimesbigasB.asthreetimesbigasC.threetimesasbigasD.asbigthreetimesas()12.Thebasketballteamofourschoolranks________inthematch.A.threeB.thirdC.thethreeD.thethird()13.Whichisthecarthathedrives?It‘s________.A.fifty270 twoB.thefifty-twocarsC.thecarfiftyfourD.thefifty-fourthcar()14.Whichofthefollowingiswrong?________.A.Heisafifteen-year-oldboyB.Heisattheageof15C.Heisaboyof15D.Heisfifteenyearold()15.Ourschoolisnotverybig.Thereareonly____students.A.ninehundredsofB.ninehundredC.ninehundredsD.ninehundredof()16.---Howmanynewwordsaretherein________lesson?---Thereareonly_________.A.five;fifthB.fifth;fiveC.thefifth;thefiveD.thefifth;five()17.________ofthestudentsgotoschoolby270 car.A.TwothreeB.TwothirdC.SecondthirdsD.Twothirds()18.Therewasnobusinthatsmalltown.Wehada________.A.tenmileswalkB.ten-milewalkC.tenmile‘swalkD.tenthmilewalk()19.Todayisthefirstdayand________.A.TuesdayisfourthB.ThursdayisthefourthC.secondisTuesdayD.asecondisThursday()20.Whichroomdoyoulivein?________.A.201RoomB.Room201C.Room201stD.201‘sRoom 270 ()21.Howmanymagazinesdoyouhave?Ihave________.第26页共227页A.twoB.bothC.twiceD.thesecond()22.Threehundredthousandonehundredandseventymeans________.A.3,170B.3,117C.300,170D.30,170()23.OnMay________,________peopletraveledroundthecountry.A.thefirst,millionsB.thefirst,millionsofC.first,themillionthD.first,millions()24.________ofthemarediningatschool.A.TwelveB.TwelfthC.ThetwelveD.The12th()25.It‘s7:17isread________.A.sevenandseventeenB.sevensevenC.sevenonesevenD.sevenseventeen()26.Four________twoistwo.A.plusB.minusC.timesD.divided270 by()27.Three________fiveiseight.A.plusB.minusC.timesD.dividedby()28.Three________sevenistwenty-one.A.plusB.minusC.timesD.dividedby()29.Forty-two________sevenissix.A.plusB.minusC.timesD.dividedby()30.Thereare________daysinayear.A.threehundredsixtyandfiveB.threehundredandsixty-fiveC.threehundredsandsixty-fiveD.threehundredsixty-five()31.Thereare________studentsinthatschool.A.twothousandeight-sixB.twothousandeighty-sixC.twothousandandeighty-sixD.twothousandsandeighty-six()32.Ittookme________togetthere.270 A.twohoursandahalfB.twohoursandhalfC.twohourandahalfD.twohourandhalf第27页共227页()33.Septemberis_________monthoftheyear.A.theninethB.theninthC.ninethD.ninth()34.Pleasepassme_______bookontheleft.A.thirdB.threeC.thethirdD.thethree()35.________boyisverytall.A.ThetwelveB.ThetwelvethC.ThetwelfethD.Thetwelfth()36.Wehaveknowneachotherfor________.A.ayearandhalfB.ayearwithhalfC.ayearandahalfD.ayearwithahalf()37.---Whatyearisit?---It‘s________.A.nineteenhundredsand270 ninety-sevenB.nineteenandninety-sevenC.nineteenninetyandsevenD.nineteenninety-seven()38.---What‘sthedatetoday?---It‘s_________.A.TuesdayB.JuneFourthC.JunethefourD.Junethefourth()39.ThetrainfromShanghaiwillarrive________.A.inquarterpastsixB.inaquarterpastsixC.atquarterpastsixD.ataquarterpastsix()40.Myfriendwasbornon_________.A.threeofJuly,1979B.thethirdofJuly,1979C.1979,JulythethirdD.1979,thethirdofJuly专题五：形容词与副词1、形容词定义：形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的270 性质、状态和特征。第28页共227页2、副词定义：副词用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，表示时间、频率、范围、语气、程度等。3、形容词的用法①功能I.形容词作定语形容词作定语，放在名词之前，不定代词之后。e.g:1.Helivesinabeautifulhouse.他住在一座漂亮的房子里。2.Thereisnothingimportantintoday‘snewspaper.今天报纸上没有什么重要内容。II.形容词作表语形容词作表语，放在系动词（be,feel,look,smell,taste,sound,get,become,keep,turn,seem等）之后。e.g:1.Everythingwillbeallright.一切都会好的。2.Afteralongwalk,Ifelttired.走了很远的一段路后我累了。III.形容词作宾语补足语形容词做宾语补足语，放在宾语之后，常与make,leave,keep,find等动词连用。e.g:1.Hekeepstheclassroomcleaneveryday.他们每天保持教室干净。2.Peopleusuallykeepthevegetablesfreshinthefridge.270 人们常把蔬菜放在冰箱里保鲜。②表示情感变化或心理感受方面的及物动词，在后面加上“-ed”或“-ing”后都可以构成形容词，但这两种不同形式的形容词在用法上有明显的区别。I.interested,excited,bored,amazed,surprised,embarrassed,frightened,pleased,terrified,tired等一般用在“人”作主语时，他们跟在be动词或系动词后作表语，表示所修饰、陈述的人能体会到某种感觉,译为“对......感到......”e.g:1.Thegirlisterrifiedofbeingaloneathome.女孩害怕一个人在家里。2.I‘mpleasedwiththefootballmatch.对这场足球比赛，我非常满意。3.Theboyfeltsoexcitedtoheartheexcitingnews.听到这个令人激动的消息，这个男孩很兴奋。II.interesting,exciting,boring,amazing,surprising,tiring,moving,第29页共227页thrilling,embarrassing等一般用在“物”作主语时，他们跟在be动词或系动词后作表语；另外他们也可以放在表示物的形容词前作定语，表示所修饰、陈述的物能令人有某种感觉，译为“令人(感到)......的”。e.g:1.Thefootballmatchisvery270 interesting.这场足球比赛很有趣。2.Thisisamovingfilm.这是一部感人的电影。3.Thegirlsaidthatshehadneverseensuchaboringmovie.这个女孩说她从来没看过这么无聊的电影。4、副词的用法①副词作状语，用来修饰动词、形容词和副词，修饰动词时放在动词后面，修饰形容词和副词时，放在形容词和副词前面。e.g:1.Theyarelaughinghappily.他们在高兴地大笑。2.Heisaverykindteacher.他是个很善良的老师。3.Theoldmanisseriouslyill.这个老人病得很严重。②形容词变换成副词的方式。一般形容词加上后缀“ly”转变成副词。useful—usefully有用地main--mainly主要地strong—strongly强有力地；一般“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词，去掉y变为“ily”。noisy—noisily吵闹地lucky—luckily幸运地heavy—heavily沉重地happy—happily快乐地；幸福地easy—easily容易地；简单地一般以le结尾的形容词，去“e”变成“y”。terrible—terribly可怕地probable—probably270 可能；大概；也许comfortable—comfortably舒适地以“辅音字母+e”结尾的形容词，直接+ly。wide—widely广泛地fortunate—fortunately幸运地以“元音字母+e”结尾的形容词，要去掉e再加ly。true—truly真实地；真诚地5、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法①形容词、副词比较级的变化规则。I.规则变化第30页共227页II.不规则变化②形容词、副词原级用法。I.表示二者在性质和程度上相同时，用“as+adj./adv.原级+as”结构。e.g:1.Herunsasfastasyou.他跑的和你一样快。2.Nothingcanbesosimpleasthis.再没有比这更简单的了。第31页共227页II.表示“不如”或“不相等”，用“notas/so+adj./adv.原级+as”或“less+adj./adv.原级+than”结构。e.g:1.Thispictureisnotsogoodasthatone.270 这幅画没那幅画好。2.Hedoesn‘twriteascarefullyashissister.他写字不如她妹妹细心。③形容词、副词比较级用法。I.比较级用于两者进行比较，结构为“Ais比较级thanB”。e.g:1.Mybikeismorebeautifulthanhers.我的自行车比她的漂亮。2.Heworksharderthanbefore.他工作比以前努力。II.表示两者之间选择，用“which/whois比较级，AorB？”表示“两者之间较……之一”时，用“the+比较级”结构。e.g:1.Whichisnearertothesun,themoonortheearth?哪个离太阳更近，月球还是地球？2.Heisthethinnerofthetwo.他是两人中较瘦的那个。III.“越来越……”用“比较级and比较级”结构，多音节和部分双音节词用“moreandmore原级”。e.g:1.Theweatherisbecomingcolderandcolder.天气变得越来越冷了。2.Sheisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.她变得越来越美了。IV.表示“越……越……”时，用“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构。e.g:Themorecarefulyouare,themorepointsyouwillget.270 你越细心，得分越多。④形容词、副词最高级用法。I.表示三者及以上人或物进行比较时用最高级，结构为“the+最高级+in/of+范围”。e.g:1.Thepictureisthebestofall.这幅画是所有画中最好的。2.Sheisthemostbeautifulgirlintheclass.她是班上最美的女孩。II.表示在三者及以上之间选择，用“which/whoisthe+最高级，A,BorC？”。e.g:Whoisthetallest,Tom,KateorBill?汤姆、凯特、比尔，谁最高？III.表示“最……之一”用“oneofthe最高级+可数名词复数”。e.g:Sheisoneofthemostpopularteachersinourschool.她是我们学校最受欢迎的老师之一。第32页共227页IV.形容词最高级前面加序数词，表示“第几……”。e.g:Sheisthesecondtallestgirlinourclass.她是我班上第二高的女孩。V.比较级和最高级之间的互换。例如：Heistallerthananyotherboyinourclass.=Heistallerthantheotherboysinourclass.=Heisthetallestboyinour270 class.注意比较以下两个句子：ShanghaiislargerthananyothercityinChina.（范围之内）=ShanghaiislargerthananycityinJapan.（范围之外）一、单项选择()1.–Ifyoudon‘tliketheredcoat,howaboutthegreenone?–OK,butdoyouhave_______sizeingreen?Thisoneisabitsmallforme.A.abigB.abiggerC.thebigD.thebigger()2.–Mum,IthinkI‘m_______togetbacktoschool.–Notreally,mydear.You‘dbetterstayathomeforanotherdayortwo.A.sowellB.sogoodC.wellenoughD.goodenough()3.–Whatdeliciouscakes!–Theywouldtaste_______withbutter.A.goodB.betterC.badD.worse()4.–Mr.Zhou,ofallthestudentsinourgroup,wholives_______?–IthinkLiLei270 does.A.farB.fartherC.farthestD.thefarther()5.Withahistoryofmorethan1,400years,ZhaoZhouBridgeisthe_______stonearchbridgeintheworld.A.oldB.olderC.oldestD.elder()6.Bobneverdoeshimhomework_______Mary.Hemakeslotsofmistakes.A.socarefulasB.ascarefullyas第33页共227页C.carefullyasD.ascarefulas()7.HowcanIspeakEnglish_______you?A.asgoodasB.morethanC.aswellasD.asmuchas()8.YourEnglishisgood.I‘lltrymybesttospeakitas_______youdo.A.clearlyasB.clearasC.clearerthanD.moreclearly()9.–Isyourmotherbadlyill?–No,_______,onlyalittlecold.A.seriousanythingB.seriousnothingC.nothingseriousD.anythingserious()10.I‘mnotsureifI‘mgoingtoTim‘sparty;Imay270 gototheconcert_______.A.onlyB.insteadC.earlyD.late()11.Althoughtheyarebrothers,theyarethe_______oppositeofoneanother.A.veryB.justC.fewD.little()12.ThenewBrightRestaurantis_______thantheoldone.Mooreandmorepeopleliketoeatthere.A.goodB.betterC.badD.worse()13.WangPingdoes_______inphysicsthatImissedthefirstclass.A.badlyB.MostbadlyC.worseD.worst()14.Igotupso_______thismorningthatImissedthefirstclass.A.earlyB.lateC.quietlyD.neatly()15.–Doyouenjoytravelingbyplane?–No.It‘s_______expensive.A.muchmoreB.moremuchC.toomuchD.muchtoo()16.I‘mafraidtheheadmasteris_______busytomeetthevisitors.A.toomuchB.muchtooC.somuchD.muchtoo()17.Howbeautifullyshesings!I‘veneverheard270 _______.A.thebettervoiceB.agoodvoiceC.thebestvoiceD.abettervoice第34页共227页()18.Youdowellinyourlessons.I‘m_______youwillpasstheexam.A.sureB.afraidC.sadD.sorry()19.–Whois_______inyourclass?–Fred.A.tallB.tallerC.tallestD.thetallest()20.–Whatdoyouthinkofthefootballmatch?–TheChinesefootballteamhasneverplayed_______.A.betterB.bestC.worseD.worst()21.ThepopulationofChinais_____than_____ofanyothercountryintheworld.A.larger,theoneB.more,thatC.larger,thatD.more,theone()22.Thereismuchwinehere,but_______peoplewanttodrinkit.A.manyB.alittleC.fewD.afew()23.Peoplespeak______ofthefilmNotOneLess.It270 isreallynecessaryforeverychildtogotoschool.A.loudB.loudlyC.highD.highly()24.Shealwaysfinishesherhomeworkontime.She______leavesitfortomorrow.A.alwaysB.neverC.usuallyD.sometimes()25.Thefootballmatchwas_______,sotheboyswere_______aboutit.A.excited,excitingB.exciting,excitedC.excited,excitedD.exciting,exciting()26.Playingtabletennisisn‘tdifficult.Youcanlearnit_______.A.easyB.easilyC.quickD.hardly()27.WeChinesealwaysputourfamilyname_______.A.lastB.nearlyC.firstD.inthemiddle()28.ThiskindofT-shirtlook_______andsells_______inthemarket.A.nice,goodB.well,well第35页共227页C.nice,wellD.good,nice()29.Thelightintheroomwasn‘t_______formetoread.A.brightlyenoughB.enough270 brightlyC.enoughbrightD.brightenough()30.–Look,thisdigitalcameraisreallycheap!It‘sonlyfivehundredyuan.–The_______,thebetter.A.cheaperB.cheapC.expensiveD.moreexpensive二、用形容词和副词的适当形式填空。1.Judyisa________worker.Sheworks________.(slow)2.Paulisa________driver.Hedriveshiscar________.(careful)3.Thetestwasvery________.Isolvedit________.(easy)4.Theanswerwas______.Sheansweredallthequestions_______.(correct)5.Theyarevery________.Theylive_________.(happy)6.Hemadea__________move.Hestopped__________.(sudden)7.Samisa________person.Healwaysspeaks_________.(quiet)8.Davidisan________person.Hebehaves_________.(honest)9.Thechildrenplayed_________.Thechildrenwere270 ________.(noise)10.Shestudies________(hard).Herschoolworkisvery________(well).11.Itwasa________rain.Italsorained_________yesterday.(heavy)12.Hishandwritingisvery_________.Hewritesvery_________.(clear)13.Nadiadances__________.Sheisalsoa__________dancer.(beautiful)14.Theygavea________reply.Theyreplied________.(rude)15.Shetypes________.Hertypingspeedis________.(fast)16.Mysister‘sEnglishis_______.CanyouspeakEnglish________?(fluent)17.Mrs.Whiteshoutedattheboys______.Shewasvery_______.(angry)18.Hebuys___________things.Helivesvery___________.(expensive)19.―Theweatheris__________(wonderful).‖Hesaid_________(loud).20.Areyou__________inbasketball?270 (interest)第36页共227页专题六：动词一、动词概述1、动词的定义：表示动作和状态的词叫作动词。2、动词的种类：(1)实义动词：表示行为、动作或状态的词。实义动词词义完整，能独立作谓语，亦称为行为动词。(2)系动词:亦称连系动词，是用来帮助说明主语―是什么‖或―怎么样‖的动词，系动词本身有词义，但不能独立用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。(3)情态动词:情态动词用在实义动词前，表示说话人对这一动作或状态的看法或主观设想。情态动词本身有一定词义，但是不能独立作谓语，只能和实义动词一起构成谓语。(4)助动词:270 表示不同的时态、语态以及句子的否定和疑问。助动词本身无词义，不可独立作谓语，只能协助主要动词构成谓语。二、动词考点纵览第37页共227页第38页共227页第39页共227页第40页共227页第41页共227页第42页共227页第43页共227页第44页共227页第45页共227270 页第46页共227页第47页共227页第48页共227页第49页共227页第50页共227页ldren_______crossthestreet________thetrafficlightsturnedgreen.A.not;beforeB.don‘t;whenC.notto;untilD.not;after7.Iwaslateforclassyesterday_______therewassomethingwrongwithmybike.A.whenB.thatC.untilD.because8.I‘llgoswimmingwithyouifI________freetomorrow.A.willbeB.shallbeC.amD.was9.Intheexam,the________youare,______the_______mistakesyouwillmake.A.careful;littleB.morecareful;270 fewestD.morecareful;lessC.morecareful;fewer10.Youshouldfinishyourlessons_______yougoouttoplay.A.beforeB.afterC.whenD.while11.Ihurried_____Iwouldn‘tbelateforclass.A.sinceB.sothatC.asifD.unless12.Whenyoureadthebook,you‘dbettermakeamark_______youhaveanyquestions.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.though13.Theteacherraisedhisvoice_______allthestudentscouldhearhim.第111页共227270 页A.forB.sothatC.becauseD.inorder14.Hetookoffhiscoat_______hefelthot.A.becauseB.asC.ifD.since15.Itis______thatwe‘dliketogooutforawalk.A.alovelydayB.toolovelyadayC.solovelyadayD.suchlovelyaday16.Maryhad______muchworktodothatshestayedatherofficeallday.A.suchB.soC.tooD.very17._______Ifeltverytired,Itriedtofinishthework.A.AlthoughB.BecauseC.AsD.Asif18.______thedaywenton,theweathergotworse.A.WithB.SinceC.WhileD.As19.______wellyoucandrive,youmustdrivecarefully.A.SolongasC.NomatterhowB.InorderthatD.Themoment20.Writetomeassoonasyou________toBeijing.A.will270 getB.getC.gettingD.got21.I‘llletyouknow____hecomesback.A.beforeB.becauseC.assoonasD.although22.Shewillsingasong____sheisasked.A.ifB.unlessC.forD.since23.Wewillwork____weareneeded.A.wheneverB.becauseC.sinceD.wherever24.Readitaloud_____theclasscanhearyou.A.sothatB.ifC.whenD.although25._____yougo,don’tforgetyourpeople.A.WheneverB.HoweverC.WhereverD.Whichever26.Itisabouttenyears_____Imetyoulast.A.sinceB.forC.whenD.as27.Theywillneversucceed,_____hardtheytry.第112页共227270 页A.becauseB.howeverC.whenD.since28._____stillhalfdrunk,hemadehiswayhome.A.WhenB.BecauseC.ThoughD.As29._____shewasverytired,shewentonworking.A.AsB.AlthoughC.EvenD.Inspiteof30.Busy_____hewas,hetriedhisbesttohelpyou.A.asB.whenC.sinceD.for31.IlearnedalittleRussian_____Iwasatmiddleschool.A.thoughB.althoughC.asifD.when32._____wegottothestation,thetrainhadleftalready.A.IfB.UnlessC.SinceD.When33._____therainstops,we’11setoffforthestation.A.BeforeB.UnlessC.AssoonasD.Though34.Shewas_____tired_____shecouldnotmoveaninch.A.so,thatB.such,thatC.very,thatD.so,as35.Wedidn‘tgohome_____wefinishedthework.A.sinceB.untilC.becauseD.though36.I’llstayhere_____everyoneelsecomesback.A.evenifB.asthoughC.becauseD.until37.Althoughit’sraining,_____arestillworkinginthefield.A.theyB.buttheyC.andtheyD.sothey38.Speaktohimslowly_____hemayunderstandyoubetter.A.sinceB.sothatC.forD.because39.You’llmissthetrain______youhurryup.A.270 unlessB.asC.ifD.until40.We’dbetterhurry______itisgettingdark.A.andB.butC.asD.unless专题十三：定语从句一、定语的概念：定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。比如：第113页共227270 页(先试试用横线划出下面短语中的定语，然后在后面的括号里注明是什么在作定语)abeautifulgirlourteacher(（）)ashoefactory（）Jim‘sfather()themaninthecar（）themanwhoistalkingwithSam（）themanstandingatthedoor（）二、定语从句的概念及主要特征：1．定语从句：2.定语从句的主要特征：在句中起定语作用，相当于形容词，修饰某一代词或名词或整个主句的从句。1.先行词(Antecedent)：定语从句所修饰的词。2.关系词(Relatives)：连接主句与从句的词并在定语从句中充当某一句子成分。3.定语从句所缺句子成分：主语、宾语、表语、状语。Thegirl（先行词）who（关系词）standsunderthetreeismysister.三、定语从句的基本用法：定语从句的引导词关系代词指人指物who(主语、宾语)，whom(宾语)，that(主语、宾语),whose(定语)270 that(主语、宾语),which(主语、宾语)whose(定语)where(地点状语)关系副词when(时间状语)why(原因状语)（一）关系代词引导的定语从句1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语，有时也作宾语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.一班的。分析：先行词theboys在从句中作主语。Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。昨天我帮助了一位迷路正在踢足球的男孩是YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.的老人。第114页共227270 页分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。那就是教我们物理的老师。Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。Youneedn‘ttalktothepeoplewhoyoudon‘tliketalkingto.分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。2．whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。李明正是我想要见的男孩。LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.270 分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。你正在等的教授已经Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.来了。分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.。分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.译成汉语：_________________________________分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。270 我把那本封面是蓝色的书弄丢了。Ilostthebookwhosecoverwasblue.分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。Weliveinahousewhosewindowsfacethesouth.译成汉语:_________________________注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.＝Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?第115页共227270 页＝Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?自己总结一下：在定语从句中，whose+名词＝___________________________4．which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.动。分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.译成汉语:____________________分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。270 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice.分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.___________________________分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。译成汉语：Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.看的电影一点意思也没有。分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。他们昨晚5．that引导定语从句时，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。270 分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。我今天早上看到的那个人在Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?哪儿？第116页共227270 页分析：先行词__________Thepersonthat/介绍给我的那个人很友好。Theseasonthat/夏季。/引导词在从句中作________。youintroducedtomeisverykind.你comesafterspringissummer.春天以后的季节是YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/_______camefromAustralia.封来自澳(二)关系副词引导的定语从句昨天我收到了一1．when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。常可以用in/on/at+which代替。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.来到这所学校的那一天。分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。我们团聚的时刻终于到了。我仍然记得我第一次Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.270 分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeople‘sRepublicofChinawasfounded.1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。把这个句子改成两个简单句：___________________________________________分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.270 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？把这个句子改成两个简单句：-___________________________________________分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。常可用in/on/atwhich代替。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.270 上海是我出生的城市。把这个句子改成两个简单句：-___________________________________________分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。第117页共227270 页ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.270 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。把这个句子改成两个简单句：-___________________________________________分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。注意：当先行词是situation,occasion,point时，且又在从句中作状语时，常用where来引导定语从句。Sometimes270 youwillfindyourselfinasituationwhereyoufeltveryembarrassed（尴尬）.Hehasreachedapointwherenobodycancomparewithhim.3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。常可用forwhich来代替。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.请告诉我你误机的原因。分析：先行词__________引导词在从句中作________。Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。Idon‘tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.____________________注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用―介词+关系代词‖引导的定语从句来表示。如：Fromtheyearswhen(=______________)hewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。Iwillneverforgetthemomentwhen(=______________)theblindstudentsmovedus.Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere(=______________)they第118页共227270 页译成汉语：自从他在农村读live.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。Thereasonwhy(=______________)herefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句Attributiveclause:限制性定语从句restrictive是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句non-restrictive和主句关系不很密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句，写时往往逗号分开。Iwastheonlypersonwhowasinvited.inmyofficeJenny,withwhomIplayedtabletennisyesterday,livesinmynext270 room.Themanwhocamehereyesterdayhascomeagain.ThatisMr.Wang,whosedaughterteachesEnglishatamiddleschool.注意：引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不可用that，指人时用who(主语),whom(宾语)，指物时须用which.定语从句举例：注意：在非限制性定语从句中，有时which所指代的先行词是前面的整个句子。XiaoLicametoseemeoff,whichwasverykindofher.Hedidn‘tpasstheexam,whichsurprisedus.五．定语从句考查重点：（一）定语从句在下列情况下只能用that，而不能用which指物。（指人时可以用who/whom）1.当先行词被形容词最高级或者序数词修饰时。2.当先行词是不定代词everything,anything,nothing,something,all,none,few,little,some,much等代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。3.当先行词被thevery,theonly,thesame,thelast修饰时。第119页共227270 页4.当先行词是who,或which引导的主句时。5.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。(二)不用that的情况(1)在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,Isveryfamoushere.(2)介词后不能用。Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.（三）关系代词的省略：Thefactorywevisitedyesterdaywasreallyold.(请将省略的关系代词补充在正确的位置)ThemanyoujusttalkedtowasmyEnglishteacher.(请将省略的关系代词补充在正确的位置)当关系代词在从句中作_________时可以省略。（四）―介词+关系代词‖引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由―介词+关系代词‖引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.＝Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)I270 playedtenniswithyesterday.＝Thisistheboy________________Iplayedtennisyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。We‘llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.＝We‘llgotohearthefamoussinger________________wehaveoftentalked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。注意：１．含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。３．―介词+关系代词‖前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。（四）当先行词被oneof修饰时，若oneof前有theonly，则从句的谓语动词用第120页共227270 页单数，没有的话则用复数。Heisoneofthestudentswho________neverlate.________________________Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho________neverlate._________________（五）先行词是时间却不用when引导，先行词是地点却不用where引导，先行词是原因却不用why引导。Iwillneverforgetthedays________weclimbedthemountaintogether.Iwillneverforgetthedays________wespenttogether.Wevisitedthehouse_______LuXunusedtolive.Wevisitedthehouse_______LuXunusedtolivein.Thisisthereason_______hewasunhappy.Thisisthereason_______heexplainedtome.（六）当先行词被such,thesame修饰时，关系词常用as。thesame…as；such…as中的as是一种固定结构,和……一样……。Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).请分析一下定语从句：(请划出定语从句，并标出先行词)1.CheckthewaysyoustudyforanEnglishtest.2.Youcouldn‘tunderstandpeoplewhotalkedfast.3.Theysaidsomethingyoudidn‘tlike.4.Canyouthinkofanyproblemsyouhavehadrecently?5.MyfriendsandItalkedabouttherulesthatwehaveinschool.6.Whataresomeoftherulesthatateenagershould270 obey?译成汉语：译成汉语：二、请把下面的句子连成一个定语从句1、1.Theboyismyyoungerbrother.Hewashereaminuteago.2.Theoldmanisaprofessor.Heteacheschemistryinacollege.3.BeijingHotelisnearTianAnMenSquare.Theforeignvisitorslivethere.第121页共227270 页4.Thewomanisherenow.Youweretalkingabouther.5.Thisisthehall.Welistenedtothereportinittheotherday.6.Thecarwasgoing90milesanhour.Thecarjustpassedus.7.Themanwavedtous.Themanwasmyuncle.8.Ienjoyedreadingthebook.Yougavemeabooklastweek.9.Ipreferthesubject.Thesubjectisscience.10.Ispoketotheman.Themanisaprofessor.三、用关系代词填空：that、which、who、whom、whose1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.Thisistheman________wantstoseeyou.Thestudent___________answeredthequestionisZhangHua.Theman__________youwenttoseehascome.Theman___________Imet270 yesterdaylentmesomemoney.Thewoman_______________yousawisourgeographyteacher.Therunner________________youareaskingaboutisoverthere.Theperson______________youshouldwritetoisMr.Ball.Theman___________waspassingbysawwhathappened.Hereisthepen_________youlostthedaybeforeyesterday.Thesebooks_____________youlentmewereveryuseful.Thestorybook____________Ihavejustreadcannotbeeasilyforgotten.Aclockisamachine______tellspeoplethetime.Thisisshirt_______________Iboughtyesterday.Adictionaryisabook_____________givesthemeaningtotheword.第122页共227270 页15.16.17.Thebook____________isonthetableismine.Thefilm____________theyaretalkingaboutisveryinteresting.Iwillneverforgetthepeopleandtheplaces_____Ihaveevervisited.18.Showmetheboy______________motherisawell-knownsinger.19.Theboy______fatherisateacherisgoodatEnglish.专题十四：从句复习在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的句子叫状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意义的不同可分为：时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句和让步状语从句。如果状语从句放在主句前，通常在从句后用逗号隔开。从句的分类从句的引导词例句Iwasdoingmyhomeworkwhenhewhen/while/as（当……时），before（在……之前），aftercamein.时间状语从句（在……之后），since（自Hedidn‘tfinishhis270 homeworkuntilhis从），until（直到……才），fathercamebackyesterday.assoonas（一……就）I‘llgototheparkifitisfinetomorrow.if（如果）,aslongas（只要），条件状语从句unless（除非=if…not）Unlessbadweatherstopsme,Igoforawalkeveryday.because（因为），since（既IlikeEnglishbecauseit‘sveryuseful.原因状语从句然），as（由于）Sinceeveryoneishere,let‘sbeginourclass.目的状语从句sothat（以便，为了）Shecametomyhomesothatshecouldborrowmybikeyesterday.sothat（结果是）,so…that/It‘ssocoldoutsidethatnobodywantssuch…that（如此……以至）togoout.though/although（尽管；虽Thoughtheyarepoor,theyarevery然），evenif（即使），whatever结果状语从句让步状语从句第123页共227270 页（无论什么），wherever（无happy.论哪里），whenever（无论何时）等than（比……），as…as…比较状语从句（和……一样），notas/so…as（不如……）注意：1．状语从句的时态当主句时态是过去时，从句通常要使用过去时的某种形式，即和主句时态要一致。Iwasdrivingtotheairportwhenitbegantorain.Ididn‘tbuythatsweateryesterdaybecauseitwasveryexpensive.2．在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时或含有将来的意味时，从句要用一般现在时代替将来时。Wearegoingtoplayfootballifitdoesn‘trainthisafternoon.Pleasebuyyourticketassoonasyougettothestation.so…that与such…that的区别：它们词义相同，但结构不同，请对比下面的句型结构Johnistallerthanhisbrother.Iwon‘tmindevenifhedoesn‘tcomehere.Hedoesn‘trunso/asfastasBill.①②Thisissuchagoodfilmthateveryonewantstoseeit.第124页共227270 页=Thisissogoodafilmthateveryonewantstoseeit.这是一部很好的影片，大家都想看。Thesearesuchgoodbooksthatwewanttoreadthem.这些书真好，我们都想读。Therearesomanybooksinthelibrarythatyoucan‘treadthemall.这家图书馆有那么多的书，你是看不完的。Itissuchfineweatherthatwewanttoswim.天气这么好，我们想去游泳。Wehavesomuchtimethatwecanfinishthework.我们有足够的时间，能完成这项工作。1.时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas等连词来引导。例如：Itwasraininghardwhengottoschoolyesterday.Whilehewasdoinghishomework,thetelephonerang.Ashewalkedalongthelake,hesanghappily.HehadlearnedalittleChinesebeforehecametoChina.Afterhefinishedmiddleschool,hewenttoworkinafactory.(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：I‘llringyouupassoonasIgettoNewYork.Iwilltellhimeverythingwhenhecomesback.Hewon‘tbelieveituntilheseesitwithhisowneyes.(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是―一直到……时‖，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是―直到……才……‖,270 ―在……以前不……‖,谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：Theyoungmanreadtillthelightwentout.Let‘swaituntiltherainstops.Wewon‘tstartuntilBobcomes.Don‘tgetoffuntilthebusstops.2.条件状语从句第125页共227270 页(1)条件状语从句通常由if,unless引导。例如：Whatshallwedoifitsnowstomorrow?Don‘tleavethebuildingunlessItellyouto.(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：I‘llhelpyouwithyourEnglishifamfreetomorrow.Hewon‘tbelateunlessheisill.(3)―祈使句+and(or)+陈述句‖在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：Hurryup,oryou‘llbelate.=Ifyoudon‘thurryup,you‘llbelate.Studyhardandyouwillpasstheexam.=Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.3.原因状语从句(1)原因状语从句通常由because,since,as引导。例如：Hedidn‘tcometoschoolbecausehewasill.Asitisraining,weshallnotgothezoo.Sinceyoucan‘tanswerthequestion,I‘llasksomeoneelse.(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：------Whyaren‘tgoingthere?------BecauseIdon‘twantto.Ashehasnocar,hecan‘tgetthereeasily.Sincewehavenomoney,wecan‘tbuyit.(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。4.结果状语从句(1)结果状语从句由so…that,such…that,sothat引导。例如：Heissopoorthat270 hecan‘tbuyabikeforhisson.Sheissuchagoodteacherthateverybodylikesher.Mypencilfellunderthedesk,sothatIcouldn‘tseeit.第126页共227270 页(2)so…that语such...that可以互换。例如：在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是:―...so+形容词（副词）+that+从句‖。例如：Hewassogladthathecouldn‘tsayaword.Thehallissobigthatitcanhold2,000people.Motherlivessofarawaythatwehardlyeverseeher.在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：Itwassuchahotdaythatnobodywantedtodoanything.Hehadsuchlongarmsthathecouldalmosttouchtheceiling.Hemadesuchrapidprogressthathedidverywellinthemid-term.有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：Itwassuchawonderfulfilmthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain.=Thefilmwassowonderfulthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain.Itissuchanimportantmatchthatnobodywantstomissit.=Thematchissoimportantthatnobodywantstomissit.(3)如果名词前由many,much,little,few等词修饰时，只能用so,不用such。例如：Soonthereweresomanydeerthattheyateupallthewildroses.Hehassolittle270 timethathecan‘tgotothecinemawithyou.5.比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由as…as,比较级+than…等连词引导。例如：TomrunsfasterthanJohndoes.Thisclassroomisasbigasthatone.6.目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通常由sothat,inorderthat引导。例如：Westartedearlysothatwecouldcatchthefirsttrain.Hestudieshardsothathecouldworkbetterinthefuture.Weusedthecomputerinorderthatwemightsavetime.第127页共227270 页(2)sothat既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can,could,may,might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：Speakclearlysothattheymayunderstandyou.(目的状语从句)Jackisbadlyillsothathehastorest.7.让步状语从句(1)让步状语从句通常由although,though等连词引导。例如：Thoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.AlthoughIamtired,Imustgoonworking.(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说：Thoughitwasraininghard,buthestillwentout.应该说：Thoughitwasraininghard,hestillwentout.或Itwasraininghard,buthestillwentout.8.地点状语从句地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如：Gowhereyoulike.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.(结果状语从句)二、宾语从句宾语从句概说宾语从句是在复合句中起宾语作用的从句。在谓语动词，介词和某些形容词等后面都可以接宾语从句。同学们要掌握好宾语从句，主要应该注意以下三个关键：1．连接词：根据从句类型而定。2．语序：用陈述句语序。3．时态：根据主句中谓语动词的时态而定。（自然、科学规律及真理可以除外）连接词：引导词that引导词的作用270 例句本身无意义，只起连接Hesaid（that）thefastest第128页共227270 页作用，口语中可省略。waytotravelwasbyplane.if/whether意为―是否‖，不作句子Let‘sseeif/whetherwecan成分，但不能省略。findoutsomeinformationaboutthatcity.what,which,who,whose,whom在从句中做一定的成Pleasetellmewho/whom等连接代词分，如主语、宾语、定wehavetosee.语等。when（指时间），where（指地在从句中做状语点），why（表原因），how（表方式）等连接副词Doyouknowwherewecanstayontheisland?HeaskedmewhenIwasgoingtowritealettertoJim.注意：1．主句与从句时态一致的问题：宾语从句中如果主句是现在的时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现成完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。Iknowhelivedinacityfouryearsago.我知道四年前他住在城里。Hesaysheisgoingtoswimwithhisfriendtomorrow.他说明天要和朋友去游泳。（1）宾语从句中如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时），那么从句中一定要用过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。Hesaidthathehadseenthe270 film.他说他曾看过这部电影。Shesaidthatshewouldcome.她说她要来的。Wediscussedwhetherweshouldlethimoff.我们商量是否应该放过他这一回。（2）如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。Myfathertoldme(that)thesunrisesintheeast.爸爸告诉我太阳从东方升起。（真理）HesaidthatYaoMingismuchtallerthanhim.他说姚明比他高得多。（事实）2．宾语从句的语序：宾语从句的语序要用陈述句的语序。在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时，要特别注意从句的语序。第129页共227页270 WheredoesJim‘sfatherwork?Doyouknow?fatherworks?3．宾语从句的连接（1）当宾语从句是陈述句时，用that引导。Theyweregooddoctors.Hetoldus.→DoyouknowwhereJim‘s→Hetoldusthattheyweregooddoctors.（2）当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，构成宾语从句用whether或if连接，句尾的标点符号取决于主句。Areyouastudent?Heasksme.→Heasksmeif/whetherIamastudent.→Doyouknowif/whetheryourDoesyoursistergetupearly?Doyouknow?sistergetsupearly?（3）当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词就用原来的疑问词，但一定要注意用陈述句语序。Whendidhebuythisnewbike?Couldyoutellme?heboughtthisnewbike?4．否定的转移当主句的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose等，而主句的主语又是第一人称时，后接从句的否定词常要前移，即否定主句动词。Idon‘tthinkhewillcomewith270 you.我认为他不会和你一起来的。→Couldyoutellmewhen这种前置否定的宾语从句变反意疑问句时，反意疑问句的主、谓语要与从句一致。Wedon‘tthinkTomisright,ishe?三、定语从句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。关系代词、副词作用先行词人例句Doyouknowthegirlwho/thatiswearingaredcoat?that,who,whom主语、宾语、（只做宾语）表语第130页共227270 页Idon‘tknowthegirlwho/that/whomyouarewaitingfor.Shecan‘tfindthepenthat/whichIlenttoher.that,which主语、宾语、物、时间、地Theschoolthat/whichwevisited表语点、原因isverybeautiful.Doyourememberthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether?whose定语人Theboywhosemotherisateacherstudiesveryhard.Thehousewhosewindowisopenismine.Istillrememberthedaywhenyoucamehere.Thisisthefactorywheremyfatherworks.Doyouknowthereasonwhyhewas270 late?whose定语物when状语时间where状语地点why注意：状语原因1．在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般须跟在先行词之后，如果引导词在从句中用做主语，从句的人称、数必须和先行词一致。（1）Theriver（主语为先行词）whichrunsthroughthecity（定语从句）isabeautifulsight.穿过这座城市的那条河流是一道美丽的风景。（2）Idon‘tknowthemen（宾语为先行词）whoareworkingoverthere（定语从句）.270 我不认识正在那边工作的那些人。第131页共227270 页（3）Thisisthehospital（表语为先行词）wheremyauntworks.（定语从句）这就是我姑妈工作的那所医院。2．只用that引导的定语从句（1）先行词是不定代词all,everything,nothing,anything,much,little,few等时。Isthereanything(that)youdon‘tknow?（2）先行词被all,every,any,no,little,much等修饰时。IwanttoreadallthebooksthatwerewrittenbyLuXun.（3）先行词被序数词及形容词最高级修饰时。Thisisthesecondbook(that)Iborrowedfromtheschoollibrary.（4）先行词被theonly,thelast,thesame修饰时。（当先行词是人时，也可用关系代词who,whom）Heistheonlypersonthat/whoIknowhere.（5）当有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时。Wearetalkingaboutthepeopleandthethings(that)wehavevisitedinthecountry.（6）主句以who,what,which开头的特殊疑问句时。Whoisthegirlthatiswearingaredcoat?3．只用which引导的定语从句（1）引导非限定性定语从句（主句和从句用逗号分开的）时。Themeeting,whichwasheldinourschool,wasagreatsuccess.（2）当关系代词之前有介词时。ThisisthehouseinwhichIwasborn.关于that和which270 引导定语从句的用法区别，请记住下面的顺口溜：that,which可互换，下列情况勿照办。不定代词这一伙，全用that准没错。要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离。练习：1.宾语从句【2011北京】1.—Doyouknow____—At8o’clock.A.whendidshecomeC.whenwillshecomeB.whenshecameD.whenshewillcometomorrow?that情况比较多，先来对你说一说：先行词前有修饰，千万不要用which。第132页共227270 页【2011天津】2.We‘llplanttreestomorrow,andIdon‘tknow_____Tomwillcomeandjoinus.A.ifB.whichC.whatD.where【2011广东】3.Theteacheraskedus________.A.whendidIfinishmyworkearlierC.whatwewereinterestedinourlunch【2011•宁夏】4.Bobaskedme_.A.whatwasshedoingB.whatisshedoingC.whatshewasdoingD.whatsheisdoingD.wherewearegoingtohaveB.whydidn‘twetellhimaboutit【2011重庆】5.Wedon‘tknow_______itnext.Let‘sgoandaskMr.Li.A.whattodowhether【2011重庆】6.Thewomanaskedthepolicemanwhere_______.A.thepostofficeisC.isthepostofficeB.thepostofficewasD.wasthepostofficeB.todowhatC.whethertodoD.todo【2011山西】7.---Mr.Li,Ifoundawatchontheplayground.---Youshouldtrytofindout______A.whose270 isthewatchC.whomdoesthewatchbelongto【2011山东】8.-Whatdidtheteachersaytoyoujustnow?-Sheasked______.A.wheredidIlearnEnglishB.wheredoIlearnEnglishB.whereIlearnedEnglishC.whereIlearnEnglishB.whoistheownerofthewatch【2011•广州】9.Ican‘tremember_____Iputthebook,andIneeditformyhomeworknow.A.whereB.howC.whatD.why【2011江西省】10.I’vedecidedtogotoLondonnextweekend.Iwaswondering________youcouldgowithme.第133页共227270 页A.ifB.whenC.thatD.where【2011河北省】11.Jennyisonholidaynow.Iwonder.A.whenshewillcomebackC.whenwillshecomebackB.whenshecamebackD.whendidshecomeback【2011•河南省】12.1didn’tseeLauraatthepartylastnight.Doyouknow________?A.whydidn’tshecomeB.whathappenedC.whenwouldshearriveD.whereshehasbeen【2011连云港】13.—Doyouknow______WorldWaterDayis?—OnMarch22nd.A.whenwhich【2011连云港】14.—I‘mnewhere.Couldyoupleasetellme_______?—Sure.It‘sovertherebehindthattower.A.wheretheyouthcentreisC.howfaristheamusementparkundergroundstation【2011•山东东营】15—Doyouknow_______?—Yes.Atabouttwelve.Iwasjustabouttogotobed.A.whenhecamebackC.whendidyougotobedB.whenhewillcomebackD.whetherhegoestobedlateB.whenthelibraryopensD.howcanIgettotheB.whereC.whatD.【2011•福建泉州】16.—Simon,Iwonder___________.—LastSaturday.②whentheforeignvisitorsarrived③270 whendidtheforeignvisitorsarrive④whentheforeignvisitorswillarrive⑤whenwilltheforeignvisitorsarrive【2011•云南八市】17.—Couldyoupleasetellme____________inAmerica?—OnthefourthThursdayinNovember.A.whenisThanksgivingDay第134页共227页B.whenThanksgivingDay270 isC.whatweeatonThanksgivingDayThanksgivingDayD.whendoweeat【2011江苏徐州】18.Ifyouwatchcarefully,youcansee__themandoesthetrickwiththecards.A.whoB.whatC.howD.which【2011广东清远】19.Wewanttoknow_____tohelpthem.A.whatcanwedoB.whatwecandoC.howcanwedoD.howwecando【2011广西百色】20.—Doyouthink_______XiaoMingcanpassthehighschoolentranceexamornot?—Sorry,I‘venoidea.A.thatwhether【2011内蒙古包头】21.Wedon‘tknow_______themeetingwillbeheldsoon.A.whenB.whatC.whetherD.sinceB.whichC.ifD.【2011哈尔滨】22.—Excuseme,Iwanttogotothe21stNationalBookExpo(世博会).Couldyoutellme______?270 —Sure.ItisatNo.3ChangjiangRoadinHarbin.A.whereitisB.whereitwasC.whereisit【2011呼和浩特】23.----Couldyoutellushowlong?----Aboutthreedays.A.doesthesportsmeetinglastC.thesportsmeetinglastB.thesportsmeetingwilllastD.willthesportsmeetinglast【2011四川达州】24.—Couldyoupleasetellme?—Tomorrowmorning.A.howIcangettothepostofficeC.whentoleaveforBeijingbus【2011•四川广元】25.—Doyouknow＿＿＿Beijingwithhisfamily？—Nextweek.第135页共227页B.howlongcanIkeepthebookD.whereIshouldtakethe270 earlyA.whenMrZhaowillvisitB.whenwillMrZhaowillvisitC.whenMrZhaovisited【2011•四川南充】26.Canyoutellme_?A.whereareyoufromB.whereyouarefromC.wheredoyoucomefrom【2011四川宜宾】27.Doyouknow___________?A.whenwillhebebackC.wheredidhegoB.whenhewillbebackD.wherewillhego【2011四川资阳】28.Allenwantedtoknow____afteritgotoutoftheUFO.A.whatisthealiendoingC.wherewouldthealiengoB.whatthealienwoulddoD.wherethealienisgoing【2011乌鲁木齐】29.Thismorningmymotheraskedme__________.A.whyheisnothereB.whereJuliawentlastweekendC.whattimeisitD.howdidmybrotherdoit【2011湖南湘潭】30.—Doyouknow_______tomorrow?—Sorry,Idon’tknow.Youmaysurftheinternet.A.whetherwillitrainBifitwillrainCwhetherdoesitrain【2011•广西柳州】31.—Couldyoutellme________theparty?—NextFriday.270 A.wherewearegoingtohaveB.whenwearegoingtohaveC.whenweweregoingtohave【2011湖南益阳】32.Idon’tknowifshetomybirthdaypartytomorrow.Ifshe,I’llbeveryhappy.A.comes;comescome【2011广东深圳】33.—Idon’tknow_.—YoucangoandaskJack.A.whendoesthetrainleaveB.thatwewillplanttreesornotB.willcome;comesC.comes;will第136页共227270 页C.ifshehadcomeyesterdayD.whatIshouldbuyforhim【2011广西南宁】34.—Mum,canwegototheartmuseumtomorrow?—Sure.Butfirstweshouldfindout________.A.whatcanwedoC.howcanwegothereB.wherewecangoD.ifitwillbeopen【2011贵州贵阳】35.Yesterdayareporterasked10studentsatHilltopSchool____lastweekend.A.whatdidtheydotheydid【2011湖南益阳】36.DoyouknowfromYiyangtoChangsha?A.howfaritisB.howfarisitC.howlongisitB.whatweretheydoingC.what【2011辽宁沈阳】37.—Iwonder＿＿＿liketobeanastronaut(宇航员).—Idon‘tknow,butIimagineit‘sexciting.A.whatisitC.whetherisitB.whatitisD.whetherit270 is.【2011大庆】38.Tomdidall_____hecouldtogetonwell_____hisclassmates.A.which;withB.that;/C.that;withD./;/【2011大庆】39.—It’salreadyMonday.SamlosthisMP4lastWednesdayandhehasn’tfoundit.—Really?Doyoumean_?A.didSamlosehisMP4fivedaysagofivedaysC.it’sfivedayssinceSamlosthisMP4forfivedays【2011辽宁本溪】40.—Iwonder______.—Foraweek.A.whenwillhecomebackC.howlongwillhestaytherethereB.whenhewillcomebackD.howlonghewillstayD.hasSamlosthisMP4B.SamlosthisMP4for第137页共227270 页【2011四川凉山】41.Hedoesn‘ttellme______.Canyoutellmehisaddress?A.whereheliveshelivesin【2011广西贵港】42.—Doyouknow______?—Yes.Sheisdoingherhomework.A.whatisyoursisterdoingC.whenyoursisterisdoinghomeworkdoinghomework【2011广西贺州】43.Doyouknow______inJapan?A.whennuclear(核)accidentshappenedaccidentshappenC.whennuclearaccidentshappenhappen【2011广东河源】44.—Excuseme.Couldyoupleasetellme__________?—Sure.There‘sabookstoreonRiverRoad.A.wherecanIgetadictionarydictionaryC.whereIcouldgetadictionarydictionary【2011贵州遵义】45.—Tom!Lookatthemaninblackoverthere.Canyoutellme________?—Oh!Heismyfriend,Jim.A.whatheisB.whoheisC.howheisD.whereIcangetaB.wherecouldIgetaD.whendonuclearaccidentsB.whendidnuclearB.whatyoursisterisdoingD.whereisyoursisterB.wheredoesheliveC.where【2011江苏泰州】46.—Couldyoutellme____?—It‘stwentyminutesbyunderground.A.howcanIgettoyourschoolB.howmuchitcoststogettoyourschoolC.howfaritisfromyourhometoyourschoolD.howlongdoesittake270 metogettoyourschool【2011重庆江津】47.A:Doyouknowthewomanunderthetree?B:Sorry,Idon‘tknow.第138页共227270 页A.howisshewheresheisB.whatissheC.whosheisD.【2011山东枣庄】48.Hesaidthatlight______muchfasterthansound.A.hastravelledB.wentC.travelsD.travelled【2011山东枣庄】49.Thomaswantstoknow______Ninalives.A.whereB.whoC.whatD.if【2011山东滨州】50.—Mary,couldyoutellmeifyourmother________ourschoolsportsmeetingtomorrow?—Ithinkshewillcometoschoolifshe_________free.A.willtakepartin;willbeC.willtakepartin;is2.状语从句【2011北京】1.Iwillsendyouane-mailassoonasI____A.arriveB.arrivedC.amarrivinginCanada.D.willarriveB.takespartin;isD.takespartin;will270 be【2011陕西】2.Iftherenobuyingandsellingofanimals,therenokillinginnature.A.is;willheis【2011广东】3.—Let‘sgofishingifit_____thisweekend.—Butnobodyknowsifit_______.A.isfine,willrainC.willbefine,willrainB.willbefine,rainsD.isfine;rainsB.willbe;willbeC.is;isD.willbe;【2011.广西北海】4.You‘llbelate__________youdon‘tgetupnow.A.ifafter【2011黑龙江绥化市】5.Fmwaitingformyfriend.______,A.IfshecomesB.Ifshewon’tcomeI’llgoshoppingalone.C.Ifshedoesn’tcomeB.beforeC.untilD.【2011黑龙江绥化市】6.Mr.Greenspeaksveryloudly____allthepeoplecanhearhimclearly.A.whenB.sothatC.because第139页共227270 页【2011内蒙古包头】7.Youcan‘twatchTV________youfinishyourhomework.A.beforeB.ifC.whileD.as【2011四川雅安】8.Thestudents________haveasportsmeetingthisweekendifit________.A.won‘t;rainsC.won‘t;willraintorain【2011湖南湘西】9.Don‘ttalkloudlyatthemeeting.Ifyou________,youwillhavetoleave.A.doC.did【2011湖南益阳】10.Idon’tknowifshetomybirthdaypartytomorrow.Ifshe,I’llbeveryhappy.A.comes;comeswillcome【2011广西崇左】11.I‘llgiveittoJimassoonasI____himtomorrow.Asawhaveseen【2011黑龙江齐齐哈尔】12.I‘mwaitingformyfriend.,I‘llgoshoppingalone.A.Ifshecomescome【2011重庆江津】13.Ifsheheretomorrow,Iwilltellyou.A.comesB.willcomeC.comeD.cameB.Ifshedoesn‘tcomeC.Ifshewon‘tB.willseeC.seeD.B.willcome;comesC.comes;B.areB.will;rainsD.aregoingto;isgoing【2011山东滨州】14.—Mary,couldyoutellmeifyourmother________ourschoolsportsmeetingtomorrow?—Ithinkshewillcometoschoolifshe_________free.A.willtakepartin;willbeisC.willtakepartin;iswill270 be第140页共227页B.takespartin;D.takespart270 in;【2011山东泰安】15.—Tomwantstoknowifyouwillhaveapicnictomorrow.—Yes.Butifit______,we‘llplaychessinstead.A.willrainB.rainedC.israiningD.rains【2011·福建福州】16.—Youstudy______hard_______you‘resuretopasstheexam.—Thankyouforsayingso.A.enough…toB.as…asC.so…that【2011山东潍坊】17.IfTom_____thegame,we’llgivehimasurprise”.A.winB.winsC.wonD.miming【2011浙江宁波】18.—IhearthefamoussingerXuSongmaycometoNingbonextmonth.—Really?_______hecomes,myyoungersisterwillbeveryexcited.A.IfB.UntilC.UnlessD.Before【2011四川广安】19.－WhattimewillDianagettoChengdu?－I‘mnotsure.Whenhe________,I‘llcallyou.A.willarriveB.arriveC.arrives【2011山东临沂】20.ZhouLiboisShanghai‘sfavoritefunnyman.Heisgoodatmakingpeoplelaugh.Hislively270 showswere_____hotthatticketssoldoutinminutes.A.veryB.tooC.suchD.so【2011山东德州】21.Theydeveloptheirskills_________theycandothingsbetterandbetter.A.howeverB.becauseC.sinceD.sothat【2011•四川成都】22.Theoldmanaskedthegirltotakeanotherseathewantedtositnexttohiswife.A.becauseB.sothatC.so【2011•四川成都】23.KatewassogladshereceivedaChristmasgiftfromhisgrandparentsawayinThailand.A.thatB.whenC.if第141页共227270 页【2011广西玉林】24.CanItakeLisatotheaquariumtomorrow?Ifshe_there,she_agoodtime.A.goes;hasB.willgo;hasC.willgo;willhaveD.goes;willhave【2011哈尔滨】25.Asweallknow,plantingtreesisgoodfortheenvironment.OurclasswillgototheSunIslandtomorrow.Assoonaswebegintoplanttrees.A.arrivedB.arriveC.willarrivethere,we‘ll【2011黑龙江大庆】26.—WhenwillyoucometoDaqing?—Iwillcallyou_____Iarrive.A.tillB.whileC.asquicklyasD.assoonas3.定语从句【2011天津】1.Johnistheboy_____legswerebadlyhurtintheaccident.A.whoseB.thatC.whoD.which【2011广东】2.Thefirstthing_____mybrotherisgoingtodothisafternoonistowritealetter.A.whichB.thatC.whyD.who【2011•广州】3.Thestory__Ireadthenewspaperwas270 aboutacommonproblemamongteenagers.A.whoseB.whoC.thatD.where【2011•宁夏】4.—Doyouknowthegirl__istalkingtoourEnglishteacher?—Yes.She’smysister.A.whoB.whomC.whichD.Whose【2011河北省】5.Theteacherscameforavisitareforeigners.A.whoB.whomC.whoseD.which【2011•河南省】6.Tony,tellmetheresultofthediscussion_____youhadwithyourdadyesterday.第142页共227270 页A.whatB.whichC.whenD.who【2011•福建泉州】7.—Haveyouseenawoman________hatispink?—Sorry.Ididn‘tnoticethat.A.thatB.whatC.whose【2011•甘肃兰州】8.JaneisoneofthestudentsintheclasshaveeverbeentoChina.A.whoB.whoseC.whichD.whom【2011湖北襄阳】9.----Doyouknowthemanisreadingthebookoverthere?----Yes,he‘sMr.Green,ourPEteacher.A.whichB.whatC.whomD.who【2011四川德阳】10.Thepeople_____helpedusbuildourhometownarefromBeijing.A.whichwho【2011•四川成都】11.ThestudentsinthehighergradesImetinafootballgamearemygoodfriendsnow.A.whenB.whichC.who【2011贵州贵阳】12.MarySmithsaysshelikestohavefriends_________aredifferentfromher.A.whoseB.whichC.whoB.whom270 C.【2011四川绵阳】13.Thegirl____catchestheflowersonaweddingwillbethenexttogetmarried.A.whomB.whichC.whoD.whose【2011湖北十堰】14.I‘vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschool__________ImetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.A.whoB.whereC.whenD.which【2011广东肇庆】15.PeoplefromdifferentplacescometovisitZhaoqing______isfamousforitsbeautifulmountainsandlakes.A.whatB.whichC.who第143页共227270 页【2011湖南长沙】16.---Whatareyoulookingfor?---I‘mlookingforthebook________youlentmeyesterday.A.thatB.whoC.whose【2011•贵州铜仁】17.LiMeiisthestudent_________handwritingisthebestinourclass.A.whoseB.whomC.whoD.that【2011湖北黄冈】18.—Whoisyournewheadteacherthissemester?—Thewoman_______iswearingaredskirt.A.whomB.whoC.whoseD.which【2011•江苏扬州】19.OneofthemostinterestingplacesinYangzhou________areoftenvisitedbyforeignersistheWestSlenderLake.A.whatB.whoC.thatD./【2011浙江衢州】20.Thephotossuccessfullyshowtherichculture___makesBeijingsofamous.A.whatB.whichC.whoD.270 why【2011四川内江】21.I’mgoingtostartaclubtohelpstudents_____arenotinterestedinschoolwork.A.whoseB.whoC.whom【2011•湖南株洲】22.Ginalovessingers_______writetheirownmusic.A.whichworked【2011山东临沂】23.Peterlikesmusic_________isveryloudandenergetic.A.thatB.whoC.whomD./B.whoC.has【2011浙江杭州】24.Whoistheman______isreadingabookoverthere?A.thatWhat【2011山东滨州】25.Ihatepeople_________don‘thelpotherswhentheyareintrouble.A.whoB.whichC.whoseD.whereB.whichC.whoseD.第144页共227270 页【2011山东菏泽】26.I‘llneverforgettheday_____thegreatscientistcametoourschoolandgaveusaspeech.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where【2011辽宁本溪】27.Heisaperson______iseasytogetalongwith.A.whowhat【2011浙江湖州】28.—Whatkindofmoviesdoyoulike?—Ilikethemovies____areaboutChinesehistory.A.whothat【2011广东河源】29.Ihatethose________don‘thelpotherswhentheyareintrouble.A.whowhere【2011湖南湘西】30.Doyouknowthegirl_________issingingintheclassroom?A.whenwhich【2011湖南岳阳】31.Ican‘tforgetthetimetheearthquakehappenedinYushu.A.whenB.whichC.whereB.whoC.B.whichC.whatD.B.whomC.whoseD.B.whichC.whomD.【2011广西南宁】32.Mygrandparentsliketoliveinahouse______isnotverybigbutbrightandcomfortable.A.thatwhose【2011广西梧州】33.–Doyouknowtheboy___isstandingunderthetree?--Yes,heismyfriend,Peter.A.whatB.whoC.whomD.whoseB.whoC.whatD.【2011乌鲁木齐】34.Wedon’tlikepeople_talktoo270 muchbutneverdoanything.A.whoseB.whoC.whenD.which【2011广东清远】35.Haveyoureadthebook_____isaboutthemoon?A.whatB.itC./D.which第145页共227270 页【2011广西百色】36.Thepolicemancaughtthethief______hasstolenMr.Li‘scomputer.A.whichB.whoseC.whomD.who【2011广西桂林】37.Thebasketball________Iboughtyesterdaycostme80yuan.A.thatB.whereC.whoD.when【2011黑龙江绥化市】38.Thisisthecamera______myunclegavemeformybirthday.A.whichB.whoC.whatnameisBetty?【2011呼和浩特】39.----Isthereanyonehere----Sorry,Idon‘tknow.A.whoB.whichC.whomD.whose【2011四川达州】40.—Wheredidyougolastweek?bornin.A.thatB.thereC.whoD.whose—Iwentto270 ZhangAiping‘shometownandvisitedthehousehewas【2011•四川南充】41.Isthattheman_______helpedusalotaftertheearthquake?A.whichB.whoC.whom【2011四川资阳】42.—IhearthatLily‘sbrotherisaworkerhere.—Look,theman_________isworkingoverthereisherbrother.A.whowhich【2011浙江舟山】43.Therewillbeastampshowinthemuseum______wevisitedlastweek.A.whoB.whenC.whichD.whatB.whomC.whatD.【2011•四川广元】44.Haveyoufinishedthebook＿＿＿youborrowedfromthelibrary?A.whichB.itC.what【2011广西玉林】45.Ilovepeople_______arepoliteandhard—working.A.whatB.whoC.whoseD.where第146页共227270 页【2011广东梅州】45.Ihatethose______don‘thelpotherswhentheyareintrouble.A.whowhere【2011哈尔滨】47.“Getnewknowledgebyreviewingtheold”isafamoussayingbyConfucius(孔子).Hewasagreatthinkerwordsstillhaveagreateffectonmillionsofpeoplearoundtheworldtoday.A.whoB.who’sC.whoseB.whichC.whatD.【2011海南三亚】48.Thefirstthing______weshoulddoistotellhimthemews.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.whom专题十五：非谓语动词Ⅰ.概述在英语中，对动词作出适当形式的变形，动词就可以用来担当除谓语以外的所有成分，这类词就被称为非限定动词或非谓语动词。非限定动词包括不定式(theinfinitive)，分词(participle)和动名词(thegerund)。Ⅱ.动词不定式动词不定式由―to+动词原形‖构成。动词不定式虽然不能作谓语，但仍然保持着动词的特征，可以接宾语或状语构成动词不定式短语。1.动词不定式在剧中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。A.作主语。TospeakEnglishwellisn‘taneasyjob.Toimproveourteachingmethodisveryimportant.270 动词不定式短语作，为了保持句子平衡，往往用it作形式主语，把不定式置于句尾。ItisimportanttomasterEnglishgrammar.Itwouldbeawasteoftimetolookupeverynewwordasitcomesalong.B.作表语Ourplanistosetupanothermiddleschoolforthechildren.Hisambitionistobecomeasuccessfulscientist.C.作宾语第147页共227270 页常跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有：afford,agree,ask,attempt,begin,choose,decline,dare,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,forget,happen,help,hope,intend,learn,manage,mean,need,pray,pretend,promise,refuse,seek,tend,threaten,want,wish…Theydecidetochangetheirmind.Ican‘taffordtolivethebighouse.如果不定式作宾语后跟宾语补足语，往往用it作形式宾语，而将不定式宾语放在宾补后。IfinditinterestingtostudyEnglish.Hefeelsitdifficulttoanswerthequestion.D.作宾语补足语advise,allow,ask,convince,command,enable,encourage,expect,force,get,have,hear,help,invite,instructlead,let,make,observe,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,teach,tell,urge,want,watch,warn,wish…MyEnglishteacheradvisedmetobuyabetterdictionary.Tellthechildrennottoplayonthestreet.feel,have,hear,let,listento,lookat,make,notice,observe,see,watch等动词后面，复合宾语中动词不定式标记to通常被省略。动词help后不定式标记to可省去，也可保留。Isawherenterthecinema.Hehelpsthelittle(to)finishherhomework.E.作定语270 动词不定式可作定语修饰名词或代词，跟在所修饰词的后边。SheisthefirstAmericanwomantoreceivetheNobelPrizeforLiterature.Shelosttheabilitytocommunicatewithpeople.F.作状语动词不定式可作状语修饰动词或形容词，一般放在所修饰的动词或形容词之后。目的状语HewenttoAmericatolearnEnglish.Tomasteraforeignlanguage,onemustworkhardatit.第148页共227270 页结果状语：不定式作结果状语只用于learn,find,see,hear,tobetold,make等有终止含义的词。Hereturnedhometolearnhissonhadgonetothecountryside.Afewyearslaterwecametoourhometofindthatourhometownhadgreatlychanged.动词不定式和only连用，表示未预料到的结果。Hewenttothestationonlytofindthetrainhadleft.2.疑问词+动词不定式what,who,which,when,where,how和whether等后可跟不定式。Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.Hedidn‘tknowwhattosay.3.动词不定式的时态形式A.动词不定式的一般式动词不定式一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在谓语动词之后。IoftenhearDickplaythepianointhenextroom.Hehopestobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.Thedecidedtoplantmoretreesthisspring.B.动词不定式的进行式动词不定式的进行时表示动作正在进行，并且和谓语动词的动作同时发生。Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.MysupervisorhappenedtobecorrectingmydissertationwhenIcamein.C.动词不定式的完成式动词不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。I‘msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.HeissaidtohavewrittenabookonwaronIraq.D.动词不定式的完成进行式动词不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动词之前一直进行。Heseemsto270 havebeenworkingtherealltheseyears.Hewasknowntohavebeenlivingthereforovertwentyyears.第149页共227270 页4.动词不定式的被动语态当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。其时态形式有一般式和完成式。It‘sagreathonortobeinvitedtoMary‘sbirthdayparty.Noharmseemstohavebeendone.Ihadtoshouttobeheard.5.分裂不定式在不定式符号―to‖与动词原形之间插入一个副词，叫分裂不定式。Helikestohalfclosehiseyes.Ourobjectistofurthercementourfriendship.6.―be+infinitive‖的用法A.be+infinitive可以表达命令，或表示―必要‖―责任‖等意义。YouaretodoyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV.B.be+infinitive还可以用来表达―意愿‖―打算‖等。Ourbossistovisityourfactorynextmonth.Ⅲ.分词(theparticiple)1.分词的意义和形式分词兼具动词，形容词和副词的特征。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语一起构成分词短语。分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由动词原形加-ing构成。规则的过去分词由动词原形加-ed构成。2.现在分词和过去分词的区别现在分词表示的意义是主动地、进行的。过去分词表示的意义是被动的和完成的。现在分词多表示主动地意思，而过去分词多表示被动的意思。amovingfilm/amovedaudiencemandevelopingcountry/developed270 country3.分词的用法由于分词起形容词和副词的作用，因此在句中可担任定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等。therisingsun/therisensunsurprising/surprisedatiringjob/atired第150页共227270 页A.作定语单个分词作定语放在被修饰名词之前，分词短语作定语放在所修饰词之后。I‘mreadingaveryinterestingnovel.Doyouknowthegirlemployedbythiscompany?B.作表语分词作表语相当于形容词，现在分词多指主语的性质，过去分词多指主语的状态。Thenewsisquiteencouraging.Theywerecompletelyexhausted.C.作宾语补足语常跟宾语补足语的动词：have,keep,get,see,hear,find,feel,leave,make,want,start,noice,observe,watch,setHekeptthemachinerunningfortenhours.Wesawherenteringthecinema.Ihadmycarrepaired./Ihadmyhaircut.★现在分词与不定式作宾补意义上有差别。前者表示动作正在发生，后者表示动作发生了。Isawthegirlgettingonthebus./Isawthegirlgetonthebus.D.作状语现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作时句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。时间状语：Walkingalongthestreetoneday,shesawalittlegirlrunninguptoher.Whilecrossingthestreet,youmustbecareful.Whenheated,icewillbechangedintowater.原因状语：Havingnoplacetogo,themanwanderedaboutinthestreet.Beingill,hedidn‘tgotoschool270 yesterday.第151页共227270 页伴随状语以及方式状语Shecamerunningbacktotellusthenews.Theteacherwentintothelab,followedbythenewstudent.条件状语：Workinghard,youwillsucceed.Standingonthebuilding,youcanseethewholecity.4分词的否定结构现在分词的否定式由―not+现在分词‖构成，过去分词常借助un-表否定。Notknowingwheretogo,shewenttothepoliceforhelp.Theboywasleftuncaredfor.5.现在分词的时态形式A.现在分词的一般式，表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或者在谓语动词之前或之后。Shesattherereadingthetext./Goingintotheroom,heshutthedoor.B.现在分词的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Havingfinishedherhomework,thelittlegirlbegantowatchTV.6.现在分词的被动语态A.一般式表示一个被动动作正在进行，或与谓语动词同时发生。Thebuildingbeingbuiltisourlibrary.B.完成式表示一个被动动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前已经完成了。Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hestilldidnotknowhowtodoit.一．接动词不定式（todo/dosth）1.liketodosth3.Let’s(not)dosth5.wantsbtodosth7.asksb(not)todosth9.tellsb(not)todosth11.It’stime(forsb)todosth13.helpdosth270 15.decide(not)todosth2.likesbtodosth4.wanttodosth6.lovetodosth8.stoptodosth10.watchsbdosth12.helpsb(to)dosth14.makesbdosth16.findit+adj+todosth第152页共227270 页17.havetodosth19.tryone’sbesttodosth21.plantodosth23.Ittakessb+sometime+todosth25.invitesbtodosth27.livetobe+时间29.havesthtodo31.getsb/sthtodosth33.needsthtodosth35.followsbtosth18.try(not)todosth20.It’s+adj+(for)of+sb+todosth22.S.p.+beagoodplacetodosth24.sendsbtodosth26.forgettodosth28.beabletodosth30.seemtodosth32.疑问词+todosth34.usesthtodosth36.needtodosth37.agoodtimetodosth39.thebestwaytodosthsthsth43.beusefultodosth45.allowsbtodosth47.It’sbesttodosth49.seesbdosth51.haveenoughtimetodosth53.not…enoughtodosth55.choosetosth57.behappy/glad/pleasedtodosth59.becarefultodosth61.It’sourdutytodosth63.can’taffordtodosth65.haveanopportunitytodosth67.woulddosthratherthandosthsth69.hurrytodosth41.wouldliketodosth38.thebesttimetodosth40.bethefirst/lastonetodo42.beexcited/surprisedto270 do44.beallowedtodosth46.It’sbettertodosth48.takecare(not)todosth50.whynotdosth?52.too…todosth54.encouragesbtodosth56.waittodosth58.makeit+adj+todosth60.beafraidtodosth62.usedtodosth64.makeadecisiontodosth66.waitforsbtodosth68.wouldratherdosththando70.refusetodosth第153页共227270 页71.agreetodosth73.pretendtobedoingsth75.prefernottodosthsth77.bewillingtodosthsth79.volunteertodosth81.rushtodosth83.becertaintodosth85.makeplanstodosth87.leadsbtodosth89.It’sone’sturntodosth91.Could/Wouldyouplease(not)dosth?93.warnsbtodosth二、接动名词1.likedoingsth3.havefundoingsth5.thanksfordoingsth7.stopsbdoingsth9.go+v-ing11.What/Howdoingsth?13.watchsbdoingsth15.mind(one’s)doingsth17.thinkaboutdoingsth19.finishdoingsth21.keepdoingsth23.keepsbdoingsth25.hatedoingsth27.makealivingbydoingsthsth（doingsth）72.pretendtodosth74.prefertodosth76.prefertodosthraherthando78.volunteer+时间/钱+todo80.offertodosth82.inorder(not)todosth84.besuretodosth86.gooutoftheirwaytodosth88.It’sone’sjobtodo270 sth90.urge(激励)sbtodosth92.besupposedtodosth2.enjoydoingsth4.beinterestedindoingsth6.lookatsbdoingsth8.stop/preventsbfromdoingsth10.dothe(some)+v-ing12.practicedoingsth14.findsbdoingsth16.can’tstanddoingsth18.spend…(in)doingsth20.bebusydoingsth22.keepsbfromdoingsth24.begoodatdoingsth26.Therebe+名词+doingsth28.haveadifficulttimedoing第154页共227270 页29.feellikedoingsth31.seesbdoingsth33.endupdoingsth35.beafraidofdoingsth37.beterrifiedofdoingsth39.insteadofdoingsthsth41.beseriousaboutdoingsth43.before/when/while+doingsth45.havealotofexperiencedoingsth47.considerdoingsth49.continuedoingsth51.beusedfordoingsth=beusedtodosthsth53.withoutdoingsth55.can’tstop/helpdoingsth57.beagainstdoingsth58.havetrouble/problems/difficulty(in)doingsth59.suggestdoingsth60.bebusydoingsth61.beworthdoingsth三、V.+doing30.allowdoingsth32.bydoingsth34.doasurveyaboutdoingsth36.beusedtodoingsth38.giveupdoingsth40.havenothingagainstdoing42.haveachanceofdoingsth44.startdoingsth46.preferdoingsth48.dreamof/aboutdoingsth50.putoffdoingsth52.preferdoingsthtodoing54.becomfortabledoingsth56.lookforwardtodoingsthadmit(承认)、avoid(避免)、finish、deny(否认)、270 enjoy、mind(介意)、keep、dislike、consider(认为)、practise、suggest(建议)、imagine、miss、appreciate+doing四、V.+todo或者V.+doing1.stoptodo/doing停下来做另一件事停止做某事2.forgettodo/doing忘记做某事忘记做过某事3.remembertodo/doing记住做某事记得做过某事第155页共227270 页4.goontodo/doing继续做另一件事继续做某事5.liketodo/doing喜欢做某事（临时、长期）6.lovetodo/doing喜欢做某事（临时、长期）7.prefertodo/doing更喜欢做某事（临时、长期）8.hatetodo/doing讨厌做某事（临时、长期）9.start/begintodo/doingsth.(开始做某事)10.continuetodo/doing继续做某事11.trytodo(设法做)trydoing(试着做)12.can‘thelptodo(不能帮助做)can‘thelpdoing(情不自禁做)五、既用不带to的动词不定式又用现在分词的句型：用不带to的动词不定式强调动作的完成过程；用现在分词强调动作的进行状态。1.hearsbdosth./doing听见某人做某事听见某人正在做某事2.listensbdosth./doing听某人做某事听某人正在做某事3.lookatsbdosth./doing看某人做某事看某人正在做某事4.seesbdosth./doing看见某人做某事看见某人正在做某事5.watchsbdosth./doing观察某人做某事观察某人正在做某事6.noticesbdosth./doing注意到某人做某事注意到某人正在做某事六、常接动词原形do的结构使役动词：have,make,let270 感官动词：look,sound,see,hear,notice,feel,taste,smell情态动词：can,maymustcoulddonothingbutdosthhadbetterdosth/hadbetternotdosth最好做某事wouldratherdosthAthandosthB宁愿做A不愿做Bwhynotdosth=whydon’tyoudosth为什么不做It’sbettertodoAthandoB做A比做B好helpsbdosth帮助某人做某事1.Wouldyouplease____thedoorforme?a.holdingb.nottoholdc.holdd.held第156页共227270 页2.Seeinganoldmangettingoffthetrain,shehurriedover____thingsforhim.acarryingb.tocarryc.carriedd.forcarrying3.We‘dreallylikeyou____tothepartytonight.a.comeb.tocomec.willcomed.shouldcome4.Wecandonothingbut____theexperiment.a.torepeatb.repeatc.repeatingd.repeated5.Haveyougotanything____aboutthismatter?a.sayingb.tosayc.saidd.say6.Hewasnot____tryitagain.a.suchafoolastob.soafoolastoc.afoolsuchastod.afoolsoasto7.Hewastooexcited____.a.togotosleepingb.tosleptc.togotosleepd.goingtosleep8.Wecan‘thavehim____likethatallday.a.toworkb.workingc.tobeworkedd.work9.Shewereoftenheard____thissongwhenshewashappy.a.sangb.singingc.sungd.tobesinging10.Thetrainwasseen____ataveryhighspeedtowardtheindustrialcenter.a.travelb.travelsc.traveledd.270 traveling11..We‘llsoonhaveaperson____withus.a.toworkb.workingc.worked12.____hasnotbeendecidedyet.a.Tostartwhenb.Whytostartc.Whentostart13.Doyouthinkitdifficult____?a.formetodosob.formytodosoc.forItodosod.formedoingsod.Starttowhered.works14.Shekeepstellingus____.a.whattodob.doingwhat15.____isnotknown.a.Whomtobegintherunningtestc.Whentherunningtestbegin16.____thejobaloneisimpossible.第157页共227页c.whatisdoingd.dowhatb.Whentobegintherunningtestd.Howbegintotherunning270 testa.Tohimtodob.Forhimdoingc.Forhimtodod.Forhetodo17.____itshouldbemadeclear.aWhattodob.Whytodoc.Whomtodod.Whencando18.Ourhouseneeds____beforetherainyseasonarrives.a.torepairb.toberepairc.repairedd.repairing19.Ihaven‘tdecidedwhichhotel____.a.tostayb.istostayatc.tostayatd.isforstaying20.IwasalmostasleepwhenIheardsomeone____atthedoor.a.knockb.toknockc.knockedd.beingknocked21.Ioftenspentmuchmoney____books.a.tobuyb.270 buyingc.onbuyingd.forbuying22.Ifyoupractice____Englishwheneveryoucan,youwillsoonspeakwell.a.talkingb.goingspeakc.speakingd.tospeak23.Wearetiredof____thesameproblemallthetime.a.discussingb.todiscussc.discussingford.discuss24.Sheusuallyforgets____thedoor,butsheremembered____ityesterday.a.toshut…toshutb.shutting…shuttingc.toshut…shuttingd.shutting…toshut25.I____abustoschoolwhenitwasraining.a.amusedtotakeb.usedtotakingc.usetotake26.I‘mthirsty.Willyougetmesomething____?A.drinkB.todrinkC.eatD.eatingd.wasusedtotaking27.Itwasgreatfun_____apicniconthehill.A.tohaveB.ofhavingC.haveD.had28.Lily,keepthewindow____.Thesandstormhasn‘270 tstoppedyet.A.closeB.closedC.openD.opened29.Apolicemansawtwothieves___agirl‘smobilephoneonabusandhecaughtthematonce.A.tostealB.stealingC.stoleD.stolen30.It‘sbadforyoureyes____computergamesforalongtime.第158页共227270 页A.playsB.toplayC.playD.played31.Theyweremade____fourteenhoursaday.A.workB.workingC.workedD.towork32.Isitalwayseasier____friendsthantokeepthem?A.makingB.makeC.tomakeD.made33.Hestoodtherefortwohours____thegame.A.watchedB.watchingC.iswatchingD.waswatching34.It____Jacktwentyminutes____themathproblemyesterday.A.took;toworkoutC.hastaken;workoutB.takes;workedoutD.istaking;workingout35.Whenyouleave,don‘tforget____offthelight.A.to270 turnB.turningC.turnD.turned36.Whodoyouthinkyou‘dlike____?A.tomakefriendsB.makefriendsC.tomakefriendswithD.makefriendswith37.AlthoughJefflovesKFC,hetries____ittoooften.A.toeatB.noteatC.tonoteatD.nottoeat38.----Hi,Betty.ShallwegoswimmingthisSunday?----ThisSunday?Iamsorry,Ihavealotofhomework____thisSunday.A.todoB.doneC.doD.tobedone39.Sallyhadnopen____yesterdaymorning.A.towriteB.towritewithC.writingD.writingwith40.----Excuseme,sir.Lookatthesignonthewall―NO____‖.----Oh,I‘msorry.I‘llneverdoitagain.A.PARKEDB.SMOKEC.SPITTINGD.SMOKED----OK.41.----Boysandgirls,willyouplease____theparkthisafternoon?A.notcleaningoutB.nottocleanoutC.toclean270 upD.cleanup42.TheGreatGreenWallwillstopthewindfrom____theearthaway.A.blowB.blowingC.blewD.toblow43.Howabout____?A.togooutforawalkB.goswimmingintheriver第159页共227270 页C.visitingthesickchildreninthehospitalD.tohavinglunchintherestaurant44.It‘sverykind____youto____me____theheavybag.A.for;tell;totakeB.of;thank;forC.to;speak;tohaveD.of;help;carry45.Haveyoudecided____?A.togowithwhomC.whomgowithB.whomtogowithD.withwhomtogo专题十六：倒装倒装是一种语法手段，用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种：完全倒装和部分倒装。1.完全倒装1)完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前（是整个谓语动词，而非助动词）。例如：Incametheteacherandtheclassbegan.（老师走了进来，然后开始上课。）2)there引出的完全倒装句：除了最常见的therebe句型以外，there还可以接appear,exist,lie,remain,seemtobe,stand270 等，一般都译成”有”的含义，构成完全倒装句。Thereappearedtobeamaninblackinthedistance.3)由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句：以地点副词here,there和时间副词now,then开头，后面的动词是be,come,exist,fall,follow,go,lie,remain,seem,stand等，而主语又是名词时，构成完全倒装句。Upclimbedtheboywhenhismothercame.4）表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词且主语是名词时使用完全倒装第160页共227270 页Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。Outherushed.注意：1)在here,there引出的倒装句中，当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句，但当主语是代词时，就要用部分倒装句。例：Herecomesthepostman!（邮递员终于来了！注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。）Hereweare.（我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。）2.部分倒装1)部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分（如助动词、情态动词等）放到主语前，或把句子的强调成分提前。Nordidheletthediseasestophimfromlivingthekindoflifehehasalwaysdreamtabout（疾病没有使他放弃过上梦想中的生活）2)以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法：例：NotuntilyesterdaydidlittleJohnchangehismind.（小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。）InnocountryotherthanBritain,ithadbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday.（据说除了英国世界上没有哪个国家能让人在一天中感受到四季变化）第161页共227270 页3)以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely,hardly,little,seldom,scarcely……when,never,nosooner……than,rarely,nomore,notnearly,notonly等以及only。Onlyinthecountrycanyoulearnthe―trueEnglish‖.4）一些如scarcely……when,nosooner……than,hardly……when引导的主从复合句主句要求使用过去完成式。注意：在部分倒装句中，只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词tobe可以置于主语之前，其它部分都要置于主语之后。5）此外，一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装，这些结构包括atnotime;bynomeans;bynomannerofmeans;fornoreason;innocase;in/undernocircumstances;innosense;innoway;onnoaccount;onnoconsideration;atnopoint例如UndernocircumstancesshouldyoulendPaulanymoney.注意：如果含有从句时，只要求主句倒装：例：Onlyafterhehadspokenouttheworddidherealizehehadmadeabigmistake.（只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。）3.so,neither,nor倒装除了构成上述倒装句以外，270 还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话，构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。a)当so表示“也，相同，那样”时，通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容，要求使用完全倒装句：Hepromisedtofinishmyhomework,sodidI.第162页共227270 页b)neither和nor共有4种倒装形式，其含义分别为：1)完全倒装时：表示”也不”，和上文a）用法正好相反，表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。例：Youdon’tknowwhattodonow,neither/nordoI.（你不知道现在该做什么，我也不知道。）c)so/such……that句型可以构成部分倒装句，表示强调so/such和that之间的部分：例：Soselfishwasshethateveryoneavoidtalkingwithher.典型例题1)Whycan’tIsmokehere?Atnotime___inthemeeting-roomA.issmokingpermittedB.smokingispermittedC.smokingisitpermittedD.doessmokingpermit答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no,little,hardly,seldom,never,notonly,notuntil等。本题的正常语序是Smokingispermittedinthemeeting-roomatnotime.第163页共227270 页2）Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcentury___whatheatis.A.mandidknowB.manknowC.didn’tmanknowD.didmanknow答案D.看到Notuntil…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D中选一个。改写为正常语序为，Mandidnotknowwhatheatisuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19th.现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。1.--Let’shurry.Listen!There________.__Oh,yes.Hastheteachercomeyet?---Look!Here________.Athebellgoes,ishecomingBgoesthebell,hecomesCthebellisgoing,heiscomingDgoesthebell,comeshe二，含有否定意义的词放句首，部分倒装。A具有否定意义的副词放句首：not,never,seldom,hardly,rarely.little,scarely,few…2.IfinallygotthejobIdreamedabout.Neverinmylife___sohappy!(2000,spring)AdidIfeelBIfeelCIhadfeltDhadIfelt3.Theoldcouplehavebeenmarriedfor40yearsandneveronce__witheach270 other.(2003)第164页共227270 页AtheyhadquarreledBtheyhavequarreledChavetheyquarreledDhadtheyquarreledB,含有否定意义的连词放句首:notonly…butalso..,neither..nor..,nosooner…than..,scarely..than..,Hardly..when..,notuntil...4.Notuntilallthefishdiedintheriver__howseriouspollutionwas.(95)AdidthevillagersrealizeBthevillagersrealizedCthevillagersdidrealizeDdidn’tthevillagersrealize5.Notonly__interestedinfootballbut__beginningtoshowaninterestinit.Atheteacherhimselfis,allhisstudentsareBtheteacherhimselfis,areallhisstudentsCistheteacherhimself,areallhisstudentsDistheteacherhimself,allhisstudentsare*notonly,nosooner,hardly.scarely要倒,but(also),than,when后面的句子不倒.Neither..nor..两部分都倒装。第165页共227270 页C,含有否定意义的介词放句首：bynomeans,Innotime,innocase,onnoaccount,undernocircumstances...Onnoaccountmustyouacceptanymoneyagainstyourconscience.三，only＋状语，部分到装6.Onlyinthisway__tomakeimprovementintheoperatingsystem.(2003shang)AyoucanhopeByoudidmoreCcanyouhopeDdidyouhope7.__canyouexpecttogetapayrise.(2001)AWithhardworkBAlthoughworkhardCOnlywithhardworkDNowthatheworkshard四、表示上文的状况也适合另外一人或事半功倍有下列：肯定:so+助动词(动/情态)+主语*主语与上文一致否定:neither(nor)+助动(动/情态)+主语8.-Davidhasmadegreatprogressrecently.--_______,and________.(1997)ASohehas,soyouhaveBSohehas,sohaveyou第166页共227270 页CSohashe,sohaveyouDSohashe,soyouhave9.–Youforgetyourpursewhenyouwentout.---Goodheavens,_______.(2002)AsodidIBsoIdidCIdidsoDIsodid五、so..that..,such..that..的句子结构中，若so,such和与其所修饰的词置于句首，实行部分倒。12.Sodifficult____ittoliveinanEnglish-speakingcountrythatIdeterminedtolearnEnglishwell.(2001)AIhavefeltBhaveIfeltCIdidfeelDdidIfeel练习：1.NotuntilIbegantowork____howmuchtimeIhadwasted.A.didn’tIrealizeB.didIrealizeC.Ididn’trealizeD.Irealized2.Onlybypractisingafewhourseveryday____beabletomasterthelanguage.A.youcanB.canyouC.youwillD.willyouA.shallIB.doIC.IdoD.Ishall3.Ifyoudon’tgo，neither270 ____.4.——Yourfatherisverystrictwithyou.mistakeofours.A.SoheisB.SoisheC.Heisso____.HeneverletsoffasingleD.Sodoeshe第167页共227270 页5.Neverinmylife____suchathing.A.IhaveheardorhaveseendidIhearorsee6.——Here____！WhereisXiaoLiu？There____.A.comesthebus，isheB.comesthebus，heisC.thebuscomes，isheD.thebuscomes，heis7.——Ilikefootball.Idon’tlikevolleyball.____.A.SodoIB.NeitherdoIC.SoitiswithmeD.SoisitwithmeB.haveIheardorseenC.IhaveheardorseenD.8.So_____inthedarknessthathedidn’tdaretomoveaninch.A.hewasfrightenedfrightenedwashe9.——Inmodemtimes，girlslikebeautifulclothes.Yes,_____and.Afterall,ourlifehasgreatlyimproved.B.sotheydo，soyoudoD.sotheydo，sodoyouB.washefrightenedC.frightenedhewasD.A.sodothey，sodoyouC.sodothey，soyoudo10.——YouhaveanEnglishclasseverydayexceptSunday._____.A.SowehaveB.SowedoC.SohaveweD.270 Sodowe11.Iwonderifyourwifewillgototheball.Ifyourwife_____，so_____mine.第168页共227270 页A.does，willB.will，doesC.will，wouldD.does，do12.OnlyafterIreadthetextoveragain_____itsmainidea.A.thatIknewB.didIknewC.1couldknowD.Ididknow13.——YouseemtohavelearnedalltheEnglishwordsbyheart._____.A.SoldoB.SodolC.SoIhaveD.SohaveI14.——IseldomwatchTV，butlistentotheradioalot._____withme15.Soexcited_____thathecouldn’tsayaword.A.heseemedB.didheseemC.washeseemingD.hedidlook.A.SodoIB.NeitherdoIC.ImthesameD.Soit270 is16.Jimmywassonervousnotasingleword_____downinthedictation.A.hewroteB.hewaswrittenC.didhewriteD.washewritten17.Little______when1tookthetripwhereitwouldleadme.A.haveIknownB.hadIknownC.do1knowD.didIknow18.——Haveyoueverseenanythinglikethatbefore？----____.A.No，IneverhaveseenanythinglikethatbeforeB.No，neverIhaveseenanythinglikethatbeforeC.No，neverhave1seenanythinglikethatbefore第169页共227270 页D.No，Ihaveseenanythinglikethatbeforenever19.Youshouldworkless_____.A.andneithershouldIshould20._____andcaughtthemouse.A.Upthecatjumpedupthecat21.Notonly_____apromise，butalsohekeptit.A.didhemakeB.hemadeC.doeshemakeD.hashemadeB.ThecatupjumpedC.UpjumpedthecatD.JumpedB.andsoshouldIC.andnorshouldID.andsoI22.Hisuncleisaworkerandhasbeenworkinginthefactoryformorethantenyears._____.A.Soishisauntaunt23.Notonce_____theirplan.A.didtheychangeB.theychangedC.changedtheyD.theydidchangeB.SohashisauntC.SohisauntdoesD.Soitiswithhis24.——DoyouknowJimquarreledwithhisbrother？Idon’tknow,and______.A.nordon’tIcarealso25.Notuntilhearrivedhome_____hefindthatthiswallethadbeenstolen.A.didB.wouldC.whenD.that第170页共227页B.nordoI270 careC.Idon’tcareneitherD.Idon’t270 care26.——Thisisoneoftheoldesttreesintheworld._____suchabigtree.A.NeverIhaveseenseennever27.Nowhereelseintheworld_____cheapertailoring（裁缝业，成衣业）thaninHongKong.A.atouristcanfindhasfound28._____succeedindoinganything.A.OnlybyworkinghardwecanC.OnlywecanbyworkinghardB.ByonlyworkinghardwecanD.OnlybyworkinghardcanweB.canatouristfindC.atouristwillfindD.atouristB.Ihaven’tneverseenC.NeverhaveIseenD.Ihave29._____thatweallwentout，lyinginthesun.A.SofinewastheweatherC.TheweatherwassofinewasB.SowasthefineweatherD.Sotheweatherwastine30.____aniceman____thatweallbelievehim.A.So，didheseemheseem31.——Youseemtobeanactor.____.Ihaveplayedmanypartsinalotoffilms.A.SodoIB.SoamIC.SoIdoD.SoIamB.So，heseemedC.Such，heseemedD.Such，270 did第171页共227270 页32.Notonly____A.theboyis，heisisheworkinghard，butalso____verypolite.B.istheboy，heisC.theboyis，isheD.istheboy，33.——Icannotseethepicturewellfromhere.----_____.canI34.——Yououghttohavegiventhemsomeadvice----_____,butwhocaredwhatIasked?A.SooughtyouB.So1oughtC.SoitwasD.SoIdidA.NeithercantIB.NeitherIcanC.Ican’tneitherD.Neither35.Socarelessly_____thathealmostkilledhimself.A.hedrivesB.doeshedriveC.didhedriveD.hedrove36.Little_____abouthisownhealththoughhewasveryill.A.hecaredB.didhecareC.hecaresD.doeshecare37.Littlewonder_____uptheirhandsindismay.A.havesomethrownthrownsome38.Solittle_____agreeontheplanthattheycouldnotsettletheirdifference.A.didtheyB.dotheyC.theydidD.theydidnotB.somehavethrownC.thrownsomehaveD.270 have专题十七：主谓一致谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致。主谓一致一般遵循三条原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就近一致原则。第172页共227270 页在英语中，谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上同主语保持一致，叫做主谓一致。通常采用下列三个原则来处理，即：语法形式一致的原则、逻辑意义一致的原则、就近（或毗邻）一致的原则。一、语法形式一致的原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。如：主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也采用复数形式。但须注意下列几种情况：1.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Muchlandhasbeendesertedinthisareainthepastfewyears.在过去的几年中，这个地区的许多土地已经沙化。Tostartsmokingisquiteeasy,buttogiveitupneedscourage.开始吸烟很容易，但是要戒烟却需要勇气。ReadingEnglishnewspapersisagoodwayofimprovingyouEnglish.阅读英文报纸是提高你英语水平的好方法。Whatyouneedmostistohaveagoodsleep.你所需要的就是好好睡一觉。Howyoucangetthereisaproblem.你怎么到那儿去还是个问题。[注意：]由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式。但若表语是―复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构‖时，主句的谓语动词用复数。例如：WhatIboughtwerethree270 Englishbooks.我买的是三本英语书。WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfulforyou.我所说的和做的对你是有帮助的。2、由and或both...and来连接并列主语时，谓语用复数。例如：Swimmingandwalkingaregoodexercises.游泳和散步都是好运动。HeandIwereclassmateswhenwewereatcollege.他和我在上大学时是同学。BothJohnandAnnhavegotpen-friends.约翰和安都有笔友。BothZhouLanandYangPeilikesports.周兰和杨蓓都爱好体育。[注意]1）但是，并列主语如果表示同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式（这时and后的名词前没有冠词）。例如：Themanagerandsecretarywasabsentatthemeeting.经理兼书记没有出席会议。第173页共227270 页Themanagerandthesecretaryarebusynow.经理和书记现在都很忙。TheirteacherandfriendisMr.Li.他们的老师和朋友是李先生。2)由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别被no,each,every或manya，morethanone修饰时，其谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhastherighttoreceiveeducation.在我们国家里，每个男孩和女孩都有权利受教育。Eachmanandeachwomanisaskedtohelp.每个男士和妇女都被请来帮忙。Manyastudentishavingpracticeinthatfactory.许多学生正在那家工厂实习。Morethanonestudentisinterestedinthebook.不止一个学生对这本书感兴趣。[注意]在―morethanone＋单数名词‖作主语时，若在Therebe句型中，亦可用复数。如：Thereis/aremorethanonemanhere.这儿不止一个人。3、如果主语是单数，尽管后面跟有(together)with,aswellas,like,but,except,besides，including,nolessthan,ratherthan,asmuchas，morethan，alongwithinadditionto等介词短语，其谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数。例如：AnEnglishteachertogetherwithsomestudentshasclimbedtothetopofthemountain.一位英语老师和几个学生已经爬到了山顶。Maryaswellasher270 friendslikesthispainting.玛丽和她的朋友都喜欢这幅画。Nooneexceptmyclosefriendsknowsanythingaboutthismatter.除了我的亲密朋友谁也不知道这件事。She,likeyouandTom,isverytall.像你和汤姆那样她很高。4、不定代词each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Each(ofus)takesacupofcoffee.(我们)每人喝一杯咖啡。Everyoneknowssmokingcigarettesisbadforhealth.大家都知道吸烟不利于身体健康。Nothingistobedone没有什么要干的事。第174页共227270 页Everybodyobeystheschoolrules;anybodywhobreakstherulesispunished.每个人必须遵守学校规则，任何人违反了规则将受到惩罚。2）若后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。例如：Noneofthesugarwasleft.没有剩下什么糖了。Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.我们中没有人去过美国。5.不定代词none以及由”none/either/neither＋of＋复数合词(或代词)”构成的短语作主语时，谓语用单复数均可，这取决于说话人的意思。当说话人着眼于“每一个都不.......”或“两个中的任何一个都不.......”时，谓语动词用单数；当说话者着眼于“所有的都不.......”或“两个中的全部都不.......”时，谓语动词用复数。例如：Noneknowwhenthatwas.(强调所有的人)没人知道这是什么时候的事。Noneissogoodashe.(强调每一个人)没有人像他那么好。Noneofthemhave/hasacar.他们都没有小汽车。（他们没有一个人有小汽车。）Neitherofthemknow/knowstheanswer.他们两个全都不知道答案。（他们两个人谁也不知道答案。）Neitherofthearticleis(are)interesting.其中没有哪篇文章有趣。Neitherofthemhavereplied.Neitherofthemhasreplied.他们两个谁也没有答复。270 他们两个谁也没有答复。5、在定语从句中，关系代词that，who，which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数，应与句中先行词的数一致。例如：Itsoundedlikeatrainwhich/thatwasgoingundermyhouse.那声音听起来就像有一列火车从我的房子底下开过似的。Peoplewhostudythethinkthattherewillbeanotherbigonesoon.研究地震的人认为不久将还有一次大的地震。ThehorsewhichistiedtothetreebelongstoJohn.拴在树上的那匹马是约翰的。Thosewhowanttogoonajourneypleasesignyournamehere.要去旅游的请把名字签在这儿。Someoftheenergythatisusedbymancomesfromthesun.被人类使用的一些能源来自太阳。第175页共227270 页[注意]在以―oneofthe＋复数名词‖为先行词的定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数；但如果―oneofthe＋复数名词‖这个结构前有theonly之类的修饰语时，其从句的谓语动词用单数。例如：Thisisoneofthequestionsthathavebeenaskedbythestudents.这是学生提出的许多问题的一个。BobisoneofmyfriendswhoarehelpingmewithEnglish.鲍勃是帮助我英语的朋友之一。Heistheonlyoneoftheofficerswhowasinvitedtotheballhere.他是办公室唯一收到邀请参加舞会的人。TheheadmasteristheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsEsperanton.校长是老师中唯一懂得世界语的人。6、“alotof（lotsof，plentyof，aheadof，heapsof，therest（majority）of，some（many，anymore，most，all等）of＋+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要与of后面的名词（短语）保持一致。例如：Someofusdonotknowmuchaboutthetheatre.我们中有一些人还不太懂得戏剧。Some(ofthesugar)iswet.有些(糖)是湿的。我们班上大多数学生是团员。Mostofthestudentsinourclassare270 league.Mostofthefoodtastesdelicious.大多数食物味道很好。Halfoftheworkisleftunfinished.一半的工作没有完成。Halfoftheapplesaregiventothechildren.一半的苹果送给孩子们。Lotsofdamagewascausedbysmoking.许多损害是由吸烟引起的。PlentyofEnglishbooksareontheshelf.许多英语书在书架上。注意：1）all单独作主语表示―人‖时，谓语用复数；表示―整个事件或事情‖时，谓语用单数。如：Allarepresent.Alliswell.所有的人都出席了。(表人)一切都好。(表示整个事情或情况)2）―anumberof+复数名词‖作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；―Thenumberof+复数名词‖作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：第176页共227270 页Alargenumberofbuildingswereburntdown.许多楼房被毁了。Anumberofstudentsinourclassareoutbythelake.我们班有些学生到湖边去了。Thenumberofstudentsinourschoolis2500.我们学校的学生人数是2500名。ThenumberofbooksonwomenpublishedinChinaisgrowing.在中国，有关妇女书籍出版数目在增加。Thenumberofwaggingdancesperminutetoldtheexactdistancetothefeedingplace.每分钟摆尾的次数表明了到喂食处的精确距离。7、由“分数或百分数+of+名词（或代词）”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要与of后面的名词（短语）保持一致。例如：Twothirdsofthecountryisdryordesert.这个国家的三分之二的地方气候干燥或者是沙漠地区。Twothirdsofthepeoplepresentareagainsttheplan.在场的三分之二的人反对这个计划。Morethan70percentofthesurfaceofourearthiscoveredbywater.我们地球的70%的表面被水所覆盖。30percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.我们班的30%是女生。8、如果主语是由“akindof,或this/thatkindof,aseries(aspecies)of，apairof等+名词”构成谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如：Thiskindofmenisdangerous.这种人是危险的。IsthiskindofcarmadeinShanghai?这种汽车是上海制造的吗？Thereisakindofroseinhisgarden.他的花园里有玫瑰花。Thiskindof270 apple/applesisratherexpensive.这种苹果相当贵。Thatkindofsnake/snakesisdangerous.那种蛇很危险。如：[注意]但”there/thosekindsof＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。Therekindsoftestsaregood.这种测试很好。Thosekindsofappletreeshavenotyetgrownup.那种苹果树还没有长。如果种类不是一种而是多种，谓语动词应为复数。例如：Therearemanykindsofpears.有很多种梨子。二、逻辑意义一致原则，即谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的内在涵义。常第177页共227270 页见的有以下几种情况：1、表示总称意义形单意复的名词，如people,police,cattle等作主语时，只当作复数看待，谓语在任何情况下都用复数。如：Cattleareonecauseoftheproblem.造成戈壁滩的原因之一是牲畜问题。Thepolicearesearchingforamurdererinthatmountain.警察正在山中搜寻一名杀人犯。2、以集体名词army,class,enemy,family,government,group,team，crew，crowd，public等集体名词作主语时，谓语应视其情况而用不同形式：当作主语被看作一个整体时，谓语用单数，如果被看成是其中的个体成员时，谓语就用复数。如：Ourclassisbetterthananyotherclassesatplayingbasketballinourschool.在打篮球方面，我们班胜过我们学校的任何一个班。Ourclassareplayingabasketballmatchtomorrow.篮球赛。Ourfamilyisnotpooranymore.我们家已经不再贫困了。我们班同学明天要举行一场MyfamilyallspeaktheIntuitlanguage.我一家人都讲因努伊特语。[注意]population单独使用作主语时，谓语动词用单数；而前面有some,most或与分数、百分数连用作主语时，则谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Mostofthepopulationofthecityareworkers.这个城市人口的大多数是工人。Onethirdofthepopulationnowsmoke.三分之一的人口在吸烟。270 Thepopulationinourcountryisverylarge,andeightypercentofthepopulationarefarmers.我们国家人口众多，而80%的人口是农民。3、当一些有两部分构成的表示衣物或工具的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，如glasses,trousers（裤子）,shoes，chopsticks（筷子）,goods（货物）,scissors（剪刀）,socks,compasses（圆规），但如果这些名词前有apairof，等量词修饰时，（clothes被修饰asuitof），谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如：Yourtrousersneedwashing.Myglassesarenew.你的裤子该洗了。我的眼镜是新的。Apairofcompassisaninstrumentfordrawingcircles.圆规是画圆的工具。Apairofnewshoesisinyoursuitcase.一双新鞋在你的手提箱里。第178页共227270 页Twopairsofsocksareenoughforme.对我来说，两双袜子就足够了。4、由“pair,pieceof+名词/代词”作主语时，谓语动词与pair,piece等词保持一致与后的代词、名词无关。例如：Thereisapairofshoesleft.只剩下一双鞋。Thepiecesofstonewerethencarriedtothenewplaceforthetemple.所有的石块被运到新建寺庙的地方。5、当表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度、价值等数词短语作主语，根据意义一致原则，通常被看作一个整体，其谓语用单数。如：Twentyyearsisalongtimetous.对于我们来说，20年是一段很长的时间。Onethousandpoundsisalotofmoney.一千英镑是很大一笔钱。6.某些形复意单的名词(如表示人名、地名、国名及组织、书籍、报刊等名称的专有名词和学科名词等)作主语，谓语用单数。如：Zhangjiajieisreallyagoodplacewhichisfamousforitsbeautifulmountains.张家界的确是个好地方，它是以美丽的山而闻名的Physicsisadifficultsubjecttolearn,Ithink.我想，物理是一门难学的目。TheUnitedStatesisinNorthAmerica.Newsistravellingfastnowadays.270 美国在北美洲。如今新闻播得很快。TheAmericanfilmTrueLieswasdirectedbyaworld-famousdirector.美国影片《真实的谎言》是由一位世界著名的导演导演的。7、如果主语由“the+形容词（分词）”担任时，往往根据意义一致原则，来决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。如果表示一类人时，谓语动用复数形式；如果指个人或抽象概念时，则谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Theoldistakengoodcareofinourcountry.在我们国家老人受到很好的照顾。Thesickisoneofthestudentsinourclass.那位病人是我们班的一个学生。Thebeautifullivesforever.美是永存的。8、名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况，一般只指商店、公共建筑物、住宅等，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。例如：Thebaker’sisonthesideofthestreet.理发馆在街道的另一边。Myuncle’sisnotveryfarfromhere.我叔叔的家离这儿不太远。第179页共227270 页9、数词作主语时，谓语用单数，但有四则运算中，谓语单、复数均可。如：Tenisaroundnumber.Tentimesfiveis/arefifty.十是个整数。十乘五等于五十。Threehundredandfortyplussixhundredandsixtyis/areonethousand.340加660等于1000。10.疑问代词who,what,which作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于它产本身的含义。如：WhoteachesyouEnglish?Whohavegonethere?Whichisyourroom?Whichareyourrooms?谁教你们英语?谁都已经去那儿了?哪一间是你的房子?哪几间是你的房子?11、表示数量的短语“oneandahalf＋名词复数”及“a＋单数名词＋and＋ahalf”作主语时，谓语用单数。如：Oneandahalforangeshasbeenleftonthetable.桌子上只剩下一个半桔了。Amonthandahalfhaspassed.一个半月时间过去了。12.某些单数同形的名词作主语时，依照意义一致的原则，表示单数意义时，谓270 语动词用单数；反之谓语动词则用复数形式。这类名词有：sheep，deer，fish，means（方法、手段）species（种类）-ance及以-ese/-ss结尾的表示民族的名词等)。例如：Onedaythiswhitesheepwaslost.有一天，这只白色的绵羊丢了。嘉陵江时有很多鱼。TherearemanyfishintheJiaLingRiver.AJapaneseiscomingtovisitourschooltomorrow.明天有个日本人要来参观我们学校。WeChinesearerealizingthefourmodernizations.我们中国人正在实现四个现代化。三、就近一致原则，即谓语动词的数随最近的主语而定，又称为毗邻一致原则。例如：1、当or，either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso...，not...but....，whether...or...等连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于最靠近于它的名词或代词。例第180页共227270 页如：EitheryouorLilyistodothecleaningaftersupper.后打扫卫生。Notonlythemotherbutalsothechildrenwerethere.不但母亲在那里，而且孩子们也在那里。2、在倒装句中如一个句子由there或here引起，而主语又不止一个，谓语动词往往与最邻近的一个主语保持一致。例如：Whereisyourmotherandyoungersisters?你的母亲和妹妹们在哪儿？Thereisadeskatableandthreechairsintheroom.和三把椅子.【考点诠释】一、由or,either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...butalso...,whether...or...等连接并列主语时,常采用就近原则,动词与最靠近的主语保持一致。【考例】NotonlyJimbutalsohissister______afewcitiesinthesouthsincetheycametoChina．[临沂市]A．willvisitD．visited[答案]B．[解析]本题既考查时态，又考查并列连词notonly．．．butalso的用法。由时间状语sincetheycametoChina，可判断用现在完成时，排除A、D两项；notonly．．．butalso连接两个并列的主语时，谓语动词要用―就近原则。NeitherJimnorhiscousins_______toAmerica,but_____ofthemknowthecountryverywell.[07年潍坊市]A．havebeen；a11been;both[答案]B．[解析]考查neither．．．nor的用法，以及both与all的区别。neither…nor连接两个主语时，谓语用―就近原则‖，cousins是复数，谓语用havebeen，排除C270 和D项；指两者用both。二、thenumberof+复数名词,主语是thenumber(数量),谓语动词用单数;anumberof+复数名词,主语是复数名词,anumberof作定语,相当于many,谓语动B.havebeen;bothChasbeen;allD．hasB.hasvisitedC．havevisited房间里有一张书桌，一张桌子不是该你，就是该莉莉在晚饭第181页共227270 页词用复数。【考例】Look!There_______playingwiththetouristsonYinheSquare.(2004包头)A.areanumberofdeerC.isanumberofdeerB.areanumberofdeersD.isanumberofdeers答案：A。该题考查的是主谓一致。这个句子的主语是anumberofdeer,是个复数概念，因此谓语动词应用复数形式。（deer单复数相同）Thenumberof________inourclass________fifty.(2004山东烟台)A.student,isare[答案]:C[命题立意]：本题考查主谓一致的用法。[试题解析]：thenumberof后接复数名词，作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。故应选C。三、动词不定式、动名词以及名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。【考例】Asthesaying________,”Wherethereisawill;thereisaway.“[昆明市]A.gowent[答案]B．[解析]thesaying为第三人称单数形式，所以谓语动词用goes。B.goesC.goingD.B.thestudents,areC.thestudents,isD.students,但what从句作主语而表语是复数时,谓语动词常用复数。Whatwebadlyneedhereareexperiencedteachers.270 我们这里急需的是有经验的教师。四、and连接的两个单数名词作主语。【考例】Treesandflowers________everyyeartomakeourcountrymorebeautiful.[陕西省]A.isplantedwereplanted[答案]C．[解析]everyyear说明本句表示的是一般现在时的概念，去掉B、D项；B.wasplantedC.areplantedD.第182页共227270 页treesandflowers表达复数意义，所以选C项。五、表示时间、距离、金钱、体积或数字等的词语作主语且表示总量时，谓语动词用单数。【考例】---Howmuch________theshoes?---Fivedollars_________enough．A．is；isare[答案]B．[解析]答案为B。shoes作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式；fivedollars是一个整体，应按单数对待。Howtimeflies!Tenyears________passed.(2004天津)A.haveB.hasC.isD.areBare；is[年青岛市]C．are；areD．is；答案：B。该题考查的是主谓一致。Tenyears通常被看作是一个时间整体，谓语动词用单数形式。六、就近原则--There__________nomilkinthefridge.Couldyougetsomeforme,Dick?--Allright,Mum.[福州市]A.iswere[答案]A．[解析]本题考查”therebe‖句型中be的数及时态，be在数上要与最近的主语保持一致.句子的主语是不可数名词，所以be应使用单数形式，B、D两项可以排除。NotonlyJimbutalsohissister______afewcitiesinthesouthsincetheycametoChina．[07临沂市]A．willvisitD．visited[答案]B．[解析]本题既考查时态，又考查并列连词notonly．．．butalso的用法。由时间状语sincetheycametoChina，可判断用现在完成时，排除A、D两项；notonly．．．butalso270 连接两个并列的主语时，谓语动词要用―就近原则。NeitherJimnorhiscousins_______toAmerica,but_____ofthemknowthecountry第183页共227页B.areC.wasD.B.hasvisitedC．have270 visitedverywell.[07年潍坊市]A．havebeen；a11been;both[答案]B．[解析]考查neither．．．nor的用法，以及both与all的区别。neither…nor连接两个主语时，谓语用―就近原则‖，cousins是复数，谓语用havebeen，排除C和D项；指两者用both。1．Howtimeflies!Tenyears________passed.A.haveB.hasC.isD.areB.havebeen;bothChasbeen;allD．has2．Notonlyhisparentsbutalsohisbrother________totheSummerPalace.Theyhaven‘tbeenback.A.havebeengone3．Neithermyfather________goingtoseethepatient.A.norIamormeis4．Look!There_______playingwiththetouristsonYinheSquare.(2004包头)A.areanumberofdeerC.isanumberofdeerB.areanumberofdeersD.isanumberofdeersB.norIareC.ormeareD.B.havegoneC.hasbeenD.has5．Thenumberof________inourclass________fifty.A.student,isstudents,are6．Thenumberofthestudentsinourclass_____54.A.isB.areC.hasD.haveB.thestudents,areC.thestudents,is270 D.7．NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMary________tiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother．A．isB．areC．amD．be8．Alibrarywithfivethousandbooks____tothenationasagift.A．isofferedD．haveofferedB．hasofferedC．areoffered第184页共227270 页9．Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory_________yet．A．isnotdecidedD．havenotdecided10．Thenumberofpeopleinvited__fifty，butanumberofthem______absentfordifferentreasons．A．were，wasB．was,wasC．was，wereD．were．wereB．arenotdecidedC．hasnotdecided11．Betweenthetwobuildings__________amonument．A．isstandingD．stand12．Manyastudent___thatmistakebefore.A．hadmademade13．Noneofthemoney____his．A．isB．areC．belongsD．wereB．hasbeenmadeC．havemadeD．hasB．standingC．stands14．Aboutthree—fifthsofthework________doneyesterday．A．hadB．wasC．wereD．have15．Neitheryoursisternormine_______thegoodnews．Let’stellthem．A．knowBknowsC．knew16.EitherJaneorSteven_____watchingTVnow.A.wereB.isC.wasD.270 are17.Twodays_______enoughformetofinishthework,Ineedathirdday.A.isn‘tB.isC.aren‘tD.are18.—Howmanylessonsdoyouusuallyhaveaday?—Sixlessonsaday.Andeachofthem_____45minutes.A.lastB.lastsC.haveD.are19.NeitherLipingnorI_______abasketballplayer.A.amB.isC.beD.are20.There______manynewwordsinlessonone.Itisveryeasy.A.isB.aren‘tC.isn‘tD.are21.Thenumberofthestudentsinourschool____1200.第185页共227270 页A.isB.areC.hasD.have22.Maths_______myfavouritesubject.A.beB.isC.amD.are23.Theboywiththetwodogs_____whentheearthquakerockedthecity.A.weresleepingB.issleepingC.wassleepingD.areasleep24.EveryoneexceptTomandJohn_____therewhenthemeetingbegan.A.areB.isC.wereD.was25.Thatplaceisnotinterestingatall,____ofuswantstogothere.A.NeitherB.BothC.AllD.270 Some26.NobodybutJane_____thesecret.A.knowB.knowsC.haveknowD.is27.—What‘sontheplate?Someeggsandcakesonit?—There_____someeggsandcakesonit.A.isB.areC.wasD.were28.Thispairofglasses______mine.A.areB.beC.isD.willbe29.BothLilyandLucy______tothepartyyesterday.A.invitedB.wasinvitedC.hadinvitedD.wereinvited30.—Twomonths______quitealongtime.—Yes,I‘mafraidthathewillmisslotsofhislessons.A.isB.areC.wasD.were31.Inthecitytheold_______.A.takegoodcareofC.istakengoodcareofB.aretakengoodcareofD.arebeentakengoodcare270 of32.Hisfamily_____allverykindandfriendly,Hisfamily______ahappyone.A.are,isB.is,isC.are,areD.is,are33.Thesingerandthedancer_____cometoBeijing.A.hasB.haveC.areD.is34.Thechildreninthisclasseach_____newschoolbag.A.haveB.hasC.hasgot第186页共227页D.are270 having35.Allbutone_____herejustnow.A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.were36.IfBob’swifewon’tagreetogoonholidayinwinter,.A.neitherhewillB.neitherwon’the37.Ihaven’tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.A.sohasheB.NeitherhehasC.HehastooD.Hehasn’teither38.―I’mgoingtovisittheLuGouBridgetomorrow.‖―.‖A.IamsoB.SoamIC.SogoID.SoIgo39.Youaswellashetoblame(责备)fortheaccident（交通事故）.A.areB.isC.haveD.has40.NeithermywifenorImyselfA.hasbeenB.isabletoteachmydaughtertosingEnglishsongs.C.areD.am专题十八：祈使句和感叹句祈使句概述：270 用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子，祈使句最常用于表达命令，也常称为命令句。祈使句分两大类：第二人称祈使句及第—、三人称祈使句。1．第二人称祈使句通常用来向听话者发出命令，提出要求或建议。这种祈使句的主语you通常不表示出来，而是以动词都为一般现在时以原形开头，句末则也可使用句号来表示结束。Keepoffthegrass.（勿践草坪。——禁止）Noparking.（禁止停车。——禁止）Standup!Don‘tworryabout!Lookout！Danger！（小心！危险！——强烈警告，已如感叹句）Bequiet,please.（Pleasebequiet.）（请安静。——请求）Bekindtooursister.（对姊妹要和善。——劝告）但如果说话时有多人在场，就得把主语表示出来，或加呼语，以便指明是向谁提出请求或发出命令。如：Parentswithchildrengothefront!带孩子的家长到前面去!第187页共227270 页Marycleanthewindows，andyouboyswashthefloor!玛丽擦窗户，你们男孩子洗地板!Comein，everybody!每个人都进来!有时将主语表示出来是为了加强语气或表示―不高兴‖、―厌烦‖、―鄙视‖等情绪。如：Don‘tyoubelateagain!你可别再迟到了!Yougetoutofhere!你给我滚出去!Mindyourownbusiness，you!你少管闲事!Goandwashyourhands.（去洗你的手。——命令）Watchyoursteps.（走路小心。——警告）祈使句无主语,主语you常省去;动词原形谓语当,句首加don’t否定变;朗读应当用降调,句末常标感叹号。2．第一、三人称祈使句是以第一人称和第三人称代词或者名词等作为祈使的对象，通常以let为引导词表建议。Let‘sgo!Letusgohome!Lethimbehereby10o‘clock．另：无动词形式：祈使句除用谓语动词表示外，还可用名词、副词、动词短语等表示。如：Help!Patience!Quickly!Handsup!Notsofast!别那么快！Thisway,please!请走这边！二、表现形式一）、肯定结构:1.Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。270 Pleasehaveaseathere.请这边坐。第188页共227270 页Thisway,please.=Gothisway,please.请这边走。please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但please用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余部分分开。Openthewindow,please.2.Be型(即:Be+表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)。Beagoodboy!要做一个好孩子!3.Let型(即:Let+宾语+动词原形+其它成分)。Letmehelpyou.让我来帮你。由”let”带头的祈使句是个常见的动词句型，它的主要用法有下列三种：1）.表示“建议”。这个句型里的”let”后头紧跟着一个第一人称的代词宾语，Letmetry.Let’sdoit.这个句型语气委婉，比直接的祈使句客气。试比较a和b:a.Don’tdisturbhim.b.Let’snotdisturbhim.(a)是直接命令，语气强烈，不如(b)温柔悦耳。2）.表示“间接命令”或“愿望”。这句型里的动词宾语是第三人称名词或代词，如：LetRoberttakechargeofthemarketingdepartment.3）.表示“警告”、“蔑视”、“威胁”等。这种祈使句里的宾语也是第三人称为主。除了口气凶悍之外，有时还语带讽刺。Lethimtryandhewillexposehisinabilitytoworkonhisown.Lettheinvaderscomeandourarmedforceswillwipethemoutinnotime.用”let”的祈使句时，必须注意下列几点：1）”let”270 的否定句有二。如果宾语是第三人称用”Don’tlet.....”；如果宾语是第一人称，则用”Let......not”：Don’tletthistypeofthingshappenagain.It’srainingnow.Let’snotgooutuntilaftertherain.2）”Let”只适用于现在时态，可以有被动语态(thepassivevoice)，如：Lettherecalcitrantcriminalsbesenttoprison.Letallthededicatedcapablestaffbepromoted.3）”Let”后头除了是不带”to”的不定式动词之外，还可以是某些适当的副词，如out,in,down,alone等：第189页共227270 页Letthepuppyout.Openthewindowsandletthefreshairin.Letmealone,please.4）用”Let’s”时，把谈话者的对象包括在内；用”Letus”时，并不包括对方，如：Let‘sgoskating,shallwe?（表示内部的建议）Letustryagain,willyou?（表示向别人发出请求）用于否定也有两种形式：Letus/Let‘snot+动词原形；在非正式文体中也用Don‘tlet‘s+动词原形。4、祈使句用于两个重要句型中1．“祈使句+and+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述肯定的条件。2．“祈使句+or(else)+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述否定的条件，or(else)表示”否则；要不然”。试比较：Hurryupandyou‘llcatchthetrain.(＝Ifyouhurryup，you‘llcatchthetrain．)Hurryup，oryou‘llmissthetrain．(＝Ifyoudon‘thurryup，you‘llmissthetrain．)二）、否定结构:1.Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don’t或never。构成。Don’tforgetme!不要忘记我!Don’tbelateforschool!上学不要迟到!2.Let型的否定式有两种:“Don’t+let+宾语+动词原形+其它成分”或“Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其它成分”，通常使用后者。Don’tlethimgo./Lethimnotgo.别让他走。3.有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。Nosmoking!禁止吸烟!Nofishing!禁止钓鱼!三、祈使句的特殊结构一）、祈使句的强调形式270 祈使句的强调形式是在整个结构之前加do。如：Dobecareful!DoStoptalking!Dogivemyregardstoyourparents!务必／一定代我向你父母问好!第190页共227270 页Doit!句。do一般为强调句了，祈使句一般都为实意动词开头的，所以do应该为强调二）、祈使句的反意疑问句1．祈使句的反意疑问部分为肯定形式，要用willyou。如：Passmethebook，willyou?2．Let‘s表示第一人称的祈使句，反意疑问句为―Shallwe?‖。如：Let‘sgoforawalk，shallwe?3．Letme和Letus表示第二人称的祈使句，反意疑问句为―willyou?‖。如：Letusgoforawalk，willyou?4．其它行为动词引起的祈使句，无论其陈述部分是否定还是肯定的祈使句，多用―willyou?‖，表一种客气的语气。如：Listentome，willyou?Don‘ttellanyoneaboutit，willyou?三）祈使句与陈述句区别1、带有第三人称祈使句的句首呼语与陈述句主语区别。呼语后是动词是原形！主语后一般不是！2、带有你三人称主语的祈使句与陈述句区别。Tomplayonmyside.汤姆，到我这边来玩吧（祈使句）Tomplaysonmyside.汤姆在我这边玩呢。（陈述句）祈使句练习：一、将以下祈使句改为否定式：1.Comehereearly.2.Askhim.3.Pleasewaitforher.4.270 Readthebookcarefully.5.Situnderthetree,please.6.Let‘sgotheretogether.二、选择最佳答案填空：1.Ifyouaretired,______arest.第191页共227270 页A.haveC.tohaveB.havingD.had2.______mego.Itisveryimportantforme.A.DoletC.DoingletB.letdoD.Todolet3.Heisnothonest.______believehim.A.NotC.TonotB.Don‘tD.Notto4.Ifyouwanttostay,letmeknow,______?A.willyouC.doyouB.shallweD.dowe5.Nevercomelateagain,______?A.willyouC.doyouB.won‘tD.doeshe6._____upearlytomorrow,oryoucan‘tcatchthetrain.A.GettingC.TogetB.GetD.Got7._____inthestreet.It‘sdangerous.A.NotplayC.Don‘tplayB.NottoplayD.Don‘tto270 play8.Please______mesomemoney,willyou?A.lendC.tolendB.lendingD.belend9.Thefilmisabouttobegin.Please______seated.A.beC.isB.areD.being10._____theboxes.Youmayusethemlater.A.KeepC.TokeepB.KeepingD.KeptI.用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。第192页共227270 页1.It‘sanimportantmeeting.__________(not,be)late.2.____________(not,make)anynoise!Yourmotherissleeping.3.____________(not,speak)withyourmouthfulloffoodand____________(be)polite.4.____________(not,talk)and____________(read)aloud.5.____________(not,leave)yourhomeworkfortomorrow,Larry.6.____________(look)out!Acariscoming.7.____________(give)ustenyearsandjustseewhatourcountrywillbelike.8.____________(not,let)thebabycry.9.Wearmoreclothesoryou____________(catch)acold.10.Let‘s____________(not,say)anythingaboutit.II.选择填空()1.Herdoctorsaid:―________worksohard‖AStop(BDon‘tCCan‘tDNo)2.Sindy,________tobehereat8o‘clockAissureBissurethatCwillbesureDbesure()3.________whenyoucrosstheroad.ADocareBCareCDobecarefulDTobe270 careful()4.________himthesecret,willyou?ADon‘ttellBNottotellCNottellingDNotelling()5.________inbed.It‘sbadforyoureyes.ANottoreadBDon‘treadCDon‘ttoreadDNotread()6.________Yourchild.We‘lllookafterhim.ANottoworryaboutBDon‘tworryaboutDDon‘tworrywithCNotworryfor()7.Theyareverytired.Why________havearest?AnottheyBdonottheyCdon‘ttheyDnotto()8--Youlookrathertired.________stoppingtohavea270 rest?--Allright.AWhynotBHowaboutCWhynottoDwhydon‘t()9______tellalie.第193页共227270 页AHardly(BNotCNoDNever)10.Please________lookoutside.Lookattheblackboard.Anot(Bdon‘tCaren‘tDcan‘t)11.Whydon‘tyoujoinusinthegame?AWhatnotBWhynotCWhytoDHowto()12______goforthebookalone,MsZhang.ALet‘sBLetmeCLetusDAllow()13John,readthetextforus,________?AdoesheBwill270 heCdoyouDwillyou()14.Let‘sdoitatonce,________?AshallweBwillyouCdoweDdoyou()15.Letusdoitatonce,________?AshallweBwillyouCdoweDdoyou感叹句感叹句一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用”what”和”how”引导，“what”和”how”与所修饰的词置于句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。一、由”what”引导的感叹句：”what”意为”多么”用作定语，修饰名词（被强调部分），单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a/an,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。270 这类句子的基本结构形式是：变式是：名词为可数单数：名词为可数复数：名词为不可数：如：①Whataclevergirlsheis!多么聪明的姑娘呀！②Whataninterestingstoryitis!多么有趣的故事呀！What+n.+主语+谓语What+a/an+adj.+n.+主语+谓语What+adj.+n.+主语+谓语What+adj.+n.+主语+谓语第194页共227页270 ③Whatgoodchildrentheyare!他们是多么好的孩子呀！④Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!多么漂亮的花呀！⑤Whatdeliciousfooditis!多么有味的食物呀！⑥Whatheavysnowitis!多么大的雪呀！二、由”how”引导的感叹句：”how”意为”多么”，用作状语，修饰形容词或副词（被强调部分）。如果修饰形容词，则句中的谓语动词用系动词；如果how修饰副词，则句中的谓语动词用行为动词。这类句子的基本结构形式是：How+adj./adv.）+主语+谓语形式变式：How+adj.+a/an+单数名词+主语+谓语How+主语+谓语如：①Howcolditistoday!今天多么冷呀！②Hownicethepicturesare!多么漂亮的图画呀！③Howhappytheylook!他们显得多么高兴呀！④Howwellshesings!她唱得多好呀！⑤Howhardtheyareworkingnow!他们干得多么起劲呀！⑥Howcleveragirlsheis!她是个多么聪明的女孩子啊！⑦Howprettyaflowerthisis!这花多漂亮呀！⑧Howdifficultapointitis!这是多难的一个点呀！⑨Howyou‘vegrown!⑩Howthetimeflies!你都长这么大了！时间过得多快呀！第195页共227270 页三、在表示同一意义时，英语感叹既可用”what”引导，也可用”how”引导。如：①Whatahotdayitis!Howhotthedayis!=Howhotadayitis!多么热的天气呀！②Whattallbuildingstheyare!Howtallthebuildingsare!多么高的楼房呀！③Whatbadweatheritis!Howbadtheweatheris!多么糟糕的天气呀！④Whatbrightsunshineitis!Howbrightthesunshineis!多么明亮的阳光呀！四、感叹句在表示激动强烈的感情时，口语中常常采用省略句，其后面的主语和谓语往往略去不讲。如：①Whatafineday!多么晴朗的天呀！②Whatanhonestboy!多么诚实的孩子呀！③Whatredapples!多么红的苹果呀！④Howcool!好凉快呀！⑤Howwonderful!精彩极了！感叹句练习：选择最佳答案填空1._______carefullytheboydoeshishomework!A.HowB.HowanC.What第196页共227页D.What270 an2._______wellyousingbut_______badlyhedances!A.How,howB.What,whatC.How,whatD.What,how3.________cheaptheseclothesare!I‘dliketobuysomeformyson.A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan4._______foolstheywere!Theybelievedwhatthegirlssaid.A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan5._______difficultquestionstheyare!Ican‘tanswerthem.A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan6.Imissyouverymuch._______Iwanttoseeyou!A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan7.Oh,________mistakeyou‘vemade!It‘stoobad.A.HowB.HowaC.WhatD.Whata8._______lovelyweatherwearehavingthesedays!A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan9._______deliciousyoursupperis!A.HowB.HowanC.270 WhatD.Whatan10._______interestingworkitistoteachchildren!A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan11._________clevergirlsheis!A.WhataBWhatCHowaDhow12.__________interestingstoryitis!AWhatanBWhataCHowanDHow13._______badweather!Wehavetostayin.A.HowB.HowaC.WhatD.Whata14._________bigthetreeis!A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Howa15._______deliciousyoursupperis!A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan一、将下列句子改为感叹句.第197页共227270 页It‘sverycoldtoday.It‘sanicedress.Thosearelovelyanimals.Themandrivesverycarefully.It‘sbadweather.Hecooksverydeliciousfood.TheyhadagoodtimelastSunday.Thegirlcomestoschoolsoearly.Hetoldmeimportantnews.Wehaveaveryhappyfamily.Mrs.Lifoundherhandbagluckily.Theplanefliesquitequickly.Sheisaverycarefulstudent.Thisisaneasyproblem.Yourmotherlooksveryyoung.Themusicsoundsnice.Thatishardwork.Hersonisverynaughty.Hehasausefuldictionary.LiPingjumpsveryhigh.二、用What,Whata,Whatan,How填空．第198页共227270 页_____________hottheweatheris!_____________hardherfatherworks!_____________longwayitisfromGuangdongtoParis!_____________finedayitwasyesterday!_____________beautifulyourvoiceis!_____________interestingpicture-books!_____________lovelybaby!_____________strongwind!_____________sadnewhetoldus!_____________happyshewaslastweekend!_____________goodweather!Whynotgooutforawalk!_____________nicethegardenis!_____________difficultworkhedid!_____________brokenthehouselooks!_____________happylifewehave!_____________wellmydeskmateswims!_____________helpfulgirlsheis!_____________deliciousmooncakes!_____________dangerousthetigersare!_____________tiredyoulook!三、同义句转换。Howcolditistoday!________________Hownicethedressis!________________Whatlovelyanimalsthoseare!________________Howbadtheweatheris!________________Whatdeliciousfoodhecooks!________________Whatimportantnewshetoldme!270 ________________Whatahappyfamilywehave!________________HowluckilyMrs.Lifoundherhandbag!________________Whatacarefulstudentsheis！________________第199页共227270 页Whataneasyproblemthisis!________________Hownicethemusicsounds!________________Howhardtheworkis!________________Hownaughtyhersonis!________________Whatausefuldictionaryhehas!________________Howbeautifulthissweaterlooks!________________专题十九：反义疑问句两部分构成：陈述句+简短问句。其结构有两种：①肯定陈述句+否定简短问句;②否定陈述句+肯定简短问句（即我们平时所说的―前肯后否，前否后肯‖）。这是反意疑问句的一般格式，但在实际运用中与规则不同的特殊形式比比皆是。本文拟谈谈反意疑问句的特殊形式：一、祈使句后的反意疑问句：祈使句后加一个反意疑问句，使祈使句变得更加委婉。肯定祈使句的反意疑问句通常用willyou,won‘tyou,wouldyou,canyou,can‘tyou等来表达不同的含义。在否定的祈使句后的反意疑问句通常只用willyou。1、表示―请求‖，肯定祈使句的反意疑问句用willyou。如：①Givemeahand,willyou?②Passmeabook,will270 you?2、表示―邀请‖、―劝诱‖时，肯定祈使句后的反意疑问句用won‘tyou。如：Haveanothercupoftea,won‘tyou?3、表示―催促‖、―不耐烦‖时，肯定祈使句后的反意疑问句用can‘tyou。如：Stoptalking,can‘tyou?4、用―Let‘s…‖开头的肯定祈使句表示―提议、建议、主张‖，其后的反意疑问句用shallwe。如：Let‘shaveatry,shallwe?但是以Letus…或Letme…开头的祈使句后的反意疑问句则要用willyou。如：Letusgonow,willyou?5、否定祈使句的反意疑问句只用willyou。如：Don‘ttakeawaymydictionary,willyou?第200页共227270 页以Let‘snot…开头的祈使句后的反意疑问句用allright或OK。如：①Let‘snotgofishing,allright?二、复合句的反意疑问：复合句的反意疑问的主谓语要视其主要内容而定，不能一概说以主句为准还是以从句为准。1、多数复合句后的反意疑问句的主、谓语同主句的主、谓语一致。如：①Hesaidhewasateacher,didn‘the?③Youdon‘tmindifIgonow,doyou?2、主句是Ithink(suppose,consider,believe,guess,expect,imagine,feel,amafraid,hear,say等)+宾语从句时，反意疑问句的主、谓语应与从句的主、谓语一致。如：①Idon‘tthinkhewillcome,willhe?②Iheardthathewasveryhonest,wasn‘the?②Johnthinkstherainisending,doesn‘the?②Let‘snottalkaboutitanymore,OK3、并列复合句的反意疑问句的主、谓语应与相近的分句的主、谓语相一致。如：Johnisn‘tahard-workingstudent,forhehasbeenlateforthreetimes,hasn‘the?三、含有情态动词或助动词的反意疑问句：1、当陈述部分含有情态动词must，其意义表示―必须、必要‖时，其后的反意疑问句用mustn‘t或needn‘t。如：①270 Youmustdoittoday,mustn‘tyou?②Shemustlookafterhersister,needn‘tshe?如果must的含义表示―一定是、想必‖等推测意义时，其后的反意疑问句则要依据句中的谓语动词的时态结构采用be/have/did/do+not等相应形式。如：①Hemustbeeill,isn‘the?②Youmusthaveseenthefilmbefore,haven‘tyou?2、如果陈述部分用了musthave+P.P.(过去分词)，但明示或暗示了过去的时间，其反意疑问句用过去时。如：Hemusthaveseenhimyesterday,didn‘the?3、陈述部分含情态动词oughtto，其后反意疑问句用oughtn‘t或shouldn‘t均可。如：①Ioughttocomehere,oughtn‘tI?②Yououghttogobyship,shouldn‘tyou?4、陈述部分含情态动词usedto，其后反意疑问句用usedn‘t或didn‘t均可。如：①Tomusedtolivehere,usedn‘the?②Theyusedtoworkintheshop,didn‘tthey?5、陈述部分含有have/has/hadto时，其后的反意疑问句用do的相应形式。如：①Youhavetogo,don‘tyou?③270 Ihadtokeepitwell,didn‘tI?第201页共227页②Hehastostayinbedallday,doesn‘270 the?但是在陈述句中用have/has/hadgotto来代替have/has/hadto时，反意疑问句用have的相应形式。如：①Annhasgottoseeadoctor,hasn‘tshe?②Youhaven‘tgottogotoschoolonSunday,haveyou?6、陈述部分有hadbetter/wouldrather时，其后的反意疑问句用hadn‘t/wouldn‘t。如：①You‘dbetternotstayhere,hadyou?②Theywouldrathertakethisone,wouldn‘tthey?四、陈述句主语是某些不定代词的反意疑问句：1、陈述句部分主语是everything,something,anything,nothing时，其后的反意疑问句主语用it。如：①Everythingseemsallright,doesn‘tit?②Nothingisinthebox,isit?2、陈述部分的主语是everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,noone,none,either,someone时，其后的反意疑问句用主语they以兼顾所指代的男、女两性。如：①Everybodyhasgotthenewbooks,haven‘tthey?②Anyonecandothat,can‘tthey?③Nooneisinterestedinthat,arethey?3、陈述部分主语是不定代词one时，其后的反意疑问句一般用主语one。如：Onecan‘tbealwayscareful,can270 one?五、含有否定词或半否定词的反意疑问句：1、陈述部分含有no,never,seldom,hardly,rarely,scarely,few,little等否定或半否定意义的词时，都视为否定，故反意疑问句部分用肯定形式。如：①Fewpeopleknewtheanswer,didthey?②LittleFranhardlysayssuchwords,doeshe?2、如果陈述部分的否定意义只是由单词加否定前缀构成时，其后的反意疑问句一般要用否定形式。如：Heisunhappy,isn‘the?六、陈述部分的主语是指示代词的反意疑问句：1、陈述部分主语是指示代词this,that时，其后的反意疑问句用主语it。如：Thisisimportant,isn‘tit?2、陈述部分主语是指示代词these,those时，其后的反意疑问句用主语they。如：Thosearemine,aren‘tthey?七、反意疑问句的其他特殊形式：第202页共227270 页1、陈述部分是―I‘m…‖结构时，其后的反意疑问句用aren‘tI？如：Iamastudent,aren‘tI?2、陈述部分是therebe或therelive,therestand,thereusedtobe等结构时，其后的反意疑问句用主语there。如：①Thereissomethingwrongwithyourbike,isn‘tthere?②Therelivedakingheremanyyearsago,didn‘tthere?3、陈述部分的主语是动词不定式、动名词短语以及词组或从句时，其后的反意疑问句用主语it。如：①Doingeyeexercisesisgoodforyoureyes,isn‘tit?②Whattheteachersaidistrue,isn‘tit?4、感叹句后的反意疑问句，动词用be的现在时，主语根据具体内容而定。如：①Whataclevergirl,isn‘tshe?1.Everyone‘shavingagoodtime,_______?2.Somebodytriedtogatecrash(无票进入),_________?3.There‘snothingwrong,__________?4.Therewon‘tbeanytrouble,__________?5.Learninghowtorepairmotorstakesalongtime,__________?6.Thosebelongtoyou,__________?7.Nothingcanstopusnow,__________?8.Davidwouldn‘tgetsuchalongholidayifheworkedinindustry,__________?9.Idon‘thinkyou‘vedoneit,__________?10.Ifhedidmoreworkhe‘dbeverygood,__________?11.Hesaidhismotherwasill,__________?13.IsupposeLiPingwillcomehereontime,__________?13.Wemustgetridof270 carelessness,foritoftenleadstoerrors,__________?14.Givemeahand,__________?15.Dositdown,__________?16.Don‘tforgettophoneme,__________?17.Let‘sgo,__________?18.Letusdoitbyourselves,__________?第203页共227页②Howbeautifultheflowersare,aren‘270 tthey?19.Birdsrarelybuildnestsinourgarden,_________?20.Margaretscarcelyseemstocare,______?21.We‘vesavednothingthisyear,________?22.Heiscarelessabouthisspeech,_______?23.Whatbeautifulweather,__________?24.Hehastostayhereallday,__________?25.Jackhascoffeewithbreakfast,________?专题二十：句子结构与成分一．词类能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（partsofspeech）。英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下：（一）名词名词(n=noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如：foreigner外国人由peace和平soap肥皂Newton牛顿law法律freedom自英语名词可分为两大类：1.普通名词(commonnoun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如：teacher教师production生产2.专有名词(proper270 noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。例如：Hemingway海明威Nations联合国名词又可分为可数名词(countablenoun)与不可数名词(uncountablenoun)两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加Russia俄罗斯NewYork纽约Unitedmarket市场rice大米magazine杂志sound声音第204页共227270 页-s或-es。例如：shop→shop商店toy→toys玩具bus→buses公共汽车library→libraries图书馆leaf→leaves树叶tooth→teeth英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如：man→men男人牙齿datum→data数据有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅以前资料。（二）冠词冠词(art=article)放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词(indefinitearticle)和定冠词(definitearticle)两种。不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的―一个‖。a用在以辅音开头的名词之前，an用在以元音开头的名词之前。例如：ahotel一家旅馆achance一次机会adoubleroom一个双人间ausefulbook一本有用的书anexhibition一次展览anhonestman一个诚实的人定冠词只有一个，即the，表示某一类人或事物中特定的一个或一些。可用于单数或复数名词前，也可用于不可数名词前。例如：theTVprograms目thehouse那座房子theOlympicGames奥运会270 那些电视节（三）代词代词(pro=pronoun)是用来指代人或事物的词。代词包括：1．人称代词，如：I,you,they,it等；2．物主代词，如：my,his,their,our,mine,hers等；3．反身代词，如：myself,yourself,itself,ourselves,oneself等；4．相互代词，如：eachother,oneanother等；5．指示代词，如：this,that,these,those,such,same等；6．疑问代词，如：who,whom,whose,which,what等；7．关系代词，如：who,whom,whose,which,that等；8．不定代词，如：some,any,no,all,one,every,many,alittle,someone,anything等；（四）数词第205页共227270 页数词(num=numeral)是表示―数量‖和―顺序‖的词。前者称为基数词，例如：one(一)，twenty(二十)，thirty-five(三十五)，onehundredandninety-five(一百九十五)等；后者称为序数词，例如：first(第一)，twentieth(第二十)，fifty-first(第五十一等。（五）形容词形容词(adj=adjective)是用来修饰名词，表示名词属性的词。例如：yellow(黄色的)，wonderful(惊人的)，strong(强大的)。形容词一般放在它所修饰的名词之前，例如：busystreets(繁华的街道)，publicrelations(公共关系)，youngmen(年轻人)等。形容词的比较等级可分为三种，既原级、比较级和最高级。原级，既未变化的形容词原形，例如：great,big,difficult等；比较级，既形容词+后缀-er或more+形容词，例如：greater,bigger,moredifficult等；最高级，既形容词+后缀-est或most+形容词，例如：greatest,biggest,mostdifficult等。（六）副词副词(adv=adverb)可分为四种，包括：（1）1．普通副词，例如：together(一起)，well(好)，carefully(仔细地)等；2．疑问副词，例如：when(何时)，where(何地)，how(如何)，why(为什么)等；3．连接副词，例如：therefor(因此)，then(然后)，however(然而)，otherwise(否则)等；4．关系副词，例如：where,when,why270 等。副词的比较等级的构成和形容词一样。（七）动词动词(v=verb)是表示动作或状态的词，例如：sign(签字)，support(支持)，have(有)，exist(存在)等。动词根据起意义和作用可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词有完全的词义，并能独立作谓语，例如：explain(解释)，stay(停留)，have(有)等。系动词作谓语时，后面需接表语。常见英语系动词有：be(是)，seem(似乎)，第206页共227270 页look(看起来)，become(变成)，appear(显得)，get(变得)，feel(感到)，turn(变成)，remain(仍然是)等。情态动词表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气和情感。情态动词只能和原行动词一起构成谓语动词。英语情态动词主要有can(能够)，may(可以，也许)，must(必须)及其过去形式could,might等。助动词常和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式，以及用于否定和疑问等结构中。英语助动词主要有shall,will,have,be,should,would,do等。实义动词还可根据是否需要宾语分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词(vt=transitiveverb)后面要跟宾语，意义才完整。例如：Haveyoureceivedtheletter?你受到了那封信吗？（theletter是及物动词receive的宾语）不及物动词(vi=intransitiveverb)本身意义完整，后面不需跟宾语，例如：Theoldmanwalkedveryslowly.这老人走的很慢。（walked是不及物动词）不及物动词需要跟宾语时，要加适当的介词。如：Heislisteningcarefully.Heislisteningtotheteachercarefully.注意：哪些是及物动词和不及物动词要死记。但是，很多动词有时是及物动词，有时是不及物动词。如ride:Sheisriding.Sheisridingherbike.270 动词有四中基本形式，即动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。例如：live–lived—lived—living（八）介词介词(prep=preposition)又叫前置词，放在名词、代词或相当于名词的词前面，表示它后面的词与句子中其它成分之间的关系。介词在句中一般不重读，也不能单独作句子成分。介词根据其构成，可分为简单介词，如：in,at,for,since等；复合介词，如：into(进入),asfor(至于),outof(出自)；二重介词，如：untilafter(直至...之后),fromamong(从...当中)；短语介词，如：accordingto(根据),becauseof(因为),infrontof(在...之前),intheeventof(如果)；分词介词，如：regarding(关于),considering(考虑到),including(包括)。第207页共227270 页介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。介词和介词宾语合称为介词短语(prepositionalphrase)。（九）连词连词(conj=conjunction)是连接词、短语、从句或句子的词。连词是虚词，在句中一般不重读，也不能在句中单独作句子成分。根据连词本身的含义及其所连接的成分的性质，可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词是连接并列关系的词、短语、从句或句子的连词，例如：and(和),or(或者、否则),but(但是),for(因为),notonly...butalso(不仅...而且),neither...nor(即不...也不)。从属连词是连接主从复合句的主句和从句的连词，例如：that,if(如果),whether(是否),when(当...时候),although(虽然),because(因为),sothat(结果)。从连词本身的结构形式看，又可分为：简单连词，如：but,because,if；关联连词，如：notonly...butalso,as...as(和...一样)；分词连词，如：supposing(假如),provided(倘若)；短语连词，如：asif(好象),assoonas(一旦...就),inorderthat(以便)。（十）感叹词感叹词(interj=interjection)是表示喜怒哀乐等感情的词，例如：oh,well,why,hello等。上述十大词类中，名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词、数词等都有实义，故称为实词(notioalword)；而介词、冠词、连词、感叹词等没有实义，故称为虚词(formword)。不少词可以属于几个词类，例如：smoke(烟尘)n.，(吸烟)n.；own(自己的)adj，(拥有)v.；just270 (刚才)adv，(正义的)adj；key(钥匙)n.，(主要的)adj，等。二、句子成分由不同词类的单词，按照一定的语法规则组合在一起，能表达一个完整意思的语言单位叫做句子。一个句子由各个功能不同的部分构成，这些部分叫做句子成分(membersofthesentence)。英语的句子成分有八种：主语、谓语动词、表语、第208页共227270 页宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。现分述如下：（一）主语主语(subject)是句子所要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体。270 主语的位百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网92to.com,您的在线图书馆270