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《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语1.Morpheme词素Freemorpheme自由词素Boundmorpheme粘附词素Allomorph词素变体Introduction:GrammaticalHierarchy(导论—语法层次)2.Partsofspeech(wordclass)Simplewords简单词Derivatives派生词Compounds复合词*(1)ClassificationintermsofwordformationOpen-classwords(contentwords)开放词类(实义词)Closed-classwords(functionwords)封闭词类(功能词)Intermediateclass(中间词类)*(2)ClassificationintermsofgrammaticalfunctionWords词NounVerbAdjectiveAdverbPrepositionPronounDeterminerConjunctionAuxiliaryNumeralsInterjectionNounphraseVerbphraseAdjectivephraseAdverbphrasePrepositionphraseConjunctionAuxiliary3.Phrases词组(1)Independentclause&Subordinateclause独立分句和从属分句(2)Simpleclause&Complexclause(*complexsentence)简单分句和复杂分句(*复杂句)(3)Mainclause&Subordinateclause主句和从句(4)Finiteclause,non-finiteclauseandVerblessclause限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句4.Clause分句(1)Fullsentence&Minorsentence完全句和不完全句(2)Simplesentence,Compoundsentence,Complexsentence&Compoundcomplexsentence简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句(3)Declarativesentence,imperativesentence,interrogativesentence,exclamatorysentence5.Sentence句子12
Lecture1SentenceStructure(L1)Sentenceelements:S(subject)主语V(predicateverb)谓语动词O(object)宾语C(complement)补足语A(Adverbial)状语1.Twowaysofsentenceanalysis1)SVOSentenceClauseNPVPNPSubjectPredicateverbObjectAllthemanhavedonetheirbest.Sentence=Subject+Predicate(PredicateVerb+Object,Complement,Adverbial,etc.)l句子由主语和谓语构成,进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。2)Subject+Predicate(=operator+predication)SentenceClauseSubjectPredicateOperatorPredicationAllthemanhavedonetheirbest.l句子由主语和谓语构成,进一步把谓语剖析为操作词(operator)和述谓成分(predication)。2.BasicclausetypesSVC,SV,SVA,SVO,SVOA,SVOC,SVoOLecture2Subject-VerbConcord(L2-3)Guidingprinciples:GrammaticalConcordNotionalConcordPrincipleofProximity语法一致原则意义一致原则就近原则NominalclauseNon-finiteclauseRelativeclauseCleftsentenceExistentialclause名词性分句非限定分句关系分句分裂句存在句Lecture3NounandNounPhrase(L4-5)1.Classificationofnouns12
Partitive(UnitNoun)单位词2.CasesofNounsNominativecase/Subjectivecase(主格)Accusativecase/Objectivecase(宾格)Genitivecase(属格)/Possessivecase(所有格)Dativecase(受事格/与格)IndependentGenitiveDoubleGenitiveGenitivecaseGenitivecasesspecifyingthereferenceofthenounphrase.Specificreference(特指)Genericreference(类指)Indefinitegenitivephrase(非确定特指)Lecture4Determiner(L6-7)1.DefinitionDeterminersarefunctionwordswhichareusedtodetermineorfixthereferenceofanoun.2.Classification12
1.ArticlesArticleisamajorgroupofdeterminersusedtodelimitthescopeofreferenceofnouns(主要用来限定名词的指称范围).*p.74,7.1.3,冠词的确定特指(definitespecificreference)分为前照应特指(cataphoricspecificreference)、后照应特指(anaphoricspecificreference)和语境特指(situationalreference),这与后面的代词照应(pronounreferencep.104,9.3)在术语上略有不同。Lecture5Pronoun(L8-9)1.Classification12
Antecedent先行词2.Theuseofreflexivepronoun(-self)3.Pronounreference(代词照应)前照应(Cataphoricreference)、后照应(Anaphoricreference)、语境照应(Situationalreference)、人称照应(Personalreference)、指示照应(Demonstrativereference)12
Lecture6VerbandVerbPhrase(L10-22)1.Classificationofverbs动词分类的标准有很多种,如上图所示,记住基本的术语和其用法就是。比如及物动词、不及物动词、联系动词、助动词、动态动词、静态动词、词组动词、限定动词、非限定动词、不定式,不带to不定式(bareinfinitive)等等,还有副词/介词小品词(adverbparticle&propositionparticle)。ØTransitiveVerbs:followedbyobjects.ØIntransitiveverbs:donotrequireanobject.ØLinkingverbs:followedbysubjectcompliments.•SVO主—动—宾(Transitiveverb)•SVoO主—动—宾—宾(Ditransitiveverb)【双宾语动词】•SVOC主—动—宾—补(Monotransitiveverb)【单宾语动词】•SV主—动(Intransitiveverb)•SVC主—动—补(Linkingverb)•Thisaspectisofessentialimportancebecausetheverbtypeheredeterminesthebasicsentencestructureofyoursentenceandhowyoucanexpandyoursentence.2.FiveformsofVerbs(动词的五种基本形式)原形(baseform)、第三人称单数(thirdpersonsingular)、过去式(pasttense)、过去分词(pasttense)、现在分词(presentparticiple)3.TenseandaspectsTenseAspectSimplepresentSimplepastSimplefuturePastfutureprogressive现在进行体过去进行体将来进行体过去将来进行体perfective现在完成体过去完成体将来完成体过去将来完成体Perfectiveprogressive现在完成进行体过去完成进行体将来完成进行体过去将来完成进行体12
1.Mood陈述式(Indicativemood)、祈使式(Imperativemood)、虚拟式(Subjunctivemood)2.Non-finiteverbspp.230-1动态形容词(DynamicAdjective)、静态形容词(StativeAdjective)p.251前置修饰语(Premodifier)、p.256悬垂分词(DanglingParticiple)/无依着分词(Unattachedparticiple)、依着法则(Attachmentrule)Lecture7AdjectiveandAdverb(L23-24)1.1Adjective&AdjectivePhrase1.2Adjectiveform1.3Adjectivemeaning12
l动态形容词、静态形容词、等级形容词、非等级形容词2.1Adverb&AdverbPhrase(AdvP)2.2Advform2.3AdvMeaningp.274修饰性状语(Adjunct)、评注性状语(Disjunct)、连接性状语(Conjunct)Lecture8Degree&ComparativeConstruction(L25)(比较等级和比较结构)12
1.DegreeformsRegulardegreeformsofAdj&AdvPositive/absolute原级Comparative比较级Superlative最高级Monosyllabic(单音节)Adj&AdvSynthetic(inflectional)综合(屈折)形式Adj-/Adv-erAdj/Adv-estPolysyllabic(多音节)Adj&AdvAnalytic(phrasal)分析(词组)形式moreAdj/AdvmostAdj/AdvDisyllabic(双音节)Adj&AdvSyntheticorAnalyticAdj-/Adv-ermoreAdj/AdvAdj/Adv-estmostAdj/AdvNotes:(1)-ingand-edparticipialAdjtakesmore~&most~(2)Someirregularforms,e.g.,far,good(3)GradableindefiniteDet&Prons:many/much,few,little2.Comparativeconstruction3.GeneralstructureofComparativeconstructionNotes:(1)More(less,fewer)canbeDet.orPron.:12
Model2accountedformorevariance…thandidModel1.(Det.)Itappearedinmorethan50%oftherequeste-mails.(Pron.)(2)As&thanareConjorrarelyPrep:Johnistallerthanshe(is)./Johnistallerthanher.E.g.Appleisastastyastomato.Lecture9Statement,Question,Command&Exclamation(L27)(陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句)(1)Simplesentence,Compoundsentence,Complexsentence&Compoundcomplexsentence简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句(Accordinggrammaticalstructure)(2)Declarativesentence,imperativesentence,interrogativesentence,Exclamatorysentence陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句(Accordingtocommunicativefunction)Sentencetypes句子1.Statements(Declarativesentences):Positive/Negativestatements2.Questions(Interrogativesentences):General(yes-no)questions,Special(Wh-)questions,Alternativequestions,Tagquestions(附加疑问句),Rhetoricalquestions(修辞疑问句)3.CommandsandExclamations4.Tagquestions(pp.316-9)Transferrednegation(否定转移)Lecture10ExistentialSentence&It-Patterns(L28-29)(存在句和It-句型)1.Existentialsentence存在句、实义主语(NotionalSubject)、真主语(Realsubject)、地点状语(Locativeadverbial)、时间状语(Temporaladverbial)*p.326,提及的非确定特指,冠词、数词等限定词,见限定词(Determiner)一讲。前置修饰语(premodifier)、后置修饰语(postmodifier)、操作词(Operator)*p.328,存在句的非限定形式(Non-finiteexistentialclauses):theretobe/therebeing(therehavingbeen)的用法区别。12
1.It-Patterns*pp.331-5虚义it(Emptyit)、先行it(Anticipatoryit)、分裂句(Cleftsentence)假分裂句(Pseudo-cleftsentence)Lecture11Coordination并列结构(L30)并列结构(Coordinateconstruction)、并列连词(Coordinator)Lecture12Subordination从属结构(L31-34)1.从属连词(Subordinator):简单从属连词、复杂从属连词、关联从属连词、边际从属连词(simplesubordinator,complexsubordinator,correlativesubordinator,marginalsubordinator)2.从属结构(Subordinateconstruction):限定从属分句(Finitesubordinateclause)、非限定从属分句(Non-finitesubordinateclause)、限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句3.FinitesubordinateclauseSubjectiveclause主语从句Objectiveclause宾语从句Subjectcomplement主语补语(表语从句)Appositiveclause同位语从句Prepositionalcomplementation介词补足成分Nominalclause名词性分句L31RestrictiveClause限制性关系分句Non-restrictiveClause非限制性关系分句DoubleRelativeClause双重关系分句EmbeddedRelativeClause嵌入式关系分句Relativeclause关系分句L31,L33FinitesubordinateclauseAdverbialclauseofTime时间AdverbialclauseofPlace地点AdverbialclauseofManner方式AdverbialclauseofCause原因AdverbialclauseofResult结果AdverbialclauseofPurpose目的AdverbialclauseofCondition条件AdverbialclauseofConcession让步Adverbialclause状语分句L31,L34TypeI:whenever-typerealconditionalTypeII:thecommonesttypeofrealconditionalTypeIII:probableunrealconditionalTypeIV:hypotheticalunrealconditionalcontrarytothepastfactConditionalclause条件分句L34表语从句:Predicativeclause4.Non-finiteclause&Verblessclause(L32)1)Infinitiveclause不定式分句2)–ingparticipleclause–ing分词分句3)–edparticipleclause–ed分词分句4)Verblessclause无动词分句5)Absoluteconstruction独立结构Non-finiteclause&VerblessclauseL3212
Lecture13DirectSpeech&IndirectSpeech(L35)直接引语(Directspeech)、间接引语(Indirect/reportedspeech)Lecture14Modification修饰(L36)1.前置修饰语(premodidier)、后置修饰语(postmodifier)、限定词(determiner)、限制性修饰语(Restrictivemodifier)非限制性修饰语(Non-restrictivemodifier)、分隔修饰(discontinuousmodification)2.作为名词词组的同位语,也是一种后置修饰语。同位语(appositive)、限制性同位语(Restrictiveappositive)、非限制性同位语(Non-restrictiveappositive)3.广义上说,状语(Adverbial)也是一种修饰语。状语分为修饰性状语(Adjunct)、评注性状语(Disjunct)和连接性状语(Conjunct)。状语作为一种句子成分,主要指第一种,修饰性状语(Adjunct)。修饰性状语按其内容,可表示时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等意义。Lecture15Substitution替代(L37)替代有三种现象:名词性替代(nominalsubstitution),动词性替代(verbalsubstitution)和分句性替代(clausalsubstitution),也有三种替代词:名词替代词(nominalsubstitute),动词替代词(verbalsubstitute)和分句替代词(clausalsubstitute)。Lecture16Ellipsis省略(L38)Ellipsis:(1)incoordinateconstructions;(2)incompoundsentences;(3)innounphrases;(4)inprepositionalphrases;(5)incomplexsentences;(6)inadverbialclauses;(7)innominalwh-clausesLecture17Postponement,Fronting,andInversion(L39)后置、前置、倒装后置(Postponement)、前置(Fronting)、倒装(Inversion)句尾焦点(Endfocus)、句尾重心(Endweight)、已知信息(Given/knowninformation)全部倒装(Fullinversion)、局部倒装(Partialinversion)Lecture18FromSentencetoText从句到篇(L40)语篇(text/connecteddiscourse)、结构上的粘着性(Cohesion)、意义上的连贯性(Coherence)、交际功能(Communicativefunction)句子结构的正确性(Correctness)和适合性(Appropriacy)过渡词(Transitionalwords/phrases)、逻辑纽带(Logicalconnectors)、语法纽带(grammaticalconnectors)、照应(Reference)照应涉及的范围很广:(1)冠词有前照应特指、后照应特指、语境照应;代词除了有前照应、后照应、语境照应以外,还有人称照应和指示照应;(2)另外,Reference一词除了含“照应”之意之外,也含指称意义。比如冠词和代词的类指、特指、确定特指、非确定特指等。比较照应(Comparativereference,p.460)通过adj和adv的比较等级以及其他比较事物的异同或质量优劣等词语所表示的照应关系。平行结构(Parallelconstruction)、累赘(Redundancy)、同义词(Synonym)、近义词(Near-synonym)、语段(sentencegroup/sentencecluster)、段落(Paragraph)、语篇的统一性(Unity)、连贯性(Coherence)和粘着性(Cohesion)、主题句(Topicsentence)、语篇修辞(TextualRhetoric)、层进法(Climax)、偏斜修饰语(Squintingmodifier)、简练(Conciseness)、拖沓句(Trailingsentence)12