大学英语语法要点 30页

GrammarforCollegeEnglishTest重点语法结构语法结构部份分两项,一是选择,二是辨错.涉及范围为:1.时态、语态；2.虚拟语气、条件句和情态动词；3.非谓语动词:不定式、动名词和分词；4.代词；5.形容词和副词；6.连词；7,主谓一致；8.倒装、词序等.l.时态语态题:第一要抓住句中的时间状语方面的信号词.若是主从句,还要注意时态呼应,现在完成时,过去完成时,现在完成进行时,过去进行时,一般现在时的特殊用法,这些都要熟练掌握.2.虚拟语气:除了要了解三条基本公式外.要注意错综条件句,省略汀的倒装词序,某些动词、形容词、名词等某些句型要求虚拟语气,以及情态动词十原形动词和完成时的应用.3.非谓语动词:各自的作用,熟悉它们的时态和语态上的各种变化.另外还要熟记那些动词后跟不定式,那些必须跟动名词,还要熟悉两者皆可用时的特殊意义,过去分词和现在分词作定语、表语,状语的区别；独立分词结构,分词作状语与主语的关系等.4.形容词和副词中的比较级:比较的同类项:as…as；thesameas(to)；older和eider；farther和further；much和far,agreatdeal等修饰比较级和形容词、副词的词序及惯用法、句型等.5.复合句中用以引导各类从句的连词,关系代词及关系副词从而分清从句所属,正确判断句型非常重要.6.强调句型:要求考生掌握其固定结构形式:”Itis(was)+被强调部分+that+句子其他部分”,去掉Itis…和that句子主谓结构仍成立为强调句型,否则为主语从句.30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTest7.主谓一致、倒装语序等.I.典型时态和特殊用法1.一般现在时:(1)表示已经预先计划或安排好的肯定将要发生的动作.主要用于be,come,go,start,begin,1eave,return,end,stop,open,takeplace等瞬间动词.句中常有表示将来的时间状语.(2)在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中.表示将来的动作.如:ThematchtakesplacenextMonday./Iwillnotgoshopping,ifitrains.2.现在进行时:(1)表示最近按计划或安排要做的事,往往有表示未来的时间状语.能够这样用的动词有:arrive,come,leave,return,start,work,play,have等.(2)与always,constantly,continually,forever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在出状态,往往带有说话人的感情色彩.(3)在时间、条件从句中表示将来正在进行的动作.如:WeareleavingonFriday./Heisconstantlyleavinghisthingsabout.他老是乱扔东西./Don’tinterrupthimifheisreading.3.现在完成时:(1)将来完成用法:用于时间、条件状语从句中,说明将来某时刻以前动作完成的情况.(2)用在固定结构中:往往是在定语从句中.如表示序数或最高级的时候It’sthefirst/secondtimethatIhavecomehere.；It’sthebestfilmIhaveeverseen.(3)①"must+完成式”表示过去必定发生过的事情,是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测.②“should(或oughtto)+完成式”表示一个应该在过去做,而没有做的动作,它往往带有埋怨和后悔的情绪.如:1)I’ll30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestgowithyouassoonasIhavefinishedmywork./It’s(willbe)thefirsttimeIhavebeenthere.注:①表示瞬间行为动词come,join,finish,marry,return等不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,只能用连系动词加表语结构来代替.例如:Hehasbeenbackforoveraweek.(不能用hascomeback)/Ihavebeeninthearmyforthreeyears.(不能用:havejoined)②since"自从…"以来；for表示时间,从过去开始延续至今.它们都是现在完成时的典型信号词.③句子中有表示过去时的时间副词(如yesterday,lastweek,in1990)时,不能使用现在完成时要用过去时态.4.现在完成进行时:现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去,通常与表示一段时间的状语连用.如:allthemorning,forhours,sincethismorning…Theyhavebeenwatchingtelevisionfortwohours./Hehasbeenwritingletterssincethismorning.5.过去完成时:(1)过去完成时,表示在过去某—时刻或动作以前已经完成厂的动作.即”过去的过去”.常用的信号词有by(到……时候为止),before等介词短语或用unless,when,after,once,assoonas等连词引起的表示到过去某—时间为止的时间状语来表示.(2)这一时态常见于宾语从句或定语从句中.(3)过去完成时常用在"nosooner…than”,和”hardly…when(before)”等句型的主句中,从句中常用一般过去时.如:Bytheendoflastyear,Ihadworkedinthiscollegefortenyears./Nosoonerhadhefinishedhisperformancethan30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTesttheaudiencebegantocheer.(＝Hehadnosooner…than…)他刚表演完观众就喝采6.其它要注意的时态(1)begoingto口语中常用,表示最近打箅要做的事情;根据某种迹象表明可能要发生的事情.如:Whatareyougoingtodothisevening?/Lookatthecloud.Itisgoingtorain.(2)过去将来时,多见于主句谓语动词足一般过去时的宾语从句中.如:Hesaidthathewouldgetmarriedsoon.(3)过去进行时主要用法之一是描述一件事发生的背景,往往在一个动作发生的过程中,突然发生第二个戏剧性的动作.第二个戏剧性动作为一般过去时,由when或while引出,意为”此时”.有二种句型:1)Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself./Tomslippedintothehousewhennoonewaslooking./SomeoneknockedatthedoorwhileIwastakingashower./JustasIwasopeningthedoor,thetelephonerang.2)如果两个动作都引人注目且同时发生,并没有一个比另一个更形象,更主要时,那么两个动作都可以用过去进行时.MyhusbandwasreadingwhileIwascooking.7.有些动词以主动形式出现,却有被动含义Theknifecutswell./Nylonunderwearwasheseasily.尼龙内衣容易洗./Thenovelswrittenbytheyoungmansellwell.那个年青人写的小说销路好./Thisball-penwritesinfourcolours.这支园珠笔可以写出四种颜色./Thenotereadsasfollows”…”30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTest.字条上写着:”……”8.短语动词构成的被动语态中,介词或副词不可省略Moreschoolsandhospitalswillbesetupinthenearfuture./Theoldwomanhasbeenoperatedon.(这位老妇人已经动过了手术)/Thepursewaspickedupandhandedtothepolice.此外,固定搭配”动词+名词+介词”习语中,介词也不能省掉.Timemustbemadegooduseof./Lesscleverchildrenshouldnotbemadefunof.9.如果宾补是不带to的不定式,在被动态中,主补的不定式必须带to.如:Hisparentsmakehimstudyhard./Heismadetostudyhard.10.在want,need,desire,require和形容词worth,worth+doing后,动名词的主动形式表示被动意义.如:Thehousewantsrepairing./Whoneedslookingafter?/Thenovelisworthreadingtwice./Thepointdeservesmentioning.11.表示将来时的还有:beaboutto/betodo/beonthepointof等.如:Iwasonthepointofleaving,whenthephonerang.II.虚拟语气1.虚拟语气三大公式:条件句主句与现在的事实相反If主语+were…If主语+v-ed…主语+should(would,could,might)+v。。。30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTest与过去事实相反If+主语+haddone主语+should(would,could,might)+havedone与将来事实相反If+主语+v-edIf+主语+shoulddoIf+主语+weretodo主语+should(would,could,might)+doIfJohnwereherenow,hewouldexplainit.(=WereJohnherenow,...)/Ifyouhadaskedmeearlier,Iwouldhavetoldyou.(Hadyouaskedmeearlier,…)/Ifitrainedtomorrow,Iwouldstayathome./Ifitshouldraintomorrow,Iwouldstayathome.(=Shoulditrain…)/Ifitweretoraintomorrow,Iwouldstayathome.(=Wereittorain…)2.有时条件从句和主句时态可以不一致,这叫混合条件虚拟语气.如:Ifyouwereinbetterhealth,wewouldhaveallowedyoutojointheminthework.如果你身体好一些,我们就会让你参加他们一道干这工作了.Ifyouhadtakenthemedicine(表示与过去相反,即:”要是你当时吃了的话”),youwouldbewellnow(表示与现在相反,即:”你现在已好了”).含意是:Youdidn’ttakethemedicine,soyouarenotwellnow.　Ifthecriminalwerehonest,hewouldhaveconfessedlongago./Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavourable,thecropswouldbe30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestgrowingstillBetter.如果过去天气好一些,现在庄稼还会长得更好.3.在动词Ifonly,wish,wouldrather,asif(though)后的句子中谓语动词要用虚拟结构.Ifonly…Wish/wouldrather/…asif(though)与现在事实相反与过去事实相反V-ed(be用were)hadbeen如:Ifonly(=Iwish)Ihadnotcheatedintheexamination./IwishIwereasstrongasyou./IwishIrememberedtheaddress./Hewisheswewouldtryagain./Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow./Heoftentalksasifheweremyfather./Helooksasifhehadbeenill.(Buthehasnotbeen)4.主语+V.that主语+(should)do　V主要有:表示建议(propose,suggest,urge,advise,move,recommend),要求(ask,require,request,demand,insist,desire,maintain),命令(command,order),安排(arrange),决定(resolve,decide)等.如:I　suggest　we　set　off　straight　away./Thechairmanproposedthatweshoulddiscussthequestion./MoststudentsinsistthattheyshouldhavemoreEnglishlessons.5.在Itis(was)necessary,essential,important,urgent,30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestnatural,desired,suggested,requested,ordered,proposed,desirable,advisable,strange,apity/shamethat主语+(should)do…lest,forfearthat(以免)也用should+doItisimportantthattheory(should)becloselycombinedwithpractice.Ithasbeendecidedthatthemeeting(should)bepostponedtillnextSaturday.Hehidhimselflestheshouldbefound.6.It’s(high,about)timethatwedid(were)的句型中要用过去时.Itishightime(that)webegantowork.7.倒装句型：Wereitnotfortheirhelp/Hadtheynothelpedus,weshouldhavefailed.8．错综虚拟语气(一半是真实情况，一半是虚拟)标志词有but,otherwiseHewouldgainweightbuthedoesn’teatenough.他本应该增加体重，但他吃得不多。9．含蓄虚拟语气Butfortheflood,wemighthavearrivedearlier.Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.III.情态动词1.needn’t+不定式完成式:表示本来不必做而实际已经做的行为.Youneedn’thavecomeoveryourself.你不必亲自来.30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTest2.could+havedone及其它(1)could+havedone表示与事实相反(2)might+havedone表示未实现的行为(3)needn’t+havedone表示做了不该做的事情(4)must+havedone表示对过去行为的肯定推测(5)should+havedone表示该做而未做到的事(6)shouldnot+havedone表示做了不该做的事Hecouldhavehelpedme,buthedidn’t.他能帮助我,但他没有./Youmighthavedonetheworkbetter.你本来可以把工作做得更好一些./Youneedn’thavecomeoveryourself.你本来不必亲自过/Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet./Theyshouldhavemadeagoodjobofit.他们本来可把工作做好/Youshouldnothavedonesuchthings.你不该干出这种事情来.3.shall/should(oughtto);will/would(1)shall在疑问句中用于第一、三人称单复数表示征求意见、表示询问和请示.如:WhatshallIdonow?/Shallwegoforawalk?我们去散步好吗？/Shallhecometomorrow?你要他明天来吗?(2)shal1用于二、三人称可表示说话人给对方”命令”、”警告”、”允诺”、”威胁”等概念.作:”必须”、”可”、”该”解.如:YoushallhavethebookassoonIfinishit.(允诺)/Heshalldoit,whetherhewantstoornot.不管他愿意不愿意,他必须做这项工作.(命令)/Youshallnotleavetotheothers.你不可以将它留给其他人.(警告)30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTest(3)should除了表示”应当”,”该”解之外,还表示推测:作”可能”、”该”解.还表示出乎意外,"居然""竟然".Thebookshouldbeinthereading-room./Ineverthoughtsheshouldhavedonethis.(4)will/would1)可用于各种人称表示”意愿”,”意志”和”决心”等.如:Iwilldomybest.(决意)/Letherdothat,ifshewill.(意愿)2)表示习惯性动作”总是”,”惯于”.Assoonashegetshome,hewill(would)turnontheradio.3)用于第三人称表示询问或请求.Willyousayitagain?你能不能再说一遍.注:①would在表示意志或向对方请求时,语气比will婉转,指的是现在时.如:Wouldyoupleasepassmethebook?②在日常生活中,Iwouldlike和Ishouldlike都可以说.如:Ishould(would)liketohavealookatyourcoat.4.可以看作情态动词的短语(1)usedto+V表示"过去经常";而beusedtodoing表示"习惯于"(2)hadbetter+V表示”最好是”、”不如…”之意(3)hadrather+V…than和wouldrather+V…than表示”宁肯…不愿”之意.如:Wewould/hadratherdiethanyield.(4)cannotbut+V表示”不得不”之意.如:Marycannotbutsing.30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestIV.非谓语动词(一)不定式和动名词作主语1.不定式作主语的句型(1)Itis+N+todo(代不定式)(2)Ittakessb.+sometime+todo=sb.spendsometime(in)doing(3)Itis+Adj.+forsb.+todo(4)Itis+Adj.+ofsb.+todo　句型(4)中常用的形容词有kind,nice,considerate,thoughtful等.2.动名词作主语的句型(1)Doing…+V如：Seeingisbelieving.(2)Itis+nouse,nogood,agreatfun,arealpleasure,awasteoftime,abore…等名词+doingsth.如:Itisagreatfunplayingfootball./Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain.(3)Thereisno..+doing..(thereisno表示”不可能”)如：Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.说出他要干什么是不可能的./Thereisnosayingwhatmayhappen.说出要发生什么是不可能的.3.不定式和动名词做主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作.如：Smokingisprohibitedhere.(抽象)/Itisnotverygoodfor30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestyoutosmokesomuch.(具体)(2)动名词作主语时,通常表示一件已知的事或经验;而不定式短语通常表示一件未完成的事或目的.如:Drivingacarduringtherushhouris　tiring.(经验)/Tostudyabroadhaslongbeenmydream.（长久以来,出国念书一直是我的梦想.）(一件尚未完成的事情)(二)不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语1.不定式作定语(1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.(2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Shehasalotofworktodointhemorning.(3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词,和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去.I　need　a　pen　towritewith./Thereisnothingtoworryabout.(4)不定式修饰一些抽象名词,如:①ability,decision,need,plan,promise,failure,wish等.②thefirst,second,last,only,best等.如:Hiswishtobuyacarcametrue./Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.2.分词作定语时有下面几个特点:(1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意.(2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态,或做完(完成)的事.如：Theroomfacingsouthisourclassroom.30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestHaveyougotyourwatchrepaired?3.不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如:1)DoyouwanttoseethedoctortobesentforfromBeijing?2)Doyouwanttoseethedoctorworkingonthecasereportintheoffice?(三)不定式和动名词作宾语英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语.但:1.有少数动词只能用不定式作宾语:V.1+to+V.2(原形)afford负担得起hope希望pretend假装appear似乎intend企图promise答应arrange安排like喜欢refuse拒绝attempt试图learn学会try试图decide决定long渴望want想要desire欲得到manage设法wish希望expect期望mean打算fail未能offer表示要happen碰巧plan计划2.有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语:V.1+V.2-ingadmit承认imagine想象appreciate赞赏,感激mind介意avoid避免,避开miss错过complete完成postpone推迟,延期consider考虑practice实践,练习delay耽搁,延误resist忍住endure忍受risk冒风险enjoy享……之乐,喜爱suggest建议escape逃跑insiston坚持30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestexcuse原谅giveup放弃objectto反对can’thelp禁不住putoff延期等worth值得Headmittedhavingmademistake.Wouldyouconsidergoingnorththissummer?Theyhavefinishedtheirstudying.3.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别(1)forgettodo忘记要去做某事(此事未做)forgetdoing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)(2)stoptodo停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在或经常做的事(3)remembertodo记住去做某事(未做)rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做)(4)regrettodo对要做的事遗憾regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔(5)trytodo努力、企图做某事.trydoing试验、试一试某种办法(6)meantodo打算,有意要……meandoing意味着(7)like,love,hate,prefer+todo表示具体行为like,love,hate,preferdoing表示抽象、倾向行为(8)need,require,want,deserve+tobeV-ed或+V-ing,表示要(修、清理)等意思如：Don’tforgettocometomorrow.(tocome动作未做)/Ishall30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestneverforgetseeingtheQueen./Idon’tregrettellingherwhatIthought.(已讲过)/Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法.(未做但要做)(四)不定式和分词作状语1.不定式作结果状语(1)In1935helefthomenevertoreturn.(2)so+形容词(或副词)+asto…Thehouseissohighandnarrowastoresemble(象…)atower.(3)such+名词短语+asto…Hisindifferenceissuchastomakeonedespaired.(4)onlyto…竟然…(表示与预料相反的结果)Hestudiedhardonlytofailintheexam.(5)形容词(或副词)+enough(副词)to…够,足以Theroomisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople.(注)enough做形容词时,修饰名词,可置于该名词之前或之后.Hehasenoughmoney(ormoneyenough)forthetrip.2.分词作状语:分词和分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、条件,让步、方式和伴随情况.在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时,通常可转换为相应的状语从句,表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换为一个并列的谓语成份.Seeing　the　teacher　entering　the　room,the　students　stood　up.30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestHeated,icewillbechangedintowater.(Whenitisheated…)(条件、时间)Beingexcited,Icouldn’tgotosleep.(AsIwasexcited,Icouldn’tgotosleep.)(原因)Istoodthere,listeningtothebroadcast.(伴随).Thechildrenwentawaylaughing.(Theylaughedastheywentaway.)(行为方式)Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.(＝Althoughtheyknowallthis…)(让步)3.分词作状语与主语的关系(1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作.它们之间的关系是主动关系.如：Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.(2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作.它们之间的关系是被动关系.如：Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.4.分词作状语时前面可用连词When,while,once,if,unless,though等引导的状语从句,若其主语与主句主语相同时,可保留该副词连接词,其余部分则化简为分词短语.如：When(being)free,I’llfetchyou.Whilewalkingalongthestreetearlyinthemorning,hesawher.Iffallingill,I’llseemydoctor.30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestOncecompleted,thispowerstationsuppliesthenearbytownsandvillageswithelectricity.Eventhoughgiveneveryopportunity,theywouldnottry.Thoughknowingthetruth,herremainedsilent.Unless(being)rich,Iamnotgoingabroad.5.动词不定式和分词作状语的区别(1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的.Theystoodbytheroadsidetalkingabouttheplan.(伴随)/Theystoodbytheroadsidetotalkabouttheplan.(目的)(2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件.动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因.1)Readingattentively,heforgotthetimeforlunch.(原因)Readingcarefully,hefoundsomethinghehadnotknownbefore.(时间)Readingcarefully,you’lllearnsomethingnew.(条件)2)Herfamilywastoopoortosupporthim.(结果)Theboyisnottallenoughtoreachthebookshelf.(六)非谓语动词常考的其它结构1.疑问词+不定式结构:疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语.如:Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.Idon’tknowwhattodo.Thedifficultywashowtocrosstheriver.30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestIcantellyouwheretogetthisbook.注:有时疑问词前可用介词,如:Ihavenoideaof(asto)howtodoit.2.在某些动词后的动词不定式的完成式动词不定式的完成式主要体现它所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.但在be,wish,intend,mean,plan,hope,expect,should(或)wouldlike等动词之后,则表示没有实现的行为.例如:Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting./Sheseemedtohaveforgottenherpromise./Hepretendedtohavereadthebook./Heplannedtohavegoneabroad.他原计划出国(但他没有去)./Ihopedtohaveseenher.我原希望会见到她的(可是我没见到她)./Iwouldliketohavehadyourhelp.我本想得到你的帮助(实际上我却没有得到)./Theenemyexpectedtohavefoundhim.敌人本来指望找到他(实际上却没有找到)./Iintendtohavefinishedmyworklastnight./Weweretohavesailednextmorning.3.不带to的不定式(1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to.这类词有:feel觉得notice注意hear听observe注意到,看到listento听perceive察觉,感和overhear听到see看见lookat看watch注视如：Wefeltthehouseshake./Iheardtheclockstriketwelvelastnight./Isawhimcome.我看见他来了./HesawhissonwatchingTVwhenheleft.(2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make,1et,have等.如:Lethimdo./I30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestwouldhaveyouknowthatIamill.注:①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式一般须带”to”,如:Hewasseentocome./Theboywasmadetogotobedearly.②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:Hewassurprisedtofindthesheep(to)breakfenceatthisseason.(3)在donothing／anything／everythingbut(except)do结构中.例如:LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchT.V./Johnwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干.但是，如果谓语动词不是”donothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则须带”to”.如:Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking./Therewasnothingforthemtodobuttoremainsilent.Ihavenochoice/alternativebuttoaccepthisoffer.4.”to”是介词还是不定式符号由于介词和不定式的符号to相同,所以有时会把介词to误认为不定式符号而造成错误.下列句子中的to都是介词,后面须跟动名词:beaccustomed/usedto习惯于/adaptto适应/adjustto适应于/agreeto同意/amountto合计；等于/confessto承认/attendto出席;照料/devoteto献身于/taketo养成习惯;喜欢/turnto着手工作/lookforwardto盼望/object/opposeto反对/payattentionto关注/contributeto贡献/deny(to)否定/30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestresortto诉诸于/reducedto沦为/whenitcometo当提到等.Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain./Ipreferreadingbookstodoinghousework./Wemustmakegreatercontributionstorealizingmodernizationofourcountry.(我们必须为实现我国的现代化作出更大的贡献)5.不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构‘.(1)不定式的逻辑主语为:for+名词(或代词宾格)+不定式.如:ItisdifficultforaforeignertolearnChinese.注:在表示人物性格、、特性等的形容词后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语.如:Itwaswiseofhimtodothat./Ithinkitwrongofhimnottoacceptourinvitation.(1)动名词的逻辑主语为:①人称代词的所有格+动名词;②名词’s+动名词.如:Tominsistedonmygoingwiththem./Hedislikeshiswife’sworkinglate.(2)分词作状语时,要注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致.否则分词必须有自己的主语.这种带主语的分词结构称做分词的独立结构,或独立主格.如:Therainhavingstopped,thesoldierscontinuedtheirmatch./Theboysreturned,theirfacecoveredwithsweat.注:有时也可用”with(或without)+名词(或代词宾格)+分词”的结构,表示伴随情况.如:Hefellasleepwiththelampburning./The30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestteacherenteredtheclassroom,withabag(being)inhishand.6.有关动名词句型(1)havedifficulty(trouble,fun,ahardtime,agoodtime)+(in)+doing(2)feellike+名词,感觉象；feellike+动名词,想要＝wouldliketo+原形动词.如:Ifeellikeanewbornbaby./Doyoufeellikegoingtoamovie./Idon’tfeellikestudyingtoday.(3)Hespentalottime(energy,money)(in)repairingthecar.（4）It’snouse/fun/point/good+doing7.有关分词句型(1)go+现在分词,均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动,意为”从事…”.如:go+jogging(慢跑)/fishing/dancing/skating/bowling(打保龄球)/shopping/sightseeing/camping(2)bebusy/worth/for/against+v.-ingV.定语从句的重点1.定语从句中的that(1)用逗号与主句隔开的非限定性定语从句不用that,而用which.如：Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichfrightenedher.(2)that＝inwhich＝where；that＝when.that可以在定语从句中作状语.如:Itwasatthegatethathetoldmethenews.(that＝where)30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTest(3)a11,everybody,everything,anybody,anything,onething,nothing,little,somebody,something等不定代词后面跟的定语从句要用that,不用which.如：Allthatisneeded(=Whatisneeded)isasupplyofoil.(4)先行词前有最高级形容词,only,any,no时要用that,不用which.如：Lindaistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.2.as在定语从句中的用法(1)as引导限定性定语从句:主要用在”such…as”和”thesame…as”的结构中.如:Thisisthesamewatchas(that)Ihavelost.Ⅵ.反意问句的重点陈述句,+附加疑问句1.Heis1ate,isn’the?2.Theydidn’tagreewithus,didthey?3.Wehavetogo,don’twe?4.HeusedtoliveinChina,didn’t(usedn’t)he?5.You’dliketocome,wouldn’tyou?You’drathernotdo,wouldyou?You’dbettercometomorrow,hadn’tyou?6.Ioughttocomplain,shouldn’tI?或oughtn’tI?7.Iwishtogohomenow,mayI?(特殊规律)Iamverykeenonsports,aren’tI?(特殊规律)8.Let’sgo,shallwe?Gohomenow,willyou?(表命令,请求)30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestHaveacupofcoffee,won’tyou?(表示邀请)9.Everythinggoeswell,doesn’tit?Nothinghappenedtohim,didhe?That’swonderful,isn’tit?10.Everyoneknowshisjob,don’tthey?或doesn’the?Noonewashurt,werethey?或washe?11.复合句:Theydidn’tsayshewouldcome,didthey?Tomsaidhewouldn’tdaretodoit,didn’the?注:①祈使句加反意问句肯定祈使句的反意问句形式有:won’tyou?(表示恳请)；Willyou?wouldyou?canyou?can’tyou?表示要别人做某事,语气比祈使句缓和,接近请!如:Dositdown,won’tyou?(请坐吧!)/Givemeahand,willyou?(帮个忙,行吗?)否定祈使句的反意问句用”willyou?".如:Don’tsmokeinthemeetingroom,willyou?(别在会议室吸烟,好不好?)②suppose等词后宾语从句的反意问句当suppose,think,believe,fancy,imagine,reason等动词的主语是第一人称时,不管句子的否定部位在哪儿,suppose后的反意问句的主语都要与suppose的宾语从句的主语对应.如:Isupposeyouareateacher,areyou?Idon’tthink(that)hecares,doeshe?Ⅶ.独立主格结构的重点30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTest独立主格结构的构成是:逻辑主语十分词,或加形容词、名词、副词、介词短语.逻辑主语(即意思上的主语)可以是名词、代词,甚至是一个句子.这种结构常用作状语,来表示千种方式、环境、伴随的状况等.with往往也是这种结构的引导词.Withyoustandingthere,wecan’twork.(with引导词；you逻辑主语;standing,现在分词作逻辑谓语)Hesleptwellwiththedooropen.Hestoodtherewithhishatinhand.Weatherpermitting,we’llplaybasketballtomorrow.(如果天气允许,我们明天打蓝球)Thisdone,theypackedtheirtoolsandwenthome.事情办完了,他们装起工具回家了.Ⅷ.主语和谓语一致的重点1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般要用单数动词.2)事件、国家、机构名称、书刊及其他作品的名称(专有名词)用作主语时,谓语动词用单数.3)表示时间、距离、重量、度量、价值等的复数形式主语,习惯上用单数谓语动词.如:Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.4)表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.5)主语是单数时,尽管后面跟aswellas,nolessthan,rather30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestthan,morethan,but,except,besides,with,alongwith,togetherwith,like,including,inadditionto等,谓语动词仍为单数形式.如:Thechildaswellasparentslikesthegame.6)某些不定代词,如:either,neither,each,one,other,another,anybody,anyone,anything,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,noone,nothing等,当他们作主语时,其谓语动词通常用单数形式.但是口语中当either或neither后+of+复数名词(或代词)作定语时,其谓语动词也可用复数.如:Neitherofthenovelsis(are)interesting.7)用and连接的并列成分前面有each,every,manya,morethanone,no等词修饰时,意义为单数,动词则相应用单数形式.如:EachmanandwomanwhotakestheTOEFLissupposedtogetthescorereportinfiveweeks.Manya/Morethanonestudentandteacherhasseenthefilm.8)用and,both...and,both,(a)few,many,several等.如:Fewpeopleknowit.9)某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人谓语动词用复数.如:Theagedsufferfromvariousmiseriesinthiscountry.10)不可数名词作主语，其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时谓语动词用复数.如：Threemillionstonsofcoalwereexportedthatyear.11)morethan+数词+名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数.如:More30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestthanthreehundredpeopleattendedthemeeting.12)Aseriesof/Agroupof+复数可数名词+复数动词13)用连词either…or,neither…nor,whether…or,notonly…but(also),or与最靠近它的主语一致.如:Oneortwofriendsarecomingthisevening.Eithertheboyorthegirlknowshimwell.Notonlyyoubutalsoheiswrong.14)一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数,名词是复数,谓语动词用复数,反之就用单数.alot(lotsof),plentyof,aheapof(heapsof),halfof,two-thirds,ninetypercentof,partof,restof,someof,noneof等.如:40percentofthestudentscomefromthesouthofChina.Threemillionstonsofwereexportedthatyear.15)集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意义.当表示整体时,谓语动词用单数；当主语强调集体中的个体时,谓语动词用复数.如:army,audience,band,board,crowd,cattle,class,club,committee,crew,family,crowd,firm,flock,gang,government,group,majority,party,police,public,staff,team,troop等.Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth./Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.16)定语从句中关系代词作主语时,其谓语动词的数必须与其先行词一致.Oneofthestudentswhohavewrittentotheauthorityabouttheproblemofpopulationraiseshishand./Heistheonlyone30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestofthestudentswhoisfromBeijing.IX.代词一致的重点1.由either…or,neither…nor,notonly,but(also),or连接先行词,如果两个先行词在数和性上是一致的,就用其相应的一致的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数、性上保持一致.如:NeitherMarynorAlicehasherkeywithher.Neitherthepackagenortheletters’havereachedtheirdestination.2.当each,everyone,everybody,noone,none,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式.Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice.3.everything,anything,something,nothing之类的不定代词作主语时,句中相应的代词,一般只按语法一致的原则,用其单数的形式.如:Everythingisready,isn’tit?4.当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式.如:Theyeachhavetwocoats.Weareeachresponsibleforhisownfamily.30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTestX.倒装语序的重点1.用于句首为下列副词的句子中:Here,There,Now,Out,In,Up,Down,Away,Off,Then全倒装.如：Downcamethebird.但是如果主语是代词就不倒装.如:Hereyouare.Therehecomes.2.在下列副词为首的句型中,形成部分倒装.Only十副词、介词短语、状语从句或Often、Manyatime.如:Manyatimehashehelpedus.3.用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(或物)肯定或否定句中:1)肯定重复倒装用so2)否定重复倒装用:nor,neither,nomore.如：TomcannotspeakFrench.Nor(Neither)canJack.4.在下列含否定副词、短语为首的句子或句型中,形成部分倒装:never,atnotime,little,under(in)nocircumstances,innoway,bynomeans,notonly,neither,nor,nosooner…than,neverbefore,notuntil,hardly/scarcely/barely…when,notonly…butalso等.如：NeverbeforehaveIseensuchawonderfulpark.5.用于were,had,should等词开头的虚拟条件句(即省略了订的虚拟条件句中),也引起部分倒装.但如从句中没有were,had或should,则不能这样做.如:Shouldhecome,tellhimtoringmeup./WereIinyourposition,Iwouldgo./Hadtheynothelpedus,ourexperimentwouldhavefailed.6.用于让步状语从句中(由某些连词连接的):nomatterhow(who…),30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTesthowever,as.如:Nomatterhowbusyheis,hehastoattendthemeeting.Braveas(或though)theyare,theyareafraidoffight.他们虽然很勇敢,但害怕斗争.Ⅻ.省略1.简单句中的省略：1)所有格之后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略.如:TodayImetheratthetailor’s(shop).2)独立主格结构中的分词如为being或havingbeen时,则多省去不用,意义不受影响.如:Themeeting(being)over,wealllefttheroom./Books(havingbeen)carried,wewenttoourschool.4)两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时,第一个不定式带to,后面的不定式可省去to.如:Herjobistotakecareofthechildrenand(to)washclothes.2.并列句子的省略:并列句中后面的分句只要与前边的分句有相同的词语,不管他在句子中作何成分,都可以省略.如：Hisfatherisadoctor,hismother(is)anurse.3.从句中的省略1)宾语从句:以which,when,where,how和why引导的宾语从句在其谓语与主句谓语相同时,可省略全部谓语,甚至主语也省略,仅保留一个wh-一词.如:Shecan’tcome,butIdon’tknowwhy(shecan’tcome).30 GrammarforCollegeEnglishTest2)定语从句:定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词.在非正式文体中,也可省略关系副词when和why.关系代词as后面的主谓结构也可省略.如:Ishallneverforgettheday(when)IenteredQinghuaUniversity.3)状语从句：①在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中,如果主语与主句主语一致,或者主语是it,那么动词be及其主语通常可省略.如:Hewontcomeunless(heis)invited.②than和as引导的比较状语从句,如果意义明确,than和as后面的任何部分都可省略.如:Iknowyoubetterthan(Iknow)him.30