2015考研英语语法基础班讲义—何威威 22页

2015考研英语语法基础班讲义一、基本词性及其用法二、基本句型1._________________________例：______________________________________________________________________2._________________________例：______________________________________________________________________3._________________________例：______________________________________________________________________4.__________________________例：______________________________________________________________________例：______________________________________________________________________例：______________________________________________________________________例：______________________________________________________________________例：______________________________________________________________________5.__________________________例：______________________________________________________________________6.__________________________例：______________________________________________________________________【注意】12015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲） 2015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）三、时态（一）一般现在时【用法】表示经常性或习惯性的动作、现在的特征和状态、普遍真理等。【谓语形式】do或does例：Myfathergetsupatsixeveryday.Helovessports.Knowledgeispower.（二）一般过去时【用法】表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况，包括过去的习惯性动作。常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：aminuteago,yesterday,lastweek,in1990,duringthenight,inthosedays.【谓语形式】did例：Johnsuddenlyfellillyesterday.(fall-fell-fallen)Hewentoutjustnow.（三）一般将来时【用法】一般将来时主要表示准备做的事、将要发生的动作情况、按计划安排要发生的事。【谓语形式】1．begoingtodo2．will/shalldo3．betodo4.beaboutto例：Ishall/willcallyoutomorrow.Wearegoingtothezootomorrow.Thefactoryistogointoproduction.Heisabouttoleave.（四）现在进行时【用法】表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。可与now=atpresent=atthismoment=atthemoment；thesedays、recently等时间状语连用。【谓语形式】bedoing例：Whatareyoudoing？.2 ◆【注意】动词go,come,leave,start,arrive,die等瞬间动词用于进行时态中，表示将来含义。考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）例：Thebusisleaving,pleasehurryup.Myuncleiscomingtoseeusthisweekend.TheboyisleavingforBeijingtomorrow.（leavefor+目的地：动身去某地）（五）过去进行时【用法】表示过去某个时刻或一段时间内正在进行的动作。【谓语形式】was/were+doing例：Hewaspracticingthepianothistimeyesterdayevening.WhenIcalledhim,hewashavinghisbreakfast.（六）将来进行时【用法】表示在未来的某个时刻或一段时间内正在进行的动作。【谓语动词】will/shallbedoing例：Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?（七）现在完成时【用法】1、表示发生在过去对现在有影响的动作（动作已完成）；2、从过去某个时间开始一直持续到现在，可能还会持续下去的动作或状态。【谓语形式】have/has+done。例：Thecarhasarrived.Shehasbeenillforaweek.◆【注意】1．come,go,leave,arrive,begin,start,become,join,getup等短暂动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，这些动作需用表示状态的词替代。例：Myunclehascomebackfortwodays.____________________________________Thetrainhasleftforanhour.____________________________________Thetwinbrothershavejoinedthearmyforthreeyears.________________________________________________Thefilmhasbegunfortenminutes.________________________________________Wehavegotupfortwohours._____________________________________________2．havebeento与havegoneto的区别havebeento表示"去过某地"或"去干过某事"，人现在已经回来了；havegoneto表示"去某地了"或"去干某事了"，人还没有回来。例：Hehasbeentothelibrary.Hehasgonetothelibrary.（八）过去完成时【用法】表示以过去某个时间为基点在这个时间基点之前进行的动作（即过去的过去，必须有一个过去的时间为基点）【谓语形式】haddone例：Whenwegottothetheatre,theplayhadalreadystarted.Bytheendofthatyearwehadtrainedmorethan1,000employees.32015 （九）将来完成时2015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）【用法】表示在将来某一时间点之前完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。【谓语形式:】will/shallhavedone例：Ishallhavefinishedreadingthebookbytheendofthisweek.Beforelong,hewillhaveforgottenallaboutthematter.(beforelong不久)Whenwegettherethey"llprobablyhaveleft.（十）现在完成进行时【用法】比现在完成时更加强调动作的不间断进行，该动作可能仍在进行，也可能已经完成。【谓语形式】have/hasbeendoing例：We"vejustbeentalkingaboutyou.I"vebeensittinghereallafternoon.Howlonghasitbeensnowing?（十一）过去完成进行时【用法】比过去完成时更加强调动作的不间断进行，必须有一个过去的时间为基点。【谓语形式】hadbeendoing例：IhadbeenlookingforitforfourdaysbeforeIfoundit.Thetelephonehadbeenringingforthreeminutesbeforeitwasanswered..Atlastwegottheletterwehadbeenexpecting.(十二)将来完成进行时【用法】比将来完成时更加强调动作的不间断进行。【谓语形式】shall/willhavebeendoing例：Ishallhavebeenworkingasateacherfortenyearsbytheendofthisyear.（十三）过去将来时【用法】表示在过去某个时间打算要做的事，或从过去某个时间看来将要发生的事(站在过去看未来)【谓语形式】1．was/weregoingtodo2．would/shoulddo3．was/weretodo4.was/wereabouttodo例：Hesaidhewouldcomebackthenextday.Heinformedusthetrainwastoleaveatsix.Ididn"tknowwhentheyweregoingtocomeagain.Hewasabouttogettherewhenitbegantorain.四、被动语态被动语态的构成：be+过去分词一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时am/is/aredonewas/weredoneshall/willbedoneam/is/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdoneshall/willbebeingdone4 现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来时情态动词have/hasbeendonehadbeendoneshall/willhavebeendoneshould/wouldbedone情态动词+bedone2015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）◆有些动词，如let,make,hear,see,watch,notice,have（让，使）,feel等，在主动语态中，其后面的不定式作宾语补足语时to被省略，但在被动语态中需将to表达出来。例1：Isawhimturnroundthecorner.èHewasseentoturnroundthecorner.例2：Theteachermadethestudentscopythesentencesmanytimes.èThestudentsweremadetocopythesentencesmanytimes__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________五、主从复合句（一）名词性从句1．主语从句【位置】_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【连词】1)_____________________________________________________________________________________________2)____________________________________________________________________________________________3)____________________________________________________________________________________________例：Whatshesaidisright.Howtheprisonerescapedisamystery.Itiscertainthatwewillwinthematch.或Thatwewillwinthematchiscertain.Whetherheiscomingornotdoesn’tmatter.5 【真题链接】2015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）1.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.(2006Text3)2.Whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsformthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.(2005Text1)3.Itturnsoutthatthepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledtomisleadinginterpretationsofwhathappened.(2010UseofEnglish)2．宾语从句【位置】_______________________________________________________________________________________________【连词】1)____________________________________________________________________________________________2)____________________________________________________________________________________________3)____________________________________________________________________________________________例：Theytoldusagainthatthesituationwasserious.Idon"tknowif/whetheryoucouldhelpmetomorrow.IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeelings.Wearenotsurewhetherwecanpersuadehimoutofsmoking.Weallthoughtitapitythatyouhadfailedtheexam.Canyoutellmewhatyouwant？【真题链接】1.Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.(2012翻译)2.Thismayalsoexplainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells—wesimplydonotneedtobe.(2005UseofEnglish)3.Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?(2003Text3)4.Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.(2008翻译)5.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbeacceptedasimpartialjudgments.（2012UseofEnglish）3．表语从句【位置】_______________________________________________________________________________________________【连词】1)_____________________________________________________________________________________________2)____________________________________________________________________________________________3)____________________________________________________________________________________________例：Myideaisthatweshouldgohomeearly.Theproblemiswhethertheyarewillingtohelpus.6 That"swhywehadtoputoffthemeeting.2015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）【真题链接】1.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.(2012Text1)2.Mostofall,thesenewadultsmustfeelthattheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythatappreciatesthem.(2007PartB)【注意】_______________________________________________________________________________________________例：Itlooks/seemsasifyouhavegotnoexperience.Thathedidn"tturnupwasbecausehehadtoaccompanyhismother.【真题链接】1.Butit"snotasifearliertimesdidn"tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.2.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.(2000Text1)3.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerateparticularsmellreceptorsinthenose.(2005UseofEnglish)4．同位语从句【位置】________________________________________________________________【连词】1)______________________________________________________________2)______________________________________________________________3)______________________________________________________________例：Therecanbenodoubtthatmybrotherisqualifiedforthejob.Sheaskedthereasonwhytherewasadelay.Theproblemwhethershewillaccepthisinvitationworrieshim.Theyhavenoideaatallwherehehasgone.Ihavenoideawhathashappentohim.【真题链接】1.Contrarytothedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematicevidencewasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.(2010UseofEnglish)2.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.(2007Text2)3.OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.(2011PartB)4.Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare——thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts——andrevealitserroneousnature.(2011翻译)（二）定语从句：限定、非限定性定语从句7 1限定性定语从句：是句子不可缺少的一部分，没有它，句子不能成立，或意思不清楚，不说明问题。【位置】先行词后【连词】who、whom、whose、that、which、when、where【注意】定语从句的连词有承上启下的作用。承上：连接并限定先行词。启下：连词在从句中充当一定的语法成分通常做主语、宾语、定语、时间状语、地点状语。◆【注意】1凡是在从句中作宾语的连词都可以省略；2先行词受到only、序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，且在从句中做主语或宾语，连词只用that。3当先行词是everything、all、anything等不定代词时，连词用that。例I’llneverforgetthedays___________IspentinEngland.Doyouknowtheday___________yourmotherwasborn?Thatisthehouse_______Ilived10yearsago.Thatisthehouse_______Ilivedin10yearsago..Thatisthehousein_______Ilived10yearsago.Thegirl__________Ispoketojustnowismysister.Thegirlto_________Ispokejustnowismysister.Thisisthebook________youarelookingfor.Theboy________mymothertakescareofisill.Ican’tremembertheageat_______hewontheprize.Thegirls_________nameswerecalledstoodup.You"retheonlyone________advicehemightlistento.Isthereanything________Icandoforyou?All________youhavetodoistoclosethedoorandwaitforhim.Thisisoneoftheeasiestquestions________donotneedanswering.Hecamelastnight_______Iwasgoingtobed.Iknowofaplace_______wecanhavelunch.Theonlygames_________Iplayarefootballandtennis.Heistheonlyperson________knowstheanswer.【真题链接】1.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitselfsubjecttothecodeofconductthatappliestotherestofthefederaljudiciary.(2012UseofEnglish)82015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲） 2.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitflytended2015live考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）3.Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothersandthedeliberateeducationoftheyoung.(2009翻译)4.It’stheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichmanycompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.(2003Text3)5.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.(2012Text3)6.Forexample,changesintheeconomythatleadtofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemploymentingeneralmakegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.7.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive——thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.(2005Text4)8.Childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathomethanwascommoninthetraditionalfamilystructure.(2004UseofEnglish)9.Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.(2006翻译)2、非限定性定语从句——只对其修饰的部分作进一步的说明，没有它句子其他部分仍然可以成立。非限定性定语从句常用逗号与前面的部分隔开。【连词】不能用that，其他连词用法与限定性定语从句中连词用法相同例：Water,whichisaclearliquid,hasmanyuses.Ourguide,whoisaChinese,isanexcellentcook.TheywillflytoBoston,wheretheycanplantostayforfourdays,andthengotoNewYork.Hepickedupthebook,thecoverofwhichhadbeentorn.(tear-tore-torn撕裂、撕碎)HeisourEnglishteacher,whosewifeisamanagerinabigfirm.◆非限定性定语从句还可以修饰整个句子，连词只能用which或as；若将从句放在句首连词只能用as。例：Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.Astheysoondiscovered,disguisewastooperfect.Asanybiographerknows,aperson’searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.(2011翻译)（三）状语从句状语从句可以用来表示时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、行为方式、比较、让步等。1）时间状语从句【连词】when、whenever、before、after、while、as、once（一旦）、until、(ever)since、assoonas、theminute/moment/instant、theday/year、each/everytime、nexttime、bythetime、thefirst/second/lasttime等。（时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的情况通常用一般现在时，即“主将从现”）9toshorterlives.(2009UseofEnglish) 例：Whenyoucrossaroad,youmustbecareful.2015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）Itwillnotbelongbeforewemeetagain.Shecomeshereeverymonthsinceshewasachildtoseehergrandmother.AssoonasIknowit,I"lltellyou.Oncesheisangrysheisnorespecterofpersons.她一旦发怒就谁也不管了。Theminutehesawherhefellinlove.EverytimeIcome,heisreading.Nexttimeyoucome,pleasebringyourcomposition.HewasmuchbetterthelasttimeIsawhim.Bythetimehewastakentothehospitalhewasnearlydead.2）地点状语从句【连词】where、wherever、anywhere、everywhere等例：Sitdownwhereveryoulike.Putitwhereyoufoundit.Anywhereshegoes,hegoestoo.EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.3）条件状语从句【连词】if、unless、supposing(that)、provided/providing(that)、intheevent(that)如果、as/solongas只要、incase万一、justso(that)只要、given(that)如果、incase(that)如果、oncondition(that)只要、条件是例：As/Solongaswedon"tgiveup,weareboundtosucceed.IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeofthat.Ifitsnowstomorrow,wewillstayathome.Iwilldoanythingaslongasitisinteresting.You’llbesleepytomorrowunlessyouhaveagoodsleep.Supposingitrains,shallwego?Providing/Provided(that)youpromisenottotellanyoneelse,I’llexplainthesecret.Intheeventthatourteamwins,therewillbeacelebration.Hedoesn’tmindinconveniencingothersjustsohe’scomfortable.只要他自己舒服，他不管别人方不方便Iwilldoitonconditionthatyouhelpme.4）原因状语从句【连词】because,as（由于，因为）,since（由于，既然），nowthat（既然），that,inasmuch/insomuchas既然、byreasonthat、forreasonthat、considering(that)、seeingthat既然、inthat因为、ontheground(s)that由于、byvirtueofthefactthat因为、inthelightofthefactthat考虑到，鉴于、inviewofthefactthat由于，鉴于、onaccountofthefactthat、owingtothefactthat、duetothefactthat等。例：AsIdidn"tknowtheway,Iaskedapoliceman.Sincenooneisagainst,we"lladopttheproposal.Seeingthatshe"sill,she"sunlikelytocome.I’mgladthatyou’vecome.Nowthatthekidshavelefthome,we’vegotalotofextraspace.Inasmuch/Insomuchasyouknowthestoryalready,Iwillnottellitagain.Heresignedontheground(s)thathishealthwasfailingThisisnotagoodplantforyourgardeninthatitsseedsarepoisonous.10 5）结果状语从句2015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）【连词】sothat、so…that、such…that、withtheresultthat等。例：It"ssuchagoodchancethatwecan"tmissit.Hewassoangrythathecouldnotspeak.Everybodylentahandsothattheworkwasfinishedaheadoftime.Iwasinthebath,withtheresultthatIdidn’thearthetelephone.6）目的状语从句【连词】sothat、inorderthat、forfearthat以免、incase以免、lest以免，等。例：Speakclearlysothattheymayunderstandyou.Hespokeslowlyinorderthateveryoneshouldunderstand.I"vegotthekeyincasewewanttogoinside.Hetookanumbrellawithhimforfearthatitmightrain.Takesomemoneywithyou，lestyoumightneedit.7）方式状语从句【连词】as按照、asif＝asthough似乎、好像、theway按照、how例：Ididjustasyoutoldme.Doitthewayyouweretaught.按照教你的那样做（theway=thewaythat=thewayinwhich）Doithowyoucan.尽你所能去做这件事。8）让步状语从句【连词】though、although、if、evenif=eventhough、when、while、granting/grantedthat、admittingthat、forall(that)、inspiteofthefactthat、however、whatever=nomatterwhat、whoever=nomatterwho、whenever=nomatterwhen、whether…or…无论….是否、as，等。例：ThoughIamfondofmusic,Ican"tplayanyinstrument.Althoughitisdifficult,we"lldoit.Ifheislittle,heisstrong.Eventhoughyousayso,Idon’tbelieveit.Herefuseshelpwhenhehasmanyfriends.WhileIlikethecolorofthehat,Idonotlikeitsshape.Grantedthatthisistrue,youarestillinthewrong.Admittingthatheisnaturallyclever,wedonotthinkhewillmakemuchimprovement.Theyaregoodpeople,forallthattheirwaysarenotthesameasours.Howeverhighitmaybe,itcan’treachthesky.Whateveryousay,Idon"tbelieveyou.Whetheryoulikeitornot,you’llhavetodoit.【注意】as引导让步状语从句时，as不能至于句首而是以相应的动词、形容词、名词开始。例：Tryasyoumay,youwillneversucceed.Youngassheis,sheisalreadyfamiliarwithmostofthestories.Five-year-oldboyasheis,hecantellthetimeinEnglish.9）比较状语从句【连词】than、as/so…as…和…一样…、accordingas随…而定、inproportionas与…成正比。例：Icanwalkfasterthanyoucanrun.11 Hespenttwiceasmuchtimeonthispictureasonthatone.2015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）Hewokeupassuddenlyashehadfallenasleep.Youwillbepraisedorblamedaccordingasyourworkisgoodorbad.Somepeoplearehappyinproportionastheyarenoticed.10）对比状语从句【连词】while、whereas而例：Iliketeawhileshelikescoffee.我喜欢茶而她喜欢咖啡。Whereashe’sratherlazy,Tom’ssisterisquiteenergetic.汤姆的姐姐精力非常充沛，而汤姆却相当懒惰。11）程度状语从句【连词】as/sofaras、tothedegree/extentthat、insofaras在…范围/限度内、例：So/AsfarasIknow,heistrustworthy.Atthattimepoliticianswerenotknowntothedegree/extentthattheyaretoday.Ifsofarasthismatterconcernsallofus,weshouldtakeaunitedaction.六、非谓语动词使用非谓语动词的原因：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________定义：____________________________________________________________________________________分类：______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________（一）动名词：doing1．用法：主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语。例：Seeingisbelieving.（主、表）Goingabroadforavisitandsettlingdownabroadaretwodifferentthings.Whathelikesisplayingchessaftersupper.（表）Sheisafraidofgoingoutaloneatnight.（宾）Shepracticesplayingthepianoeveryday.（宾）Thisisaswimmingpool.（定）Theyhadtomovefromtheirbighousebecausethelivingcostsweretoogreat（定）Hishabit,listeningtothenewsontheradioremainsunchanged.（同位语）Hisambition,conqueringthewholeworld,wasneverfulfill.（同位语）【注意】(1)在句型Itisnouse...,Itisnogood…,Itisworthwhile…,Itisawasteoftime等中，it作形式主语，动名词作句子真正的主语例：Itisnousecryingnow.It"snogoodwaitingoutside.Let"swalkhome.It"swasteoftimearguingaboutit.Thoughitmaytakesometime,itisworthwhiletrying.(2)有些动词及其短语后面必须接动名词作宾语。如：complete完成、finish、stand(容忍),contemplate沉思,12 打算、avoid、suggest、advise、can"thelp、mind、admitenjoy考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）keep(on)保持insiston、persistin、giveup、havedifficulty/trouble(in)、postpone推迟、risk、appreciate感激celebrate、consider、detest痛恨、dispute不同意、endure忍耐、escape、excuse原谅、fancy想象、feellike想要、forgive原谅、hinder阻碍、imagine想象、mention提到、miss错过、pardon饶恕、permit、prevent阻止、recall、report汇报、resent怨恨、resist抵制,阻止、understand例：Wouldyoumindfillingouttheform?Ihaven"tfinishdoingmyhomework.Ienjoywalkingalongtheriverbankaftersupper.Asthepriceofthecomputerkeeps(on)goingdown,moreandmorefamiliescanaffordit.Thegirlinsistsonlivingalone.Icouldn’triskmissingthattrain.我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的险。Hebitterlyresentsbeingtreatedlikeachild..他身份厌恶被别人当孩子对待。(3)有些动词，如remember,forget,need,want,try,mean,regret,stop,goon等，后面既可以接不定式又可接动名词作宾语，但两种结构意义上有差别。例：Irememberseeingyouoncesomewhere.（rememberdoing记得做过某事）Pleaseremembertobringthebooknexttimewhenyoucometomyhome.（remembertodosth.记得要去做某事）Iregretnottakingyouradvice.（regretdoingsth.后悔做过某事）Iregrettoinformyouthatyou"redismissedfromthecompany.（regrettodosth.很遗憾要做某事）I"llneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.（forgetdoing忘记做过某事）Don"tforgettocomeearliernexttime.（forgettodo忘记要去做某事）Shedoesn"twant/needtocome.（want想need需要）Thehousewants/needscleaning.（want/need+doing主语一般是物,表示某物需要…）Tryknockingatthebackdoorifnobodyhearsyouatthefrontdoor.（trydoing试一试）Wemusttrytofinishtheassignmentbeforethebosscomesback.（trytodo设法做某事）Failingintheexammeanswaitingforanotheryear.(meandoing意味着)Imeanttohelpyou.（meantodo打算做某事）Hestoppedsmokinglastweek.（stopdoing停止正在做的事）Hestoppedtosmokeafterhefinishedthisarticle.（stoptodo停下来去做另外一件事）MygoodfriendtoldmethatIshouldn"tgoonlivinglikethat.（goondoing继续做某事）HavingvisitedtheTiananmenSquare,thetouristguidewentontoshowusaroundthecity.（goontodo继续去做另一件事）2、动名词的逻辑主语动名词的逻辑主语说明动名词所表示的动作是谁做的。物主代词、名词所有格都可以作动名词的逻辑主语,放在动名词之前。例：Doyoumindreadingthebook?Doyoumindmyreadingyourbook?DoyoumindMary’sreadingyourbook?3、动名词的否定式：notdoing例：Iapologizefornothavingkeptmypromise.4、动名词的被动式：beingdone例：Thechildavoidedbeingsenttoschoolbyrunningawayquickly.5、动名词与谓语动词的先后关系13、2015、delay、defer推迟、practice、deny、 （1）动名词一般式（doing）：表示动名词的动作与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生，中间没有明显时间间隔。（2）动名词完成体（havingdone）：表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，中间有明显时间间隔例：Shedeniedhavingshotthebird.（二）不定式：to+do1、用法：主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、同位语。例：Toseeistobelieve.（主、表）Todoeverythingistodonothing.(主、表)Itonlytookusayeartofinishthework.（主，it形式主语动词不定式短语作真正的主语）Shewantstoplaybasketballthisafternoon.（宾）Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.(定：主谓关系)Ihavenothingtosayontheproblem.（定：动宾关系）Heaskedmetohelphim.（宾补）Weareallhappytohearofthegoodnews.(原因状语)Mybrotherisoldenoughtogotoschool.(结果状语)Hehurriedtotheairporttolearnthattheflighthadalreadytakenoff.(结果状语)Heplanstogoabroadtostudy.(目的状语)InordertoimprovemyEnglish,IreadChinaDailyeveryday.(目的状语)Hiswish,tobeasailor,nevercometrue.(同位语)【注意】1）不定式在let,have,make(让,使),see,lookat,notice,hear,listento,feel等后面作宾语补足语时to应省略，在被动语态中to应保留。例：Thecoachhastheteampracticehardeverynightinthepasttwoyears.被动改写：______________________________________________________________________Isawamancomeintotheclassroomandtalkwiththeteacher.被动改写：_______________________________________________________________________Someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs主动改写：_______________________________________________________________________.(2)“疑问词+不定式”结构：疑问词who、what、which、when、where和how还有whether后加不定式构成一种特殊的不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语例：Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.(主语)It’sproblemwhattodo.(it作形式主语，whattodo作真正的主语)Hedidn’tknowwhethertogothereornot.(宾语)I’vefoundoutwheretobuythemcheaply.(宾语)Ishowedherhowtousetheremotecontrol.(双宾语中的直宾)Willyouadvisemewhichtobuy?(双宾语中的直宾)Thequestioniswhichofthemethodstoadopt.(表语)Thedifficultywashowtocrosstheriver.(表语)Imustfindapenwithwhichtofillinthisform.(定语)Ihavenoideaofhowtodoit.(定语)Ihavenoideawheretoholdtheparty.(3)当不定式和其修饰的词有动宾关系时，动词如果是不及物动词，后面就要有必要加介词。例：Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Ineedapentowritewith.Givemesomepapertowriteon.142015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）（ 2．不定式的逻辑主语2015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的。for+名词/代词宾格可以做不定式的逻辑主语，放在不定式之前。例：ItisimportantforustomasterEnglish.Iopenthedoorforhertocomein.3、不定式的否定式：nottodo例：Hedecidednottodoit.4、不定式的被动式：tobedone例：Iwishtobeexcused5、动词不定式与谓语动词的先后关系（1）动词不定式一般式（todo）：表示动词不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生，几乎没有时间间隔。（2）动词不定式进行式（tobedoing）：强调动词不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。例：Theweatherseemstobeimproving.（3）动词不定式完成式（tobedone）：表示动词不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，有时间间隔例：Tohaveknownherisaprivilege.现在分词（doing）：与be一起构成进行时态（bedoing）（三）分词：过去分词（done）：与be一起构成被动语态（bedone）；与have一起构成完成时态（havedone）1、区别：______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________例：Chinaisadevelopingcountry.TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry.2、用法：作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语。例：Thenewsisexciting.(表语、doing)Theteamfeltexcited.(表语、done)【注意】__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Whoisthewomanstandingbythedoor?(定语、doing)改写：________________________________________________________________________Thegirldressedinwhiteismysister.(定语、done)改写：________________________________________________________________________Doyouseeaboyrunningtowardsus?(宾语补足语)【注意】______________________________________________________________________________________Maryhadherdresswashed.（宾语补足语）Seeingtheteacherenteringtheroom，thestudentsstoodup.（状语）15 改写：________________________________________________________________________Heated，themetalexpands.（状语）改写：__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Whilewalkingdownthestreet,IranintoSue.（状语）改写：__________________________________________________________________________Whenaskedwhyhehelptheoldman,hesaidthatitwashisduty.（状语）改写：___________________________________________________________________________Beingexcited，Icouldn’tgotosleep。（状语）改写：____________________________________________________________________________Beingastudent，hespendsalotoftimereading。（状语）改写：____________________________________________________________________________Thechildrenwentawaylaughing。（状语）改写：____________________________________________________________________________Theprofessorstoodtheresurroundedbymanystudents.（状语）改写：_____________________________________________________________________________3、逻辑主语说明分词表示的动作是谁做的。分词作状语时，其动作就是由句子的主语发出的，逻辑主语无需表达出来。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，分词的逻辑主语应明确表达出来，放在分词之前。即：名词/代词+分词例：Sherushedintotheroom,herfacecoveredwithsweat.改写：__________________________________________________________________________Weatherpermitting,we"llhaveapicnictomorrow.改写：__________________________________________________________________________Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.(beofvalue=bevaluable)改写：__________________________________________________________________________TodaybeingSunday,wehavenoschool.改写：__________________________________________________________________________Thesignalgiven，thebusstarted.改写：__________________________________________________________________________4、分词的否定式：notdoing/done例：NotseeingJohn，Iaskedwherehewas.5、现在分词的被动式：beingdone【注意】__________________________________例：Thehousebeingbuiltisabigproject.6、现在分词与谓语动词的先后关系（1）现在分词一般式（doing）：表示现在分词的动作和谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生，几乎没有时间间隔（2）现在分词的完成式（havingdone）：表示现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，有时间间隔例：Havingfinishedhishomework,theboybegantowatchTV.Nothavingmadeadequatepreparations,theythoughtitbettertopostponetheworktillnextweek.Theguesthavingleft,theycontinuedtheirdiscussion.162015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲） 2015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）Thebuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.【注意】：动名词（doing）、动词不定式（todo）、现在分词（doing）、过去分词（done）作定语的差异________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真题链接】1.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbewisetoplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanloser,forexample,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudentwrittenbookreviews,displayingstudentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.（2003UseofEnglish）2.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn"tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.(2002Text1)3.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.(2012Text1)4.ThusAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively；(2004Text2)5.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.(2012Text2)6.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.(2012Text2)7.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal”too,aswellasinstitutional,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstoragecapacityincreasing.(2002UseofEnglish)8.Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.(2012PartB)七、虚拟语气定义：虚拟语气主要表示假想虚拟的情况以及主观愿望、建议、命令等。（一）虚拟语气的基本用法1．在含if引导的条件句的复合句中如果假设的情况不可能发生或发生的可能性不大，则主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。列表：17 2015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）1）与现在事实相反：例：IwouldcertainlygoifIhadtime.Ifitweren"training,wewouldn"tstayathome.IfIwereyou,Imightaccepthisinvitation.2）与过去事实相反:例：Shewouldhavecomeifshehadn"tbeensobusy.Youwouldn"thavecaughtcoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.3）与将来事实相反:例：IfIwereto(should)doit,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.Wewouldn"tlosecourageifweshould(wereto)failagain.【注意】：1）条件从句中如果含有were、had或should，可以将if省略，并把这些词放到句首。例：Hadwemadepreparations,wemighthavesucceeded.Shouldtherebeastorm,whatshouldwedo?Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.2）有时从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致，谓语形式要根据具体的时间来调整。例：Ifyouhadfollowedthedoctor"sadvice,youwouldn"tbeinhospitalnow.IfIhadspokentohimyesterday,Ishouldknowwhattodonow.◆有时候假设的情况通过介词短语、上下文等来表示，这时句子仍然要用虚拟语气。例：Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.Iwasillthatday.OtherwiseIwouldhaveattendedthemeeting.Withoutcomputer，Icouldn’tlive.2．在asif,asthough引导的从句中asif,asthough引导的从句，如果表示的情况与现实不符，从句需用虚拟语气。1)表示现在的情况:谓语动词－did18 例：Youlookasifyoudidn’tcare.2015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）Hetalksasifheknewwhereshewas.2)表示过去的情况:谓语动词―haddone例：HetalksaboutRomeasifhehadbeentherebefore.Itseemedasifwinterhadcome.3)表示将来的情况：谓语动词－would/could/mightdo例：Heopenedhismouthasifhewouldsaysomething.Itlooksasifitmightsnow.3．在wish后面的宾语从句中在wish后面的宾语从句中如果表示不可能实现的愿望，从句需用虚拟语气。1)表示的是现在的情况，谓语动词－did例：IwishIwereasstrongasyou.ManychildrenwishtheycouldseetheMonkeyKing.2)表示的是过去的情况，谓语动词－haddone例：Hewisheshehadstudiedeconomyinsteadofmathematicswhenhewasatcollege.IwishIhadn’tsaidit.3)表示的是将来的情况，谓语动词—would/could/mightdo例：Iwishyouwouldgowithustomorrow.4．在Itistime(that)后面的从句中：从句的谓语动词－did例：Itistimewemadeadecision.我们该做决定了。Itisabouttimeyouwenttoschool.你早该睡觉了。Itishightimethathepreparedforthecomingexamination.他早该为考试做准备了。5．在suggest,propose,advise,recommend,order,demand,request,desire,insist等后面的宾语从句；在suggestion,proposal,advice,order等后面的表语和同位语从句；在Itissuggested/requested/desired/proposed/ordered等后面的主语从句，其相应的从句用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语动词should+动词原形（should可以省略）例：Isuggestwe(should)setoffatonce.Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)tellher.Ouronlyrequestisthatthis(should)besettledassoonaspossible.Thedoctorinsiststhathe(should)giveupsmoking.Shedesiresthatherhusband(should)doit.Itisdesiredthathe(should)geteverythingreadybytomorrow.Whatdoyouthinkofhisproposalthatacommittee(should)besetuptolookintothematter?Itwasorderedthatthey(should)leavethecitywithinthreedays.6．在“Itis+important/imperative/necessary/essential/vital+that引导的主语从句”和“Itis+desirable/advisable/better/appropriate+that引导的主语从句”中，that引导的主语从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用should＋动词原形（should可以省略）。19 例：Itisnecessarythateverystudent(should)recitethesenewwords.2015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）Itisimportantthatascientist(should)keepupwiththelatestdevelopmentinhisfield.Itisessentialthatthere(should)beenoughfoodandclothingforthewinter.Itisdesirablethatyourwedding(should)bepostponeduntilnextJuly.Itisvitalthatyou(should)keepaccuraterecordswhenyouareself-employedItiscriticalthatoutnationandtheworld(should)baseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.（2005Text2）7．以lest(以免),forfearthat（以免）引起的从句,谓语多用should+动词原形（should可以省略）例：Hetookhisumbrellalestitshouldrain.Heputhiscoatoverhissonforfearthat/lestheshouldcatchcold.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformation(should)gounchallengedand(should)acquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.(2003Text2)八、强调：英语的强调主要有两种：强调谓语动词&强调非谓语（一）强调谓语动词谓语表现形式：do＋动词原形（一般现在时，主语为除单数第三人称以外的所有人称）does+动词原形（一般现在时，主语为第三人称单数）did+动词原形（一般过去时，主语没有限制）【注意】谓语动词只有两种时态能强调，即一般现在时和一般过去时，其他时态的强调通过重读谓语动词来体现。例：Shedoeslikeyou.Docomein.Ididcallyouinthemorning.Hedidwritealettertome.（二）强调主语、宾语、状语等（即强谓语动词以外的其他成分）1.强调句型：____________________________________________________________________________________例：原句ImetJackyesterday.ItwasIwho/thatmetJackyesterday.（强调主语）ItwasJackthat/whomImetyesterday.（强调宾语）ItwasyesterdaythatImetJack.（强调时间状语）ItisbecausethebookisveryimportantformypresentjobthatIboughtit.（强调原因状语）________________________________________________________________________________________ItwasinthesupermarketthatIgavethebooktohim.（强调地点状语）________________________________________________________________________________________Itwasfeasiblethatweconsideredhisplan.（强调宾语补足语）_________________________________________________________________________________________2.It做形式主语的主语从句和强调句的区别——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————20 —————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————九、倒装句—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————1.以副词here,there，then，now等开头的句子，一般为全部倒装例：Hereisyourletter.Thereexisttwotypesofflyingmachines.Nowcomesyourturn.特例：_____________________________________________2.以表地点的介词短语开头的句子，一般为全部倒装例：Underthetreearesittingsomestudent.Onthebedlayaprettykitten3.表方位的副词开头的句子，一般为全部倒装例：Downfelladozenapples.Upwentthearrowintotheair.4．以so,nor/neither引导的省略句。一般为部分倒装。①如果前面的肯定情况也适用于后者，后面用so来引导省略句并且要倒装，倒装句在时态上应与前面的句子保持一致，助动词的单复数应与主语保持一致。②如果前面的否定情况也适用于后者，后面用nor/neither来引导省略句并且要倒装，倒装句在时态上应与前面的句子保持一致，助动词的单复数应与主语保持一致。例：Ifyoucandoit,socanI.Ilikewatchfootballmatches,sodoesmybrother.Yousayheworkshard.Sodoyou.Ifyouwon"tgo,neitherwillhe.Mysisterdoesn"tlikepotatoes,nordoI.Thestudentswerenotintheclassroom.Norwastheteacher.【注意】在so…..that…..结构中，如果so在句首，通常也用倒装结构。例：Sorapidlydidhespeakthatwecouldhardlyunderstandhimclearly.（原句是：Hespokesorapidlythatwecouldhardlyunderstandhimclearly.）5．Only+状语（从句）放在句首时，句子一般为部分倒装例：OnlyinthiswaycanyouhopetoimproveyourEnglish.Onlythendidthedoctorrealizethathispatientneededsurgery.Onlyafteryoufinishitcanyouleave.212015考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲） Onlywhenheisseriouslyilldoesheeverstayinbed.（此时only+从句，考研英语语法基础班讲义（何威威老师主讲）【注意】Only如不在句首，或only修饰的不是状语，则不倒装例：Thecontractwassignedonlyafterbitternegotiations.（本句没有以only开头）→改成倒装：Onlyafterbitternegotiationswasthecontractsigned.Onlytheseniorstaffareallowedtousethisroom.（本句以only开头，但修饰的不是状语）6.表示否定或基本否定的词或词组放在句首作状语时，句子一般为部分倒装例：Notonlydidheshowhimselfasagoodstudent,buthealsoprovedhimselfagoodathlete.ScarcelyhadIsatdownwhenIheardthetelephonerang.Hardlyhadhearrivedinthecitywhenheheardthebadnews.Nosoonerhadhecomehomethanhewasaskedtostartonanotherjourney.LittledidIknowaboutthematter.Innowaycantheorybeseparatedfrompractice.（决不能将理论同实践分开）Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.（以notuntil引导的从句开头从句不倒装，主句倒装）【总结主要词和词组】never、scarcely＝hardly、rarely很少、little几乎不、nowhere没有任何地方、nosooner…than一…就、hardly/scarcely….when一……就、notonly不仅、innocase任何情况都不、innoway决不、onnoaccount决不、atnotime任何时候都不、notuntil…直到7.当连词as、though表示“虽然、尽管”引导让步状语从句时，句子一般为部分倒装例：Tiredas/thoughhewas,hewentonworking.(=Althoughhewasverytired,hewentonworking.)Childas/thoughsheis,sheknowsagreatdeal.Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.【真题链接】1.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.(2008Text4)2.Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.(2012PartB)3.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.(2012Text2)4.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmusclesreactedmoreenthusiasticallytofunnycartoonsthandidthosewhosemouthswerecontractedinafrown,suggestingthatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround.(2011UseofEnglish)5.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shipreplacement,afather’sbypassoperation,ababy’svaccinations,andevenapet’sshots.(2003Text3)222015only后面的从句不倒装，主句倒装）