1初中英语语法(动词不定式) 22页

初中英语语法（动词不定式）1．不定式的基本形式与结构动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形(如towrite)所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上tobewriting，tohavewritten)，也有被动态(如tobewritten)，所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外，没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。2．不定式的用法1)不定式结构作主语1.TegetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwanmadehimextremelyhappysincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago．2.Tofinishthattaskinsuchashorttimeisreallyachallenge．在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如：1.ItmadehimextremelyhappytogetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwansincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago．2.Johnadmittedthatitisalwaysdifficultforhimtobeontime．不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过forsb.todosth.结构表达：1.Itisquiteimportantforustoreadgoodbooksduringageneralreview．2.Itisnotdifficultforthosetalentedstudentstopasstheexam.在某些形容词(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind，naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语：1.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth．2.Itisstupidofhimtodosuchasillything．2)不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式，另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。及物动词+带to的不定式结构:只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有:afford，agree，aim，appear，ask，believe，care，claim，decidedemand，desire，determine，expect，fail，happen，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，prepare，refuse，seek，swear，undertake，want，wish等。1.Hemanagedtosolvethecomplicatedproblem.2.Thestrangerofferedtoshowmetheway.3.Mr.SmithundertooktobuildanewplantinSouthAfrica.动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式：这类动词常见的有advise，decide，findout，forget，inquire，know，learn，see，regard初中英语语法总结，remember，teach，tell，understand，wonder等。常见的疑问代(副)词有:what，when，where，which，how，whether等。1.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.2.Youcandecidewhethertocontinueorto22用心爱心专心 stop.3.Iwillshowyouhowtodealwithit.有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达：动词(如find，think，consider，feel等)+it+形容词+不定式。1.Sheconsidersitnecessarytomakefriendswithhim.2.Wefinditdifficulttofinishallthehomeworkbefore9o’clock.动词不定式作宾语后面能接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree,ask,choose,decide,forget,hope,learn,want,wish,wouldlike等。Wehopetogettherebeforedark.我们希望天黑以前到那儿。Thegirldecidedtodoitherself.那个姑娘决定自己做那件事。动词不定式作宾语的注意事项（2点）1.有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同：remembertodo记住要做某事rememberdoing记得曾经做过某事forgettodo忘记要做某事forgetdoing忘记曾经做过某事stoptodo停下来去做某事stopdoing停止做某事goontodo继续做另一件事goondoing继续做原来在做的事Irememberseeingyousomewherebefore.我记得以前在哪儿见过你。Pleaseremembertoturnoffthelightwhenyouleave.离开时请记得关好灯。2.不定式作宾语时，如带有宾语补足语，则要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式宾语，构成“主语+动词+it+宾补（形容词、名词）+不定式”结构。如：Hefounditverydifficulttogettosleep.他发现很难入睡。动词不定式作宾语补足语1.后面能接to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask,order,teach,tell,want,wish,help等。TheteachertoldustodoExercise1.老师要我们做练习一。Iwantbothofyoutogo.我要你们俩去。Wehelpedher(to)repairherbike.我们帮助她修理自行车。2.使役动词let,have,make及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel等要以不带to的不定式作宾补。Let’shavearest.我们休息一会吧。Isawhimcomein.我看见他进来了。感官动词后既可跟不带to的不定式作宾补，也可跟v-ing作宾补，前者表示动作的全部过程已结束；后者表示动作正在进行。Isawhimcomedownstairs.我看见他下了楼。（说明他下楼了这件事）Isawhimcomingdownstairs.我看见他在下楼。（说明他下楼时的情景）22用心爱心专心 3)不定式做表语一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件)；表语也是不定式(表示结果)：1.Toseeistobelieve.2.Toworkmeanstoearnaliving．另一种情况为主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等名词为中心的短语，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用；例如：1.Hisaimistostudyabroadinthenearfuture．2.Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemabouttheprice．3.WhatIwanttosayistoforgetalltheunhappyexperience．4)不定式作定语不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型：第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如：1.Therewasreallynothingtofear．2.Hegavemeaninterestingbooktoread．如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如：1.Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith．2.Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout．3.Theyhaveastrictteachertolistento．4.Althoughthefilmhadbeenonfortenminutes，Istillwasnotabletofindachairtositon．第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语；例如：1.Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?2.Theactiontobetakeniscorrect．3.Thereisnothingtobegainedbypretending．第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意义的名词：ability，attempt，effort，impulse，inclination，wish等。例如：1.Herdaughterwillmakeanevenbiggerefforttopleaseher．2.Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou．3.NeitherofthemhadanyinclinationtodobusinesswithMary.5)不定式作状语不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语：1.Theyarequitesurprisedtoseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea．2.Theyarequitesurprisedbecausetheyseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea．3.Hewasluckytoarrivebeforedark．4.Hewasluckybecausehearrivedbeforedark．.原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+todo...”结构句中。如：　　1)Mydog’snameis“Lucky”—agoodnameforhimbecauseIfeelveryluckytohavehim.22用心爱心专心 　　2)OnMondayhetoldaradiointerviewerthathehadrunoutofmoneytobuyoldbikes.作目的状语：1.Sheraisedhervoicetobehearedbetter．2.Sheraisedhervoicesothatshecouldheardbetter．3.WewentviaHeidelbergtomissthetrafficjam．4.WewentviaHeidelbergsothatwecouldmissthetrafficjam．.目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。如：　　1)Inordernottooffendpeople,learningaboutlanguageetiquetteisjustasimportantaslearninggrammarorvocabulary.(p.93)　　2)Agroupofyoungpeoplegottogetherto(inorderto/soasto)discussthisquestion.(p.50)　　todo/inordertodo/soastodo用作目的状语，置句末时都可以用，置句首时只用todo/inordertodo。soastodo一般不置于句首，可以引导结果状语从句，inordertodo不引导结果状语从句。作结果状语：1.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullyastodefeattheBrazilians．2.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullythattheyevendefeatedtheBrazilians．3.Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone．4.Hegottothestationandwastoldthatthetrainhadgone．.结果状语，多见于“too...to”，“enoughto...”结构句中。如：　　1)ThenI’mtootiredtodowell.WhatshouldIdo?(p.28)　　2)Theroomneedstobebigenoughforthreepeopletolivein.(p.56)有些动词不定式作状语，常说明前面形容词的性质和特性。动词不定式与句子的主语有逻辑的动宾关系。动词不定式前面的形容词一般是：cheap,dangerous,difficult,easy,fun,hard,interesting,necessary。不定式常用主动式表被动意义。　　...themistakesyoumadearenecessaryforyoutolearnandunderstand.(p.116)　　这类句子中的动词不定式可改为主语。5.独立动词不定式多用作插入语，表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。如：　　1)Idliketostayhealthy,buttobehonest,Ionlyeatfoodthattastesgood.(p.50)　　2)Tobeginwith,shespoketooquickly,andIcouldn’tunderstandeveryword.(p.6)22用心爱心专心 不带to的不定式的使用动词不定式通常带to，但在有些搭配中不带to，在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带to不定式：1)在can／could，/may／might，will／would，shall／should，must，need，dare等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带to。2)在表示感觉意义的动词，如see初中英语语法总结，feel，watch，notice，smell，hear，observe等后，或是表示“致使”意义的动词，如have，let，make等后，动词不定式不带to。例如：1.Ioftenheardhimsaythathewouldstudyhard．2.Imusthavehimseehisownmistakes．但是，当这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。例如：1.Hewasoftenheardtosaythathewouldstudyhard．2.Afterhehadfinishedspeaking，hewasmadetoanswerinnumerablequestions．3)在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带to的不定式。例如：1.Helptheoldlady(to)carrytheheavybox.4)在hadbetter，wouldrather，may／mightaswell，ratherthan，cannotbut等搭配之后初中英语语法总结，动词不定式也不带to。例如：1.Unlessyoufeeltoilltogoout，Iwouldrathernotstayathometonight．2.Shecouldnotbut(不得不)criticizehisfoolishbehaviour.5)在makedo，makebelieve，letdrop，1etfall，1etfly，letslip，letdrive，letgooff，hearsay，heartell，leavegoof等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式。例如：1.Theyletgoofftherope．他们松开了绳子。2.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme．约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。3.I"veheardtellofhim．我听说过他。4.Someofthefacultywereletgoforlackofthestudents．由于生源不足，一些教职员工被解雇了。6)在介词but初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结，except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之则必须带to，表示“不得不初中英语语法总结，只能”。例如：1.Hewilldoanythingexceptworkonthefarm．2.Therewasnothingleftfortheenemytodobutsurrender．3.Thespywasbothhungryandcold；therewasnothingleftforhimbuttogivein．4.Ihadnochoicebuttowaittillitstoppedraining．下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to：cannothelpbut，cannotchoosebut，cannotbut，donothingbut，havenothingtodobut。例如：Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.如果上述句中有do，to省略：IdidnothingbutwatchTVlastnight．22用心爱心专心 如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带to：Ihavenochoicebuttogiveupmyidea.7)紧跟在why或whynot之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是，紧跟在who，what，which，whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如：Whystandupifyoucansitdown?Whynotaskyourteacherwhenyoudon"tunderstandthemeaning?Youneedn"tdecideyetwhethertostudyartsorscience．不定式的完成式和进行式1)构成完成式：to+havedone进行式：to+bedoing2)用法完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作(状态)发生在主要谓语动作之前初中英语语法总结，那么不定式就要用其完成式。进行式：如果主要谓语动作(情况)发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生，那么不定式就要用其进行式。例如：1.Shefeelsrelaxedtohavefinishedwritingherthesisbeforethedeadline．2.TheVikingsarebelievedtohavediscoveredAmerica．3.Whenyoucalledmelastnight，Ihappenedtobeworkingonthecomputer．不定式的被动形式当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：1.Fortwelveyears，SpanishcensorshipdidnotallowLorca"snametobementionedandhisworktobepublished．2.Thesnowwassupposedtohavebeenblownoffthemountain．用主动表被动的情况：1、句中存在名词或代词可以作为不定式的逻辑主语，构成逻辑上的主谓关系例：Mr.Birdgavethedogafewbonestoeat.这里是dogeatbone，也就是说是狗作为不定式中“吃”这个动作的主语，所以，可以用主动表被动.如果不具有这种结构，则仍需要用被动例：Thenewsreporterraisedafewquestionstobeanswered.记者提了几个问题有待回答。（这里问题是由别人回答，而句中未出现具体有谁回答，也就是“answer”这个动词没有出现具体主语，所以要用被动）2、在“形容词+不定式”的结构中，如果不定式与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，用主动表被动例：Theplaneisdangeroustofly.这架飞机开起来很危险句中是“开”“飞机”，不定式中的动词"fly"与主语“plane”构成动词与宾语的关系3、在therebe结构中，用不定式主动表被动例：Thereisalwaysmuchhouseworktodointhehouse.22用心爱心专心 这里用todo而非tobedone，一定要记住~4、在特定句子中要用主动表被动例：1）Thehouseistolet.这房子待出租。（用tolet,而非tobelet）2）Heisnottoblame.他不该被责备。6．不定式的否定形式否定形式是在不定式的标志to前加not。例如：1.Idecidednottoaskhimagain．2.Pleaseremembernottoleavethelightsonwhenyouareout．Find的特殊用法：　　Find后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。　　　Ifoundhimlyingontheground.　　　Ifounditimportanttolearn.　　　IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.七、动词不定式的复合结构　　动词不定式的复合结构是“for/ofsb.todosth.”，for/of引出不定式动作的逻辑主语。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of，主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来，of前面的形容词是careful,clever,foolish,good,kind,nice,wise等，既说明人的特性，又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous,difficult,easy,hard,heavy,important,interesting,necessary等，一般说明不定式动作的特性，不说明人的特性。前面如果是名词用for。如：1.It‘salsoprobablyagoodideaforparentstoallowteenagerstostudyingroupsduringtheevening.(p.22)　　2.Zoosareterribleplacesforanimalstolive.(p.120)八、带疑问词的不定式短语　　动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what,which,who或疑问副词how,when,where,why等。这种结构起名词的作用，在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等，或者单独使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不带to。如：　　1.用作句子的成分。　　1)Idon’tknowwhattotrynext.(p.49)(作宾语)　　2)Wheretogoisnotdecidedyet.(作主语)　　2.单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。　　1)Whattodonext?(=Whatwillwe/youdonext?)22用心爱心专心 　　2)Whygothere?(=Whydowe/yougothere?)　　九、动词不定式的否定式　　不定式的否定式是not/nevertodo...，不带to的不定式的否定式是not/neverdo...如：　　1.Sometimestheyhavedisagreements,anddecidenottotalktoeachother.(p.8)　　2.Hisparentstellhimnevertodriveafterdrinking.典型例题:　　Thenextmorningshefoundtheman___inbed，dead.　　A.lying　B.lie　C.lay　D.laying　　答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。　therebe+不定式believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand　Wedidn"texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。It"sforsb.和It"sofsb.1）forsb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy,hard,difficult,　interesting,impossible等：　　It"sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2）ofsb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。　　It"sveryniceofyoutohelpme.你来帮助我，你真是太好了。　for与of的辨别方法：　　用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：　　Youarenice.　(通顺，所以应用of)。　　Heishard.　(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。).其它用法:1.小品词to的回避与复出许多动词如teach，ask（要；让），tell，beg等后常有带to的动词不定式作宾补；但let，have，make（让；使），feel，hear等后作宾补的不定式结构，to要回避。但在被动语态里to须“重出江湖”；help后作宾补的不定式可加to，也可省略to.例如：Thepolicemanmadetheyoungwomanmovehercar.Theyoungwomanwasmadetomovehercarbythepoliceman.[提示]对不定式进行否定可在其前加not.如：letsbnotdosth；tellsbnottodo22用心爱心专心 sth.把直接引语为祈使句的句子变为间接引语，直接引语一般转换成不定式作宾补。例如：Thepolicemansaid.“Don’tplayfootballinthestreet，children！”Thepolicemanaskedthechildrennottoplayfootballinthestreet.2.不定式betodosth可表将来betodosth表将来，意为“将要做某事”。例如：Ourtrainistoleaveateight.3.用在know,choose,decide等动词后“疑问词+不定式”“疑问词+不定式”结构中的疑问词包括疑问代词which，who（m），what和疑问副词how，when，where等，并常简化相应的从句，但当主句与从句的主语不一致时，不定式常用被动形式。例如：Ican"tdecidewhichonetobuy. ThelittlegirlwantedtoknowwhentobetakentoPairsbyherfather.一、动词不定式作主语1.It"sourduty_________theroomeveryday.A.tocleanB.cleanedC.cleanD.cleans(甘肃省)2.It"shardforus_________Englishwell.A.learnB.learnsC.tolearnD.learning(江西省)3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。Itwill_________theworkersoverayear__________________theflyover.(北京市海淀区)4.It"sverynice_________youtogetmetwotickets_________theWorldCup.A.for，ofB.of，forC.to，forD.of，to(安徽省)Keys：1.A2.C3.take，to，build4.B［简析］动词不定式作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位置，也可以用先行词it作形式主语，而将真正的主语(不定式)置于后面。常见的句式有：(1)Itis+形容词(ofsb)todosth.(2)Itis+名词(forsb)todosth.(3)Ittakessbsometimetodosth.(4)Itis+形容词(forsb)todosth.句式(1)中常用nice，kind，clever，good，right，wrong，foolish，careless等形容词，与介词of搭配，这些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属性或性质；句式(4)中常用hard，difficult，easy，important等形容词，与介词for搭配，表示不定式表示的动作、行为的性质。二、动词不定式作宾语1.Hewants______somevegetables.A.buyB.buyingC.tobuyD.buys(山西省)2.Don"tforget______yourhomeworkwithyouwhenyoucometoschool.A.tobringB.bringingC.totakeD.taking(福建省)3.Hefounditverydifficult______.A.sleepingB.sleepsC.sleptD.tofallasleep(湖南省)22用心爱心专心 Keys：1.C2.A3.D［简析］在want，like，agree，hope，wish，learn，begin，start，seem，decide，hate，choose，forget，remember等动词后面，可以接不定式作宾语。如果其后接形容词补足语时，则可以用it作形式宾语，而把作真正宾语的不定式放到后面。三、动词不定式作宾语补足语1.Robertoftenasksus______hisChinese,sohisChineseismuchbetterthanbefore.A.helphimB.tohelphimwithC.tohelpwithD.helpshimwith(江苏省)2.MrLioftenteacheshisJapanesefriends______Chinesefood.A.cookB.cooksC.tocookD.cooked(甘肃省)Key：1.B2.C［简析］不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask，teach，expect，tell，allow等。四、动词不定式作状语1.Shewent______herteacher.A.toseeB.looksC.sawD.seeing(江西省)2.MeimeilikesEnglishverymuch.Shedoesherbest______Englishwell.A.learnB.learningC.tolearnD.learns(四川省)Key：1.A2.C［简析］go，come，try，do/tryone"sbest等动词或短语动词作谓语时，其后常常可以接不定式作目的状语。3.I"msorry______that.A.hearsB.hearingC.hearD.tohear(河北省)4.I"msorry______you.A.troubleB.totroubleC.troublingD.troubled(吉林省)5.Mymotherwasveryglad______heroldfriend.A.tomeetB.meetC.metD.meets(甘肃省)Keys：3.D4.B5.A［简析］＂be+形容词+todosth＂结构中的不定式作状语，常表示原因或方式。6.Thepandaissofatthatitcan"tgothroughthehole.(改为意思相同的句子)Thehole________________________suchafatpandatogothrough.(广东省)7.Theiceonthelakewassothinthatpeoplecouldn"tskateonit.(改为意思相同的句子)Theiceonthelakewasn"t______enough______people__________________.(广东省)Keys：6.is，too，small，for7.thick，for，to，skate，on［简析］在上述＂too+形容词/副词(forsb)todo…＂(太……而不能……)和＂enough(forsb)todo…＂(足以、足够……做……)结构中，不定式作结果状语。五、动词不定式作定语1.Wouldyoulikesomething______?A.drinkB.drinkingC.todrinkD.drinks(湖北省)2.Ihavealotofhomework______.A.doB.doingC.didD.todo(河南省)3.Heisnotaneasyman22用心爱心专心 ______.A.getonB.togetonC.getonwithD.togetonwith(山东省)Key：1.C2.D3.D［简析］不定式作定语时，常放在被修饰的词语之后，与被修饰的词语为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系；如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后要加上必要的介词或副词，构成的短语动词相当于及物动词。六、不带to的动词不定式1.Wesawhim______thebuildingandgoupstairs.A.toenterB.enterC.enteringD.entered(河南省)2.Somuchworkusuallymakesthem______verytired.A.tofeelB.feelsC.feelingD.feel(吉林省)3.Yourfatherissleeping.You"dbetter______.A.notwakeuphimB.nottowakeuphimC.notwakehimupD.nottowakehimup(陕西省)4.Iwasmade______myhomeworkintheafternoon.A.doB.doingC.todoD.did(贵州省)Key：1.B2.D3.C4.C［简析］1.在see，watch，hear，feel等感官动词和make，have，let等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to.但是在被动语态中，作主语补足语的不定式要带to(let没有被动语态)。2.在＂hadbetter＂后面接不带to的不定式。七、动词不定式的否定形式1.MrBlackaskedtheman________thequeue.A.nottojumpB.tonotjump　C.didn"tjumpD.notjump(广西壮族自治区)2.Theoldmantoldthechild______noisy.A.notbeB.nottobeC.tonotbeD.benot(湖北省)3.Thereisgoingto______animportantmeetingtomorrow.Pleasetry______late.A.have，nottobeB.have，notbeC.be，nottobeD.be，notbe(内蒙古自治区)Key：1.A2.B3.C［简析］动词不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号to的前面加上not，如果是不带to的不定式就直接在动词原形前面加上not.八、某些动词后面接不定式和接动词-ing形式的区别1.Pleasestop______arestifyoufeeltired.A.tohaveB.havingC.haveD.has(广西壮族自治区)2.——Whydidn"tyoubuysomebreadonyourwayhome?——Sorry,Iforgot______somemoneywithme.A.takeB.takingC.totakeD.took(湖北省)3.——Let"shavearest,shallwe?——Notnow,Ican"tstop______theletters.A.writeB.towriteC.writingD.andwrite(湖北省)4.Jimwasbadlyhurt,sohehadtostop______(walk).(用所给单词的正确形式填空)(四川省)Key：1.A2.C3.C4.walking［简析］一些常见的动词后面接不定式和接动词的-ing形式的区别如下：＂stoptodosth22用心爱心专心 ＂意为＂停止正在做的事情去做另外一件事＂，＂stopdoingsth＂意为＂停止正在做的事＂：＂remembertodosth＂意为＂记住去做某事＂(事还未做)，＂rememberdoingsth＂意为＂记得做过某事＂(事已做)：＂goontodosth＂意为＂接着做某事＂(做完一事，接着做另一事)，＂goondoingsth＂意为＂继续做某事＂(一事未做完接着往下做)：＂forgettodosth＂意为＂忘了做某事＂(事还未做)，＂forgetdoingsth＂意为＂忘了曾做过某事＂(事已做)。5.WhenIwaswalkinginthestreetIsawaplane______overmyhead.A.fliesB.flyingC.flewD.tofly(福建省)6.Awomansawit______whenshewaswalkingpast.A.happenB.happensC.happeningD.tohappen(黑龙江省)Key：5.B6.A［简析］在see，hear，watch，feel等感官动词后面可接不带to的不定式，也可接动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，用不定式表示动作的全过程(动作已结束)，用动词的-ing形式表示动作正在进行(动作尚未结束)。九、动词不定式的省略及其符号to的保留1.Wouldyouliketogotothecinemawithus?Yes,______.Whattimearewegoingtomeet?A.IwouldB.IwouldlikeC.IliketoD.I"dliketo(浙江省)2.Wouldyouliketogoforapicnicwithus?______.Whattimearewegoingtomeet?A.No,Ican"tB.Yes,I"mglad　C.Yes,I"dlovetoD.I"dlike(大连市)Keys：1.D2.C［简析］在口语中，动词不定式中的动词或短语动词在上下文中重复出现时，第二个动词不定式可以省略，但是to不可省略。这种用法常见于＂begladto＂，＂wouldlike(love)to＂，＂haveto＂等结构中。十、动词不定式的被动式和其他形式Thenewhospital______isnearthefactory.A.buildB.buildsC.tobuildD.tobebuilt(青海省)Key：D［简析］当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者(宾语)时，用动词不定式的被动式，即：tobe+过去分词；如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式，即：tohave+过去分词；如果不定式表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，用不定式的进行式，即：tobe+现在分词1.Don"tforget_________theletter.A.tosend     B.send     C.sending     D.beingsent2.Thechairlooksveryold,butinfactitisverycomfortableto_________.A.sit         B.siton    C.besat       D.besaton3.Is______necessarytoreturnthebooktomorrow?A.this        B.that      C.it          D.which4.I"mafraidtheywouldnotallowhim________here.A.tosmoke    B.smoking  C.smokes     D.smoke5.Mothertoldme________thewaterbeforeIdrankit.A.boiling      B.boiled   C.boil         D.toboil22用心爱心专心 6.Onmywayhome,Istopped_______somefood.A.buy        B.tobuy    C.buying      D.bought7.Johnwasmade_______thecarforaweekasapunishment.A.towash     B.washing  C.wash       D.tobewashing8.Thesitting-roomneeds_______,butit"llhavetowaituntilSaturday.A.becleaning    B.tobecleaned   C.clean      D.beingcleaned9.ThefirstthingIwanttodois__________.A.visittohim   B.tovisithim   C.visitinghim    D.visitedhim10.LiYangadvisedme_________toomuch,otherwiseIwouldhavebeendrunk.A.nottodrink    B.todrink   C.notdrinking   D.drinking参考答案1.A.   forgettodosth. 忘记去做某事。forgetdoingsth. 忘记做过某事。2.B.   sitonthechair,其中on不能少。3.C.   it为形式主语。4.A.   allowsbtodo5.D.   tellsb,todo6.B.   stoptodo 停下去做另一件事。stopdoing 停止做某事。7.A.   makesbdo 在被动语态中为bemadetodo.8.B.   needtobedone与needdoing皆为“需要被做”之意。9.B.   不定式结构作表语。10.A.  不定式的否定式：advisesbnottodo单项选择1.______theseedsandtheywillgrow.　　A.Water    B.TowaterC.Watering    D.Watered　　2.Thepurposeoftheschemeisnottohelptheemployersbut______workforyoungpeople.　　A.provide  B.toprovideC.providing    D.provided　　3.Hearrivedattheofficeearly,______agoodexampletotheothers.　　A.set     B.tosetC.tobeset     D.havingset　　4.Pleasemakemyexcuseattomorrow’smeeting—I’vegottoomuchwork______.A.todotocome  B.doingcoming　C.todocoming  D.todocoming　　5.Welookedeverywhereforthekeys,buttheyarenowhere_____　　A.tofind   B.tohavefoundC.tobefound    D.beingfound　　6.Afterdescribingtheplannedimprovements,shewenton______howmuchtheywouldcost.A.toexplain B.explainingC.tobeexplaining D.havingexplained　　7.Totesteggs,______theminabowlofwater:iftheyfloatthey’rebad,22用心爱心专心 iftheysinkthey’regood.　　A.put    B.puttingC.toput   D.tobeputting　　8.Pleaseremember______theplantswhileI’maway.　　A.watering   B.tobewatering　C.towater D.beingwatering　　9.______wine,firstyoumustpressthegrapes.　　A.Making   B.Tomake　C.Tobemaking    D.Make　　10.I’veneverbeensopoor______abletoaffordameal.　　A.astobenot  B.notastobeC.asnottobe  D.astonotbe　　11.Idon’tknowwhethertostayinteachingor____anotherjob.　　A.tryinggetting  B.totrytogetC.tryingtoget D.tryget12.I’llhavetochangemyclothesbeforeIgoout—Idon’twant______likethis.　　A.tosee B.tobeseeingC.tobeseen    D.beingseen　　13.Infact,shewasthefirstwoman______tosuchapost.A.toelect  B.tobeelectingC.tohaveelected  D.tohavebeenelected　　14.I’dlike___overtheAlpsandlookingdownatthemountains.　　A.flying   B.beingflyingC.tobeflying     D.beflying　　15.I’mlearning______acake.Canyouexplain______one?A.tomake,tomake    B.howtomake,tomakeC.tomake,howtomake  D.making,making　　16.Whomwouldyourather_____withyou,JimorJack?　　A.havego     B.havetogo　C.havegone    D.hastogo　　17.Thehusbandadvised______tothesouth,buthiswifeadvisedhim_____uptheidea.　A.moving,giving  B.tomove,togiveC.moving,togive  D.tomove,giving　　18.“Wouldyouliketocomeforawalkwithme?”“I’dprefer___,thankyou.”A.notto  B.tonotC.not     D.can’t　　19.Iwouldmendyourradio,butIdon’tknow______.　　A.how    B.toC.howto   D.tohow　　20.“Ihaven’theardfromHenryforalongtime.”“Whatdoyousuppose______tohim?”　　A.washappening  B.tohappenC.hashappened  D.hadhappened21.WhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidthatGeorgewastheperson_____.　　A.tosend B.forsendingitC.tosenditto D.forsendingitto　　22.“Doyouknowthegirlinred?”“Sheseems_____meatlastmonth’sparty.ButI’mnotsure.　　A.tointroduceto                B.tobeintroducedto 　　C.beingintroducedto          D.tohavebeenintroducedto　　23.Weallagreed______foranotherday,butJimdisagreed____A.towait,todoso  B.towait,不填C.waiting,doingso D.waiting,不填　　24.Hemadeuphismindtodevotehislife_____pollution_____happily.22用心爱心专心 　　A.toprevent,tolive             B.toprevent,fromliving　　C.topreventing,tolive         D.topreventing,fromliving　　25.IwishI’dbeenthere—Iwouldlike____herfacewhenhishusbandcamein.　　A.tosee                             B.tohaveseen　　C.seeing                             D.havingseen 【参考答案】1—5ABBAC 　　6—10AACBC 　　11—15BCDCC 　　16—20ACACC　　21—25CDBCB 22用心爱心专心 动词不定式练习：一.根据上句意思完成下句，使两句意思相近或相同，每空一词。   1.Hewassoangrythathecouldn’tsayanything.      Hewastooangry_____________anything.   2.Idon’tknowwhenwewillhavethemeeting.     Idon’tknowwhen______________themeeting.   3.Hesaidhewouldwritealetter.      Hesaidhewouldhavealetter_____________.   4.ThatyoureadEnglishinthemorningisveryimportant.      Itisveryimportant_____you____________Englishinthemorning.   5.Hewassostrongthathecouldliftthestone.（石头）      Hewasstrong________________thestone.   6.HisfatherwenttoBeijingforhisholiday.      HisfatherwenttoBeijing______________hisholiday.   7.Theygotupearlysothattheycouldgetthereintime.     Theygotupearly________________________thereintime.   8.Hisbrotherdecidedthathewouldbuythebook.     Hisbrotherdecided____________thebook.   9.HehopesthathecanvisittheGreatWall.     Hehopes____________theGreatWall.   10.Isawhimgointotheroom.      Hewasseen___________intotheroom.   11.Wemadehimworkfivehoursaday.      Hewasmade___________fivehoursaday.   12.Doyouwanttosayanythingforyourself?      Doyouhaveanything__________foryourself?   13.Wedon’tknowwhatweshalldonext.      Wedon’tknowwhat___________next.   14.I’mverysorryonhearingthebadnews.      I’mverysorry____________thebadnews.   15.Hestoppedandhadalookatme.      Hestopped___________alookatme.   16.IhelpedhimwithhisEnglish.      Ihelpedhim___________English.   17.Myfatherpromised（许诺）thathewouldbuymeabike.      Myfatherpromised__________meabike.   18.TheboxissoheavythatIcan’tcarryit.      Theboxistooheavy______me______________.   19.“Liedown!”theboysaidtohisdog.      Theboyorderedhisdog____________down.   20.“Don’tmakeanynoise,”shesaidto22用心爱心专心 me.      Shetoldme_____________________anynoise.二.单选：1.Thiscompanywasthefirst____portableradiosaswellascassettetaperecordersintheworld.A.producingB.toproduceC.havingproducedD.produced2.Thepurposeofnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,____itmoredifficult.A.notmakingB.notmakeC.nottomakeD.nortomake3.Helenhadtoshout______abovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard4.Idon’tknowwhetheryouhappen_______,butIamgoingtostudyintheU.S.AthisSeptember.A.tobeheard.B.tobebearingC.tohearD.tohaveheard5.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only______thefilmstarshadleft.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.told6.Youweresillynot_______yourcar.A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglocked7.Theteacheraskedus______somuchnoise.A.don’tmakeB.notmakeC.notmakingD.nottomake8.Anarmyspokesmanstressedthatallthesoldiershadbeenordered_____clearwarningsbeforefiringanyshots.A.toissueB.beingissuedC.tohaveissuedD.tobeissued9.I’dratherhavearoomofmyown,howeversmallitis,than_______aroomwithsomeoneelse.A.toshareB.tohavesharedC.shareD.sharing10.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_________inbroaddaylightyesterday.A.robbedB.tohavebeenrobbedC.beingrobbedD.havingbeenrobbed11.Anumberofpaintingsinthecastlearebelieved________inafire.A.beingdestroyedB.havingbeendestroyedC.tobedestroyedD.tohavebeendestroyed12.Themeeting_______nextweekissuretobeagreatsuccess.A.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceD.beingtakenplace13.Asaresultofmylaziness,Ifailed________myworkintime.A.andfinished　　B.tofinish　　　　C.andfinishing　　D.tofinished14.Iamsorry______writtenyoualetteratthetime.A.tohavenot　　　　B.tonothave　　　　C.nottohave　　　　D.nothaving15.Willyoulendhimamagazine_________?A.toberead　　B.forreading　　C.toread　　　　D.heread16.Hecoulddonothingbut_______forthebus_________.A.wait,tocomeB.wait;comeC.waiting;comingD.waited;came17.Itisaproblemthatdoesn"tneed________rightnow.A.tosolve　　B.solving　　　　C.beingsolved　　D.tobesolving18.There’samanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans_______22用心爱心专心 trouble.A.makingB.tomakeC.tohavemadeD.havingmade19.Iremember_______him_______thebikeneeded__________.A.hearing,saying,torepairB.tohear,say,torepairC.hearing,say,repairingD.tohear,saying,toberepaired20.---Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.---Imeant_________,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn’tfindheranywhere.A.todoB.toC.doingD.doingso21.Robertissaidto__________abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyB.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying22.I’mgongtoXi’annextweek.Haveyouanything__________toyourparents?A.totakeB.tobetakenC.tobeboughttoD.tobuy23.whenarethey__________intheirplan?A.handB.handedC.tohandD.give24.Insuchdryweather,theflowerswillhavetobewateredifthey_____________.A.havesurvivedB.aretosurviveC.wouldsurvivedD.willsurvive25.Whenwehurriedtothestation,therehappened________nobusatthattime.A.tohaveB.tobeC.havingD.being26.Ilostmywayincompletedarknessand,_________mattersworse,itbegantorain.A.madeB.havingmadeC.makingD.tomake27.At________timedoesthesalesgirlgetuplateinthemorning,thoughsheisalwaystoobusy_________agoodrest.A.no,totakeB.no,takingC.any,totakeD.one,taking28.--Areyouastudent?--No,butIused_________.A.tobeB.towasC.todoD.tobea29.Istoppedtolisten,andmysonseemed_________himself_________inthelivingroom.A.toenjoy,toshutB.tobeenjoying,shuttingC.tobeenjoying,shutD.tohaveenjoyed,havingshut30.Withalotofdifficultproblems_________,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled31.We’releavingatsixo’clock,andhope_________mostofthejourneybylunchtime.A.todoB.tohavedoneC.tomakeD.tohavemade32.Thestudyofthewildworldmayhelptomaketheworldeasier_________.A.understoodB.tobeunderstoodC.tounderstandD.understand33.Whowillyouget__________theprojectforus?A.designB.todesignC.designedD.designing34.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknow__________.A.itwhattodowithB.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithitD.todowhatwithit35.Wearenotallowed__________outdoorswithsomeotherchildren.A.playingB.tobeplayingC.toplayD.beplaying36.Allenhadtocallataxibecausetheboxwas_________tocarryallthewayhome.A.muchtooheavyB.toomuchheavyC.heavytoomuchD.tooheavymuch22用心爱心专心 37.Shefeelssostronglythateachofusshouldhavearole__________inmakingtheearthabetterplacetolivein.A.tohaveplayedB.toplayC.tobeplayedD.tobeplaying38.WhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidthatGeorgewastheperson_________.A.tosendB.forsendingitC.tosendittoD.forsendingitto39.Doletyourmotherknowallthetruth,sheappears_________everything.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tobetellingD.tohavebeentold40.Therearefivepairs___________,butI’matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoosing41.Theproblemis_________difficultforus__________.A.so;workoutB.verytoo;tobeworkedoutC.rathertoo,toworkoutD.quitetoo,toworkitout动词不定式练习参考答案 一 .  1.tosay         2.tohave         3.towrite            4.for,to,read   5.enough,tolift 6.tospend        7.in,order,to,get   8.tobuy          9.tovisit       10.togo   11.towork 12.tosay   13.todo          14.tohear        15.tohave            16.tolearn（study）   17.tobuy         18.for,tocarry  19.tolie             20.not,tomake二.1---10BCDDBBDACB11---20DABCCABBCB21---30ABCBBDAACC31-40BCBCCABCDB41C一、动词不定式作主语1.It"sourduty_________theroomeveryday.A.tocleanB.cleanedC.cleanD.cleans（甘肃省）2.It"shardforus_________Englishwell.A.learnB.learnsC.tolearnD.learning（江西省）3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。Itwill_________theworkersoverayear__________________theflyover.（北京市海淀区）4.It"sverynice_________youtogetmetwotickets_________theWorldCup.A.for，ofB.of，forC.to，forD.of，to（安徽省）二、动词不定式作宾语1.Hewants______somevegetables.A.buyB.buyingC.tobuyD.buys（山西省）2.Don"tforget______yourhomeworkwithyouwhenyoucometoschool.A.tobringB.bringingC.totakeD.taking（福建省）3.Hefounditverydifficult______.A.sleepingB.sleepsC.sleptD.tofallasleep（湖南省）三、动词不定式作宾语补足语1.Robertoftenasksus______hisChinese,sohisChineseismuchbetterthanbefore.A.helphimB.tohelphimwithC.tohelpwithD.helpshimwith（江苏省）2.MrLioftenteacheshisJapanesefriends______Chinesefood.A.cookB.cooksC.tocookD.cooked（甘肃省）四、动词不定式作状语22用心爱心专心 1.Shewent______herteacher.A.toseeB.looksC.sawD.seeing（江西省）2.MeimeilikesEnglishverymuch.Shedoesherbest______Englishwell.A.learnB.learningC.tolearnD.learns（四川省）3.I"msorry______that.A.hearsB.hearingC.hearD.tohear（河北省）4.I"msorry______you.A.troubleB.totroubleC.troublingD.troubled（吉林省）5.Thepandaissofatthatitcan"tgothroughthehole.（改为意思相同的句子）Thehole________________________suchafatpandatogothrough.（广东省）6.Theiceonthelakewassothinthatpeoplecouldn"tskateonit.（改为意思相同的句子）Theiceonthelakewasn"t______enough______people__________________.（广东省）【典型考题】1.“Whatareyougoingtodothisweekend?”“I’dlike　　　myparents.”A.tovisit   B.visit     C.visiting2.—What’syourplanforthesummerholidays?—I’venoidea,butI’vedecided　　　athome.A.stay    B.tostayC.stayed  D.staying3.Lastweekourgeographyteachertoldus　　　moreinformationabouthowtoprotecttheenvironment.A.get     B.gotC.toget  D.getting4.Ourheadmasteraskedus　　areportonhowtoprotectwildanimals.A.write    B.writingC.towrite D.wrote5.—Howdoyoufeelwhenyouwatchthenationalflaggoup?—Itmakesme　　　veryproud.A.feltB.tofeelC.feelingD.feel6.Ittookherhalfanhour　　　theWaterParkbybuslastSunday.A.getsto   B.gettoC.togetto D.gettingto7.It’sdangerousforyou　　　thattalltree.A.climb    B.toclimbC.climbing D.climbed8.—Mybrotherisillinhospital.—I’msorry　　　that.A.hear    B.hearingC.heard   D.tohear9.　　　moreinformationaboutthetrip,youcangotowww.jxtour.com.A.Find     B.FindingC.Tofind  D.Found10.SomechildrenarearguingaboutwhatTVprograms　　　.A.watching  B.forwatchingC.towatch  D.willwatch动词不定式专项练习1.It’swrong________not________heraletter.A.ofyou;towrite          B.foryou;writingC.ofyou;writing          D.foryou;write2.—I’msorry,I_____myexercisebookathome.   —Don’tforget_____ittoschooltomorrow,please.A.forget;totake           B.left;tobringC.forget;tobring           D.left;totake3.Beforeyougoabroad,youneed________abouttablemannersinthatcountry.  22用心爱心专心 A.knew  B.known  C.toknow  D.knowing4.Ineedsomepaper________.A.towrite               B.towriteonC.towritein            D.writing5.—Ihavenopens________.Couldyoupleaselendmeone?   —Sure.Hereyouare.    A.towrite              B.towritedownC.towritewith          D.towritein6.—Doyouthinkourfootballteamwillwinthematch?       —Yes,wehavebetterplayers.SoI__themtowin.   A.hope    B.ask    C.help    D.expect7.Iamallowed______until12:00ontheeveningoftheSpringFestival.   A.stayup               B.tostayupC.stayingup            D.tostayingup8.CarscausemostofBeijing’sairpollution.Sothe“NoCarDay”campaign（活动）asksBeijingdrivers________theircarsathomeonedayeachmonth.A.leave              B.leavingC.toleave            D.tobeleft9.—Doyoulikesports?   —Sure.I’mlookingforwardto_________the29thOlympicGames_____inBeijingonTV.A.watch;tohold       B.watching;beingheldC.watch;held         D.watching;tobeheld10.Goodmannersusuallyhelppeopleto________eachother.A.getonwellwith      B.getstartedC.befriendly           D.gettogether11.Whenpeoplewanttorelaxthemselves,theyprefer____TVorlistentomusicratherthan________newspapers.A.watching;read       B.watching;toreadC.towatch;read       D.towatch;reading12.—Oh,terrible!Iforgot________thewindow.It’swindy.   —Really?Let’sgobackhomequickly.A.closing  B.toclose  C.closed  D.close13.—Shoppingwithme?   —Sorry,Ihavealotofclothes________.A.towash            B.washedC.wash              D.tobewashed14.OnherwayhomeLucysawathief_________inashop.Shestopped________110atonce.A.steal;call           B.tosteal;callC.stealing;tocall       D.stealing;calling15.Therearesomedangerousfishesinthisriver,andI’vewarnedJack________here.A.nottoswim          B.tonotswimC.swimnotto          D.toswimnot16.MartinMurrayisafifteen-year-oldboy.Heused______a“problemchild”,butluckily,hismotherwasverypatient,anddidn’tgiveup________him.A.tobe;trytohelp     B.being;tryinghelpingC.tobe;tryingtohelp   D.being;tryhelping17.—Well,Ithinkteenagersshouldbeallowed________decisionsforthemselves.   —Iagreewithyou.Butourparentshavealwaystaughtustheimportanceofworkinghardand________whatweenjoy.A.making;notdoing   B.tomake;nottodoC.made;tobedone    D.tomake;haven’tdone   一、Keys：1.A2.C3.take，to，build4.B[简析]动词不定式作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位置，也可以用先行词it作形式主语，而将真正的主语（不定式）置于后面。常见的句式有：（1）Itis+形容词（of22用心爱心专心 sb）todosth.（2）Itis+名词（forsb）todosth.（3）Ittakessbsometimetodosth.（4）Itis+形容词（forsb）todosth.句式（1）中常用nice，kind，clever，good，right，wrong，foolish，careless等形容词，与介词of搭配，这些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属性或性质;句式（4）中常用hard，difficult，easy，important等形容词，与介词for搭配，表述不定式表示的动作、行为的性质。二、Keys：1.C2.A3.D[简析]在want，like，agree，hope，wish，learn，begin，start，seem，decide，hate，choose，forget，remember等动词后面，可以接不定式作宾语。如果其后接形容词补足语时，则可以用it作形式宾语，而把作真正宾语的不定式放到后面。三、Key：1.B2.C[简析]不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask，teach，expect，tell，allow等。四、Key：1.A2.C[简析]go，come，try，do/tryone"sbest等动词或短语动词作谓语时，其后常常可以接不定式作目的状语。Keys：3.D4.B[简析]“be+形容词+todosth”结构中的不定式作状语，常表示原因或方式。Keys：5.is，too，small，for6.thick，for，to，skate，on[简析]在上述“too+形容词/副词（forsb）todo…”（太……而不能……）和“enough（forsb）todo…”（足以、足够……做……）结构中，不定式作结果状语。【典型考题答案】1-5ABCCD   6-10CBDCC【小结】（1）作宾语，如上题1和2；（2）作宾语补足语，如上题3、4和5（3）作主语，如上题6和7；（4）作状语，如上题8和9；（5）作定语，如上题10。动词不定式专项练习（Keys:1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.C  9.D 10.A  11.C 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.C 17.B）22用心爱心专心