自考英语语法笔记7_第七章_助动词 6页

河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站（zikao.ihaut.com）助动词1.动词词组的基本形式是：pre-modification+Headword,pre-modification分为三类，这章主要讲助动词.考点1a)助动词可以分为两类，推测性意义和非推测性意义，（predictiveandnon-predictivemeaning）,推测性意义表示说话者对所陈述事情可靠性的评估，不同的情态动词表示不同的信心程度，与说话者有关；非推测性意义包括“能力”，“允许”“命令”“意志“等，与句子的主语有关.b)DegreeofConfidence:Must>Will>would>oughtto>should>can>could>may>might考点2c)Thepastsentenceformofthemodalauxiliaryisnotrelatedinpasttime.Justexpressthespeaker’spresentassumption.2.助动词用法详解。Can&CouldCanCouldPredictive:Possibility推测意义：表示可能性Eveninsummer,itcanbeverycoldhere.Non-Predictive:非推测意义：1.Ability:Marycanspeak2foreignLanguage2.Permission:CanItalktoyou？3.当被强调后，表达一种惊奇，迷茫或者不耐烦，特别是在WH-句中Whatcanhemean?Howcanyoubesorude?4.与感知动词结合时，语法意义大于词汇意义.Icanhearthephoneringing,PresenttimeContext&Predictive:Possibility:用在现在时态中，表推测意义：可能性Iknowitcouldbeverydangerous,butIwillgoon.Non-Predictive:非推测意义：1.Ability:ifIcouldtype,Iwouldn’thavingyoudothejob.2.Permission:IwonderifIcouldparkmycarthere.3.表达礼貌或暂接受邀请，要求。IwonderifIcouldborrowsometea?尽管人们希望自己的要求被实现，可是出于礼貌选择用could，表明没有指望自己的愿望被完全实现，全看被要求者的意愿。PasttimeContext&Predictive:Possibility:用在过去时态中，表推测意义：可能性Theyknewitcouldbeverydangerous.PasttimeContext&NonPredictive:Ability:用在过去时中，表推测意义：能力（Doesn’trefertoasingleinstanceofabilityonaparticularpastoccasion,itsignifiesanabilityinaverygeneralsense.(could的否定形式除外，abilityonaparticularpastoccasionexpressedby:beableto,manage,succeed…）***Theyplayedhardandcouldwinthegame.WrongTheyplayedhardbutstillcouldn’twinthegame.Heranfastandmanagedtocatchthebus. 河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站（zikao.ihaut.com）PasttimeContext&NonPredictive:PermissionPolicetoldhimhecouldnotleavehiscarintheroad.Can+Perfectinfinitive一般表推测意义，完成时态一般指过去发生的事情。几乎都是疑问和否定形式.Theycan’thavebeenhereyesterday.Canhehaverevealedthesecret,Iwonder?Could+Pefectinfinitive指过去的一件有可能发生而没有发生的事情（本应做而没有做的事），或者指暂定的可能性.Youcouldhavetiredthebackdoor.Couldyouhaveleftyourbookattheoffice?May&MightMayMight1.Predictive:PossibilityIfyoudon’tworkhard,youmayfallagain.2.NonPredictive:PermissionMayIcomein?Youmaynottouchthearticle。3.Wish除了上面情况,May还可以表示愿望，特别在感叹句中.Mayyoubothbehappy.4.与WH问句连用，询问信息，带种不确定的暗示.Well,whomayyoube?5.Maywell,mayaswell,mayjustaswell表达有道理.（Might同样有此用法）Youmaywellsayso.Youmayaswellstayhereforthenight.1.PresenttimeContext&Predictive:Possibility:ShemightbewatchingTVinherroomnow.2.Non-Predictive:非推测意义：PermissionIwonderifImightborrowsometea?3.礼貌用法，假设或暂定性以避免鲁莽和激进。（同could）Youmightbemorecarefulinfuture.PastContext&Predictive:Possibility:用在过去时态中，表推测意义：可能性Hesaidthatshemightbetherightpersonforthejob.PasttimeContext&Non-Predictive:PermissionHeaskedifhemightleavetheofficeearlier,themanagerrepliedthathemightnot.May+Perfectinfinitive完成不定式助动词表推测性意义，整个句子非疑问句。表明说话者对所陈述的过去的事情的不确定性。Shemighthavearrivedearlierthanheexpected.Theymighthavebeenhereamomentago.Might+Perfectinfinitive完成不定式同May,Might+不定式表明过去没有发生的那件事有在过去有很大的发生的可能性。Ifyou’dproposed,Imighthavemarriedyou.CanVSMayCanMay1.Possibility:表示理论上的可行性。=it’spossible(for…)toTechnicallyspeaking,banknotescanbecounterfeited.1.Possibility:表示现实生活中的可行性。没有证据，只是根据现实生活情况推测出的结论.=it’spossiblethat 河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站（zikao.ihaut.com）只是逻辑上的推论。1.否定can’t:impossibility(Must表预测时的否定形式)2.疑问：表推测性意义，可能性时，can代替mayCantherebelifeonMars?Theroadmaybeblocknotfarfromhere.1.否定Maynot:somethingismotinthecase2.疑问：表推测性意义，可能性时，can代替may2.Permission:木有太大区别，非正规场合用can.Youcanforgetaboutit.2.Permission:木有太大区别，正规场合用May.Onlymembersmaybuydrinksatthebar.7.2Will&ShallWill&Would（‘ll&‘d）WillWould1.Predictive:预测力，逻辑上的必要性.说话者有很大的信心Idon’tthinkitwillrainintheafternoon.Ifitrains,thepicnicwillhavetobecanceled..2.NonPredictive:非推测性意义：1.WillingnessWillyoupassmethesalt?2.IntensionIwillkillhimforthis.3.InsistenceIwillbeobeyed.(stressonwill)*************************************************************Will表示说话者对事物的假设，而不是时态构成成分.可表示过去现在未来.*当will被强调时，不可缩写成‘ll，这是will的肯定度也随之上升，几乎相当于must了。1.PresenttimeContext&Predictive:Predictability预测力用在现在时态中，表推测意义：可能性Thatwouldbethepostmanatthedoor.2.Non-Predictive:非推测意义：1.WillingnessWouldyoupleasedomeafavor?2.IntensionYouwouldn’tmarryhimformoney,wouldu?3.礼貌用语Ifyouwouldjustwaitaminute.4.假设用法，表示事情与说话者的假设，意愿相反。IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’tdothat.PasttimeContext&Predictive:Predictability用在过去时态中，表推测意义：预测性AnnsaidthattheexamwouldbeputoffuntilFriday.PasttimeContext&NonPredictive:1.WillingnessSheaskedifIwouldhelpherwithherhomework.2.IntensionHepromisedthathewouldn’tdothatagain.3.Insistence 河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站（zikao.ihaut.com）Hewouldkeepinterruptme.2.Will+progressiveinfinitive进行不定式表示纯粹的，中立的将来。事情将会按正常情况进行，个人意志不会影响其发展.Iwillbeseeingyoutomorrow.2.would+perfectinfinitive完成不定式根据与过去事实不同的假设前提，表示与现实相反的假设。Wewouldhavewonthegameifhehadjoinedus.表示现在对过去的不确定的假设-Someonecalledyoulastnight.-ThatwouldbeJeremyShall1.第一人称时代替will使用；比will正式.Predicted推测性用法:Predictability，logicalnecessity同willNon-Predicted非推测性用法：willingness，intension，insistence同will.2.当shall与第二人称或者第三人称配合时，表达了说话者强烈的意愿或坚持。Sheshallbemine!!*(如果用will的话，就带有一种预测性了)。Should&Oughtto(nearlythesame)ShouldOughtto1.Predictive:tentativeinference推断的结果JanshouldbeinNewYorkbynow.*will和must的弱版，他们都表示可能性的积极结果，后两者的肯定程度高于should。用Should时，说话者不知道他说的到底是对还是错。2.NonPredictive:Obligation（与must比较）Youshouldlistentoyourparents.指该做的出“最恰当”“最合适”的事情，1.Predictive:tentativeinference推断的结果JanoughttobeinNewYorkbynow.2.NonPredictive:ObligationYououghttolistentoyourparents.这两种情况可以与should互换。2.Predictive+PerfectInfinitive对过去事情状态有信心的猜测。Youwon’tfindthemhere,theyshouldhaveleft1hago.Nonpredictive+PerfectInfinitive表示该做的没有做，暗示与obligation相反的事实。Itservesyouright,youshouldhavelistenedtome.1.Putative“should”-that从句，接在表示感受或者意见的形容词或者副词后。起组成结构的作用.It’sstrangethatsheshouldweredressforaninformalparty,-if从句，比从句中现在时表示的事情更具不确定性.Ifheshouldbefoundguilt,hewillloseeverything.对比1.Moreoftenthatoughtto2.可用在陈述，疑问，否定句中。3.Obligationuse:主观，说话者的志愿占主导。Friendlyadvice.1.Lessoftenthanshould2.不用在疑问和否定句中.3.Obligationuse:客观，道德或者社会法则，规定占主导。Non-negotiable. 河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站（zikao.ihaut.com）Must1.Predictive:certainty,unavoidabledeductionJohnmustbeinNYbynow.*助动词里肯定程度最高，不用在将来时。（在将来时里用will或者should代替）*否定或者疑问句里用can来代替.CanJohnbeinNY…?Johncan’tbeinNY…2.NonPredictive:Necessity,compulsion,obligation.（speakeroriented）-Imustwritetomymothertonight.-She’sfat,shemustn’teatsomuch.-YoumusthavecleanedupthismessbeforeIcomeback.*Strongmust具有主观性，强加命令给听话者。*Weakmust具有客观性，表示强加的命令是外部的或者根据环境而定的。(1).Youmustdoasyourtold,oryou’llbefired.(2).Wemustnotforgettoringherfirstthinginthemorning.(3).Candidatesmustansweratleast5questions.(4).Claypotsmusthavesomeprotectionfromsevereweather.最strong的must有下面几个特征：1主语是听话的第二人2.句子主要动词是行动3说话者想让主语实施他所说的动作4说话者比主语权利高。*Must做obligation讲时，表示强制性，不像should或者oughtto表示“恰当”。不可以有过去式。Need1.Predictive很少用在推测性句中。2.NonPredictive同Must:necessity常用在否定句中表达不必性，或者在疑问句中希望获得一个否定的答案.不适用在陈述句中。Youneedn’tcomeifyoudon’tlikeNeedyouseethedocagain?3.加上半否定词后，need可以被用在陈述句中.（hardly，seldom，rarely…）Youneedhardlysaysheisinnocent.4.Need作为词汇词使用时，可以放在陈述句中。Ineedtofinishmyhomeworktonight.2.Need+perfectinfinitive(助动词)Needn’thavedonesth.尽管过去已经做了某事，但是这件事是没有必要做的。Youneedn’thavecarriedtheparcelhome,theshopwouldhavedeliveredifyouhadasked.Didn’tneedtodosth.暗示因为木有必要所以没有做某事。YouDidn’tneedtocarrytheparcelhomebecausetheshopwilldothat. 河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站（zikao.ihaut.com）Haveto&Havegotto(半助动词)1.Predictive:certainty,unavoidabledeductionPeterhas(got)tobeill.2.NonPredictive:Necessity,compulsion,obligation.（speakerfree）Ihavetobeatofficeat8:50.2者区别：1.Haveto更正式；2.Havegotto没有过去，不可加不定形式。而haveto可以；3.haveto客观，havegotto主观。Dare1.用在nonassertive句中中，疑问&否定，不用再陈述句中（同need）Idarenotaskhimagain.2.做词汇词用，可以省略to（与need不同）Hedoesnotdare(to)saythat.