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冠词的基本用法1.不定冠词的用法误:Sonofminister,PaulRobersongraduatedfirstfromRutgersandthenfromColumbiaUniversity.正:Sonofaminister不定冠词a,an的基本用法为:(1)指人或事物的某一种类:Heisaworker.(2)指某一类人或事物中的一个:Atrianglehasthreeangles.(3)指某人或某物,而不具体说明何人何物:AmanfromBeijingwillspeaktoustomorrow.(4)等于one,指一个,说明数量:Ihavea/onesisterandtwobrothers.(5)等于thesame,指相同的或具有同一类别或同一性质的:Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.(6)相当于per,指事物的单位:HecametoChinatwiceayear.(7)相当于acertain,指某个人,表示说话者不认识此人:DoyouknowaMr.Smith?物质名词或抽象名词加a/an,则成为普通名词,表示单个成品或种类,但不是所有的物质名同或抽象名词都可加a/an变为普通名词,这一点将在下文中详述。Itisagreatjoytomeethimagain.have/take/do+a/an+抽象名词,与抽象名词的动词形态同义,Let"stakeaswim.=Letusswim.Let"shavearest.=Let"srest.2.定冠词的用法误:ThisisabookwhichIlovedmost.
正:thebook定冠词的基本用法为:(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物,或由上下文可知该名词所指的东西非常明显、或已有一定的范围,该名词前用the:ThisisthehousewhereIoncelived.(2)表示说话人和听话人彼此熟悉的人或事物:Pleasepassmethebook.(3)复述前面已提到的人或物:Ireadastorylastnight.Thestoryisaboutastrike.(4)表示该类名词的全体、总称:Thecowisausefulanimal.(=Cowsareusefulanimals.)(5)表示世界上独一无二的事物:Theearthmovesroundthesun.(6)用在序数词、形容词最高级之前:Januaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.(7)用在表示方位、方向的名词前:Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.(8)定冠词可与某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表某一类人或物:ThenumberofthepoorintheU.S.islarge.(9)演奏乐器时,用在乐器名称的前面:Somechildrenlearntoplaythepiano.(10)在阶级、党派前用the:TheChineseCommunistPartywasfoundedin1921.3.专有名词前冠词的用法
误:TheMarywillarriveintheTaipeitomorrow.正:Taipei专有名词前一般不加冠词,但在下列情况中则须加a,an,the。(1)the用以表明某一个人或物以区别于其他同名的人或物。a.ThereisnottheAliceinthisclass.b.IshetheMr.Smithyouaskedmeabout?c.Idon"tknowmuchabouttheEnglandof1885.(=aboutthesitua-tionofEnglandin1885)d.TheMrs.Hopkinswantstoseeyou.(=thewomancalledMrs.Hopkins)(2)the用于复数化的姓氏之前以表示全家人。a.ThePikesareournext-doorneighbours.b.TheJohnsonswerenicepeople.(3)a或the用于专有名词之前以表示别的人或物具有该专有名词的特征。a.HewishestobecomeaMozart.b.GeorgeimaginedhimselfaPlato.c.ShanghaiistheParisofChina.(4)大部分的国名、城市名、洲名前不加冠词。在下列名字前不加the,如China,France,Thailand,Korea,Japan,Germany,Canada,London,NewYork,Boston,Paris,Singapore,Taipei,Gaoxiong,Asia,Africa,SouthAfrica等。但下列情形需加the:①the用于含有普通名词的专有名词前:theUnitedNations,thePeople"sRepublicofChina,theKingdomofThailand,theUnitedStates。②theFarEast,theMiddleEast,theNearEast,theOrient等。③the应认为是下列名词的一部分:thehague(海牙),theNether-lands(荷兰),theSudan(苏丹)等。
(5)帝国名、朝代名等加the:theOttomanEmpire(奥图曼帝国),theMingDynasty(明朝),theBritishCommonwealthofNations(英联邦)等。(6)岛名、湖名、山名如为单数则不加冠词,如为复数则加the。单数:Taiwan.Ceylon,Malta,Longlsland,LakeGeneva(日内瓦湖),LakeOntario(安大略湖),LakeMichigan(密西根湖),GreatSaltLake(大盐湖),Mt.Qomolangma(珠穆朗玛峰),Mt.Fuji(富士山),Mt.Whitney(辉特尼峰),Mt.Ali(阿里山)等。复数:thePenghuIslands(thePescadores)(澎湖),thePhilippinels-lands.theCanaryIslands,theBritishIsles(不列颠群岛),theGreatLakes,theRockyMountains,theAlps,theHimalayas等。(7)the用于洋名、海名、河名、运河名、沙漠名、森林名之前:thePacific(Ocean),theAtlantic(Ocean),theIndianOcean;theRedSea,theChinaSea,theNorthSea,theMediterraneanSea,theBalticSea;theRhine(莱茵河),theGanges,theYangtzeRiver,theRiverThames,theHudsonRiver,theMississippiRiver;theSuezCanal,thePanamaCanal;theSaharaDesert,theArabianDesert,theBlackForest,theNewForest等。(8)the用于海峡(strait,channel)名,海湾(bay,gulf)名之前:theStraitofDover,theStraitofGibraltar,theStraitofMalacca;theBayofTokyo(比较TokyoBay),theGulfofMexico,thePersianGulf,theEng-lishChannel等。(9)the用于河谷名、半岛名之前:theNileValley,theMississippiValley;theIberianPeninsula,theMalayPeninsula,theCrimeaPeninsula等。(10)校名的冠词用法如下:YaleUniversity,NewYorkUniversity,OxfordUniversity,HarvardUniversity,SanFranciscoStateCollege;theUniversityofOxford,theUniversityofMaryland,theStateCollegeofWashington等。(11)公共建筑物、政府机构、博物馆、纪念碑、商店、组织等名称前通常需要加the:theEmpireStateBuilding(帝国大厦),theWool-worthBuilding,theForeignOffice,theWhiteHouse(白宫),theStateDe-partment,theBoyScouts,theY.M.C.M.(基督教青年会),theRotaryClub,theMetropolitanMuseum,theLibraryofCongress,theEiffelTow-er,theNelsonMonument,theWashingtonMonument,theCoventGardenTheater,theFoxTheatre,theAstorHotel,theStatlorHotel,theRitzHo-tel,theJ.C.PenneyCompany,theAll-NiteGroceryStore等。
(12)船名或铁道名称前应加the:theTitanic,theQueenElizabeth,theTrans-SiberianRailway,thePennsylvaniaRailroad等。(13)如为限定、解释或对比而将人名用形容词加以修饰,则通常要加the。但如为dear,good,kind,little,old,young,poor等形容词则不必加冠词,因这些词只是给人名一种感情上的润饰而已:thelateRobertKennedy(已故的RobertKennedy),thegreat.Newton(有许多人叫Newton,但这一位指的是伟大的英国科学家IsaacNewton)。a.SheseemedtoknownothingoftherealMr.Lawrence.theincomparableJaneAusten,AlexandertheGreat(亚历山大大帝),RichardtheLion-hearted(狮心王查理),Georgethefifth(乔治五世)。b.IfellsorryforpooroldAuntPolly.c.SuddenlyyoungMissGrantgotupandhurriedoutdoors.4.不用冠词的场合误:HeisreadingtheWilliamShakespeare"scompleteworks.正:WilliamShakespeare"s(1)专有名词所有格前不加the。(2)抽象名词或物质名词用以泛指时,则不加a或the。a.Honestyisthebestpolicy.b.Goldismorepreciousthansilver.但如因上下文或句中情况而使该抽象名词表示特定概念时,可以加定冠词;如物质名词用以特指某人或某处的某项材料,则可加the。c.Wedon"tquestionthehonestyofthecompany"sservices.d.Showhimthegoldyouboughtthismorning.(3)复数名同泛指一般性时,不加the:Horsesareusefulanimals.本句的horses并不专指“白马”或“黄马”,而是指一般的马。试比较:b.Thehorseisausefulanimal.c.Ahorseisausefulanimal.
复数名词加the,就是指“某处的”或“某人的”而言,如:ThedogsinthegardenareallPekineses.有时复数名词前加the,表示“全部”之意:thefivesenses(五官感觉),包括了所有的感觉。(4)街名前不加the:MainStreet,FifthAvenues,Broadway等。(5)某国语言名称之前不加the:JohnspeaksEnglishfluently.theEnglish指全体英国人,English才是英语,但可以说theEnglishlan-guage。特别指“英语”的某一词可用theEnglish:WhatistheEnglishfor“丢脸”?(6)一天三餐的名称前不加the。breakfast,lunch,dinner,supper都不加the,tea当“每天经常的午后茶点”解时也不加the:Igotoschoolrightafterbreakfasteverymorning.但特指某餐时可加冠词:ThedinnerIhadatthatsmallrestaurantwasexcellent.(7)游戏竞技等名称前不加the:baseball,football,basketball,hock-ey,tennis,cricket,volleyball,chess。例:AlmosteveryboyinTaiwanlikesbaseball.(8)病名前通常不加the:Herdeathmayhavebeenduetodiphthe-ria.(9)颜色名称前不加the,如加the则不是错误就是另有其意,如onthegreen中的green是指草地。例:Ipreferbluetored.(10)五种感觉sight,smell,hearing,taste,touch的名称前不加the:Smellandtastearecloselyconnected.至于sweettothetaste(尝起来甜的),softtothetouch(摸起来很柔软),agreeabletothesmell(闻起来很好)等应视作惯用语而记住。(11)每周日期及月份名称前不加the。a.IwillbefreeonSunday.b.Januaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.不过可以说theSundaybeforelast,theSeptemberof1970等。lastyear,lastSunday,nextMonday等前面不加the,这是以说话的那一天作标准。如果不是以说话的当天作标准,应加the:c.HearrivedonJune10,whichhappenedtobeaThursday,AndshecametoseehimthenextSunday.
(12)称呼语,家庭称谓如父亲兄弟等前不加冠词。a.Tom,givemeyourbook.b.Fatherisoutnow.(13)表示官职、身份或亲属关系的名词当补足语,或作同位语时不加冠词:HewaselectedPresident.(14)节日、假日的名称前不用冠词:Newyear"sDay.(15)两个相对的名词连用时不加冠词:arminarm(臂挽臂地),daybyday(日复一日地)。a.Motherandchildaredoingwell.b.RichandpoorcelebrateNewYear"sDay.c.Wesaweachotherfacetoface.d.Theywentbeggingfromdoortodoor.§2.2冠词应用中的一些问题1.抽象名词和物质名词前冠词的特殊用法误:Heisgoodhelptome.正:agoodhelp(1)抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时,前面通常不用冠词,但特指时,须用定冠同。a.Thedesireforafanaticalcreedisoneofthegreatevilsofourtime.b.Thedifferencebetweenscienceandcommonsenseissimplyoneofdegree.c.Thefearofmanypersonshaddumbedhisheart.d.Theloveofscandalisanexpressionofthisgeneralmalevolence.(2)抽象名词或物质名词如果具体化,表示一个具体的情况、动作或某一类物时,前面可用不定冠词。但并非所有的名词都能这样用,常见的有:
a.Itwasnotanamusement.b.HispresencewasalmostananguishtoJohn.c.It"sacertainty.d.Buthewasacomforttome,allthesame.e.It"safact.f.Heisafailureasapainter.g.That"safolly.h.Thosewhohavenevercollectedstampsdonotrealizethatphilatelyisnotahobbybutapassion.i.Itwasanythingbutahorrortothemusclesandacrimeagainsttheback.j.Itwasanimpertinencetoexhibitstuffwhichshouldneverhavebeenallowedoutofhisstudio.k.It"sajudgementonme.1.Whathewantedtohavewasahome.m.Ifitisalabourtoreadanovelitisbettetnottoreaditatall.n.Tomefreshairisaluxury.o.Ifheisaman,hecannotdosuchathing.p.Thatisamercy.morning,afternoon等区分一天的用语是表语时,通常无冠词。但是,有形容词时,通常加不定冠词。a.Itwasawarmautumnmorning.b.ItwatanafternooninJune.c.Itwasafineevening/night/day.
d.Itisanuisance,butthereareseveralpartsofmybodythatIcan"treachnowadays.e.It"sapitytheydon"ttrytomakeupforitbybeingagreeable.f.Why,it"sapleasuretome,anditgivesmesomethingtodo-it"sgoodformyhealth.g.It"sarelieftofindsomedecayleftintheworld.h.You"vebroughtittoashow-up,Ithink,withyourinsanities,andthat"saservice—suchasitis.i.It"sashamewecan"thaveincenseoccasionally.j.Itwasasinandashametobuyanythingtodressthatchild,ifitwasn"tapairofshoes.k.ItwasareliefandasolacetometocomeherewhenIcouldsnatchamomentfrommymanyoccupations.l.Hewasasuccessasateacher.m.HewasbornatChristmas,whichwasaSunday.n.Itwasjustasuperstition,that"sall.o.Itisatruthinthenaturalorder,aswellasinthesupernatural.p.Thisistheconditionofvirtue,andtostriveforitisavirtue.Butitisnotitselfavirtue.q.“It"sawonder.”shesaid,sippingagain.2.使用不定冠词的特殊场合误:HeisacomradeofLeiFeng.正:aLeiFeng(1)“a/that+名词+ofa+名词”的结构,其含义为“象…一般的、…式样的”,如:HeisacomradeofaLeiFeng.
(2)专有名词前有时也可加a,表示某一个:AcomradeLitele-phonedyoujustbeforeyoucomehere.(说话者不太了解commradeLi)(3)复数名词前有时也可用a,但该名词通常指人、时间、金钱、距离等:afullfivehours(足足五个小时),ameretwometres(仅仅两公尺),anestimated4000persons(估计有4千人次)。如:Ihaveagoodfortydollars.(4)不定冠词也可用在动名词前,表示一种、一阵、一次等:aknockingatthedoor(一阵敲门声),agoodcleaning(一次大扫除)。例:Hefeltaringinhisearsafterhefelldown.(5)不定冠词可以表示“同一”的含义,但语气不如thesame强。a.Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.b.Theyweremuchofasize.(asize=thesamesize)c.Visitorsmaycomeintothehallfiftyatatime.(6)形容词最高级之前,如在most+interesting/extraordinary/un-usual/important/annoying等形容词最高级之前,常用不定冠词a(an)表示“非常”的意思。a.Thisisamostunusualevent.b.Itisamosttouchingstory.3.冠词的倒置误:Sheisasobeautifulgirl.正:sobeautifulagirl(1)不定冠词的倒置。当单数的可数名词前面的形容词有so,as,how,however,too等副词修饰时,不定冠词只能置于形容词的后面。遇到quite,rather时,多半置于rather,quite等后,遇到such,many和感叹句中的what时,也只能置于such,many,what等后。a.Theteachermadetoolongaspeech/atoolongspeechatthemeet-ing.b.Itisratherahotday.c.Whatahotdayitis!
(2)定冠词的倒置。当定冠词遇到all,both,quite,half,twice,dou-ble,threetimes等词时,常置于这些词后。a.Allthestudentshavecomehere.b.Itisthreetimesthesizeofmyroom.(3)当half,double等词作纯粹的形容词使用时,则仍应置于冠词的后面,如ahalflong(一半的长度),thedoublejourney(来回行程)。(4)当用much,exactly等词修饰same时,它们位于thesame之前:Bothofthemhaveexactlythesameamountofmoney.§2.3使用不同冠词时意义的差别英语中有不少仅因为有无冠词或冠词的不同,而导致意思变动的情况,下面介绍一些典型的惯用法。1.定冠词与不定冠词(1)a.Hedoeshishomeworkafterafashion.他马马虎虎做作业。b.Wemakeourclothesafterthefashionofsouthernstyles.我们仿效南方式样做衣服。afterafashion意为“马马虎虎”,afterthefashion(of)意为“仿效”。(2)a.Thisisakindofgoodbooks.这是一种好书。b.Thekindofbooksisnotsuitableforchildren.这种书对孩子们不适合。akindof意为“一种”,thekindof意为“这种、那种”。(3)a.Anumberofstudentsliketoswim.一些学生喜欢游泳。b.Thenumberofstudentsinthisclassisforty.这班学生总数是四十人。
anumberof意为“若干、一些”,接复数形式动词。thenumberof意为“…的数目”,接单数形式动词。(4)a.Ireadamostinterestingbook.我读一本十分有趣的书。b.ThemostinterestingbookIreadisthatoneonthetable.我所读的最有趣的书是桌子上那本。amostinterestingbook意为“十分有趣的书”,后不接范围概念。themostinterestingbook意为“最有趣的书”,后常接范围概念。(5)a.Imustgooutforamoment.我必须出去一会儿。b.Imustgooutforthemoment.我此刻必须出去。foramoment意为“一会儿”,forthemoment意为“此时、此刻”。(6)a.Theboygotacane.那男孩弄到一根藤条。b.Theboygotthecane.那男孩被用藤条打了一顿。cane意为“藤条、手杖”。getthecane是习语,意为“被用藤条或手杖打了一顿”。类似的还有givesb.astick(给某人一根棒),givesb.thestick是习语,意为“杖笞某人”。givesb.aneedle(给某人一根针),givesb.theneedle是俗语,意为“刺激某人”。theneedle是俚语,表示“紧张”或“激动”。(7)a.Heisinacart.他坐在一辆马车上。b.Heisinthecart.他处于困境中。inacart表示“在马车里”或“在手推车里”。inthecart是俚语,意为“处于困境中”。(8)a.Thelittlegirltookacake.那小女孩拿了一个饼子。b.Thelittlegirltookthecake.那小女孩得了奖。takethecake是俚语,意为“得奖、获胜”。(9)a.Theoldmantoldatale.那老人讲了一个故事。b.Theoldmantoldthetale.那老人编讲了悲惨往事。
tellthetale是俚语,表示“为引起同情而编讲悲惨往事”。tellatale意为“讲故事”,但如tale后有定语,要把a改为the,意思不变。(10)a.Heprimedapump.他起动泵。b.Heprimedthepump.他采取措施使其发展。primeapump表示“使泵起动”。primethepump表示“采取措施促使某事物发展(尤指用政府资金促使经济发展)”。(11)a.Hedidn"tsayaword.他一言没发。b.Hedidn"tsaytheword.他没下达命令。sayaword意为“说一句话”。saytheword意为“发命令、同意开始、说出想说的话’等。(12)a.Thatranga.那事使人回想起另一件事。b.Thatrangthebell.那件事得到了赞许。ringabell是口语,意为“使人回想起某事”。ringthebell是俚语,意为“得到赞许”或“成功”。(13)a.Hetookachair.他搬走了一把椅子。b.Hetookthechair.他主持会议。takethechair表示“主持会议”或“当会议执行主席”。(14)a.Hewenttoachair.他朝一把椅子走去。b.Hewenttothechair.他被处以死刑。go/gettothechair意为“被处以死刑”,thechair=theelectricchair.(15)a.Hegotakick.他被踢了一下。b.Hegotthekick.他被解雇了。①getakick意为“被踢了一脚”。getakickfrom/outof意为“从…中得到乐趣”。getthekick是俚语,意为“被解雇”。②类似的还有:givesb.apush意为“推了某人一把”,givesb.thepush是俚语,意为“解雇某人”或“断绝与某人的来往”。
givesb.aboot是俚语,意为“使某人开心、使某人快乐”。givesb.theboot,也是俚语,意为“解雇某人”。givesb.abag意为“给某人一个袋子”,givesb.thebag是口语,意为“解雇某人”或“拒婚”。givesb.asack意为“给某人一个麻袋”,givesb.thesack是口语,意为“解雇某人”。givesb.anaxe意为“给某人一把斧子”,givesb.theaxe是俚语,意为“解雇某人”。givesb.abird意为“给某人一只鸟”,givesb.thebird意为“解雇某人”或“嘘某人”。(16)a.Theykeptaballrolling.他们使球不停地滚动。b.Theykepttheballrolling.他们让谈话继续下去。keeptheballrolling是习语,意为“使谈话不中断”。(17)a.Heisonabench.他坐在一条凳子上。b.Heisonthebench.他在当法官。beonthebench意为“做法官”或“做主教”,另外,beraisedtothebench表示“被任命为法官”或“被任命为主教”,thebench意为“法官(总称)”。2.零冠词与定冠词零冠词指不使用冠同,使用与不使用冠词意义有所差别。(1)a.Theteachersentfiveofthemtodothework.老师派他们中的五人做那项工作。b.Iknowthefiveofthem.我认识他们五人。fiveofthem意为“他们中的五人(他们总人数大于五)”,thefiveofthem意为“他们五人(他们总共只有五人)”。(2)a.Wediscusseditinsecret.我们秘密地讨论这事。b.IaminthesecretsoIknowthefact.
我是局内人,所以我知道真相。insecret意为“秘密地”,inthesecret意为“局内(人)”。(3)a.Thereisatreeinfrontofthecar.车子前面有一棵树。b.Thereisatankinthefrontofthecar.车子前部有个箱子。infrontof意为“在前面(在外)”,inthefrontof意为“在前部(在内)”。(4)a.ShewasinservicefortheSmiths.她在史密斯家帮佣。b.Ihavebeenintheserviceforayear.我服役一年了。inservice意为“帮佣”,intheservice意为“服役”。(5)a.Iwasintradeayearago.一年前我开始做买卖。b.Iaminthetradedoingthesethings.做这些事我是行家。intrade意为“做买卖”,inthetrade意为“行家”。(6)a.Heisinchargeofthedepartment.他负责这个部门。b.Thedepartmentisinthechargeofhim.这部门受他管理。inchargeof意为“负责”,含主动意义,inthechargeof意为“受…管理”,含被动意义。(7)a.Iaminpossessionofthisroom.我拥有这个房间。b.Thisroomisinthepossessionofme.这个房间归我。inpossessionof意为“占有”,含主动意义,inthepossessionof意为“被…占有”,含被动意义。(8)a.HekeepshouseforMr.Smith.他为史密斯先生主持家务。b.HekeepsthehousewhenMr.Smithgooutside.史密斯先生外出时他看家。keephouse意为“主持家务”,keepthehouse意为“不出家门、看家”。
(9)a.Thatgirlisinred.那女孩穿着红衣服。b.Thatgirlisinthered.那女孩负债了。①inred表示“穿着红色的衣服”,inthe,red意为“负债、财政出现赤字”。②类似的还有:ingreen意为“穿着绿色的衣服”,inthegreen意为“正处在青春期”;inblue意为“穿着蓝色的衣服”,intheblue意为“在天空中,在蓝天上”;inblack意为“穿着黑色的衣服或丧服”,intheblack意为“生产或生意上赢利了”;inpink意为“穿着粉红色的衣服”,inthepink(ofhealth)意为“身体很好”。(10)a.Hewenttopot.他破产了。b.Hewenttothepot.他朝那口锅子走去。gotopot是俚语,意为“破产、垮掉、遭毁坏”。(11)a.Thegoodsareinstore.那批货物贮藏着。b.Thegoodsareinthestore.那批货物在商店里。instore是习语,意为“贮藏着、准备着”。inthe/astore意为“在商店里”。(12)a.Mr.Whiteleftoffice.怀特先生辞职了。b.Mr.Whitelefttheoffice.怀特先生离开了办公室。leavetheoffice表示“离开办公室”,leaveoffice表示“辞职”或“离职”。(13)a.Theyarechewingfat.他们在吃肥肉。b.Theyarechewingthefat.他们在聊天。fat意为“肥肉、油脂”,chewthefat是俚语,表示“闲聊”。(14)a.ProfessorWangisattable.王教授正在吃饭。b.ProfessorWangisatthetable.王教授正伏案工作。①beattable意为“在吃饭”。beata/thetable表示“伏案工作”或“在桌子旁”。
②类似的还有:outofquestion意为“必定地”,outofthequestion意为“必不可能的”;ofage意为“长大成人了”,ofanage意为“同年出生的”;bein/atchurch意为“在做礼拜”,bein/atthe/achurch意为“在教堂里面”;beindock意为“船只停泊在码头”,beinthedock意为“在被告席上”。(15)a.Iliketheblackandwhitecat.我喜欢那只花猫。b.Iliketheblackandthewhitecat.我喜欢那只黑猫和那只白猫。the/ablackandwhitecat是一只有黑毛和白毛的猫,即花猫。the/ablackandthe/awhitecat是两只猫,一只是黑的,另一只是白的。(16)a.Youmustpayattentiontomattersofmoment.你必须注意重要的事情。b.Youmustpayattentiontomattersofthemonment.你必须注意当前的事。mattersofmoment意为“重要的事”。mattersofthemoment意为“当前的事、目前的事”。(17)a.Theyaremembersofsociety.他们都是社会成员。b.Theyaremembersofthesociety.他们都是会员。society指社会,thesociety指社团、学会等。(18)a.Hehasgonetoschool.他上学去了。b.Hehasgonetotheschool.他去学校了。①gotoschool意为“上学”,gototheschool意为“去学校(如上班、办事等)”。②类似的还有:gotosea意为“当水手”,gotothesea意为“去海滨游玩”;gotohospital意为“去看病”,gotothehospital意为“去医院(如上班、找人、看望病人等)”。3.零冠词与不定冠词(1)a.Ikindofthoughthewouldcome.我似乎感到他会来的。
b.Ithinkheisakindofgoodman.我认为他是好人。kindof用作状语,意为“有点儿、几分”。akindof用作定语,意为“一种;几分、稍稍”。haveakindofsuspicionthat…(有点怀疑);ofakind意为“同一类的;蹩脚的、徒有其名的”。例:Thingsofakindcometogether.nothingofthekind意为“毫不相似(的事物),决非如此(的事物)”,somethingofthekind“类似的事物”。(2)a.Thereislittlewaterleft.几乎没有水剩下。b.Thereisalittlewaterleft.还剩下一点水。littlewater意为“几乎没有水”,含否定意义。alittlewater“有一点水”,含肯定意义。afteralittle意为“过了一会儿”。bylittleandlittle=littlebylittle意为“逐渐地”。foralittle意为“一会儿”。inlittle意为“小规模地、缩小地”:apaintingdoneinlittle(一幅小型画)。littleornoth-ing意为“简直没有”。makelittleof意为“不重视、不以…为意;难了解、不领会”。nolittle意为“许多”,takenolittlepainsoversth.(在某事上花费许多精力)。thelittle意为“小人物们、无足轻重的人们;仅有的一点”。thinklittleof意为“不重视;对…没有多加思索、对…不踌躇”。a.Afteralittlehefeltbetter.b.MayIhaveyourpincersforalittle?c.Hemakeslittleofwalkingfiftykilometresinaday.d.Hedidthelittlethathecould.e.Hethoughtlittleofswimmingforthreehoursonend.(3)a.Therearefewbooksonthedesk.课桌上几乎没有书。b.Thereareafewbooksonthedesk.课桌上有几本书。fewbooks意为“几乎没有书”,含否定意义。afewbooks意为“有几本书”,含肯定意义。agoodfew/quiteafew/notafew/sofew意为“相当多、不少”。atthefewest意为“至少”。nofewerthan意为“不少于”:Theprojectrequiresnofewerthanathousandworkers.(4)a.Sheiswithchild.她怀孕了。b.Sheiswithachild.她带着一个孩子。
withchild表示“怀孕”。withachild表示“带着、抱着一个孩子”或“和一个孩子在一起”。(5)a.Hekeepsshop.他在值班。b.Hekeepsashop.他自己开了一个店。keepshop表示“值班”或“值日”。keepashop表示“自己开商店”。(6)a.Hetookflight.他逃之夭夭。b.Hetookaflight.他作了一次飞行。takeflight意为“逃跑”,另外,puttoflight意为“使逃走”,takeaflight意为“作一次飞行”。(7)a.Hehassetuphouse.他开始住进了自己的房屋。b.Hehassetupahouse.他建造了一座房子。setuphouse意为“开始住进自己的房屋”,即“不再住公寓等”。setupahouse意为“建造一座房子”,房子可能是为自己建造的,但也可能是为别人建造的。(8)a.That"ssalt.那是食盐。b.That"sasalt.那是一位经验丰富的水手。salt表示“食盐”时是不可数名词。asalt是口语,意为“有丰富经验的水手”。(9)a.Shewasputinward.她被监禁起来了。b.Shewasputinaward.她被安排在一个病房里。putsb.inward意为“监禁某人”或“监视某人、监护某人”。§2.4冠词使用中常犯错误分析1.冠词混用的错误(1)误:Hewaseducatedatan$university.正:auniversity
university的开首字母虽为元音,但它的发音却为[ju:],故应用a:Afootisaunitoflength.但uncle的u发音为[)n],故应用an∶Anuncleofminehaslosthisson.(2)误:Idon"tlikesuchanone.正:suchaoneone的发音为[w)n],故应用a:Therobberwasaone-eyedman.但orange须用an:Igaveheranorange.(3)误:Hehasahonestface.正:anhonestface虽然honest以辅音开头,但h不发音,它的开首的音是元音[&]故应用an:Hestayedthereanhour.但house的h发音,故应用a:HeboughtahouseinTaipei.(4)误:YesterdayIfoundadoginthestreetandItookadoghome.正:thedog当我们第一次提到一个普通的生物或东西时,我们常在它前面加a/an,在第二次提到它时,应用the:Ihaveboughtawatchandapicture.Thewatchisformybrotherandthepictureisformysister.(5)误:Asunrisesintheeast.正:Thesun在world,earth,sun,moon等独一无二的自然物前须用定冠词the。a.Themoonisdown.b.Hesailedallroundtheworld.c.Weliveontheearth.①onearth意为“到底、究竟”,是一个成语,在earth前不必加the:Whatonearthdoeshemean?
②当moon和world前有形容词时,常可用不定冠词。a.Weliveinabusyworld.b.Therewasafullmoonlastevening.(6)误:Doyouhaveanauthoritytopracticemedicine?正:theauthorityauthority作不可数名词时,意指“法律上许可的权利”,作可数名词时,意为“某方面的权威、专家”。authority用作复数形式时,authori-ties意为“权威人士、当局”。authority的意义和使不使用冠词,常随后面接的介词的不同而不同:haveauthorityover(对…有权威),beanauthorityon(…方面的权威),havetheauthorityto(有许可的权利做…),betheauthorityfor(做…的依据)。例:HeisanauthorityonChinesehistory.(7)误:Icaughtthecold.正:acoldcatch(a)cold意为“感冒”,是惯用语,其中a可以省略。(8)误:HeisanEdisonofJapan.正:theEdison专用名词可转作普通名词用,表示别的人或物具有该专用名词的特性,须加冠词,又因上句中有ofJapan加以限定,故用定冠词the。(9)误:Whichisacheaperone?正:thecheaperwhich是询问两件或许多件事物中的“那一件”,已含有限定意味,所以one要加the。(10)误:Tomwasdrivinghissportscarattheunbelievablehighspeed.正:atanunbelievablehighspeedspeed和数字连用,表示速度的快慢时,通常要加a,如ataspeedofthirtymilesanhour,但在短语atfull/topspeed(以全速)中不加冠词。(11)误:Hehasanervetoaskmetolendhimmoneyagain.
正:thenervehavethenervetodosth.是惯用语,意为“厚颜无耻地做什么”。口语中有Youhaveanerve!(你有胆量!)的说法。(12)误:Inmostfairytales,theprincessisaheroine.正:aprincessistheheroineaprincess为泛指一般童话中的公主而无任何限定,所以用不定冠词。theheroine指前面说过的已知者(aprincess),故用定冠词。(13)误:Astheconsequenceofhislaziness,hewasfired.正:Asaconsequenceofasaconsequenceof是惯用语,意为“由于…的结果”,consequence前不可用the,习惯用a。(14)误:Histrialwasthemockeryofjustice.正:amockeryofbeamockeryof意为“是对…的嘲弄”,mockery前习惯用a,而不用the,另外,makeamockeryof(嘲弄)中的a也不可改为the。(15)误:Thewaterfallmaybeheardatthedistance.正:atadistanceatadistance意为“在有一定距离的地方”,中间的a不可改为the,另外,atadistanceof(在…远的地方),fromadistance(从一定的远处),keepadistance(保持一定距离)等短语中的a都不可改为the。(16)误:Hewakesupeverymorningatseveno"clocktoaminute.正:totheminutetotheminute意为“准时”,minute前习惯加the,不加a。但在inaminute(=soon)中的a不可改为the。(17)误:WhenBobaskedMaryforadate,shegavehimacoldshoulder.正:gavehimthecoldshoulder
givesb.thecoldshoulder意为“给人冷遇”,coldshoulder前习惯加the,而不加a。但turnacoldshoulder(给以冷遇)中的a不可改为the。(18)误:Myhomeworkwillbedoneinthemoment.正:inamomentinthemoment意为“在…情况下、在…时刻”。inamoment意为“立即、一会儿”。(19)误:Yourlanguageskillhasimprovedintheway.正:inawayintheway也可作“妨碍、阻挡”讲。a.WhenIamcooking,Idon"twantanybodyintheway.b.Hersociallifegotinthewayofherstudies.inaway意为“在一定程度上、有点、有几分”。c.HetoldmebeforethatIwouldlosemoneyinbusiness,andinawayhewasright.d.Well,inaway,yes.(20)误:Allgoodsaretestedasthematterofcoursebeforetheyareputinboxesforshipment.正:asamatterofcourseasamatterofcourse意为“当然、例行的”,是固定词组,其中a不可改为the。2.多用冠词的错误(1)误:HewenttotheTung-NingRoadbypedicab.正:Tung-NingRoad在人名、地名等专有名词前不应用冠词:Confucius(孔子)isagreatChinesephilosopherandeducator.TainanisanoldcityinTaiwan.当专有名词变成普通名词时,它的前面须用冠词。
a.HeistheNewtonoftheage.他是当代的牛顿。在这句,theNewton的意思是agreatscientistlikeNewton。b.HanyanghasbeencalledthePittsburghofChina.汉阳被称为中国的匹兹堡。在该句中,thePittsburgh的意思是aplacenotedforironworksandsteelworks。(2)误:Anecessityisthemotherofinvention.正:Necessity在抽象名词前不应加冠词:Honestyisthebestpolicy.当抽象名词附有修饰语表示特别的性质或状态时,它前面须加冠词:Therichen-vythehappinessofthepoor.当抽象名词用作普通名词时,它的前面也须加用冠词:Sheisabeauty.(3)误:Thewaterischangedintosteambyheat.正:Water物质名词的前面不应加冠词:Goldisavaluablemetal.当物质名词附有修饰语表示特殊性质时,它的前面须加冠词:Thewaterofthiswellisnotgoodtodrink.当物质名词用作普通名词时,它的前面也须用冠词:Hethrewastoneatthedog.(4)误:Theywereplayingatennis.正:playingtennis说玩某种游戏时用playat,而且在游戏的名称前不用冠词:playbilliards。玩球在英文中可以说toplaywithaball,在ball前须用冠词,玩别的东西也一样:Sheisplayingwithadoll.弹钢琴我们可以说toplayonthepiano或toplaythepiano,piano的前面须用定冠词。a.Shewasplayingonthepiano.b.Shewasplayingtheviolin.(5)误:Thehistoryisaveryinterestingsubject.正:History
在history,English,chemistry,maths等学科前不应加冠词。a.Englishistaughtinallschools.b.Mathematicsisahardsubjecttolearn.(6)误:Thewhaleisakindofananimal.正:akindofanimalakindof的后面不应用冠词:Thisisanewkindofmachine.(7)误:Thewaiter,bringmeacupofcoffee,please.正:Waiter用作称呼的主格的普通名词前,不应用冠词。a.Waiter,bringmybill,please.b.Mother,where"smyfishpole?(8)误:Europeanseatwithaknifeandafork.正:withknifeandfork两个名词由连词或介词连接起来,表示共同、成双、对照等意思时,应省去冠词。a.Theyworkedharddayandnight.b.Hewentbeggingfromdoortodoor.(9)误:Thechildrengototheschooleverymorning.正:gotoschool有些短语由介系词和名词结合而成,表达抽象的概念,在习惯上,这种名词前面不用冠词,如gotoschool(上学),gotobed(就寝),onfoot(步行),bywater(由水路)等。a.Itistimetogotobed.b.Hewenttherebywater.(10)误:Afoolasheis,hewillnotdosuchathing.
正:Foolasheis名词放在句子的前面表示让步时,它的前面不用冠词:Womanassheis,shemaybeofhelpintimeofneed.(11)误:Everythingwentoutaccordingtotheplan.正:accordingtoplanaccordingtoplan意为“按计划进行”,plan前习惯无冠词。(12)误:Theyaccomplishedthetaskaccordingtotheschedule.正:accordingtoscheduleaccordingtoschedule意为“按日程表”,schedule前习惯无冠词。另外,在aheadofschedule(提前),behindschedule(落后于预订计划),onschedule(按时间表、准时),toschedule(按照预定时间)等短语中,schedule前均无冠词。(13)误:SheisinthechargeofClassFive.正:inchargeofbeinchargeof意为“负责某事”,charge前习惯无冠同。另外,在leaveinchargeof(交由…照管),putsb.inchargeof(让某人负责某事),takechargeof(负责管理)等短语中,charge前均无冠词。但beinthechargeof意为“由…管理”,charge前习惯有冠词,注意它与beinchargeof的区别。a.Thebuswasinthechargeofthedriver.b.Thedriverwasinchargeofthebus.(14)误:Maryisinthepossessionofthevase.正:inpossessionofbeinpossessionof意为“占有、拥有”,possession前习惯无冠词。另外,在havepossessionof(占有、拥有),takepossessionof(夺取、拿过来)等短语中,possession前都无冠词the。inthepossessionof意为“在某人手中、由某人掌握”,possession前习惯加冠词the,注意它与inpossessionof的区别。a.Allthedeedsareinthepossessionofmysolicitor.b.Mysolicitorisinpossessionofallthedeeds.
(15)误:GeneralGrantwasinthecommandofthearmy.正:incommandofbeincommandof意为“指挥”,command前习惯不用冠词the,另外,在take/havecommandof(指挥)中,command前也无the。beinthecommandof意为“由…指挥”,command前习惯有the,注意它与beincommandof的区别。a.ThenavywasinthecommandofMr.Green.b.Mr.Greenwasincommandofthenavy.(16)误:Whoisinthecontrolofthefirm?正:incontrolofbeincontrolof意为“控制”,control前不可加the。另外,在gain/takecontrolof(取得了对…的控制),have/holdcontrolof(控制着),losecontrolof(失去对…的控制),seizecontrolof(夺取对…的控制)等短语中,control前均无the。beinthecontrolof意为“受…控制”,注意它与beincontrolof的区别。a.Iwasinthecontrolofevilmenwhoforcedmetodowickedthings.b.Theevilmenwhoforcedmetodowickedthingswasincontrolofme.(17)误:Heisinthedangeroflosinghiswife.正:indangerofindangerof意为“处于…危险”,danger前习惯无the。(18)误:Intheconsequenceofhisbadwork,I"mforcedtodismisshim.正:Inconsequenceofinconsequenceof意为“由于…的结果”,consequence前习惯无the。asaconsequenceof意为“由于…的结果”,consequenceof前不可用the,习惯用a∶Asaconsequenceofhislaziness,hewasfired.(19)误:Herushedforwardinthecontemptofdanger.
正:incontemptofincontemptof意为“不顾、不把…放在眼里”,contempt前习惯无冠词。(20)误:Theteacherkeptthecountoftheboysintheroom.正:keptcountofkeepcountof意为“计数”,count前习惯无冠词。另外,在losecountof(算不清确切数目),takecountof(给予注意)等短语中,count前习惯无冠词。(21)误:Thesepapersareintheneedofcorrection.正:inneedofinneedof意为“需要”,need前习惯无冠词。(22)误:Hegavehislifeinthedefencehiscountry.正:indefenceofindefenceof意为“保卫、为…辨护”。(23)误:Inthecaseoffiregivethealarm.正:Incaseofincaseof意为“万一、如果”,case前习惯无冠词。inthecaseof意为“在…情况下”,case前必须加the,注意其与incaseof的区别:Inthecaseofhisfather,wemustmakeanexception.(24)误:Inthepointofthatquestion,Iquiteagreewithyou.正:Inpointofinpointof意为“关于、就…而论”,point前习惯无冠词。onthepointof意为“正好要、正好去”,point前必须有the:Iamonthepointofsendingforyou.(25)误:Thereisarailwayinthecourseofconstructionhere.正:incourseof
incourseof意为“正在…中”,course前不可加the。inthecourseof意为“在…时期、在…过程中”,具有抽象意义:Theyaregrowinginthecourseofrevolutionarystruggle.(26)误:Thehunterswereinthepursuitofthefox.正:inpursuitofinpursuitof意为“追赶”,pursuit前习惯无冠词。(27)误:Ihavejustfinishedalongpoeminthememoryofhim.正:inmemoryofinmemoryof意为“纪念”,memory前习惯无冠词。(28)误:Nooneisyetintheoccupationofthehouse.正:inoccupationofinoccupationof意为“已住进里面”,occupation前习惯不用冠同。(29)误:Noparkingonthissideofthestreet,bttheorderofthepo-lice.正:byorderofbyorderof意为“奉…之命”,order前习惯无the,但attheorderof(奉…之命)中,the不可省略。(30)误:I"msendingyoufivepoundsinthepaymentofyourbill.正:inpaymentof/forinpaymentof/for意为“偿付”,payment前习惯无the。(31)误:Heisintheperilofhislife.正:inperilofinperilof意为“冒…的危险”,peril前习惯无the。(32)误:Heisthemasterofthesituation.正:masterof
bemasterof意为“能控制”,master前习惯无冠词。(33)误:Thepolicegotthewindoftheplanstorobthebank.正:gotwindofgetwindof意为“得到…的线索、得到…的风声”,wind前习惯无冠词。(34)误:Imustgetaholdofsomemorewritingpaper.正:getholdofgetholdof意为“抓住、得到”,hold前习惯无冠词。另外,在keep/catch/seize/claw/lay/takeholdof(抓住)中,hold前均无冠词。但是,haveaholdover/upon(对…影响)中的a不可省略。(35)误:Youshouldtaketheheedofwhatsay.正:takeheedoftakeheedof意为“注意”,heed前习惯无冠词。另外,payheedto(注意)中也没有冠词。(36)误:Whatcanbesaidinthejustificationofhisbehaviour?正:injustificationofinjustificationof意为“为…辩护”,justification前习惯无冠词。(37)误:Marylostthetrackofherfriends.正:losttrackoflosetrackof意为“失去对…的联系”,track前习惯无冠词。另外,keeptrackof(保持对…的联系)中也无冠词。(38)误:Hespokewithouttherespectofotherpersons.正:withoutrespectofwithoutrespectof意为“不考虑”,respect前习惯无冠词。(39)误:Intheviewofthefacts,itseemsuselesstocontinue.正:Inviewof
inviewof意为“考虑到、鉴于”,view前习惯无冠词。(40)误:HecamebythewayofDover.正:bywayofbywayof意为“经由、通过…方式”,way前习惯不用冠词。(41)误:Ourcopyrightstoryhasbeenincludedbythecourtesyoftheauthor.正:bycourtesyofbycourtesyof意为“允许翻印、容许展出”。withthecourtesyof意为“由…赠送”:Eachwomanwasgivenarosewiththecourtesyofthemanagement.(42)误:Whencanyoutakethedeliveryofthenewcar?正:takedeliveryoftakedeliveryof意为“提取”,delivery前习惯无the。(43)误:Wearesendingoutsamplesinthehopesofgainingcom-ments.正:inhopesofinhopesof意为“希望”,hopes前习惯无the,但在inthehopeof(希望能)中的the不可省略。(44)误:Ihavereceivedthewordofhiscoming.正:wordofword作“信息、消息”解时,前面不可加冠词。word作“留言”讲时,其前也无冠词:PleaseleavewordformewithmychildifIamnotathome.bywordofmouth(口头),word前也无冠词:Bywordofmouth,thestorypasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.(45)误:Thelionisabiggame.正:biggamegame指猎物时是不可数名词,不加a。
(46)误:Theywentouthuntingatiger.正:tigertiger,lion等作“打猎的对象”解时,是不可数名词,其前不加a。(47)误:TheEnglishgrammarisdifficultevenfortheEnglish.正:Englishgrammar表示“某种语言的语法”时前不可加the。grammar是不可数名词,前也不可加a,但表示“语法书”时,grammar是可数名词,其前可加a,也有复数形式:IboughtaModernEnglishGrammar.(48)误:IhavebeenstudyingtheAmericanLiterature.正:AmericanLiterature说“某国文学”时,前不可加the,说“某国历史”时,前也不可加the:AreyouinterestedinEnglishhistory?但如history后有of时,前必须加the,如thehistoryofChina。另外,history作“历史书”解时是可数名词。(49)误:Marryinahasteandrepentatleisure.正:inhasteinhaste意为“匆忙地”,中间不可加a。(50)误:Letmeputthepentopaper.正:putpentopaperputpentopaper意为“着手写、下笔”,pen前习惯无冠词。(51)误:Pleasewriteinapen.正:inpenin加名词表示“用什么材料”,如inink。当表示用什么工具时,用witha加工具名词,如withapencil。(52)误:Wehavetakenhimaprisoner.正:takehimprisonertake/makesb.prisoner意为“俘虏某人”,prisoner前习惯不加冠词。
(53)误:Thepolicethrewamurderintoaprison.正:intoprisonthrowsb.intoprison意为“把某人关进监狱”,prison前习惯无冠词。另外,takesb.toprison(把某人押入监狱),lie/beinprison(坐牢),enterprison(入狱),leaveprison(出狱),beoutofprison(出了狱)等短语中,prison前均无冠词。另外,gototheprison意为“去监狱上班、探监”,gotoprison意为“入狱”:Thecriminal"swifewenttotheprisontoseeherhusband.(54)误:Thepolicehavethethiefinthecustody.正:incustodybeincustody意为“被拘捕”,custody前习惯无冠词。(55)误:Theshiphasleftthedock.正:leftdock表示船leavedock(离开码头),enter/gointodock(驶入码头),beindock(停泊在码头),dock前习惯不加冠词,但表示“人、车等去码头”时,dock前须加the。(56)误:Theshipenteredtheportyesterday.正:enteredportenterport意为“入港”,port前习惯无冠词。另外,在getto/cometo/reachport(入港),leaveport(离港)等短语中,port前均无冠词,但在下面短语中都有a:clearaport(出港),closeaport(封港),touchataport(靠港)。(57)误:Thecinemaiswithinaneasyreachofourschool.正:withineasyreachofwithineasyreachof意为“离…很近”,easyreach前习惯无冠词。另外,在outofreachof(在…距离之外)中,reach前也无冠词,但在beyondthereachof(智力或影响不能及的范围)中,reach前的the可用可不用:Hewasbeyond(the)reachofhumanaid.(58)误:Itoldhimthenewsbythetelephone.
正:bytelephonebytelephone意为“用电话”,中间不可加冠词,但在over/onthetelephone(在电话中),telephone前的the不可省,因telephone指“电话机”。(59)误:Hesendmeaparcelbythemail.正:bymailbymail意为“通过邮寄方式”,中间不加冠词。throughthemail意为“通过邮寄”,mail前的the不可省去,因为这里的mail指具体的邮件或包裹:Afriendofminesentmealetterthroughthemail.(60)误:Ihopethethingswillimprove.正:thingsthings指“情形”时,前不可加the。matters指“情形”时,也不可加the:Don"tdothat,itwillmakemattersworse.(61)误:I"mfeelingonthetopoftheworldtoday.正:ontopoftheworldontopoftheworld意为“高兴极了”,top前习惯无冠词。ontopof意为“通晓、熟练掌握”,top前也无冠词:Heisontopofthesituaton.ontop意为“在上面”,top前习惯无冠词:Theredbookisontop.(62)误:FatherwasratherafraidthatMothermighttakeacold.正:takecoldtakecold意为“感冒”,cold前习惯无a,但haveacold(感冒)中的a不可省略。另外,catch(a)cold(感冒)中的a可有可无。(63)误:Hesummonedthecouragetoattackthedifficulty.正:summonedcouragetosummoncourage意为“鼓起勇气”,courage前习惯无冠词。另外,在takecourage(鼓起勇气),pluckupcourage(鼓起勇气),musterupcourage(鼓起勇气)等短语中,courage前均无the,但havethecourage(有勇气),lackthecourage(缺乏勇气),findthecourage(获得勇气)等短语中,courage前均有the。(64)误:Thereisnosuchathing.
正:nosuchthingnosuch加单数可数名词时,该名词前不可加a。(65)误:Whatontheearthdidyoudothatfor?正:onearthwhat/how/where/when/whoonearth表示强调,意为“究竟”,earth前习惯无the。另外,在where/what/how/when/whoinheaven(究竟),where/what/how/when/whoinnature(究竟)等句型中,heaven和nature前都无the。(66)误:Thecommitteeisinasession.正:insessioninsession意为“在开会、在开庭、在上课”,中间不加冠词。(67)误:Thehouseisinthewantofrepair.正:inwantofinwantof(=need)意为“需要”,want前习惯无冠词。另外,在forwantof(=lack)中,want前也无冠词。(68)误:Sheearnedalittlemoneybywaitingatthetable.正:waitingattablewaitat/ontable意为“招待进餐”,table前习惯无冠词。(69)误:TheRepublicanPartyisintheoffice.正:isinofficebeinoffice意为“执政”,office前无冠词。(70)误:Theprisonerswereallputtothedeath.正:puttodeathputtodeath意为“处死”,death前无冠词。在下列短语中,death前均无冠词:starvetodeath(饿死),burntodeath(烧死),worktodeath(累死),boretodeath(厌烦死)。另外,tothedeath意为“一直到死”,death前有the:Hewillfighttothedeath.
(71)误:Withhislifeinthedecline,hewaitedfordeath.正:indeclineindecline意为“下降、衰退”,中间无冠词。onthedecline意为“在减少中、在衰退中”,decline前习惯有the:Thepopulationisonthede-cline.(72)误:Shespokeofhimwithagreatdislike.正:withgreatdislikewithgreatdislike意为“很不喜欢”,dislike前习惯无冠词。haveadislikefor/to(不喜欢、讨厌),takeadisliketo(讨厌)中的a不可省去:Ihaveadislikeofrainandfog.(73)误:Hestudiedhardatthecollege.正:atcollegecollege当具有抽象意义时,通常不加冠词,如attendcollege(上大学),leavecollege(大学毕业),gotocollege(上大学),但university前可加a,也可用the,也可不加冠词:gotouniversity,gotoauniversity,gototheuniversity都可以说。(74)误:Theycamebythesea.正:byseabysea意为“走海路、乘船”,sea前无冠词,类似的还有gotosea(去当海员),puttosea(去航海),atsea(在海上),但bythesea(在海边、在海岸上),beyondthesea(在海外),onthesea(在海岸边)等短语中,sea前习惯有the:Theylivebythesea.(75)误:Shortskirtsareinafashion.正:infashioninfashion意为“正时兴”,fashion前习惯无冠词。inafashionof意为“以…方式或样子”,inthefashion意为“赶时髦”。(76)误:Hehasturnedatraitor.正:turnedtraitorturn意为“变为”,加单数可数名词时,该名词前习惯不用冠词。
(77)误:I"monthewatchtonight.正:onwatchonwatch意为“值班”,watch前习惯无冠词。onthewatch意为“对…留神着、对…注视着”。(78)误:Theproposalheputforwardisstillintheissue.正:inissueinissue意为“在讨论中”,issue前习惯无冠词。另外,在atissue(讨论的问题、待决定)中,issue前无冠词,但intheissue(结果、到头来)中的the不可省。(79)误:HeisthedeanoftheForeignLanguagesDepartment.正:dean处于表语或主语补足语位置的名词,如果表示职务,并且是由一个人担任的职务,该名词前一般不用冠词。(80)误:Heisinthetown.正:intownbeintown意为“在城里”,town前习惯无冠词。下面短语都无冠词:beoutoftown(不在城里),gototown(进城),但在reach/getto/ap-proach/arriveatthetown等搭配中,town前的the不可省去。另外onthetown意为“靠城镇慈善机构生活”,town前习惯加the:Thefamilyhasbeenonthetownforyearssincethefatherdied.(81)误:Mr.Smithisonaholidayatpresent.正:onholidayonholiday意为“正在度假”,holiday前习惯无the。have/takeaholiday(休假)中的a不可省去。Yououghttohaveaholiday.同样,beonvacation(度假),vacation前习惯也无the和a:Thestudentsareonvacationnow.(82)误:Wecangethomeatthedark.正:atdark
atdark意为“天黑时”,dark前习惯无the。另外,在before/afterdark中,dark前均无the。inthedark(在黑暗中),the不可省略:Idon"twanttositinthedark.(83)误:Iprefertotravelbydayratherthanbythenight.正:bynightbynight意为“黑夜里”,night前不可加the。另外,overnight(夜间)中也无the。但在duringthenight(在夜里),inthenight(在夜里),forthenight(这一夜)等短语中,night前都习惯加the。(84)误:Heisonbusinessatthepresent.正:atpresentatpresent意为“目前”,present前习惯无冠词。但forthepresent(暂时)中,the不可省去:Ican"trememberitforthepresent.(85)误:Themanuscriptgoestothepressnextweek.正:goestopressgotopress意为“付印”,press前不可加冠词。但在inthepress(正在印刷)中,the不可省略。另外,当press意为“新闻、报纸”时,其前必须加the:Ourschoolpicnicwasreportedbythepress.(86)误:Shediditonthepurpose.正:onpurposeonpurpose意为“故意地”,purpose前习惯无the,tothepurpose(中肯)中,the不可省去:Whathesaidwasn"treallytothepurpose.(87)误:Heispracticalanddowntotheearth.正:downtoearthdowntoearth意为“踏实、实际”,earth前习惯无the。另外,onearth(世上)中也无冠词:Theyarethebestfolksonearth.(88)误:Somestudentsliveinthehall.正:inhallhall指“(大学)宿舍或食堂”时,其前一般无冠词。
(89)误:Totellyouthetruth,I"mquiteatafault.正:atfaultatfalut意为“不知所措”,fault前习惯无冠词。(90)误:Thecowisinthemilk.正:inmilkinmilk意为“在产奶期中”,milk前不可加the。inthemilk意为“在牛奶中”。(91)误:Weshouldnotrashlyacceptthebattle.正:acceptbattleacceptbattle意为“应战”,battle前习惯无冠词。另外,在下面短语中,battle前均无冠词:givebattle(挑战),refusebattle(拒绝参战),offerbattle(挑战),joinbattle(参战),dieinbattle(战死)。(92)误:Thekingdecidedtogotoawaragainsthisenemies.正:gotowargotowar意为“开始作战”,war前习惯不加冠词。另外,在下面短语中,war前均无the:beatwar(处于交战状态),declarewaron(向…宣战),driftintowar(卷入战争),make/wagewarupon(向…开战),但下面两个短语中都有the:gotothewars(当兵),carrythewarintotheenemy"scamp(向敌方反击)。(93)误:Itwasdoneonlyinajoke.正:injokeinjoke意为“闹着玩的”,joke前习惯无冠词。但如joke前的介词是as或for时,joke前必须加a:Isaiditas(for)ajoke.(94)误:Thejudgepronouncedasentenceontheprisoner.正:pronouncedsentencepronounce/give/passsentence意为“判刑”,sentence前不可加冠词,另外在undersentenceof(被判处…)中也无冠词。但在receiveaheavysentence(受重刑)和serveasentence(服刑)中,a不可省略。
(95)误:Ourarmylaidasiegetoafortressoftheenemytroops.正:laidsiegetolaysiegeto意为“包围”,siege前习惯无the或a。但在下列搭配中,siege前常有冠词:push/pressthesiege(猛烈围攻),raiseasiegeof(解除…围攻),standasiege(顽强抵抗围攻),undergoasiege(被围攻)。(96)误:Myfirstthoughtwastoturnthetail.正:turntailturntail意为“转身逃跑”,tail前习惯无冠词。(97)误:Thewishisthefathertothethought.正:father这是谚语,是固定用法,father前无the,意为“愿望是思想之父”。但mother则相反,如下面两谚语中,mother前均有the。a.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.b.Necessityisthemotherofinvention.(98)误:Theyhavenothinginthecommon.正:incommonincommon意为“和…有共同点”,common前无冠词。但在outofthecommon(异乎寻常)中,common前有冠词the。Mrs.Knightnoticednothingoutofthecommon.(99)误:Givehimacreditforsincerity.正:creditgivesb.creditfor意为“为…而赞扬某人、承认某人优点”,credit前无冠词。另外,下列短语中均无冠词:docreditto(使…感到光荣),lendcreditto(使更可信),oncredit(赊购),placecreditin(相信),takecreditfor(自称某事是自己干的),withcredit(以优秀成绩通过考试),但在beacreditto(使…感到光荣、给…争光)中,a不可省去:Youareacredittoyourteam.(100)误:Writeyournameinthefull.
正:infullinfull意为“全文地、全部地”。tothefull意为“尽情地”,如:Enjoyyourselftothefull.(101)误:Wehadtodoitbyaguess.正:byguessbyguess意为“靠猜”,guess前无冠词。但在ataguess(粗略地估计一下、猜一下)中,a不可省:Ataguessthereareahundredpeoplehere.(102)误:Thatwasontheaccountofthelackofexercises.正:onacccountofonaccountof意为“因为”。(103)误:Hewalkedthroughthestreetsinthesearchofherplace.正:insearchofinsearchof意为“寻找”,不用冠词。(104)误:Weareinthesightofland.正:insightofinsightof意为“可以看见”,sight前习惯无冠词。另外,在下列短语中,sight前也无the:keepsightof(使能看到),losesightof(看不见),withinsightof(已能看到),catch/havesightof(望见),但在inthesightof(在…看来)中的the不可省去。(105)误:SheisBritishbytherightofmarriage.正:byrightofbyrightof意为“因为”,right前无冠词,类似的还有:byreasonof(因为、由于),onreceiptof(在收到…后),inreceiptof(已收到),inrecognitionof(表彰、作为感谢的表示),inremembranceof(纪念),insupportof(支持、证明)等,均无冠词。a.Theschemefailedbyreasonofbadorganization.b.Onreceiptofthenews,Iwenthome.
c.Hegavetheboyamedalinrecognitionofhiscourage.d.Amonumentwasbuiltinremembranceofthosewhohaddiedfortherevolution.e.Willyouspeakinsupportofthisidea?(106)误:I"mnotusedtoeatingwithaknifeandafork.正:withknifeandfork用and连接起来的两个名词,如果表示一件事物或单一概念时,这些名词前不用冠词,如breadandbutter(黄油面包),dayandnight(夜以继日),heartandsoul(全心全意)。(107)误:EverymorningBillyhastogetupearlyanddelivernewpa-persfromthedoortothedoor.正:fromdoortodoor两个名词由介词连接起来,表示共同、成双、对照等的意思时,不用冠词。a.Hewaswetfromtoptotoe.b.Herdiseasewentfrombadtoworse.这类短语常见的有:frombeginningtoend(从头到尾),fromcovertocover(ofabook)(自始至终),fromhandtohand(传递),yearafteryear(年复一年),fromtoptotoe(=fromheadtofoot从头到脚),arminarm(臂挽臂),shouldertoshoulder(肩并肩地),yearinyearout(年复一年地)等。(108)误:Weweretheassesenoughtobelieveinwhathesaid.正:asses本句的assesenough相当于enoughoftheasses。名词在用作形容词或副词等的修饰语时,前面不加冠词。a.Shewasfoolenoughtodoso.(fool=foolish)b.AreyoumanenoughtoclimbuptheGreatWallofChina?(109)误:Lastnight,Ifollowedhimhereandclimbedin,aguninmyhand.
正:guninmyhandguninmyhand是以名词为词组的独立结构,这种结构中的名词前不用冠词,也不用物主代词。a.Hestoodthere,handinpocket.b.Shewalkedinthepark,stickinhand.如果该名词词组是介同with的宾语,则可用冠词和物主代词,如:Thehunterroamedabouttheforest,withaguninhishand.(110)误:Inthe1950sthetelevisionstartedtotaketheplaceoftheradiointheUnitedStates.正:television,radiotelevision和radio前一般不用冠词:Hisparentsdidn"tliketelevi-sion.但必须注意下列习惯用法:listentotheradio,watchtelevision,onTV。3.省略冠词的错误(1)误:TheshipsailedacrossPacific.正:thePacific在海洋名的前面须用定冠词,如thePacific,theAtlantic,theMediterraneanSea(地中海)等。a.ThereisabeartifulislandintheAtlantic.b.ThebattlewasfoughtontheMediterraneansea.(2)误:ThesteamerwassailingonBritishChannel.正:theBritishChannel在海峡名的名词前须用定冠词,如theBritishChannel,theMagel-lanStrait(麦哲伦海峡)等。a.TheChannelliesbetweentheNorthSeaandtheAtlantic.b.TheMagellanStraitwasdiscoveredbyFerdinandMagellanin1520.
(3)误:YangtzeRiveristhegreatestriverinChina.正:TheYangtzeRiver在河流和运河的名称的前面,须用定冠词,如theYangtzeRiver(长江),theYellowRiver(黄河),thePanamaCanal(巴拿马运河),theGrandCanal(大运河)等。a.ThesceneryalongtheGrandCanalisbeautiful.b.ThePanamaCanalisashipcanalacrosstheIsthmusofPanama,connectingtheAtlanticandPacificOceans.(4)误:PersianGulfisanarmoftheArabianSea.正:ThePersianGulf在海湾的名称的前面须用定冠词,如thePersianGulf(波斯湾),theSpencer"sGulf(斯宾塞湾)等;TheSpencer"sGulfisalargeinletonthecoastofSouthAustralia.bay是比gulf较小的海湾,在这种较小的海湾名称前不用定冠词:HudsonBayisaninlandseainNorthAmerica.若用bayofnameofplace的形式时,它的前面须用定冠词:TheBayofBiscayisoneofthestormiestseas.②海港名前不用定冠词。a.ZhanjiangHarbourisatthesouthwestofGuangdongProvince.b.TheshipisatanchorinFoochowHarbouratpresent.(5)误:WestLakeisthemostbeautifullakeinChina.正:TheWestLake在OneidaLake(奥奈达湖),LakeErie(伊利湖)等外国湖名前不应用定冠词,但在英译的我国大陆的湖名的前面须用定冠词,如theWestLake(西湖),theDongtingLake(洞庭湖),thePoyangLake(鄱阳湖)等。a.ThePoyangLakeissmallerthantheDongtingLake.b.OneidaLakeisalakenearSyracuse.①theDongtingLake也可写成LakeDongting的形式,在下面的形式里lake前不应加the:LakeDongtingisfedbytheYangtzeRiver.
②台湾省的日月潭的英文译名是SunMoonLake,依照英文的习惯用法,湖名前不用冠词:SunMoonLakeisanotedscenicspotinTai-wan.(6)误:Himalayascontainthehighestsummitsintheworld.正:TheHimalayas在山脉的名称前面须用定冠词。如:theHimalayas,theAlps等:TheAlpsarethevastestmountainsysteminEurope.①在单独的山名前不用定冠词:MountQomolangmaisthehighestknownmountainintheworld.②阿尔卑斯山有几个单独的山峰名是例外,须用定冠词:ThatmountainisthehighestpeakoftheBerneseAlps.(7)误:MalayPeninsulaisapeninsulainsoutheasternAsia.正:TheMalayPeninsula在半岛的名称前须用定冠词,如theMalayPeninsula(马来半岛),theIberianPeninsula(伊比利亚半岛)等:TheIberianPeninsulacomptrisesSpainandPortugal.(8)误:WhenColumbusfirstdiscoveredWestIndies,hebelievedhewascolseuponIndia.正:theWestIndies在群岛的名称前须用定冠词:theWestIndies(西印度群岛),thePenghuIslands(澎湖群岛),theLiuqiuIslands(琉球群岛)等,如:ThePenghuIslandsareagroupofislandsoffthewesterncoastofTaiwan.在单独的岛名前不用定冠词:Taiwanisabeautifulisland.(9)误:UnitedStatesisanindustrialnation.正:TheUnitedStates在用复数形式表示的国家的名称的前面须用定冠词,如theU-nitedStates,theNetherlands(荷兰)等:TheNetherlandsisthemostdense-lypopulatedstateinEurope.(10)误:HagueisthecapitaloftheNetherlands.正:TheHague
在有些特别的地名前须用定冠词,如荷兰的首府TheHague(海牙),地中海沿岸的风景区theRiviera(里维耶拉),还有theSahara(撒哈拉沙漠),theSudan(苏丹)等。a.TheSaharaisthelargestdesertofthewould.b.TheSudanwasproclaimedanindependentrepubicin1956.TheHague的The即使在句中,也须大写:In1912,theInterna-tionalOpiumConventionwassignedatTheHague.(11)误:ChineseGovernmentisruledbythepeople.正:TheChineseGovernment在政府及其各部门的名称的前面须用定冠词:theChineseGov-ernment(中国政府),theForeignOffice(外交部)等,如:TheForeignOf-ficerefusedtogiveoutanyfurtherinformationontheevent.(12)误:HeisamemberofYoungMen"sChristianAssociation.正:theYoungMen"sChristianAssociation.theYoungMen"sChristianAssociation(基督教青年会),theLadies"PatrioticSociety(妇女爱国会)等会社的名称前须加the。例:TheLadies"PatrioticSocietywasfoundedlongago.(13)误:TaipeiPostOffficeisnotfarfromthestation.正:TheTaipeiPostoffice在邮局和银行的专有名称的前面须用定冠词:theTaipeiPostOf-fice,theCentralBank等。例:HehasalargedepositintheCentralBank.(14)误:IboughtthebookatPopularBookCompany.正:thePopularBookCompary在旅馆和商店的专有名称前面须用定冠词:theMarFlowerHotel,thePopularBookCompany等。例:TheMayFlowerHotelisfittedupwithmoderncomforts.(15)误:HeleftCatholicHospitalaweekattertheoperation.正:theCatholicHospital
在医院和戏院的专有名称的前面须用定冠词:theCatholicHospi-tal,theGreatWorldTheatre等。例:TheGreatWorldTheatreisfull.(16)误:HaveyouvisitedForbiddenCity?正:theForbiddenCity在建筑物的专有名称前面须用定冠词:theForbiddenCity(紫禁城),theGreatWall,theAltarofHeaven(天坛)等。a.TheGreatWallissaidtobetheonlythingmanhasmadethatcanbeseenfromthemoon.b.TheEmpireStateBuildingisthetallestintheworld.有些英国的建筑物的名称前不加定冠词:WestminsterAbbey,WestminsterBridge,St.Paul"sCathedral。(17)误:QueenElizabethforLondonleftyesterday.正:TheQueenElizabeth在船的名称前须用冠词以免引起误会:theQueenElizabeth,theMissouri(密苏里号),theBismarck(卑斯麦号)等。船队的名称前也需用定冠词:InJune,1944,theAmericanfleetcapturedthestrongislandofSaipan.(18)误:HereadBibleeveryday.正:theBible在书名前须用定冠词:theBible,theAnalectsofConfucius(论语)等。例:HecanrecitemanypassagesfromtheAnalectsofConfucius.以作者或以故事的主角名为书名时,书名前不必用定冠词。a.HaveyoueverreadShakespeare?b.JaneEyreismyfavouritebook.(19)误:EasternMiscellanywasthemostfamousChinesemagazinebe-forethesecondworldwar.正:TheEasternMiscellany在报刊杂志的名称前须用定冠同:theEasternMiscellany(东方杂志),theTimes(泰晤士报),theAtlanticMonthly(大西洋月刊)。
(20)误:PaperwasinventedinHanDynasty.正:theHanDynasty在朝代的名称前,须用定冠词:theHanDynasty(汉朝),theTangDynasty(唐朝),theMingDynasty(明朝)等。例:ManyJapanesepiratesinvadedChinesecoastsduringtheMingDynasty.(21)误:FormerChineseEmpirewasthecenterofcivilizationinAsia.正:TheformerChineseEmpire在帝国的名称前,须用定冠词:theChineseEmpire,theBritishEm-pire,theJapaneseEmpire。(22)误:Dr.SunYat-senisfatherofChineseRepublic.正:theChineseRepublic在共和国的国名前须用定冠词:theChineseRepublic,theFrenchRepublic,theRepublicofColombia。(23)误:HewillenterConservativeParty.正:theConservativeParty在政党的名称前须用定冠词:theConservativeParty(保守党),theRepublicanParty(共和党)。(24)误:KoreanWarstartedin1950.正:TheKoreanWar在战争名称前须用定冠词:theKoreanWar,theCivilWar,theFirstWorldWar。(25)误:CairoConferencewasheldinCairoonDecember1,1943.正:TheCairoConference在会议的名称前须用定冠词:theCairoConference(开罗会议),thePotsdamConference(波茨坦会议),theYaltaConference(雅尔塔会议)。(26)误:HebelongstoMongolianrace.
正:theMongolianrace在人种的名称前须用定冠词:theMongolianraceortheYellowrace(黄种人),theEthiopianraceortheblackrace(黑种人)等。例:TheMongolianracealsoincluesetheEskimos.(27)误:Englishlanguageisnotdifficulttolearn.正:TheEnglishlanguage在某种语言和方言的名称前须用定冠词:theEnglishlanguage,theChineselanguage,theShanghaidialect(上海话)等。(28)误:InancientGreece,OlympicGameswereheldonceeveryfouryearsatOlympiainhonorofZeus.正:theOlympicGames在运动会的名称前面须用定冠词:theOlympicGames,theFirstModernOlympiad等。(29)误:ThepeonyisChinesenationalflower.正:theChinesenationalflower在指明某国国花的前面须用定冠词:theChinesenationalflower,theJapanesenationalflower。(30)误:NewYear"sFestivalisusuallyenthusiasticallycelebratedthroughoutChina.正:TheNewYear"sFestival在有的节日和纪念日前须用定冠词:theNewYear"sFestival(新年),theMid-autumnFestival(中秋节)等。有的不用冠词:Christmas,NewYear"sDay,ThanksgivingDay。(31)误:Theyarepaidbymonth.正:bythemonth表示“按时、天、周、月、年等计算工资”时,hour,day,week,month,year等前必须加the。同样,表示“出售东西论斤、公斤、打、磅等计算”时,这些计量单位前必须加the:Eggsaresoldbythedozen.(32)误:You"llmakemistakesifyoudothingsinhurry.
正:inahurryinahurry意为“匆忙地”,中间的a不可省去。(33)误:Thisisaslipofpen.正:aslipofthepenaslipofthepen意为“笔误”,pen前习惯有the。另外,在aslipofthetongue(口误)中,tongue前的the同样不可省去。(34)误:Whenhelldidyouloseit?正:thehellwhen/where/what/how/whothehell表示强调,意为“究竟”,hell前习惯有the。另外,在where/when/what/how/whointheworld(究竟),where/when/what/how/whothedickens(究竟),where/when/what/how/whothedeuce(究竟),where/when/what/how/whounderthesun(究竟)等短语中,world,dickens,deuce,sun等前习惯有the。(35)误:Shehashadgoodeducation.正:agoodeducationeducation多作不可数名词,但表示“一种教育”或“一段教育”时,要加不定冠词,特别是前面有形容词修饰时:afirst-rateeducation,athorougheducation,acollegeeducation。(36)误:Thebikeisworth100yuanatutmost.正:attheutmostattheutmost意为“至多”,utmost前习惯加the。另外,在totheut-most(尽情地)中,the也不可省去,但at(the)most(至多)中的the可有可无。(37)误:Thetideisatflood.正:atthefloodattheflood意为“潮水涨”,flood前习惯有the。(38)误:Weboiledeggsinfire.正:inthefire
inthefire意为“用火”,fire前习惯加the。(39)误:Inthiscountrythegovernmentlooksafteryoufromcradletograve.正:thecradletogravefromthecradletothegrave意为“从生到死”,cradle和grave前习惯有the。但要注意单数可数名词成对使用时,其前一般不加冠词,如frombirthtodeath(从生到死),frommorningtillnight(从早到晚),fromtoptotoe(从头到尾),fromheadtofoot(从头到脚),fromstarttofinish(从开始到结束),fromwombtotomb(从生到死),shouldertoshoulder(并肩),sidebyside(并肩)等等。(40)误:Iamatlossforwords.正:ataloosataloss意为“不知所措”,loss前习惯加a。(41)误:Hewasinsweat.正:inasweatinasweat意为“一身大汗”,sweat前习惯有a。另外,在allofasweat(一身大汗)中,sweat前也有a。(42)误:Heisonrunfromthepolice.正:ontherunontherun意为“逃跑、奔忙”,run前习惯有the。(43)误:WhenBobaskedMaryforadate,shegavehimcoldshoulder.正:thecoldshouldergivesb.thecoldshoulder意为“给人冷遇”,coldshoulder前习惯加the,但turnacoldshoulder(给人冷遇)中用a。(44)误:Tomwasfailureasmedicalstudent,forhisheartwasnotinit.正:afailure
failure(失败)是一个抽象名词。抽象名词前面一般不用冠词,但有些抽象名词可以加不定冠词,使之具体化。a.Beforeliberationtheyliveamiserablelife.b.It"sapleasuretomeetyou.c.It"sagreathonourtoreceivetheaward.d.Willyoudomeafavour?(45)误:HeusedtolaughatmewhenIfirstbegantoplayguitar.正:playtheguitar表示演奏乐器的名称前通常要定冠词:playtheflute(吹笛子),playthepiano(弹钢琴),playtheerhu(拉二胡),playthefiddle(拉小提琴),playtheharp(弹竖琴)。(46)误:Tonorthliesavastgrassland.正:Tothenorth表示东南西北的方位名词前,一般要用定冠词the。a.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.b.Thetownliestothesouthofthecity.(47)误:PotterwasgoingtohaveinterviewwithVioletonSunday.正:haveaninterview进行一次动作,常用“have/takea/an+名词”来表示,其中的不定冠词不能省略:haveasmoke,haveataste,haveachat,haveaswim,haveawash,have/takearest,haveatry,haveatalk,have/takealook,takearun,takeawalk,have/takeastroll等。(48)误:Thestorytookplaceinahotelinwinterof1985.正:inthewinter季节前一般不加冠词:
a.Leavesturnyellowinautumn.b.Thefourseasonsinayeararespring,summer,autumnandwinter.但如果被一个限定性定语修饰从而表示特定的时间时,它前面就得加冠词:c.Wehadaterriblyhotsummerthisyear.d.Hisfatherdiedofcoldinahardwinterbeforeliberation.同样,表示月、星期的名词,如带有限制性定语或具有特指意义时,一般也须用冠词:JohncameonaTuesdayandwentontheFriday.约翰在周二来,周五走。(49)误:Hedrinkshalfglassofwineeveryday.正:halfaglasshalfaglass意为“半杯”,a不可省略,类似的还有:halfapound,halfamile,halfanhour等。§2.5介词短语中使用冠词的情况(1)aboveabove(the)average(平均以上),abovenormal(标准以上,反:belownormal),aboveprice(=beyondprice极其珍贵的),above(the)sea-level(海平面、海拔),abovethehorizon(地平线上,反:belowthehorizon)。(2)afterafterdark/noon/sunset/midnight,dayafterday(一天天地),afterafashion(勉强、马马虎虎),afteralongabsence/interval/silence(隔了好久),afteranabsence/interval/asilenceofthreemonths(隔了三个月),afterthefashion/mannerof(照…方式),thedayaftertomorrow(后天)。a.Hedidnotreply,butwentongrinning,andafterapauseshecon-tinued.b.“Itisalongwaytosendforspring-water.”hesaid,afterasilence.(3)as
as后面的普通名词原则上不加冠词:asaconsequence/result(结果、最终),asalastresort(当作最后手段),asatokenof(=intokenof作…象征),asaconsequence/resultof(作为…的结果),asamatteroffact(实际上),asameansof(作为…的手段)。a.Hewasengagedasinterpreter.b.ReagonmadeaspeechasPresident.c.Hewasgreatsuccessasabanker.d.Thisservesasalesson.e.AsascientistBaconwasafailure.(4)atatanchor(停泊),at(the)best(尽可能),atdaybreak(在黎明时),atease(轻松),atfirst(首先),athand(眼前),at(by)hazard(靠运气),atheart(由衷),athome(在家里),atlarge(详细地),atlast(终于),at(the)latest(至迟),atleisure(休闲时),atlength(终于),atliberty(自由地),atmidnight(半夜中).atmost(themost)(顶多),atnight(夜里),atpeace(和平),atplay(游玩),atpresent(现在),atrandom(随意地),atrest(休息),atschool(在学校),atsea(在海上、航海中),atsunrise(日出时),atsunset(日落时),attable(用餐),atwar(交战),atwill(随意地),atwork(工作中),atabound(一击),atanadvantage(有利地),atadistance(在稍远处),atadraught/draft(一口气地),atanend(结束),ataglance(一瞥),atastandstill(陷入僵局、停顿),atastretch(一口气地),atastroke(一举),atatime(一次地),ataword(立刻),atthebest(充其量、至多),atthelatest(至迟),atthemoment(正当此时),atthemost(顶多),atoutset(最初),attheworst(最糟),atfirsthand(直接地),atsecondhand(间接地),atdeadofnight(深更半夜中),ata/thecostofonemilliondollars(以百万美元的费用),ata/thedistanceoftenmiles(在距十里处),atanexpenseoffivemillionyuan,ataheightofonehundredfeet,atarateofseventymilesanhour,attheageof(…岁),atthebeginningof(在…开始时),atthebottomof(在…底部),atthecostof(以…费用),atthefootof(在…山脚下),atthehand(s)of(在…手上),attheheadof(居…首位),attheheightof(在…最高峰),atthenewsof(听到…消息),attheoutsetof(在…最初),atthepointofdeath(临死),atthepriceof(以…的代价),attherequestof(照…的要求),attheriskof(以…为赌注),atthesacrificeof(以…为牺牲),atthesightof(看到…),atthestartof(在…的开始),atthesummitof(在…的顶点),atthetopof(在…
顶点),atfault(错了),ataloss(不知所措),atpains(=atthepains费尽心思),atthepointof即将)。a.Iamatalosswhattodo.b.Hewasatthepointofdeath/onthepointofdying.(5)before,below,between,beyondthedaybeforeyesterday(前天),thenightbeforelast(前夜),belowtheaverage(普通以下),belowthehorizon(地平线下),belownormal(标准以下),beyonddispute(明显地),beyonddoubt(=withoutdoubt毫无疑问地),beyondprice(=above/withoutprice极其珍贵),beyondquestion(=withoutquestion毫无疑问),beyondtheshadowofdoubt(毫无疑问地)。a.TheconnectionbetweenhimandMargaretwasnotlackinginro-mance.b.Thedifference/distinctionbetweenAandBisgreat.c.Heexplainedtherelationbetweenlanguageandliterature.(6)bybyaccident(意外地),byairplane/air(搭飞机),byappointment(按照约定),bybicycle/bike(骑自行车),byboat/bus/car/train/tram,bychance(偶然地),byexpress(搭快车),byear/eye/hand,byforce(凭力气),byhookorbycrook(不管用什么手段),byland/sea,bymail/letter/post,bymistake(由于错误),bymoonlight(借月光),byname(知道…的名字、不太熟悉),byradio,bybirth(出生),bytrade(买卖),byday/night(在白天/夜里),bytheday(每天),bythedozen(每打),bythegallon(每加伦),bythehundred(每一百),bythepound(每一磅),bytheway(顺便),bytheweek(每周),bytheyear(每年),bytheyard(每码),byairmail(用航空信),bycommonconsent(经由一致同意),bygoodfortune/luck幸运地),bymainforce(尽力),by(the)aidof(受…帮助),bydintof(靠…的力量),byforceof(靠…的力量),by(the)helpof(受…帮助),bymeansof(依据),byorderof(依据…的命令),bypermissionof(得到…许可),byreasonof(由于…),byrightof(由于…),bythesweatofone"sbrow(靠自己辛苦劳动),by/invirtueof(由于…),bywayof(经由、当做),bywordofmouth(口头上),bythearm(抓住…的手臂),daybyday,littlebylittle,stepbystep,byprofession(职业是…)。例:HeisanAmericanbybirth.他生来是美国人。(7)during
duringtheday/thenight/thesummer。(8)forforthebetter(好转),forthebest(最好的结果),forexample/in-stance,forlife(一生),foramoment(转眼间),forthemoment(暂时),forthemostpart(大抵),forfear/joy/pleasure,forsale(出售),foratime(一时),forthetime(being)(暂时),forthefirsttime(第一次),forthelasttime,forawhile,fortheworse(恶化),forthebenefitof(为了…),forfearof(害怕…),forthelifeofone(无论如何),forlack/wantof(因缺乏…),forthepurposeof(为了…),forthesakeof(为了…),measureformeasure(以牙还牙),titfortat(以牙还牙),wordforword(一字一句地)。(9)fromfrombeginningtoend,fromthebeginning(从头开始),fromcovertocover(从头到尾),fromthecradletothegrave(一生),fromadistance(从稍远处),fromdaytoday(=daybyday),fromdawntonight-time,fromdoortodoor,fromendtoend,fromfirsttolast,fromgenerationtogeneration,fromhandtohand,fromheadtofoot,fromadesireto(想做…)。例:Heworkedhardfromadesiretogetgoodpoints.(10)inintheabstract(抽象性地),inabundance(许多),inaddition(加之),inadvance(预先),intheaffirmative(肯定地),inbulk(大量地),induecourse(不久),indanger(危险中),inthedark/darkness(黑暗中),inthedawn(黎明时分),in(the)olddays(从前),inthedaytime(白天),indetail(详细地),inadifficulty(困难地),inadilemma(左右为难),intheeast,intheend,intheevening/evenings,intheex-treme(极度地、非常地),infashion(流行),inafashion(=afterafashion有一些),putinforce(实行),inafix(烦恼),inafury(生气),infuture(今后),inthefuture(将来),inthenearfuture(不久的将来),ingeneral(一般地),inthegross(一般地),inhaste(急速地),inahurry(匆忙地),intheleast(一点也不),inmanner(态度上),inamanner(有点儿),inmanuscript(用草稿),in(a)large/greatmeasure(非常地),inname(名义上),inthenegative(用否定),intheopen(air)(在户外),inpart(一部分、一些),inparticular(特别地),inpencil/ink/pen(=withapencil,etc.),inapassion(勃然大怒),inperson(亲自),inplenty(许多),insilence(默默地),inthesilence(在安静处),insum(总之),insurprise(吃惊),inthe(very)actof(在…进行时),intheabsenceof(在无…的场合下),inaccordancewith(遵照),inthe/anageof(在…的时代),inadvanceof(在…的前面、超过),inaidof(为帮助…),in
alliancewith(和…同盟),inanticipationof(期待…),inbehalfof(为了…),inthecenterof(在…的中心),inchargeof(担任),incommandof(指挥),incom-memorationof(纪念…),incommonwith(和…有共同点),incompanywith(和…一起),incomparisonwith(和…比较),incompnsationfor(作为…的补偿),incompliancewith(顺从…),inconcertwith(和…一致),inconformityto/with(遵照…),inconjunctionwith(和…协力),inconnectionwith(和…关连),inconsequenceof(…的结果),inconsiderationof(考虑…),in(into)contactwith(与…接触),incontra-dictionto(与…相反),incontrastto/with(与…对照),in(the)courseof(在…的过程中),inthedeadof(正当其中),indefaultof(缺少…时、因无…),indefenceof(为了保卫…),intheeastof(在…以东),inexchangefor(和…作为交换),inexpectionof(期待…),inexplanationof(为了说明…),intheeyesof(由…的眼光看),in(the)faceof(面对着、尽管),infavourof(赞成),intheformof(作为…),inharmonywith(和…协调),intheheartof(在…的心中),inhonorof(为了…),inthehopeof(期待…),inillustrationof(做…的例证),inimitationof(模仿),intheinterest(s)of(为了…),injusticeto(公正地判断…),inkeepingwith(和…一致),inleaguewith(和…结盟),inthelightof(按照…),inmemoryof(当作…纪念),inthemiddleof(在…的正中央),inthemidstof(正在…当中),inthenameof(为…之故),inneedof(需要),inthenorthof(在…以北),inobedienceto(遵照),inoppositionto(反对…),inpartnershipwith(和…共同),inplaceof(替代…),inpointof(在…之点上),inpossessionof(拥有),inpraiseof(称赞),inpreferenceto(在…之先、宁可),inthepresenceof(在…的面前),inprocessof(…的进行中),inproofof(当…的证据),inproportionto(与…成比例),inpursuitof(追求…),inquestof(=inthequestfor要求…),in/attherearof(在…之后),inrecognitionof(承认),in/withreferenceto(关于),in/with,regardto(关于),in/withrelationto(关于…),inreplyto(回答),in/withrespectto(关于),inresponseto(回答),inreturnfor(作为…的礼物、酬报),insearchof(=inthesearchfor寻找),intheserviceof(在…上班),intheshapeof(当作…),in/intosightof(在…看得见的地方),inthesightof(以…的眼光看起来),inspiteof(不管),insupportof(赞成),insympathywith(赞成),intheteethof(不管),intimefor(赶得上),intimeofneed(急需时),inthetimeof(在…之时),intokenof(作为…的证据),intouchwith(和…接触),inviewof(考虑…),inan/theattempttodosth.(企图做…),inan/theeffort/endeavorto(想做…而努力),inaconditiontodosth.,inahurry(todosth.),ina/themood(todosth.),inaposition(todosth.)。(11)into
intothebargain(交易…),intofashion(流行),intotheshade(使…脸上无光)。(12)of,offamanofability(有能力的人),amatterofaccount(重要的事情),of(great)consequence(非常重要),ofheart(有勇气),oftheage(现代的、时代的),oftheday(当时的、现代的),ofthehour(眼前的、今日的),ofakind(某种的、表面上的),ofthemoment(当前的),offtherecord(没记录的、非正式的)。(13)ononan/theaverage(平均),onbehalfof(代表、为了…),onbusiness(因公事),onthecampus(在校内),onthecontrary(相反地),onduty(值班),ontheebb(退潮),onend(直立、连续不断),onanerrand(出差),onexamination(查看),onanexcursion(远足),onanexpedition(探险),onfoot,onthehour(…时整),oninquiry(查看),ontheinstant(即刻、立即),onthejourney(旅行),onland(在陆上),ontheleft(在左边),onalevelwith(和…同一水平),onthelist(在表上),onamission(负使命),onoccasion(有时),onaparwith(和…同等),onthephone(打电话),on/underpretenceof(以…作借口),on/underthepretextof(以…作借口),onprinciple(原则上),onpurpose,onrecord(记录上),onreflection(仔细考虑后),onsale(出售),ona1argescale(大规模),onthescene(在现场),onthescoreof(因为…),onthesly(悄悄地),onthespot(在现场),onthesquare(规矩地),onthestage(在舞台),onthestrengthof(根据),onthesubjectof(关于…问题),onthesummit(of)(在…顶上),onthesurface(在表面),on/overthetelephone(打电话),onsecondthought/thoughts(再考虑的结果),ontime,onthetopof,ontrial(在试验中),onatrip,onavoyage,onthewayto(在…途中),onthewhole(一般说来),onaccountof(因为…),onthechanceof(期待…),ona/thecharge(=oncharges)of(以…罪名控诉),ontheeveof(正要…的时候),ontheground/groundsof(以…的理由),ontheoutskirts(在…郊处),on/underthepleaof(以…为借口),onthepointof(正要做…),onthesuburbsof(在…郊外)。(14)totoadmiration(完美地),tothebone(到骨头止、彻底地),tothebrim/bottom,to/for/ofacertainty(确实地),tothecore(到最下层、彻底地),toaday(一天也不差、刚好),todeath(…而死),toadegree(大大地),uptotheears(非常地),toexcess(过度地),toafault(极端地),tothefore(在前面、在显著地方),tothefull(十分地),toanhour(恰好),toaninch(分寸不差),tothelast(到最后),totheright/left,totheletter(照文字、严密地),tothelife(逼真地),up
tothemark(达到标准),totheminute(恰好),toanicety(规规矩矩地),toperfection(完全地),tothepoint(适当地),tothepurpose(适当地),totheutmost(极力),totheamountof(到总额…为止),tothebestofone"sability(尽可能地),tothebestofone"sknowledge(尽其所知),totheextentof(到…程度为止)。(15)underunderconsideration(考虑中),underconstruction(建造中),underdiscussion(讨论中),undermoonlight(月光下),undertreatment(接受治疗),undertrial(审理中),undertheauspicesof(由…主办),underthefavourof(利用…)。(16)with,withoutwithreference/regard/respectto(关于),withoutend(无限地),withoutnumber(无数),withoutthehelpof(毫无援助地),withoutregardto(不顾),withoutreferenceto(和…无关),withoutrespectto(不顾…),withoutawish/anattemptto(不想做…)。