2010年中考英语语法难点汇总 7页

介词1、介词和种类(1)简单介词，常用的有at,in,on,about,across,before,beside,for,to,without等。(2)复合介词，如bymeansof,alongwith,becauseof,infrontof,insteadof等。2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系(1)和动词的搭配，如agreewith,askfor,belongto,breakawayfrom,careabout等。(2)和形容词的搭配，如afraidof,angrywith,differentfrom,goodat等。(3)和名词的搭配，如answerto,keyto,reasonfor,causeof,visitto等。3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right,just,badly,all,well,directly,completely等少数几个副词。如：Hecamerightafterdinner.Helivesdirectlyoppositetheschool.4、某些介词的意义与用法举例(1)at,on,in(表时间)表示时间点用at，如atfouro"clock,atmidnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at，如atthattime,atChristmas等。指某天用on,如onMonday,ontheendofNovember,指某天的朝夕用on，如onFridaymorning,ontheafternoonofSeptemberlst等。指长于或短于一天的时段用in，如intheafternoon,inFebruary,inSummer,in1999等。(2)between,among(表位置)between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between,如I"msittingbetweenTomandAlice.Thevillageliesbetweenthreehills.among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：Heisthebestamongthestudents.(3)beside,besidesbeside意为"在……旁边"，而besides意为"除……之外"。如：Hesatbesideme.Whatdoyouwantbesidesthis?(4)inthetree指动物或人在树上，而onthetree指果实、树叶长在树上(5)ontheway指在路上intheway指挡道bytheway指顺便问一句inthisway用这样的方法(6)inthecorner指在拐角内atthecorner指在拐角外(7)inthemorning是一般说法onthemorning特指某一天的早晨(8)bybus是一般说法onthebus特指乘某一辆车II.例题例1.Doyouknowanyotherforeignlanguage____English?A.exceptB.butC.besideD.besides解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为"除了……"，C-beside意为"在……旁边"，不符合题意。而D-besides,意为"除了……之外，还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？例2.Hesuddenlyreturned____arainynight.A.onB.atC.inD.during解析：我们均知道，atnight这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。例3.I"mlookingforward____yourletter.A.toB.inC.atD.on解析：该题正确答案为A。lookforwardto为固定搭配，意为"期望、盼望"。连词1、连词的种类 (1)并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and,for,or,both…and,either…or,neither…nor等。(2)从属连词用来引导从句，如that,if,whether,when,after,assoonas等。除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句)，关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。2、常用连词举例(1)and和，并且Theydrankandsangallnight.(2)both…and和，既……也……BothmyparentsandIwentthere.(3)but但是，而I"msad,butheishappy.(4)either…or或……或……，要么……要么……Eitheryou"rewrong,orIam.(5)for因为Iaskedhimtostay,forIhadsomethingtotellhim.(6)however然而，可是Affirst,hedidn"twanttogothere.Later,however,hedecidedtogo.(7)neither…nor既不……也不Neithermyparentsnormyauntagreeswithyou.(8)notonly…but(also)不但……而且……Henotonlysingswell,butalsodanceswell.(9)or或者，否则Hurryup,oryou"llbelate.Areyouaworkeroradoctor?(10)so因此，所以It"sgettinglate,soImustgo.(11)although虽然Althoughitwaslate,theywentonworking.(12)assoonas一……就……I"lltellhimassoonasIseehim.(13)because因为Hedidn"tgotoschool,becausehewasill.(14)unless除非，如果不Iwon"tgounlessitisfinetomorrow.(15)until直到……Hedidn"tleaveuntileleven.(瞬间动词用于not…until结构)Hestayedthereuntileleven.(16)while当……时候，而(表示对比)WhileIstayedthere,Imetafriendofmine.(while后不可用瞬间动词)Mypenisredwhilehisisblue.(17)for因为Hewasill,forhedidn"tcome.(结论是推断出来的)(18）since自从……Ihavelivedheresincemyuncleleft.(19)hardly…when一……就Ihadhardlygottothestationwhenthetrainleft.(20)asfaras就……来说AsfarasIknow,thatcountryisverysmall.Youmaywalkasfarasthelake.(一直走到湖那里)II.例题例1.Johnplaysfootball____,ifnotbetterthan,David.A.aswellB.aswellasC.sowellD.sowellas解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。和…一样好为aswellas.故该题正确答案为B.例2.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.while解析：该处意为"然而"，只有while有此意思，故选D。例3.Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwise 解析：该处意为"或者"，正确答案为动词时态、语态1、一般现在时(1)表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes,always,often,everyday等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes,wegoswimmingafterschool.(2)表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：Theearthgoesroundthesun.2、现在进行时(1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now,atpresent等时间状语连用。如：Whatareyoudoingnow?(2)和always,continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：Heisalwaysdoinggooddeeds.3、现在完成时主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just,already,sofar,once,never等词连用。如：HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?4、一般将来时表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow,nextyear等连用。如：I"llmeetyouattheschoolgatetomorrowmorning.We"regoingtoseeafilmnextMonday.5、一般过去时表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday,lastyear,in1998,amomentago等词连用。如：Ithappenedmanyyearsago.6、过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?7、过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：Thetrainhadalreadyleftbeforewearrived.8、一般过去将来时表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：Hesaidhewouldcome,buthedidn"t.9、被动语态被动语态的时态，以give为例。时／式　一般进行完成现在amis　givenareamis　beingarehas　beengivenhave过去was　givenwerewasbeinggivenwerehadbeengiven将来shall　begivenwillshall　havebeengivenwill过去将来should　begivenwouldshould　havebeengivenwouldII.例题例1.Ilearnedthatherfather____in1950.A.haddiedB.diedC.deadD.isdead解析：该题正确答案为B。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in1950,所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。例2.Thefive-year-oldgirl____byherparents.A.islookedB.haslookedforC.isbeinglookedforD.hasbeenlooked 解析：该题正确答案为C。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。短语动词I.要点英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：(1)动词＋介词常见的有lookfor,lookafter,sendfor,careabout,askfor,laughat,hearof(from),addto,leadto等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：Don"tlaughatothers.Ididn"tcareaboutit.(2)动词＋副词常见的有giveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,pointout等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：You"llhandinyourhomeworktomorrow.Pleasedon"tforgettohanditin.(3)动词＋副词＋介词常见的有lookdownupon,goonwith,breakawayfrom,addupto,catchupwith等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：Allhismoneyaddeduptonomorethan$100.Afterashortrest,hewentonwithhisresearchwork.(4)动词＋名词＋介词常见的有takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,makefunof等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：Youshouldpayattentiontoyourhandwriting.Weshouldmakefulluseofourtime.(5)动词＋形容词常见的有leaveopen,setfree,cutopen等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：Theprisonersweresetfree.Hecutitopen.(6)动词＋名词常见的有takeplace,makefriends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：Thisstorytookplacethreeyearsago.Imakefriendswithalotofpeople.(7)辨析giveaway(让给，暴露)和giveup(放弃，停止)putaway(放起，收起)和putout(扑灭)turnup(出席，放大)和turnon(打开)keepout(阻止)和keepoff(不让靠近)makeup(编造，补上)和makeout(辨认)takeoff(脱，起飞)和takeout(拿出)II.例题例1.Itiswisetohavesomemoney____foroldage. AputawayBkeptupCgivenawayDlaidup解析：该题正确uot；giveaway意为"分发"；layup"贮藏"。例2.Here"smycard.Let"skeepin____.A.touchB.relationC.connectionD.friendship解析：该题正确答案为A.keepintouch为短语动词，意为"保持联系"。例3.____!There"satraincoming.ALookoutBLookaroundCLookforwardDLookon解析：该题选A.lookout意为"小心"动词不定式I.要点1、不定式的形式。以动词write为例。式｜语态主动语态被动语态一般式towritetobewritten完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten进行式tobewriting完成进行式tohavebeenwriting2、不定式的句法功能(1)作主语Tohearfromyouisnice.Tobeagoodteacherisnoteasy.不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：It"snicetohearfromyou.It"snoteasytobeagoodteacher.(2)作宾语通常用于want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help等词后。如：Iforgottolockthedoor.Pleaseremembertowritetome.(3)作表语Myjobistopickupletters.Heseemedtohaveheardnothing.(4)作定语不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：Ihavetwoletterstowrite.Ihavealotofworktodo.(5)作宾补通常用于want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force等词后。如：Heorderedhertoleaveatonce.Hewasforcedtoobeyhisorder.(6)作状语Hegotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.Heworkedhardtocatchupwiththeotherstudents.(7)作独立成分Totellyouthetruth,Itoldalie.(8)"疑问词＋不定式"结构。如：Idon"tknowhowtochoosethem.Icannotdecidewheretogo.(9)不定式的否定式。如：Idecidednottogo.(10)不定式的完成式。如：HeseemedtohavecleanedtheroombeforeIcamein.Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttothehospitallastweek. (11)too…to结构。如：Hewastooexcitedtogotosleep.Hewasonlytoogladtogo.(他太高兴了，乐意去。)(12)主动表被动。如：Thebookiseasytoread.Ihaveabooktoread.II.例题例1.Ihaven"tgotachair____.A.tositB.fortositonC.tositonD.forsitting解析：该题选C。不定式tositon在句中作定语，修饰名词chair.因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是"动宾关系"，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。例2.Hewasmade____.A.goB.goneC.goingD.togo解析：该题选D。makesb.dosth.如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。例3.Anewfactoryis____verysoon.A.tobebuiltB.builtC.tobuildD.tobuilding解析：该题选A。istobebuilt意为"将要被建。相关联系题1-Haveyougotsomewatertodrink?-Hereyouare.There___stillsomeinthebottle.A.areB.wereC.isD.was2_____theremanyAmericanfriendsintheschoollastFriday?A.IsB.WasC.AreD.Were3There____agreatmanyaccidentslastyear.A.wereB.areC.isD.was4-Howmanychildren____inthepicture?-Three.A.hasthereB.isthereC.havethereD.arethere5In1850,aboutathirdofU.S.A___coveredbyforests.A.wereB.hasbeenC./D.was6Mostofourearth____coveredbywater.A.areB.isC.wasD.were7Sunday____thefirstdayoftheweek.A.isB.areC.amD.be8.Neither___right.A.answersareB.answersaren"tC.answerisD.answerisn"t9.Thepopulationoftheworld____still____now.A.has;grownB.will;growC.is;growingD.isgrown10.There____manypeoplerunningintheparkeverymorning.A.isB.wereC.areD.have11.Thesepoliceoften___thechildrenacrossthestreet.A.helpB.helpsC.helpingD.ishelping12.___goingtoEnglandbyairnextweek.A.TheGreenfamilyareB.TheGreensfamilyareC.TheGreen"sfamilyareD.Greenfamilyare13.Thewholefamily____enjoyingthebeautifulmusicnow.A.isallB.allisC.allareD.areall14.Ourclass___big.A.isB.areC.wereD.will15.NeitherhenorI____fromCanada.WearefromAustralia.A.isB.areC.amD.be 16.Eitheryouorhe____right.A.areB.isC.doesD.were17.NeitherMarynorherbrother____goodatsinging.A.isB.areC.isnotD.arenot18.NotonlyTombutalsoAliceandMary____busy.A.isB.wasC.areD.has19.Physics___interestingtous.A.areB.hasC.isD.were20Thenews____exciting.Wegotexcitedatit.A.isB.wasC.wereD.are21.Thoughmathematics____hard,weallworkatithard.A.areB.wereC.wasD.is参考答案：CDADDBACCCAADACBACCBD