学位英语语法(含答案) 72页

学位英语语法1.分词英语中动词有三种非限定形式。按照传统英语的划分，分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。现在英语语法建立在结构分析之上，将动词的三种非限定形式又重新划分为动词不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词。本书考虑到大多数英语学习者曾经接受的传统英语语法教育，仍采用传统划分方法。1.1概述（1）分词包括现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词由动词原形+ing构成;规则动词的过去分词由动词原形+-ed构成，因此过去分词也可称为-ed分词。分词在句法上主要有形容词和副词的特征，可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。例如：Chinaisadevelopingcountry.中国是发展中国家。Thearrestedthiefwillbesentencedto5yearsimprisonment.那被捕的小偷将被判刑5年。Ifastoryisexciting,youareexcitedwhenyoureadit.如果一个故事比较刺激，你读起来会感到兴奋。Thechildrenwenttoschoolsingingandlaughing.孩子们唱着笑着去上学。United,westand;divided,wefall.和则分，分则亡。Shesmeltsomethingburning.她嗅到什么东西烧焦了的气味。Heheardhisnamecalled.他听见了有人叫他的名字。（2）与动词不定式和动名词一样，分词也具有动词的特征，可以带有自己的宾语或状语，也可以有单独的逻辑上的主语。例如：Havingfinishedallthework,wehadadrink.干完了所有的工作以后，我们喝了点酒。Givenbetterattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.要是照料得稍好一点的话，这些树还会长得更好些。Thehousestandingatthecornerofthestreetwasbuiltin1955.拐弯地方的那所房子是1955年修建的。Takenseparately,theproblemsarenotdifficulttosolve.分开解决，这些问题不难解决。Weatherpermitting,thepicnicwillbeheldasscheduled.如果天气允许，野炊会如期进行。Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishandscrossedunderhishead.他躺在草地上，头枕双手。（3）现在分词和过去分词最主要的区别是：现在分词具有动性，过去分词具有被动性和先时性。例如：72 acharminggirl迷人的姑娘boilingwater正在开着的水acharmedgirl着了魔法的姑娘boiledwater煮开过的水个别的过去分词（大都是一些不及物动词）并不表示被动的意义，而具有完成的意义。如deceased（死去的），departed（离去的），elapsed（逝去的），escaped（逃走的），faded（凋谢的），fallen（落下的），vanished（消失的），abdicated（退位的），exploded（爆炸了的）等。当前面有副词修饰时，则不局限于以上这些动词，如much-traveled,newly-arrived,recently-come,well-behaved等。这些词主要用在句中作定语或表语。1.2现在分词1.2.1作定语（1）现在分词可以单独作定语，也可以构成复合词作定语，一般放在被修饰词之前。例如：Abarkingdogseldombites.吠犬不咬人。Heisaneasy-goingman.他是个随和的人。The2008OlympicGamesheldinBejingwillbeanepoch-makinginChinesehistory.在北京举行的2008年奥林匹克运动会将成为中国历史上划时代的事件。但也有个别现在分词单独作定语，一般放在被修饰词之后。例如：Wemetagroupofyoungstersreturning(=whowerereturning)fromschool.我们碰到一群从学校回来的孩子。Therecomesawagoncarrying(=whichcarries)watermelons.那儿来了一辆装有西瓜的车。（2）用现在分词短语作定语，要注意分词所表示动作发生的同时性。大体来说，有下面两种情况：①表示一个（现在或将来）正在进行的动作（变为从句时需用进行时态）。例如：Cometomorrowandgivetheapplicationtothemansitting(=whowillbesitting)atthatdesk.明天再来，把申请表交给坐在那个桌子前的人。Themantalking(=whoistalking)tothegirlismycolleague.和那个女孩谈话的男子是我的同事。②表示某个经常性动作或现在（或当时）的状态（变成从句时用一般时态）。例如：Thoseweretheproblemspuzzling(=whichpuzzled)herdayandnight.这是使她日夜感到疑惑的问题。Thegirlwearing(=whowears)askirtisverybeautiful.那穿裙子的女孩很美。因此，当分词表示的动作在时间上同谓语动词所表示的动作不一致时，一般不能使用现在分词短语作定语。例如下面这些句子中的定语从句都不宜换为现在分词短语：Doyouknowanyonewhohaslostmoney?你知道谁丢了钱吗？Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?谁能回答这个问题？72 Thegirlwhocalledmeyesterdayismyclassmate.昨天给我达电话的女孩是我的同班同学。（1）现在分词短语还可以作非限制定语，相当于一个非限制定语从句，时它和句子其他部分用逗号分开。例如：Thewords,usuallydealingwithcurrentwork,weremostlywrittenbyhimself.歌词一般讲当前的工作，大部分是他自己写的。TheTVprogram,tellingalovestory,attractedalargeaudience.电视剧讲述了一个爱情故事，吸引了大批观众。（2）有的现在分词短语作用更接近同位语。例如：Ihavemanythingstodothissummer,writingabook,givinglectures,attendingasymposium,etc.今年夏天我有许多事做，如写本书、做报告、参加研讨会等。1.2.2作表语现在分词短语作表语常表示主语所具有的特征，多以事物做主语，主语为分词所表示的动作的发出者。例如：Thefoodsmellsinviting.这道菜香味怡人。Thecourseissoboring.这门课程十分枯燥乏味。1.2.3作状语现在分词作时间、原因、结果、伴随，方式、条件、让步等状语，表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作（或状态）是同时或几乎同时发生的。否则现在分词需用完成形式。（1）表示时间。例如：Hearingthenews,sheburstintotears.听了这个消息，她突然大哭起来。Puttingdownthenewspaper,Iwalkedovertothewindowandlookedout.放下报纸，我走向窗户朝外张望。这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作，这动作一发生，谓语表示的动作立即发生，只有少数动词能这样用。这种状语一般都放在句子前部。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用“when/while+分词”这种结构。例如：Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.过街时要当心。WhiledoinghisEnglishexercises,hefellasleep.他在做英文练习的时候睡着了。也有不带when或while的。例如：Comingdownthemountain,theymetTomontheway.他们下山时在路上碰到了汤姆。Themanslippedandfell(when)gettingoffthebus.那人下车时滑了一跤。另外，现在分词短语，作状语时还可以在前面加on或in，但他们有些细微的差别。On+现在分词相当于assoonas，强调瞬间的动作;in+现在分词相当于when,while72 ，强调的是连续缓慢的动作。比较：Onenteringtheroom,shefoundthemanlyingdeadonthefloor.她一走进房间就发现躺在地板上的死人。Indoingtheworkhemetalotofdifficulties.在做这项工作的过程中，他遇到了许多困难。(2)表示原因。例如：Beingateacher,Imustbestrictwithmystudents.作为一个老师，我必须、严格要求自己的学生。Notknowingwhattodo,Iaskedherforadvice.我不知道该怎么办，便请他她给我建议。这类状语多放在句子前半部分，有时插在主谓语之间，偶尔放在后面。现在分词短语充当状语时，常用静态动词或完成式。例如：Thedoctor,notwantingtomakehispatientnervous,didnotexplaintheseriousnessofhisillness.医生为了不让病人紧张，没有解释他的病的严重性。Theywroteusaletter,hopingtogetoursupport.他们给我们写了一封信，希望得到我们的支持。Nothavingreceivedtheletter,hedecidedtotelephonethefirm.由于没有收到信，他决定给公司打个电话。（3）表示结果。只有现在分词短语才能作结果状语，且通常放在句子的后半部分，用句号与句子的主干部分隔开。例如：Herhusbanddied,leavingherwithfivechildren.她的丈夫死了，留下她和5个孩子。作这类状语的分词常冠以thus,hence,thereby,therefore,only,completely等副词，以使结果意义更明确。这种分词的逻辑主语既可以是句子的主语，也可以是前边的整个句子。逻辑主语为前面的整个句子时，其作用相当于一个非限制定语从句。例如：Inalectureoneconomics,curiousstudentswouldaskhowtheChineseeconomycouldbebothsocialistandmarketdriven,thusinterestingthemselvesnotonlyinwhats,butalsoinwhysandhows.(相当于whichwouldinterest…)在一堂经济学课上，一些好追根问底的学生会问，中国经济怎么可能既是社会主义的，又是市场驱动的，从而使他们不仅对于为什么和怎么样产生了兴趣。Heturnedoffthelamp,(thereby)seeingnothing.他熄了灯，于是什么都看不到了。（4）表示伴随状态。表示伴随情况常用现在分词的简单体,这类状语一般位于句末.例如:Shestoodthere,waitingforhimintherain.她站在那儿,在雨中等他.Theysatinfrontoftheirhouselaughingandchatting,他们坐在房前又说又笑.Shewalkedalongthestreet,notknowingwheretogo.她沿着这条街走着,不知道该到哪里去.(5)表示方式。表示方式只限于现在分词短语，谓语动词通常为不及物动词。例如：72 Torrentsofwatercamerushingdownfromthemountains.阵阵山洪冲泻而下。Theysatfacingeachother.他们面对面坐着。“go+现在分词”的惯用结构是现在分词短语表示方式这一用法的延伸，通常go后接表示野外体育娱乐和谋生等活动的分词；如这一分词自己带宾语，则可将该宾语放在go与分词之间，也可放在分词之后。例如：gofishing去钓鱼gobegging去乞讨gorabbiting去猎兔gofarming去务农gohunting去打猎goteaching去教书goshooting去射击gosoldiering去当兵goboating去划船gonursing去当护士golockingfortrouble去找麻烦gopearcollecting摘梨子去gopearlcollecting去采珠gosightseeing去游览gojobhunting去找工作（6）表示条件。这类状语常放在句子的前半部分，常用的现在分词有supposing,considering等。例如：Supposingitrains,whatshallyoudo?如果下起雨来，你怎么办呢？Turingtotheright,youwillfindthedepartmentstore.向右拐，你就可以找到这家商场。（7）表示让步。这类状语多数放在句子前部。为了加强语气，分词前还可以冠有thought,although,while,inspiteof,despite等表示让步关系的词。例如：InspiteofknowingLondon,Igotlost.尽管熟悉伦敦，但我还是迷路了。Grantingthistobetrue,westillhavetolookmoreevidence.就算这是真实情况，我们仍需找到更多的证据。（8）表示内容说明。现在分词短语放在“写信”、“通知”、“打电话”、“建议”等后，补充说明其内容。例如：Hewroteheraletter,sayingthathelovedher.他给她写了封信，说他爱她。Shesentthematelegram,instructingthemtotakeactionimmediately.他给他们发了个电报，指示他们立即采取行动。ShesuggestedshoppingonFriday,pointingoutthatthesupermarketwouldbeverycrowedonSunday.她建议星期五购物，并指出星期天超市将很拥挤。需注意的是，用作这类状语的现在分词常是动态动词，且一般不用完成时态。1.2.4作宾语补足语现在分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,find,feel,smell等感官动词和get,set,keep,leave,72 start等使役动词后作宾语补足语，表示正在进行的主动意义。例如：Isawagirlwateringtheflowers.我看见一个女孩在浇花。Ifoundhiminthecellardrinkingmybestbrandy.我撞见他在地窖里喝我最好的白兰地。It’sheardtogetthechildrentaking;theproblemistostopthem.让孩子们说话不难,问题是让他们停止说话.Herremarkleftmewonderingwhatshewasdrivingat.她的话使我摸不清到底什么意思.Thesmokestartedhercoughing.烟使她咳嗽.注意：在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等感官动词后，即可用现在分词做宾语补足语,又可用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。两者中间有时是有区别的；用现在分词时，表示动作正在进行，还没有结束；有动词不定式时，表示动作的全过程已结束。比较：Don’tyouseeagirlrunningtowardsus?Don’tyouseeagirlruntowardsusandgiveusapieceofadvertisement?上述这类句子也可以变为被动结构，这时现在分词由宾语补足语的角色转化为主语补足语或表语.例如：Shewaskeptwaitingforalongtime.让她等了很长时间。Shewasoftenheardsingingupstairs.人们常听她在楼上唱歌。1.2.5现在分词的完成形式和被动形式(1)现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中，且一般只作时间和原因状语，不作其他类型的状语。它表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。例如：Havingfinishedreadingonebook,Iwentontoreadanother.(时间状语)读完一本书后，我又继续读另一本。Nothavingmadegoodpreparations,theydidn’tperformwellonthestage.(原因状语)由于没有准备好，他们在舞台上表演得不够好。Thedelegates,havingfulfilledtheirmissioninMoscow,arrivedbackinBeijing.代表们在莫斯科完成任务之后回到了北京。（时间状语）Heknowshowtogetthere,havinglivedthereformanyyears.（原因状语）他在那里生活了许多年，知道到那里去怎么走。（2）现在分词的被动形式表示一个被动动作，且这个动作是和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生的或是现刻正在进行。这种形式可以用来作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。①作定语。例如：Heaskedwhowasthemanbeingoperated.动手术的人是谁。Thehousebeingbuiltwillbeourlivingquarters.现在建的房子将成为我们的宿舍。②作表语。例如：72 Yoursuggestionisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.你的建议正在会议上议论。③作状语。例如：和现在分词的完成式一样，现在分词的被动式一般也只作时间和原因状语，不作其他类型状语。例如：和现在分词的完成式一样，现在分词的被动式一般也只作时间和原因状语，不作其他类型的状语。例如：Beingescortedbyboyfriend,thegirlfeltquitesafe.(原因状语)有男朋友的护送，那女孩感到很安全。Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shewentonthestage.(时间状语)有人请她表演一个节目，她便走向舞台。④作宾语补足语。例如：You’llfindthenewsbeingdiscussedeverywhere.你会听到到处都在讨论这个问题。It’ssadtoseemanypeoplebeingkilledinthewar.看到这么多的人在战场中遭到杀害很另人悲痛。⑶现在分词的被动形式完成式与主动形式完成式的功能和用法差不多，只是表示了一个被动动作。例如：Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldIletitslipaway?(原因状语)人家给了我这么好的一个机会，我怎么能轻易放过？HavingbeenexamedbytheCustomsOffice,theforeignerpassedthecustoms.(时间状语)受海关检查后，那名外国人通过了海关。Nothavingbeeninformedbytheuniversity,thestudentsdon’tknowhowmuchmoneytobringnextterm.(原因状语)由于没接到学校的通知，学生不知道下学期该带多少钱。现在分词的完成形式和被动形式可用于独立主格中，关于这一点请参阅本章的17.4节。1.2.6现在分词与动名词现在分词和动名词在结构上相同，在功能和用法上也有许多相似之处。但它们之间也有许多细微的差别。现在分词在句法上具有形容词和副词的特征，而动名词则具有名词的特征。因此，动名词可以作主语、宾语，而现在分词则不行；现在分词可以做作宾语补足语，并可单独作状语，而动名词则不行。现在分词和动名词均可作定语和表语，但两者有细微的差别。⑴作定语。动名词一般不作后置定语。作前置定语，动名词表示所修饰的名词（一般为物）的用途，现在分词则表示所修饰的名词（人或物）所发出的动作。比较：现在分词动名词asleepingbeauty睡美人asleepingcar卧车aflyingfish飞鱼flyingtime飞行时间awaitingcar等待着的车awaitingroom候车室awalkingdictionary活字典awalkingstick手杖aswimminggirl游泳的女孩aswimmingpool游泳池72 asewingwoman缝衣女asewingmachine缝纫机①Wearegoingtobuyawashingmachinenextmonth.②There’snorunningwatertoday.例句①中washing是动名词，awashingmachine意为“洗衣机”。例句②中running为现在分词,runningwater意为“自来水”.现在分词做定语可改为一个定语从句,如runningwater可说成waterthatthatisrunning.⑵做表语。现在分词短语作表语对主语进行说明，动名词作表语表示一个行为动作。比较：Thedaywassocharming!天气真好！WhathewillbedoingistakingaplanetoBejing他将做的事便是乘飞机到北京。⑶但有些-ing形式究竟是动名词还是分词则不大好定论。例如：Hewentontellingthestory.他继续讲那个故事。Shekeptaskingquestionswhileshelistened.她听的时候不断地问问题。Wewillkeeponworkinginthatspirit.我们将继续以这种精神工作。语法家们对这种-ing形式说法不一，从理论上看，作分词讲似稍好些，从形式上看又似乎是动词。因此，广大英语学习者没必要花太多心思在区分现在分词和动名词上。只要记住他们的形式—“动词+-ing”，及其功能和用法就可以了。因为在本章开头已谈到，现代英语语法已将现在分词和动名词归入-ing分词一类了。1.3过去分词1.3.1作定语⑴除了在“概述”一节提到的个别不及物动词的过去分词能用作定语，仅仅表示完成意义外，大部分不及物动词的过去分词不能单独用作定语。作前置定语的过去分词大部分来自及物动词，通常带有被动意义和完成意义。例如：Somenationalitieshavenowrittenlanguage.有些民族没有书面语言。Theuniversityneedsmorequalifiedteachers.这所大学需要更多合格的教员。有些过去分词通常不能单独用作前置定语，但若加前缀un-或者为副词所修饰而构成“副词+过去分词”的复合结构后，便可作前置定语。例如：uninvitedguests不速之客newly-bornbabies新生婴儿unexpectedresults出乎意料badly-builthouses粗制滥造的房子unheard-ofstories闻所未闻的故事aclear-cutanswer明确的答复有些过去分词也可单独作后置定语，其意义和作后置定语时间相同。例如：theaffectedpopulation/thepopulationaffected受影响的人口theconcernedparty/thepartyconcerned有关党派72 但有些过去分词在作前置定语和后置定语时意义却不同，特别是与特定的名词中心词搭配时。例如：themotherconcerned有关母亲theconcernedmother焦虑的母亲theissuesinvolved有关问题aninvolvedstyle复杂的文体⑵和现在分词一样，更多情况下我们用过去分词短语作定语，一般放在被修饰词之后，在意义上相当于一个定语从句。例如：Wearegoingtotalkabouttheproblemdiscussed(=whichwasdiscussed)atthelastmeeting.我们打算谈论上次会议讨论的问题。Englishisthelanguagespoken(=thatisspoken)inmanycountries.英语是许多国家讲的语言。They’reproblemsleft(=whichhavebeenleft)overbyhistory.它们是历史遗留下来的问题。⑶过去分词短语也可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句。例如：Thehouse,built200yearsago,isstillingoodcondition.那房子是200年前建立的，仍然状况良好。Thelibrary,completedinJune,canholdmorethan2,000readers.图书馆于6月建成，能容纳2000多读者。1.3.2作表语过去分词作表语往往表示主语所处的状态或主语对某事物的心理反应和感受，多以人作主语。例如：Themanlookeddisappointed.那人显得很失望。I’mpuzzledaboutthissituation.我对形势感到迷惑不解。Theglassesarebroken..眼镜打破了。Thedoorremainslocked.门依然锁着。作表语的过去分词大都来自及物动词，不及物动词的过去分词能作表语的只限于少数表示位置转移的动词，如：go，come，assemble等，它们用在联系动词后，只表示完成意义，无被动意义。例如：GonearethedayswhentheChinesepeoplewerebulliedbyimperialists.中国人民遭受帝国主义欺凌的日子一去不复返了。Thegirliscome.那女孩来了。Thestudentswereseenassembledinthehall.人们看见学生们聚集在礼堂。Itwillbecoolerwhenthesunisset.日落后，天就会凉爽些。1.3.3作状语及物动词的过去分词可以作时间、原因、伴随、条件和让步状语，一般不作结果、方式状语，不及物动词的过去分词一般不用作状语。⑴表示时间。例如：Seenfromthebalcony,thestreetlooksmagnificent.从阳台上看街道非常漂亮。Workharduntiltoldtostop.72 要努力工作，叫你停下来才能停下来。Assoonasdismissedfromhisposition,hestartedhisownbusiness.他一被撤职就干起了自己的事业。Enemiesoncediscoveredwerecompletelywipedout.一旦发现敌人，就把他们彻底歼灭了。Oncetaken,thedrughasadeadlyeffect.一旦服用，这药可以致人于死。(2)表示原因。例如：Accusedofdishonestybythemedia,theMinisterdecidedtoresign.由于被媒体指控为不诚实，部长决定辞职。Bornintoapoorfamily,hehadlittleschooling.他出身贫寒，几乎没上过学。Hesoonfellasleep,exhaustedbythejourney.由于旅途劳累，他很快就睡着了。(3)表示伴随。过去分词作这类状语较少见。一般将这类状语放于句末。例如：Hecamebackhome,ratherdisappointed.他非常失望地回到家里。Hewentintotheoffice,accompaniedbyhissecretary.他由秘书随行走进办公室。(4)表示条件。这类状语常放在句子的前半部分，常见的引导条件状语的过去分词有given,granted,provided等。例如：Givengoodhealth,Ihopetofinishtheworkthisyear.假若健康状况良好，我希望今年完成这个工作。Comparedwithdevelopedcountries,westillhavealongwaytogo.和发达国家比起来，我们还有很大的差距。(5)表示让步。这类状语大都放在句子前部，个别的插在主谓之间。分词前还可加though,although,while,despite,eventhough等表示让步关系的词，起强调作用。例如：Whilerespected,Dr.Smithisnotliked.尽管史密斯博士受人尊敬，但不讨人喜欢。Picked20timesayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.尽管一年采摘20次，它四五十年之后才会衰老。Theboy,lovedbythegirl,didn’tloveher.尽管女孩喜欢男孩，但男孩不爱她。无论是现在分词还是过去分词，作状语时一般要与句子的其他成分用逗号隔开。如果句中的主语是人称代词或人命，作状语的分词短语最好不要放在人称代词或人名之后。下面三句为不妥当的表达：She,beingverytimid,keptawayfromthedog.Mary,hearingthenews,burstintotears.I,lovedbythegirl,didn’tloveher.1.3.4作宾语补足语不及物动词的过去分词能用作宾语补足语的很少。例如：72 Theoldcouplefoundthelittlegirlgone.那对老夫妇发现小女孩走了。能用作宾语补足语的过去分词绝大部分来自及物动词，主要有see,hear,notice,watch,find,feel,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词和make,get,have,keep,leave等使役动词以及like,want,wish,order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词之后作宾语补足语，表示已经完成的被动意义。例如：Everybodythoughtthebattlelost.人们都认为战斗失败了。Didyouleavethedoorsandwindowsfirmlyfastened?你把门窗关牢了吗？Idon’tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.会上我不喜欢讨论这种问题。注意：使役动词set,start等后的宾语补足语通常只能用现在分词，不用过去分词；而make,have等则只能用过去分词，不用现在分词。例如：Blow,bugles,blow,setthewildechoesflying!响起来，号角，响起来，让激昂的回声在空中激荡！Thisnewsstartedmethinking.这消息引起我的思绪。Thethiefcouldn’tmakehimselfbelieved.那个贼不能让人相信他。You’dbetterhavethatbadtoothpulledout.你最好把那颗蛀牙拔掉。此外，set还能接带to的不定式，而make，have则一般只接不带to的不定式。例如：Hesetthefarmlabourertochopwood.他派遣农场工人去砍木材。Setathieftocatchathief.以毒攻毒。（令贼捉贼。）Themanagermadethesecretarytypetheletter.经理让秘书把信打出来。Iwouldn’thaveyoudothat.我不愿你做那件事。在“have+宾语+过去分词“这一结构中，have有三种不同的意义。比较：Ihadmyshoesrepaired.(表示“致使”，一种有意的行为)我将鞋子让人修了一下。CharlesIhadhisheadcutoff.(表示“遭受”，一种非有意的行为)查理一世遭到断头之祸。Ihavenotanymoneyleft.(表示“有”，left作定语，修饰money)我没钱了。1.3.5关于分词的形容词化的问题有些分词几乎已经变成了形容词，具有形容词的各种特征，可以接受very修饰，有比较级和最高级形式等。例如：Hisviewsareveryalarming.他的看法很使人吃惊。72 Thistheorysoundsmoreconvincingthanthatone.这种理论比那种听起来更具说服力，Smithisthemostexperiencedteacherinthismiddleschool.史密斯是这所中学里最有经验的老师。这类词常见的有alarming,amusing,boring,challenging,charming,changing,confusing,convincing,disappointing,discouraging,disturbing,exciting,embarrassing,fascinating,interesting,inviting,lasting,missing,misleading,obliging,pressing,promising,puzzling,refreshing,shocking,string,surprising,tempting,tiring,worrying,alarmed,amazed,amused,balanced,bored,conceited,civilized,disappointed,distinguished,embarrassed,excited,exhausted,educated,delighted,fascinated,hurried,interested,limited,noted,offended,pleased,relaxed,reserved,satisfied,shocked,surprised,tired,upset,unexpected,worried等.1.4分词的逻辑主语和独立结1.4.1分词的逻辑主语当分词在句中起的关系分句或状语分句作用时，它们都有逻辑主语，这种逻辑主语有时就是主句的主语。例如：Ourfarmmachineryindustry,startingfromscratch,hasmadegreatstridestoo.我们的农机机械工业是白手起家的，也取得了巨大发展。(作定语)Encouragedbythesesuccesses,theydecidedtoexpandthebusiness.在这些成绩的鼓舞下，他们决定扩大经营。(作状语)但有时，分词结构的逻辑主语，而是主句的其他成分。例如：Didyouseethemantalkingtothedean?和系主任谈话的那个人你看到了吗？Hewashurtbyastonedroppedfromtheroof.他被房顶上掉下的石头砸伤。Whendrivingcarelessly,itiseasyforyoutohaveanaccident.不小心驾驶是时，你就很容易出事故。分词结构通常是它的逻辑主语而对主句发生依着关系，这种现象叫做依着法则。如果一个分词结构在句中找不到它的逻辑主语或者依着在不应该依着的词语上。就成了“悬垂分词”或者“无依着分词”1.4.2独立结构所谓独立结构,实质上是自己主语的非限制定分句和无动词分句。按其结构形式，可分为不定式独立结构、分词独立结构和无动词独立结构。这种结构通常在句中作状语。例如：Anumberofofficialsfollowedtheemperor,sometoholdhisrobe,otherstoadjusthisgirdle,andsoon.(不定式独立结构)许多官员跟在皇帝的后面，有的托起他的长袍，还有的调整他的腰带，如此等等。Theworkhavingbeenfinished,wehadarest.(分词独立结构)工作做完后我们休息一会儿。Theteacherwentintotheclassroom,bookinhand.(无动词独立结构)老师走进教室，手里拿着一本书。考点_____,wewentoutforawalk.A.BeingafinedayB.ItbeingafinedayC.ItwasafinedayD.Afineday72 解析：答案为B。此题考查的是独立结构。在该句中，独立结构作原因状语。选项A的逻辑主语不是we，故不能选。选项C本身就是一个句子，英语中两个完整的句子之间一般不能用逗号，要么将题中的逗号改为句号，要么将句中的逗号改为句号，要么在we前加and方成立。选项D填入题中，似乎afineday是we的同位语，故也不成立。这里主要讲讲分词独立结构。在用分词状语时，其逻辑上的主语一般要与主句的主语一致。若不一致，一般要带上自己的逻辑主语，构成独立结构。大部分情况下，它表示一种伴随的动作或情况，但也可以表示时间、原因、条件等。（1）表示伴随。例如：Weexploredthecaves,Peteractingasguide.由彼得作向导，我们探察了那些洞穴。Themanagersatquietlyintheoffice,eyesclosed.经理静静地坐在办公室里，闭着双眼。（2）表示时间。例如：Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtohisinstitute.深秋时，他工作结束了，就准备回学院去。Theproblem(being)settled,wewoundupthemeeting.问题解决了，我们结束了会议。（3）表示原因。例如：Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.最后一班车走了，我们只得走回家去。Itbeingnowprettylate,Iwanttogobed.现在很晚了，我想上床睡觉了。（4）表示条件。例如：Weatherpermitting,thesportsmeetwillbeheldasscheduled.如果天气允许的话，运动会会如期举行。Fewstudentshavefinishedthehomework,somegoodstudentsexcepted.除了几个好学生外，几乎没有学生完成作业。有时，这一结构也可以对前面的动词或名词起解释说明作用。例如：Wedoubledourefforts,eachmanworkingliketwo.我们加倍努力，一个人像两个人一样地干活。Theboycamein,hiseyesswollen.男孩走了进来，只见他眼睛发肿。Thereare34studentsinmyclass,theyoungestbeing16.我的班上由34个学生，最小的16岁。独立结构一般可变为由with引导的介词词组，表示否定意义的独立结构则可换为由without引导的介词词组。其结构为：with/without+宾语+现在分词（表示主动性和同时性）with/without+宾语+过去分词（表示被动性和先时性）此外，with/without引导的介词词组在介词宾语后还跟形容词、副词、不定式或介词短语等。例如：Withoutanyonenoticing,shelefttheclassroom.72 她离开了教室，没人注意到她。Iwouldnotdaregohomewithoutthejobfinished.工作没干完，我不敢回家。Withalotofhomeworktodo,Idecidedtostayhome.有许多作业要做，我决定待在家里。Theteachercameintotheclassroom,withabookinhand.老师走进教室，手里拿着一本书。独立结构极少用于口语中，常见于正式文体，特别是文学体裁，以使句子描写得形象生动。1.5悬垂分词上文提到，在用分词短语作状语时，一般其逻辑主语要与主语的主句一致。但悬垂分词却例外，悬垂分词在传统语法中一般视为病句，因此初学者不宜模仿。但是，悬垂分词也有个可接受性的问题，对于这种情况应具体问题具体分析。（1）一些习惯用语，如generally,judging,supposing,granted等，其逻辑主语为说话者或泛指任何人，用来修饰全句。例如：Generallyspeaking,girlsworkharderthanboys.总的来说，女孩比男孩刻苦些。Judgingbyherappearance,shemustbe18.从外貌看她一定是18岁。Grantedthathedidsayso,whatharmcanyouseeinit?就算他说了这话，你又看出有什么不好呢？这些分词中其中有些已被词典收集为连词，如providing/provided,seeingthat(照……看来)，supposing等；有的已被收集为介词，如concerning(关于)，regarding(关于)，considering(鉴于)等。例如：She’sveryactive,consideringherage.就她的年龄而论，她是非常活跃的。Iwillgoproviding(that)myexpensesarepaid.要是我的费用有人代付我就去。Theyhadaheateddiscussionconcerningcertainlinguisticproblems.他们激烈地讨论了某些语言学上的问题。考点________thathehasbeeninEnglandforonlyafewmonths,hespeaksEnglishquitewell.A.HeconsideredB.IconsideredC.ConsideringD.Considered解析：答案为C。这里considering相当于一个介词，作“鉴于”解。其他选项不合习惯用法，且B意思也不通。(2)在科技语体中，悬垂分词用得较多，这应该视为正常，因为科技语体通常避免使用人称主语。例如：Usingthenuclearenergy,itisimportanttoreduceradiationtoanidealdegree.使用核能的时候，将辐射降低到理想程度是至关重要的。Whenanalyzingthechemicalcompositionofwater,anelectrolysisinstrumentisneeded.分析水的化学成分的时候，需要一个电解器。(3)72 在其他语体中，若悬垂分词不引起歧义或造成语义混乱，通常也可以接受。这类句子一般可以看出其逻辑主语。例如：Standingnearthecliff,herheartbeatfast.(逻辑主语为she)站在悬崖边上，她的心跳得厉害。Lookingaheadtotheweekend,temperaturewillbelower.(逻辑主语为we)展望周末，气温将会降低。Caughtinatrafficjam,itiseasytolosepatience.(逻辑主语为one或peopleingeneral)堵车时，人们很容易失去耐心。但是，有些悬垂现象却应该避免，尤其是在脱离一定的语境时。例如：Walkinginthefields,asnakebitTomintheheel.(?)Runningoutofthehouse,alorryknockedmeover.(?)还有些悬垂分词，会引起歧异或早晨表意混乱，则视为不可接受。例如：Openingthecupboard,askeletonfellout.(×)Grillingoncharcoal,welikedthefishmuchbetter.(×)上述仅就分词的悬垂现象作了讲解。实际上，不定式也有类似的情况。例如：Todeterminethenumberofcells,asampleisputunderamicroscope.要确定细胞的数量，取一样品放在显微镜下。TolearnEnglishwell,alotofpracticeisneeded.要学好英语，需要进行大量的练习。除了上述的第一种情况(习惯用语)已被接受外，无论哪种情况的悬垂结构，初学者都要对之慎之又慎，尤其是在一些测试中。在写作中也不要使用悬垂结构，以避免使用不当而引起歧异或造成表意混乱。Exercises1._______oftheburdenofice,theballoonclimbedupanddriftedtothesouth.A.TobefreeB.FreeingC.TofreeD.Freed2.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,______inthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswasthroughit.A.tobedesertedB.havingdesertedC.tohavingbeendesertedD.havingbeendeserted3.Allflights________becauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.A.werecanceledB.hadbeencanceledC.havingcanceledD.havingbeencanceled4.Howmanyofus____,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?A.attendedB.attendingC.toattendD.making5.Thearticleopensandwithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,each_______onemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.A.makesB.madeC.istomakeD.making6.TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecently______whathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.A.givingB.gaveC.togiveD.given7.Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphone______tothesystems,sodosethevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.72 A.addingB.tohaveaddedC.ToaddD.added7.Hewasnotaskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,_____insufficientlypopularwithallmembers.A.beingconsideredB.consideringC.tobeconsideredD.haveconsidered8.Anyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecovery____justaroundthecornerwasuntrue,A.wouldbeB.tobeC.wasD.being9.It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechanges_____placeinourever-changingworld.A.takingB.totakeC.takeD.taken10.The______winddestroyedagreatdealofproperty.A.ragedB.ragingC.beingragedD.havingbeenraged11.Mrs.Alisinwillcharmeveryoneattheparty.Sheisa_____women.A.charmedB.charmingC.tobecharmedD.beingcharmed12.The________packagehadnostampsonit.A.returnedB.beingreturnedC.havingbeenreturnedD.tobereturned13.Prof.Yuhascontributedagreatdealtotheuniversity;____________.A.teaching,writingandlecturingB.teaching,asawriter,andlecturerC.teaching,writingandasawriterD.writing,ateacherandalecturer14.Thegirl_________thismorningwashisgirlfriend.A.comingB.havingcomeC.whocameD.tocome15.Thelecturewasso_______andtheaudiencewas________.A.bored;boringB.boring;boredC.boring;boringD.bored;bored16.Barkingfuriously,_________________.A.IledthedogoutoftheroomB.thegustswerekeptawayfromthedogC.thedogwasledoutoftheroomD.theroomshouldnotkeepthedogin17.Where’smycoat?IthoughtIleftit________withtheshirt.A.hangedB.hungC.hangD.beinghanged18._________hertelephonenumber,Icouldn’tgetintouchwithher.A.KnowingnotB.NotknowingC,havingallbeensolvedD.allsolving19.Theproblems______,wewoundupthemeeting.A.hadallsolvedB.havingallsolvedC.havingallbeensolvedD.allsolving20.Allthe______arerequiredtoattendthemeeting.A.involvedpeopleB.peopleinvolved72 C.involvingpeopleD.peopleinvolving7.________hiscitizenship,hehadtotakerefugeabroad.A.DeprivedofB.WhiledeprivedofC.HavingdeprivedofD.Althoughhewasdeprivedof8.Thenewssettheboy______________.A.thoughtB.thinkC.thinkingD.beingthinking9.Woodthathas___________is_______wood.A.rotted;rottenB.rotted;rottedC.rotten;rottenD.rotten;rotted10.Ihave_________myself;witha_______faceI’lllookmuchyoungerthanIactuallyandIalwayskeepmy________thingsinaspecialcase.A.shaven;well-shaved;shavedB.shaved;well-shavedshavenC.shaved;well-shaven;shavingD.shaved;well-shaven;shaven26.Shecouldnotutteraclearword,butmumbledsomethingwithher______mouthandlips.A.sunkB.sunkenC.sinkingD.sink27.Thiscoathas_________alotevenafterthefirstwash.It’sa_____coat.A.shrunk;shrunkenB.shrunken;shrunkenC.shrank;shrunkD.shrinked;shrunken28.Theoldmanhas___cheeks;hischeekshave______in.A.sunk;sunkB.sunken;sunkenC.sunk;sunkenD.sunken;sunk29.Thepoorwerehousedindingy,_________buildings.Therainhas____theroofbeam..A.rotting;rottedB.rotten;rottedC.rotted;rottenD.rotting;rotten30.Jimseems______onmasteringChinese.A.bendedB.bendingC.bentD.beingbended31.Iamnotgreatly______withworldlygoods.A.blessedB.blestC.blessingD.tobeblest32.Thebirthofababyidtrulya______event.A.blessingB.blessedC.blestD.havingblessed33.I’m______ifIknow.(=Idon’tknowatall.)A.blessingB.blessedC.blestD.tobeblessing34.Themetal__________,theworkerspoureditintosandmoulds.Thehot,________metalsoonhardenedinthemoulds.A.beingmelted;meltedB.havingbeenmelted;meltedC.havingbeenmelted;moltenD.beingmolten;molten35.__________todo,hesaidgood-byetobossandleft.A.TherewasnothingmoreB.BeingnothingmoreC.Therebeingnothingmore;moltenD.Astherebeingnothingmore36.Isawalotofchildren_____inthepark,mostofthem________girls.A.play;areB.playing;were72 C.playing;hadbeenD.playing;being27.________abeautifulnight,wedecidedtogooutforawalk.A.BeingB.WhatC.HavingD.Itbeing28.Itisconsideredthatthemooncontainsalltheelementsfoundonearth,including_____.A.elementsnecessaryforgeneratingofnuclearenergyB.whatarenecessaryforthegeneratingnuclearenergyC.thosearerequiredforgeneratingnuclearenergyD.thoserequiredtogeneratenuclearenergy29.Thesecretarywasscoldedbythemanagerbecauseshelefttheofficeyesterdaywiththedoor________.A.nothavinglockedB.unlockedC.notlockedD.unlocking30._________,thisnovelisnotinteresting.A.SpokengenerallyB.GenerallyspokenC.SpeakinggenerallyD.Generallyspeaking2．不定式英语中，非谓语动词有三种：动名词、不定式和分词。他们不能独立充当谓语，不受人称和数的限制。不定式分为带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。带to的不定式是由不定式符号to＋动词原形构成；不带to的不定式与原形同形，但它不是原形，而是一种语法形式。2.1要求使用不带to的不定式情况不带to的不定式，除了用于情态动词will/would,shall/should,can/could,may/might,must,need,dare等后外，还可以用在下列情况：(1)在“动词＋宾语＋不定式”结构中，如果动词是表示知觉、感觉的，如see,lookat,hear,listento,watch,feel,observe,behold（看）,notice,perceive,find,smell等，动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to。例如：Ilikelisteningtohimplaytheviolin.我喜欢听他拉小提琴。Theteacherheardthestudentsingintheclassroom.老师听到学生在教室里唱歌。但这类动词如果用于被动语态中作主语补足语时，不定式符号to不可省略。例如：Shewasseentodatewithaboylastnight.有人发现她昨晚与一个男孩约会。如果作宾语补足语的不定式是tobe，则不定式符号to不可以省略。例如：Iperceivehimtobeamanoftaste.我发现他是一个有品位的人。(2)在“动词＋名词＋不定式”结构中，当动词为使役动词make,let,leave,have时，后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to。例如：72 　　Johnmakesmedoeverything.约翰什么事都让我做。当动词为know,help,bid时，后面作宾语补足语的不定式的to可省不可省。例如：　　Ihelpedhim(to)mendhisclothes.我帮他补衣服。　　Ihaveknownhim(to)dothatbefore.　　我知道他曾经那样做过。在动词help或“help＋宾语”之后既可以用带to的不定式，也可以用不带to的不定式，如果表示的动作主语没有直接参加，通常带to。例如：　　Theneighbourhelpeduscarrytheboxes.（主语参与了动作）　　邻居帮我们抬那些箱子。　　　　Thiskindofmedicinehelpsustorelieveourpain.（主语没有参与动作）　　　　这种药能帮我们减轻痛苦。除let外，当用于被动词语态时，后跟不定式均须带to。Let之后不定式的to可省可不省。例如：　　Johnwasmadetoworkforeighthoursaday.约翰被迫每天工作8个小时。　　Wewillbelet(to)doit.　　我们可以做这件事。如果know，find后作宾语补足语的不定式是tobe，则to不可省略。例如：　　Ifoundthattobetrue.我发现那是真的。用于否定意义时，know后作宾语补足语的不定式一般都不带to。例如：　　Ihaveneverknownhimdoitbefore.我从不知道他以前做过此事。(1)某些固定用法，如hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather/sooner,hadrather,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等后跟不定式可省略to。例如：　　　　Youhadbetterstopsmoking.你最好戒烟。　　　　Icannotbutaccepthimasamemberofourteam.我只能吸收他为我们的队员。　　　　Wemight(just)aswellnothaveacaratall.我们宁可没有车。might(just)aswell,wouldjustassoon和wouldrather这三种结构都表示说话人比较倾向于怎么做。一般来说，might(just)aswell语气最强，含有相反建议的意思；wouldjustassoon语气最弱；wouldrather在强弱程度上介于两者之间。(4)在介词but,except,save(除了),besides,than之后。如果其前有实义动词的某种形式，其后作宾语的不定式一般不能带to；如果没有实义动词的某种形式，其后的不定式符号不可以省略。例如：　　　　Icandonothingbutwait.我除了等之外毫无办法。72 　　　　Ihavenochoicebuttoobeyhim.我别无选择，只能服从他。　　(5)ratherthan/soonerthan置于句首时，其后用不带to的不定式；若置于句中其他位置时，其后的不定式可以带to也可以不带to。例如：　　　　Ratherthanruntheriskoflosingeverythingtheyaccepthisterm.他们接受了他的条件，否则将会有失去一切的危险。　　　　Marydecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.玛丽决定用写信来代替打电话。　　(6)在why,how引导的疑问句中，把doyou/we/they省去后，可直接用不带to的不定式，通常表示做某事是愚蠢的或无意义的。不带to的不定式，可用来提出建议或劝告。例如：　　　　Whynotgiverighttohimtodoit?为什么不给他权利来做这件事？　　　　Howleavethebabyalone?(你)怎么能把孩子一个人丢下不管呢？　　(7)在某些惯用结构，如makedo(凑合),makebelieve(假装),letdrop(无意说出),letfall(落下),letfly(发射),letslip(无意说出),letdrive(向……打出),letgo(of)(放开),hearsay(听说),heartell(听说)等中，to要省去。例如：　　　　Theconceitedhandsomeboymakesbelievethathewasaprince.　　　　那个自负的英俊男孩假装自己是一名王子。　　　　Thepolicemanwon’tletgoofthethief’shand.那个警察不会放开小偷的手。2．式的形式除基本助动词和情态动词外，英语动词都有不定式形式。2.2.1一般形式不定式的一般形式可以表示不定式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。例如：　　Theyoungpioneerhelpedtheoldcouplecleanthehouse.那个少先队员帮助老夫妇打扫房子。英语中不定式通常用来表示目的或结果，这时候，不定式所表示的动作通常发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。例如：　　Hewenttothesupermarkettodosomeshopping.他去超市买东西。　　Hegottothehousefinally,onlytofindthatitwasempty.他终于到达了那所房子，却发现里面是空的。当不定式用来表示原因时，动作通常发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：　　Iamgladtohearthatmyoldgrandmothersurvivedthedisaster.我很高兴听到我祖母在那场灾难中幸免于难。2.2.2进行式不定式的进行式可以表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或发生在其后。例如：72 Hepretendedtobelisteningcarefully.他装作在认真听的样子。Iwishtobeworkinginthesamegroupwithyouagain.我希望能再度和你在一个组里共事。2.2.3完成式不定式的完成式用来表示动作的完成或未完成的情况。不定式的动作在谓语动词之前已完成，此时用完成式强调动作的完成。例如：　　Iamterriblysorrynottohavecomelastnight.非常抱歉我昨晚没来。　　Itisagreathonourtohavebeengivensuchachancetomeetwithyou.能有机会与你见面，在下荣幸之至。有些动词的完成式，如intended,supposed,wanted,meant,hoped,planed,expected等加上不定式一般形式可以表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。在口语中，也可以用主句动词的一般过去式＋不定式的一般形式辅以补充说明来表示，或用动词不定式完成式，说明原打算要做的事，由于某种原因而未做成。例如：　　Ihadintendedtovisitmyoldfriend,Tom,butIforgot.我本想去拜访我的老朋友汤姆，但是忘了。　　Hehadpromisedtofinishthispaperontime.他已答应按时完成论文。　　Imeanttocomeyesterday,butIwastoobusyatthattime.(口语)　　我昨天打算来，可是当时太忙了。　　Iplannedtohavetelephonedthemayor,butIforgotit.我原计划给市长打电话，但我忘了这件事。在seemto,appearto,以及think,consider,believe等表示想法的动词之后用不定式的完成式，表示一个动作先于另一个动作。这种结构也可以用it作主语来表示。例如：　　Theroomseemstohavebeencleanedbysomeone.房间好像有人扫过了。　　Itseemsthattheroomhavebeencleanedbysomeone.好像有人打扫过房间。Thelittleboyappearstohavemadeabigmistake.那个小男孩好像犯了一个大错误。　　Itappearsthatthelittleboyhavemadeabigmistake.看来那个小男孩犯了一个大错误。2.3不定式的语法功能不定式在句中可以起名词作用，作主语、宾语、补足语；也可以起状语、定语和同位语的作用；有些不定式短语在句中还可以作独立成分。(1)作主语。例如：Tosolvetheproblemofpopulationisnecessary.解决人口问题是必要的。Itwilltakeafewminutestocompletethecopy.完成这个复印要花上几分钟。(2)作谓语的组成成分。主语＋ought/have/isgoing/isable＋不定式。例如：Thebuildingoughttoberepairedatonce.这座大楼必须马上维修。72 IamgoingtograduatethisJuly.我7月份毕业。主语＋is/seem/appear/happen等＋不定式及其短语。例如：　　Ouraimistobuildupourownlibrary.我们的目标是建设一个我们自己的图书馆。　　Ihappenedtobeonthespot.我恰巧在现场。主语＋be的相应形式＋certain/boundto/likely/unlikely/sure等＋不定式。例如：　　Theyarelikelytosucceed.他们有可能成功。(1)作宾语。例如：Hepromisednevertotellalieagain.(作动词的宾语)他发誓再也不撒谎了。Ihopenottokeepyouwaitingmorethanaminute.我希望不会让你等待超过一分钟。Weareabouttogonow.(作介词的宾语)我们现在要走了。Thecriminalhadnochoicebutlaydowntheirarms.那名罪犯别无选择，只能放下武器投降。Iamthinkingofhowtosolvetheproblem.我在考虑如何解决这个问题。(2)作宾语补足语。例如：Wefinallyprovedthefactstobewrong,我们最终证实这些事是错的。Ithinkalltheresultstobeimpossible.我认为所以的结果都是不可能的。当动词是think,consider,find等时，宾语补足语tobe可以省略。例如：　　Ithinktheanswer(tobe)correct.我认为答案是正确的。(3)作主语补足语。例如：Thefactsarefinallyprovedtobewrong.这些事最终证明是错误的。Thenamesareconsidereddifficulttoremember.这些名字被认为是很难记忆的。(4)作定语。不定式动词如果带有介词，在作定语时仍可以保留它的介词。例如：Theabilitytodotheworkiscalledremember.做工的能力叫做能。Thereisnoroomtolivein.没有可以住的房间了。(5)作状语。例如：Themountainistoohightoclimbup.(表示结果)山太高，以至于无法攀登。表示目的，常用“inorder/such/soas＋不定式”结构来表示，或直接用不定式来表示。例如：Heworkeddayandnightsoastopublishhisnewnovel.他夜以继日地工作，来出版他的新小说。　　Hejumpedwithjoytohearthenews.(表示原因)72 　　　　听到这个消息，他高兴得跳起来。　　　　Tolistentoher,youmightconsiderherforathinker.(表示条件)　　　　听她讲话，你会认为她是个思想家。　　　　Tryashemight,hewouldn’tfulfillhistask.(作让步状语)　　　　尽管他努力，但他不会完成任务。(1)作同位语。例如：Thetask,tofinishthepaperinonehour,seemsimpossible.在一个小时之内完成这篇论文，这个任务看起来是不可能的。Ourpurpose,todoubleourproductionthisyear,isgoingtoreach.我们要在年内使产量翻番的目标马上就要实现了。(2)作插入语。例如：Tobeginwith,hemustimprovehisEnglish.首先，他必须提高他的英语水平。Tosaythetruth,yourcominghereisagreathelptous.说实话，你的到来多我们有极大的帮助。2.4不定式的逻辑主语(1)用of＋名词／代词来表示不定式的逻辑主语。当“be＋形容词＋逻辑主语＋不定式”结构中的形容词是friendly,kind,sweet,thoughtful,considerate,wise,selfish,generous,rude,silly,cruel,foolish,polite,brave,naughty,stupid,unkind等表示个人品性的形容词时，逻辑主语用“of＋名词／代词”形式。例如：　　　　Itisverykindofyoutodothat.你那样做真是太好了。　　　　Itisthoughtfulofyoutocometoseeme.你考虑很周到，能来看我。(2)用for＋名词／代词来表示不定式的逻辑主语。例如：Itisnecessaryforthegoodstobepackedinstrongcases.这些货物很有必要装在牢固的箱子里。ItwasnastyforMarytobehurt.玛丽受伤害让人感觉很不愉快。2.5不定式的语态(1)当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，这个不定式要用被动语态。例如：Itwasimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup.溜走的时间是无法弥补的。Theonlysoundtobeheardwasthecryingofthebaby.惟一能听到的声音是婴儿的啼哭声。(2)在therebe结构中，有时用不定式的主动语态与用不定式的被动语态含义不同，在口语中通常倾向于主动语态。例如：Therewasnothingtosee.(=Therewasnothingworthseeing.)没什么可看的。Therewasnothingtobeseen.(=Thethingbeinglookedforwasnotthere.)什么也看不到。(3)在beto结构中，如果主语是动作的承受者，通常用不定式的被动语态。例如：Theresultsoftheresearcharetobepublishedsoon.实验结果不久将公布。72 Exercises一、选择题1.ThereismorelandinCanadathanthegovernmentknows________.A.whattodowithB.howtodoC.todowithitD.todoit2.Thepressure________causesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputsthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.A.tocompeteB.competingC.tobecompetedD.havingcompeted3.Thequestionwhether________ornotisstillundecided.A.goB.togoC.goingD.willgo4.Youwillwanttwotreesabouttenfeetapart,from________tosupportyourtent.A.thereB.themC.whichD.where5.I’dratherreadthanwatchtelevision,theprogramseem________allthetime.A.togetworseB.gettingworseC.tohavegotworseD.tobegettingworse6.Mrs.Brownissupposed________forItalylastweek.A.tohaveleftB.tobeleavingC.toleaveD.tohavebeenleft7.Michaelpreferred________heavierworktodo.A.tobegivenB.tobegivingC.tohavegivenD.havinggiven8.ItwassuchaseriousmatterthatIhadnochoicebut________thepolice.A.calledinB.callinginC.callinD.tocallin9.Thepictureisbelieved________byaprofessionalthiefacoupleofweeksago.A.tohavestolenB.tobestolenC.havingbeenstolenD.tohavebeenstolen10.Becauseoftherecentaccident,myparents________mysisterandmetoswimintheriver.A.disapproveB.disagreeC.forbidD.prohibit11.Nowadays________isallIcandotomakeonestepatatime.A.itB.whatC.thatD.which12.IdidwhatIcouldtocomforther________hercryallthemore.A.buttomakeB.onlytomakeC.butmadeD.justtomake3．动名词3.1概　述动名词是非谓语动词的一种，有动词原形＋-ing构成，与现在分词在形式上是一样的。动名词具有动词和名词的特征.动名词作为非谓语动词的一种，有它的逻辑主语。有三种情况：72 (1)在特定的语境中，动名词的逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的，因而不需表示出来。例如：　　　　Fathersuggestedgoingtotheairportbybus.父亲建议坐公共汽车去机场。在特定的场合，听话人不会误解说话人的意思，比如说谁乘公共汽车去，是否包括说话人父亲在内等。(2)动名词的逻辑主语已在句中其他地方出现，因而也无需表示出来。例如：Wouldyoumindringingmeuptomorrow?明天叫我好吗？显然，这里动名词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语you。(3)动名词本身带有自己的主语，因而必须表示出来。例如：Heinsistedonmegoing.他坚持让我走。动名词的逻辑主语可以采用物主代词或名词所有格的形式，也可以采用代词宾格或物主限定词的形式。例如：　　Idon’tmindJohn/John’s/him/hissmokingintheroom.我不介意约翰／他在房间里吸烟。但是注意，一般情况下，不使用宾格代词或名词非所有格作逻辑主语。3.2动名词的用法3.2.1动名词作主语动名词或动名词短语可以放在句首，作主语。例如：ReadingaloudisveryimportantinlearningEnglish.学习英语，大声朗读很重要。Lookingdownuponwomenispartoffeudalideology.歧视妇女是封建伦理思想的一部分。注意：在一些结构中，也可以用it作形式主语，把意义上的主语即动名词放在句末。例如：It’sawasteoftimetalkingtoyou.跟你说话是在浪费时间。ItisimportantreadingaloudinlearningEnglish.学习英语，大声朗读很重要。另外，有一种“there＋be＋no＋动名词”结构。例如：Thereisnojokingonthisissue.这个问题可不是开玩笑的。Therewasnotdenyingthathetaughthimself.无可否认，他是自学成才的。3.2.2动名词作表语动名词和动名词短语可以放在系动词后作表语。例如：Herworkwaswashingtheclothes.(动名词)她的工作是洗衣服。比较：Shewaswashingclothes.(进行时态)72 她在洗衣服。注意动名词作表语和进行时态的区别。3.2.3动名词作宾语动名词作动词宾语。例如：Thethiefadmittedstealingthecar.那个小偷承认偷了车。Weappreciateyourinvitingustoyourparty.很感激您邀请我们参加晚会。英语中有些动作只能接动名词,而不能接不定式短语作宾语,这类动词常见的有admit,　advantage,advise,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,begin,commence,consider,contemplate,continue,complete,delay,deny,detest,dislike,deserve,dread,ensure,enjoy,escape,excuse,exemplary,facilitate,favour,finish,fear,forget,imagine,intend,include,keep(on),mind,miss,postpone,practise,prefer,propose,permit,like,love,miss,mind,need,omit,recall,require,,save,stand,start,stop,suggest,try,can’thelp,can’tresist,can’tstand,giveup,put注意，在有些动词，如attempt,forget,love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,interest,bear,can’tafford,propose,prefer,neglect,need,try,remember,regret,deserve等后既可以接不定式，也可以接动名词，但意义有所区别。动名词作介词宾语。有些介词或短语动词中的介词后面常接动名词作宾语。例如：　　Afterreadingthisbook,IgotaclearideaofcorrectEnglish.读了这本书后，我对什么是正确的英语有了清楚认识。　　TheChinesepeoplesucceededinbiddingforholdingthe2008OlympicGames.中国人民成功地申办了2008年奥运会。　　Byworkinghard,hefinallyenteredtheworld-famousuniversity.经过努力，他终于考进了那所世界闻名的大学。　　Onarrivinghome,hewenttotheconstructionsite.他一到家，就去了工地。要跟动名词的动词与介词的搭配有accused…of,aimat,approveof,charge…with,dependon,devote…to,dreamof,excuse…for,feellike,hearof,insiston,keep…from,lookforwardto,objectto,opposeto,persistin,prevent…from,refrainfrom,setabout,spend…in,stop…from,suspect…of,succeedin,thank…for,thinkof等。须跟动名词作宾语的形容词与介词搭配有beengagedin,beusedto,befondof,beconfidentof,becapableof,beafraidof,betiredof,beproudof,beashamedof,bekeenon,beresponsiblefor,besickof,beinterestedin等。3.2.4动名词作定语动名词作定语，表示被修饰语的性能、用途等。例如：Maryusedtoworkinaprintinghouse.玛丽过去在一家出版社工作。Ouruniversitywillhaveherownswimmingpoolnextyear.我们学校明年将有自己的游泳池。72 类似这样的动名词作定语的例子还有很多。例如：asleepingpill安眠药片　　　　　　　aliving-room起居室adivingboard跳板　　　　　　　　　awalkingstick拐杖thefreezingpoint结冰点　　　　　　　awashingmachine洗衣机3.3　动名词的否定和复合结构(1)动名词的否定结构由否定副词not＋动名词构成。例如：Notpayingattentiontosmallmistakeswillmakebigones.对一些小的错误粗心大意，最后就会犯大错。Heregrettednottakingcareofhisoldmotherwhenshewasill.他很后悔在母亲病重期间未好好照顾她。注意，如果有物主代词或名词所有格的逻辑主语时，not要放在逻辑主语后面。例如：Hisnothavingenoughmoneypreventedhimfromenteringtheuniversity.他没有足够的钱，没能上大学。(2)动名词的复合结构由物主代词或名称所以格＋动名词构成，在句子中可以作主语或宾语等。例如：　　　　Doyoumindmysmokinghere?你介意我在这里吸烟吗？3.4动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态有两种：一般时和完成时。3.4.1一般时(1)表示一般性、抽象性及习惯性。例如：PlayingfootballisJack’sfavoritesport.足球是杰克最喜欢的运动。Lyinginbedverylateisnotagoodhabit.赖床不起是个不好的习惯。(2)动名词的一般时所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或发生在其后。如：Mrs.Robertenjoysplayingwithherchildren.罗伯特太太很喜欢和孩子们在一起玩.3.4.2动名词的完成时动名词的完成时所表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作前。例如：Iregrethavingbeenunabletowritetoyouearlier.很遗憾没能早点写信给你。WeareoverjoyedatthenewsofChinahavingsucceededinbiddingforthe2008OlympicGames.听到中国成功申办2008年奥运会的消息，我们激动不已。注意，有时可以用一般时代替完成时，显得比较自然。例如：Afterreadingthenovel,hewenttobed.读完小说后，他上床睡觉了。3.4.3动名词的语态动名词有主动语态和被动语态两种。(1)主动语态。动名词的主动语态表示动名词的逻辑主语是动作的执行者。例如：72 Marydoesn’tlikeherhusband’scominghomelate.玛丽不喜欢丈夫晚归。Doyoulikegoingskating?(skating的逻辑主语同时又是like的主语，是动作的执行者)你喜欢滑冰吗？(1)被动语态。动名词的被动语态表示动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的承受者。例如：Jackhatesbeingscoldedbyhisteacher.杰克憎恨被老师责备。动名词的被动语态也有一般式和完成式。例如：Themovieshowsachildbeingbadlytreatedbyhisstepmother.影片展示了一个孩子别继母虐待的故事。Exercises一、选择题1.We’dbetterstartearly.Wedon’twanttorisk________inthetraffic.A.tobecaughtB.beingcaughtC.tohavebeencaughtD.havingbeencaught2.Theyareconsidering________beforethepricesgoup.A.ofbuyingthehouseB.buyingthehouseC.withbuyingthehouseD.tobuythehouse3.Buildingthatrailwaywasverydifficultandinvolved________tentunnels.A.digB.diggingC.tohavedugD.havingdug4.Shewassoangrythatshefeltlike________somethingathim.A.tothrowB.throwingC.tohavethrownD.havingthrown5.It’snouse________menottoworry.A.youtellB.foryoutohavetoldC.yourtellingD.havingtold6.Themoneywillbeusedtokeepaspacevehicleonthemoonbusy________backtotheearthphotographsandotherinformationaboutthesurfaceofthemoon.A.tosendB.sendingC.tobesentD.beingsent7.Thetraditionalapproach________withcomplexproblemsistobreakthemdownintosmaller,moreeasilymanagedproblems.A.todealingB.indealingC.dealingD.todeal8.Iremember________tohelpusifweevergotintotrouble.A.onceofferingB.himonceofferingC.himtoofferD.toofferhim9.Idon’tmind________yourpaperlateaslongasitisawell-writtenone.A.youtohandinB.yourhandinginC.handinginD.youtohavehandedin10.Yourbankermaylookatyouinastonishmentifyouadmit________tosavemoney.A.nottowantB.nottowantingC.tonotwantingD.towantingnot72 虚拟语气I.条件状语从句中使用的虚拟语气1.与现在事实相反的假设从句谓语主句谓语系动词were行为动词V+edshould,would,could,might+VIftherewerelifeonMars,suchlifeforms____72 unabletosurviveontheearth.*a.wouldbeb.arec.willd.shouldIwouldcertainlygoifIhadthetime.Ifhewerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.2.与过去的事实相反的假设从句谓语主句谓语had+Vshould,72 +edwouldcould,might+have+Ved从句中,如be动词提前,省略if.Hadthedamagebeenworse,theinsurancecompany____.a.wouldpayb.paid*c.wouldhavepaidd.72 hadpaidWewouldhavefailedwithoutyourhelp.(以介词短语代替条件句)Ifithadn’tbeenforhim,wewouldhavelostthegame.IcouldhavedonebetterifIhadbeenmorecareful.3.表示与未来的事实相反的假设从句谓语72 主句谓语should/wereto+Vshould,wouldcould,might+V若把were提前,省略if_______today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.a.Wouldheleaveb.Washeleaving*c.Werehetoleaved.Ifheleaves72 Iftheywereto/shouldactlikethatagain,weshouldcriticizethemseverely.Iftheyshouldattackus,weshouldwipethemoutcompletely.如果他们胆敢袭击我们，我们就彻底消灭他们。注意：如果条件从句中包含有were,had,should,could,有时可把if72 省略，但这时要把were,had,should,could放在主语前。Hadwemade(=ifwehadmade)adequatepreparations,wemighthavesucceeded.Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.72 4.混合虚拟语气和真实条件句(1).混合虚拟语气是指主从句可以对不同的时间进行虚拟.(2).有些真实条件句并没有虚拟含义,不要误用虚拟形式.Ifyou____yourmedicineyesterday,youwouldbewellnow.*a.hadtakenb.72 havec.weretotakend.tookIfit_____tomorrow,Ithink,Iwillattendtheclass.a.willrainb.hadrainedc.rained*d.rainsIfwehadn"tbeenworkinghardinthepastfewyears,thingswouldn"tbegoingsosmoothly.72 Traderelationshipsbetweenthetwocountrieswouldhaveimprovediftheirrespectiveleadercouldagreeontheproposedquotas(配额).Ifyouwereinbetterhealth,wewouldhaveallowedyoutojointheminthework.Amywouldbealivetodayifthedoctorhad72 comesooner.注意：虚拟条件句有单一条件句，也有混合虚拟条件句，所以不能只根据从句与某一事实相反来判断主句就与该事实相反，同样，也不能想当然地认为主句与某一事实相反，从句也就与该事实相反。如从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。IfIhadn"tstoodundertheladdertocatchyou72 whenyoufell,you____now.(1999.1)A.Wouldn’tbesmilingB.couldn"thavesmiled　　C.won"tsmileD.didn"tsmile再如：Ifheweren"tsuchakindman,hewouldn"tlendahandtosuchpeopleasyoutheotherday.(从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。)72 Weremyfriendsnottocometomorrow,Iwouldn"thaveboughtsomanyfoods.(从句与将来事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。)II.由asif(asthough)引起的虚拟方式状语从句：Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.HespoketomeasifI72 was/weredeaf.Sheoftenlaughsspontaneously（自然地，本能地）,andhergoodhumorbreaksoutasbrightlyasifitwasapartofthesunshineabove.该从句中时态的选择原则是：(1)如果从句中谓语动词表示与主句谓语动词同时存在的状态，用一般过去时，如:Hewalkedpastthepoleandsoldiersasifthey______.A.didn"texistB.don"texistC.hadn"texistedD.werenotexisting(2)如果从句中谓语动词表示先于主句谓语动词的动作或状态，用过去完成时，如:Heoperatesthenewcomputerasifhe_____specialtraininginit.A.hasreceivedB.hadreceivedC.wouldreceiveD.received(3)如果从句中谓语动词后于主句谓语动词发生，用would/might+原形动词。Theytalkedinsuchanuneasymannerasifsomethingterrible_______soon.A.hadhappenedB.happenedC.wouldhappenD.hashappenedIII.由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气IwishI____inawarmerclimate.a.waslived*b.werelivingc.waslivingd.islivingIwishI____thelettersooner.a.hadwroteb.havewrittenc.couldwriting*d.hadwritten72 wish后面的从句时态可以有以下几种情况表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时：HowIwishIhadamemoryasgoodasyours.表示与现在正在进行的事情相反可用过去进行时，如:SometimesIwishI____inadifferenttimeandadifferentplace.(2000.1)A.belivingB.werelivingC.wouldliveD.wouldhavelived表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，也可以用couldhavedone的形式，如：IwishI____longerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.A.couldhavesleptB.sleptC.mighthavesleptD.haveslept(1995.6)表示将来不可能实现的情况用would/might+原形动词。HowIwishyouwouldbeabletocomehereforanothervisit.注意：Ifonly表示愿望时与wish用法相同。再如：Ifonlythatphotographweren"tmissing.Ifonlytheletterhadarrivedintime.IfIcouldonlyseehimonce!Ifonlythecommittee______theregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(1997.1)A.approveB.willapproveC.canapproveD.wouldapproveVI.有些表示主观判断,推测,建议,命令和要求引起的宾语从句.这种从句的谓语美国人要求用原形,英国人要求用should+动词原形.这类词有:askadvisebegconsent(同意)demanddesire(要求)determinedecidedeserve(值得提起)insistintendmaintain(主张)move(提议)proposeorder(下令)recommendrequireresolve(决意)requestsuggesturge(极力主张)vote(建议)Thebuildingconstructorshaveaskedthatunfinishedproject____.a.isextendedb.willbeextendedc.hasextendedd.beextendedV..引起表语和同位语从句的名词(从句谓语为should+动词原形)advicedecisiondesiredemandmotion(提议)necessityorderpreference(选择)proposalpray(恳求)requirementresolution72 recommendationsuggestionideaThisistheirresolutionthatextra-curriculumactivities____partoftheirschoollife.a.aremadeb.weremadec.wasmade*d.bemadeMysuggestionisthatwe(should)sendafewpeopletohelptheothergroups.Myideaisthatwe(should)challengetheothergroupstoafriendlycompetition.我的意见是我们向别的组挑战,来一个友谊竞赛.Theorderswerethatwestaywherewewere.VI.有些形容词和过去分词要求引起虚拟的主语从句(从句谓语为should+动词原形).形容词有:appropriate（适当的）advisable（适当的）adamant(坚定不移的)better（较好的）desirable(向往的)essential（紧要的）imperative（迫切的）importantinsistent（坚定的）keen（渴望的）naturalnecessaryobligatory(规定的)preferable（较好的）probablepossiblestrangeurgent（紧迫的）vital（极其重要的）strange（奇怪的）过去分词有:desireddemandedrequestedrecommendedrequiredorderedsuggestedItisdesiredthathe____hisplan.*a.carryoutb.carriesoutc.carriedoutd.tocarryoutItisquitenaturalthatsuchfearsshouldarise.产生这样的疑虑是很自然的.Itisnecessarythathe(should)besentthereatonce.另外,It"sapitythatheshouldbesoconceited.此外,It"sashamethat…和It"snowonderthat...等从句中也须虚拟,（谓语用shoulddo）.VII.其它要求虚拟语气的结构1hadhope表过去未实现的愿望,从句谓语用would+VIhadhope____myletter.a.hertoanswerb.thatsheanswer*c.thatshewouldanswerd.heranswer2wouldratherhadratherwouldsoonerwouldassoon从句谓语用过去时,意为"情愿"(1).Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughter_____inthesameoffice.A.hadnotworkedC.nottoworkB.doesnotworkD.didnotwork(2000.6)72 (2)Tobefrank,I"dratheryou____inthecase.(1995.1)AwillnotbeinvolvedB.notinvolvedA.nottobeinvolvedD.werenotinvolved(3)Youdon"thavetobeinsuchahurry.Iwouldratheryou____onbusinessfirst.(1998.1)A)wouldgoB.willgoC.wentD.havegone(1)Franklyspeaking,I"dratheryou___anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.(1999.1)Adidn"tdoB.haven"tdoneC.don"tdoD.havedone(5)I"dratheryou____makeanycommentontheissueforthetimebeing.(1998.6)A.don"tB.wouldn"tC.didn"tD.shouldn"t(6)I"dratheryou____anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.A.do*B.didn"tdoC.don"tD.didn"t(7)Iwouldassoonyou____meaboutthat.*A.didn"ttellB.don"ttellC.hadn"ttellD.don"ttell3.It"shightimethat...和It"sabouttimethat...表示对现在或将来的假设,从句用过去时,偶尔也用"would(should)+动词原形".It"hightimethedoctor____amoveon."thoughtoneoftheman.a.Gets*b.gotc.gettingd.wasgetting4.以lest,forfearthat,incase引起的从句中,应用should+原形动词Hetookaraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.Hereissomemoneyincaseyoushouldneedit.Heburnedalltheimportantdocumentsforfearthattheyshouldfallintotheenemy’shands.Ihadtorestrainhimlestheshouldgiveusaway.我得约束他一点,以防他把我们暴露出去.5.含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气　含蓄虚拟条件句指没有明确的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条件用介词短语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求与含有条件从句的主句要求相同。四级测试中常考的含蓄虚拟条件句句型有：①Butfor/Without,主句Butfor/Withoutyourhelp,wewouldn"thaveaccomplishedthetaskontime.②……,otherwise/or……Hehadn"thadfoodfortwodays,or/otherwisehewouldn"thavefaintedoutatwork.Wedidn"tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwisewe___him.A.wouldhavetelephonedB.musthavetelephoned　C.wouldtelephoneD.hadtelephoned(1995.6)③分词/不定式，主句Havingbeenborntenyearsearlier,youcouldhavewitnessedthedisaster.Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedonetheworkmuchbetter.Youwouldbefoolishtomakefriendswithsuchpeople.72 ④……，thought/but……Einsteincaredlittleformoney,thoughhecouldhavebeenveryrich.Hecouldhavegotthejob,buthedidn"tapplyforit.Somewomen____agoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.A.mustmakeB.shouldhavemadeC.wouldmakeD.couldhavemade(2000.1)Self-practice1.Hesuggested_____totomorrow’sexhibitiontogether.(1989/1)A)ustogoC)weshallgoB)wewentD)wego2.Withallthisworkonhand,he____tothecinemalastnight.(1989/1)　　A)mustn’tgoC)oughtn’ttogoB)wouldn’tgoD)shouldn’thavegone3.Ifit_____toomuchtrouble,I’dloveacupoftea.(1989/1)A)isn’tC)weren’tB)wasn’tD)hadn’tbeen4.Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhe_________then.(1990/1)A)wouldhavebeenhereC)shouldbehereB)hadtobehereD)wouldbehere5.Itwasessentialthattheapplicationforms________beakbeforethedeadlines(截止日期)(1990/1)A)mustbesentC)besentB)wouldbesentD)weresent6.You_____allthosecalculations!Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.(1991/6)A)needn’thavedoneC)shouldn’thavedoneB)mustn’thavedoneD)cannothavedone7.Fiveminutesearlier,_____wecouldhavecaughtthelasttrain.(1993/6)A)andC)orB)butD)so8.Wedesirethatthetourleader______usimmediatelyofanychangeinplans.(1993/6)A)informC)informedB)informsD)hasinformed9.LookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyI________youradvice.(1993/6)A)followC)wouldfollowB)hadfollowedD)havefollowed10.Itisrecommendedthattheproject_______untilallthepreparationshavebeenmade.(1995/6)A)isnotstartedC)notbestartedB)willnotbestartedD)isnottobestarted11.IwishI______longerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.(1995/6)A)couldhavesleptC)mighthaveslept72 B)sleptD)haveslept12.Wedidn’tknowthetelephonenumber;otherwisewe______him.(1995/6)A)wouldhavetelephonedC)wouldtelephoneB)musthavetelephonedD)hadtelephoned13.You_____herinherofficelastFriday;she‘sbeenoutoftownfortwoweeks.(1996/1)A)needn’thaveseenC)mighthaveseenB)musthaveseenDcan’thaveseen14.Itispolitelyrequestedbythehotelmanagementthatradios_____after11o’clockatnight.(1996/1)A)werenotplayedC)notbeplayedB)nottoplayD)didnotplay15.Jeandoesn’twanttoworkrightawaybecauseshethinksthatifshe______ajobsheprobablywouldn’tbeabletoseeherfriendsveryoften.(1996/1)A)hastogetC)hadgotB)weretogetD)couldhavegot16._____beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.(1997/1)A)hadtheyarrivedC)weretheyarrivingB)wouldtheyarriveD)weretheytoarrive17.Itisimportantthatenoughmoney_______tofundtheproject.(1997/1)A)becollectedC)wascollectedB)mustbecollectedD)canbecollected18.Ifonlythecommittee_______theregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(1997/1)A)approveC)canapproveB)willapproveD)wouldapprove19.Hadtheyworkedharder,he______theexams.(1997/6)A)musthavegotthroughC)wouldgetthroughB)wouldhavegotthoughD)couldgetthrough20.Ididn’tthinkitadvisablethatTom______tothejobsincehehasnoexperience.(1997/6)A)isassignedC)beassignedB)willbeassignedD)hasbeenassigned21.Themadmanwasputinthesoft—paddedcell(软垫防护的小室里)lesthe_____himself.(1998/1)A)injureB)hadinjuredC)injuredD)wouldinjure22.I’msureheisuptothejob____hewouldgivehismindtoit.(1998/1)A)ifonlyB)incaseC)untilD)unless23.Youdon’thavetobeinsuchahurry.Iwouldratheryou_____onbusinessfirst.(1998/1)A)wouldgoB)willgoC)wentD)havegone24.Itwasverykindofyoutodothewashing—up,butyou______it.(1998/6)A)mustn’thavedoneC)mightn’thavedoneB)wouldn’thaveoneD)didn’thaveto25.I’dratheryou_____makeanycommentontheissueforthetimebeing.(1998/6)A)don’tB)wouldn’tC)didn’tD)shouldn’t26.Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion______.(1998/6)72 A)beputoffB)wasputoffC)shouldputoffD)istoputoff27.“You’reveryselfish.It’shightimeyou____thatyouarenotthemostimportantpersonintheworld,”Edgarsaidtohisbossangrily.(1999/1)A)haverealizedB)shouldrealizeC)realizeD)realized28.IfIhadn’tstoodundertheladdertocatchyouwhenyoufell,you_____now.(1999/1)A)couldn’thavesmiledC)didn’tsmileB)wouldn’tbesmilingD)won’tsmile29.Franklyspeaking,I’dratheryou_____anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.(1999/1)A)havedoneB)haven’tdoneC)don’tdoD)didn’tdo30.Ifthewholeoperation_____beforehand,agreatdealoftimeandmoneywouldhavelost.(1999/6)A)wasnotplannedC)hasnotbeenplannedB)hadnotbeenplannedD)werenotplanned31.Wouldn’tyouratheryourchild_____tobedearly?(2000/1)A)goB)wentC)wouldgoD)goes32.SometimesIwishI____inadifferenttimeandadifferentplace.(2000/1)A)belivingB)werelivingC)wouldliveD)wouldhavelived33.Itisessentialthattheseapplicationforms_____backasearlyaspossible.(2000/1)A)mustbesentB)willbesentC)aresentD)besent34.Somewomen_____agoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.(2000/1)A)mustmakeB)shouldhavemadeC)wouldmakeD)couldhavemade35._____thestorm,theshipwouldhavereacheditsdestinationontime.(2003/6)A)InspiteofB)IncaseofC)ButforD)Becauseof36.Don’tletthechildplaywithscissors_____hecutshimself.(2003/6)A)onlyifB)incaseC)nowthatD)sothat37.Thecarelessmanreceivedaticketforspeeding.He_____havedrivensofast.(2003/1)A)can’tB)wouldn’tC)shouldn’tD)mustn’t38.IfI_____harderatschool,Iwouldbesittinginacomfortableofficenow.(2003/1)A)workedB)weretoworkC)hadworkedD)wereworking39.Whilecrossingthemountainarea,allthemencarriedgunslestthey_____bywildanimals.(2003/1)A)shouldbeattackedC)mustbeattackedB)hadbeenattackedD)wouldbeattacked40._____thehelpoftheirgroup,wewouldnothavesucceededintheinvestigation.(2003/1)A)BesidesB)RegardlessofC)ButforD)Despite41.Hesaidthatthedrivermusthavehadanaccident;otherwisehe_____bythen.(2003/1)A)wouldhavearrivedC)shouldarriveB)musthavearrivedD)wouldarrive42.It’shightimethatsuchpractices_____.(2003/1)A)areendedB)beendedC)wereendedD)mustbeended72 43.Whowouldyourather_____withyou,Georgeorme?(2002/6)A)goingB)togoC)havegoneD)went44.Thearticlesuggeststhatwhenaperson_____underunusualstressheshouldbeespeciallycarefultohaveawell—balanceddiet.(2002/1)A)beB)wasC)isD)were45.Manyadelegatewasinfavorofhisproposalthataspecialcommittee______toinvestigatetheincident.(2002/1)A)wassetupB)weresetupC)setupD)besetup46.Thingsmighthavebeenmuchworseifthemother_____onherrighttokeepthebaby.(2002/1)如果这位母亲坚持其对孩子的看护权,情况可能会变得更糟.A)hadinsistedB)hasbeeninsistingC)insistedD)wouldinsist47.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,allpracticalvalue______bythetimetheywerefinished.(2001/6)A)hadlostB)wouldhavelostC)wouldloseD)shouldhavelost48.Jackwishesthathe_____businessinsteadofhistorywhenhewasinuniversity.(2001/6)A)studiedB)studyC)hadbeenstudyingD)hadstudied49.Hewaspunished______heshouldmakethesamemistakeagain.(2001/6)A)unlessB)providedC)ifD)lest50.Itisimportantthatthehotelreceptionist____thatguestsareregisteredcorrectly.(2001/1)A)hadmadesureC)mustmakesureB)madesureD)makesure51Thesuggestionthatthemayor_______theprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone.(2000/6)A)wouldpresentB)presentC)presentsD)oughttopresent52.You_____himsoclosely;youshouldhavekeptyourdistance.(2000/6)A)shouldn’tfollowC)couldn’thavebeenfollowingB)mustn’tfollowD)shouldn’thavebeenfollowing53.Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughter________inthesameoffice.(2000/6)A)hadnotworkedC)doesnotworkB)nottoworkD)didnotwork54.Themanagerofthehotelrequeststhattheirguests_______after11:00p.m.(1994/1)A)nottoplayloudmusicC)don’tplayloudmusicB)shouldn’tplayloudmusicD)couldn’tplayloudmusic55.Tobefrank,I’dratheryou________inthecase.(1995/1)A)willnotbeinvolvedC)nottobeinvolvedB)notinvolvedD)werenotinvolved56._______formyillnessIwouldhavelenthimahelpinghand.(1995/1)A)NotbeingC)WithoutbeingB)HaditnotbeenD)Nothavingbeen57._______rightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.(1996/6)A)WouldsheleaveC)WereshetoleaveB)IfsheleavesD)Ifshehadleft72 58.It’salready5o’clocknow.Don’tyouthinkit’sabouttime_______?(1996/6)A)wearegoinghomeC)wewenthomeB)wegohomeD)wecangohome定语从句一关系代词引导的定语从句1关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词替代功能在从句中的作用用于限制性从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichthat宾语whomwhichthat定语whose(=ofwhom)whose(=ofwhich)Heisamanwho/thatmeanswhathesays.Thepeoplewhom/thatyoumetonthecampuslastweekarefromEngland.Isthereanyoneinyourdepartmentwhosefatherisascientist.TheyoungmanwithwhomItraveledcouldspeakEnglish.Thenovelwhich/thatyouarereadingiswrittenbyLuxun.Thebikethebrakeofwhichwasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.2关系代词作直接宾语时可省略；在there+be结构的从句中做主语的关系代词可省略；关系代词放在介词后作宾语时不能省略（但介词位于句末时关系代词可省略）。如果关系代词紧跟在介词后面，不能用who或that，只能用which或whom；如果先行词是all,anything,something,nothing,everything等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which；如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,much,nosome,very等词修饰时，关系代词常用that，不用which,who或whom；在非限制性定语从句中，不能用that，作宾语用的代词也不能省略。Which可以引导修饰整个主句的定语从句。关系带词that也可以在定语从句中作表语。句子+andthat…，句子+and…atthat和atthat，这种结构中的that为代词，代表前面的句子的意思，andthat和and…atthat可译作“而且”，表示强调，atthat译为“就是那样”，一般放在句末，作状语。定语从句中的whose…可用…ofwhich替代，这种用法指物不指人。Theman(whom)yousawjustnowisafamoussinger.Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou.Hemadefulluseofthetime(that)therewaslefttohimtofinishhistask.ThisistheboywithwhomIworked.Thisistheboy(whom)Iworkedwith.Thisistheroominwhichmybrotherwasborn.Thisistheroom(which)mybrotherwasbornin.Thisisthequestionaboutwhich(不用that)theyhavehadsomuchdiscussioninthepastfewweeks.Thedeskmatewithwhom(不用that)sheworkedisverydiligent.72 Pleasetellmeanything(that)youknowaboutthetest.That’sall(that)Icoulddoatthistime.Heistheonlypersonthatwaspresentatthetime.ThisisthebestTVsetthatismadeinJapan.Thereare20boysintheclass,themajorityofwhom(不能用that)arefromthecity.TheHeavenlyLake,which(不能用that)isoneoftheworldfamousscenicspots,isonTianshanMountain.NewConceptEnglishisintendedforforeignstudents,whichisknowntoallofus.作主语Shewasawardedagoldmedal,whichthewholefamilyconsideredagreathonour.作宾语Helostthemanuscriptduringthewar,inwhichcasehehadtorewritethebook.作定语Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.作表语Itisnotaprofoundbookthatyouthinkittobe.Heisnolongerthesimple-mindedmanthathewasfiveyearsago.Hecanclimbuptrees,andthatveryquick.Tomisadoctor,andanexcellentoneatthat.I’lltakeitatthat.Theyhadasentencethemeaningofwhichwascompletelybeyondthem.(=whosemeaning)She’sbecomefamousbywritinganovelthepurportofwhichnobodywasquitesureof.(=whosepurport.)二关系副词引导的定语从句1关系副词也可以引导定语从句，并在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因等，相当于“介词+which”结构关系副词被替代的先行词在从句中的作用When(=at,in,on,duringwhich)表示时间的名词时间状语Where(=at,inwhich)表示地点的名词地点状语Why(=forwhich)只有reason原因状语Hewillalwaysrememberthedaywhen(onwhich)hisfatherreturnedfromAmerica.Thiswasthetimewhen(atwhich)sheleftforBeijing.Thebookstorewhere(inwhich)hissisterworksisthelargestoneinNanjing.Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhedidn’tcometothemeetingyesterdaymorning.2that有时也可以代替关系副词when,where或why引导定语从句，表示时间，地点或原因，that也可以省略Thisistheuniversitythathestudiedat20yearsago.Doyoustillrememberthedaythathearrivedon?Thereasonthathemissedthetrainisthathegotuplate.3how不能用来引导定语从句,如果用how就不能用先行词72 Thisisthewayhowhebehaves.(误)Thisishowhebehaves.三as在定语从句中的用法1引导限制性定语从句在限制性定语从句中，as多和such或thesame连用，构成such…as和thesame…as结构，可以代替先行词是人或物的名次。在thesame…as结构中，也可以用that代替。Suchpeopleaswererecommendedbyhimwerereliable.作主语SuchbooksasIhavereadareclassicalworks.作宾语I’veneverseensuchatalentedyoungmanasheis.作表语I’dliketousethesametoolas/thatisusedhere.Isthisthesamepenas/thatyou’velost?2引导非限制性定语从句在非限制性定语从句中，as作为关系代词代替整个主句。as引导的从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，通常译为“正如……一样”，“正象……一样”等。which作为关系带词也可以指前面的一个句子或词组所包含的内容，但which指的通常是前面提到过的情况或事实，而不是后面提到过的情况或事实。as既可指前面已经提到过的情况，也可指后面将要提到的情况。另外，as后若为is或was+过去分词构成的被动语态，is或was可省略。which后的is或was在同样情况下则不可省。As(不用which)mightbeexpected,Johnwasadmittedtotheuniversity.(代后面的句子作主语)MoreAmericantroopsarebeingsenttotheMiddleEast,as(可用which)Ihavelearnedfromthenewspaper.Thematerialiselastic,as(不用which)showninthefigue.Anotherrecessionissettingin,asisalreadyoccurring,forinstance,withthecarindustry.Heisafootballfan,aswereallhisfamily.下面是常见的as引导的结构，一般位于句首asiswellknownasisoftenthecaseasmaybeimaginedasoftenhappensashasbeensaidbeforeashasbeenpointedoutaswillbeshownin四but在定语从句中的用法but作为关系代词也可以引导定语从句，同具有否定意义的主句连用，其先行词可以是人，也可以是物。but在意义上等于that…not,who…not,which…not。but只用于限制性定语从句Therewasnotasinglestudentinmyclassbut(whodidnot)learntalotfromhim.Therewasnotonehousebut(whichwasnot)wasburntdown.Notadaywentbybut(whichdidnot)broughtusgoodnews.Therearefewofthembutadmireyourachievement.五限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句名称意义结构要求功能引导词译法限制性定语从句修饰先行词关系代词、关系副词或一般译为定语从句72 起限定作用，指特定的人和物，不可省略，否则原句句意不完整紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号that(作宾语是可省略)非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，若省略，原句句意是完整的用逗号与主句隔开修饰先行词或整个主句只用关系代词或关系副词，不用that可译为并列分句Idon’tlikepeoplewholosetheirtempereasily.Boyswhoattendthisschoolhavetowearuniforms.Helentmeathousanddollars,whichwasexactlytheamountIneeded.Hewasleftonadesolateisland,wherehestayedforaslongasthreemonths.Hehastwosisterswhoareworkinginthecity.(可能还有别的妹妹)Hehastwosisters,whoareworkinginthecity.Thechildrenwhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.(只限制想踢球的孩子)Thechildren,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.六用关系代词还是用关系副词1弄清楚代替先行词的关系词在从句中做什么成分，是主语、宾语、定语还是状语。2辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。3判断从句是限制性的还是非限制性的Thisistheplacewherethetrafficaccidentoccurred.作状语Thisistheplacewhichtheforeignersaregoingtovisit.作宾语Thereasonwhichshegaveisunbelievable.作宾语Thereasonwhysherefusedhimisnotknown.作状语Thetreewhichhasbeencutdownis300yearsold.Thetreewhoseleaveshavefallenis300yearsold.七定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时它们中间也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔裂。DoyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagowhenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace?Hewastheonlypersoninourcountrywhowasinvited.AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouEnglish.1BeforeshecametoLondon,shespentaconsiderabletimeinthatverypartofYorkshire,shebelonged.A.towhereB.towhichC.atthereD.which2Theinvestigation,aretobepublished,wasmadebyProfessorJames.A.theresultsonwhichB.ofwhoseresultsC.towhichtheresultsD.whoseresults3Theoldmanwasongoodtermswithhisneighbors,.A.fromtheirhelphedependedB.onthemhedepended72 C.onwhosehelphedependedD.hedependedonwhosehelp4Thegardener,jobitwastomowthelawn,isalsoadoor-keeper.A.hisB.who’sC.whoD.whose5Childrenshouldreadsuchbookswillmakethembetterandwiser.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.as6Presentatthemeetingweremorethanonehundredpeople,camefromBeijing.A.whomB.thoseC.allofwhomD.allofwhich7ThefriendIamgoingtospeakisauniversityteacher.A.whoB.whoseC.ofwhomD.whom8Theforestisalivewithrarebirdsandanimals,somenoneofushaveeverheardofbefore.A.thatB.whichC.ofwhatD.ofwhich9Aconcerttheirbestmusicalcompositionswillbeheldthisweekend.A.whichsomefirst-rateChinesemusiciansaretoplayB.playsomefirst-rateChinesemusiciansC.inwhichsomefirst-rateChinesemusiciansaretoplayD.thatsomefirst-rateChinesemusiciansaretoplay10Therewasnomanwhohadworkedwithhimbuthim.A.praisingB.praisesC.havingpraisedD.praised11Hewastheonlypersonforhelpthen.A.shecouldgoB.forhertogoC.towhomtogoD.shecouldgoto12EverynighttheneighborssawalargenumberofpeopleGreatGatsbyinvitedtothedinner.A.whomB.whenC.asD.who13Theteacheraskedthestudentstocommentonabook,allofthemhadreadthetermbefore.A.whichB.ofwhatC.thatD.ofwhich14Ontheeastshoreofthelakeisalawn,verypleasanttositononsummerevenings.A.whereitB.whichitisC.whichisD.itis15Attheexhibition,wesawastrangelydesignedbird,outofopenmouthwaterkeptrunninginbubbles.A.thatB.whichC.itsD.whose16Therearefiveroomsintheapartment,isusedasastudy.A.thesmallestofthemB.thesmallestofthoseC.thesmallestofwhichD.thesmallestofwhose17Themanyousaidshouldbesenttoprisonwasarrestedyesterday.A.whomB.whichC.whoD.whose18ItwastheonlypathbytheycouldwalkoutoftheforestandsavethosewereseriouslywoundedA.that…whoB.which…whichC.whom…whoD.which…who19Thewifewasconsiderateandeconomical,thehusbandneverwas.A.whoB.whatC.whichD.whom20Isthatthenamethiskindoftelevisionisknownabroad?72 A.forwhichB.whichC.thatD.bywhich21Thelanguagehewrotehispoemswascharacteristicofthelanguageusedinthe18thcentury.A.whichB.bywhichC.withwhichD.inwhich22Onthesouthbankoftheriverisameadow,IusedtotakeawalkatsunsetA.whichB.whereC.thatD.it’s23,TVhasplayedanimportantroleinmodernlife.A.AslongasitisknownB.WhatisknowntoallC.SinceitisknownD.Asisknowntoall24Heisthefamousscientist.A.forhimthegoldmedalwaspresentedforhimB.whomthegoldmedalwaspresentedforhimC.whosehonorthegoldmedalwaspresentedD.inwhosehonorthegoldmedalwaspresented25Gulliver’sTravelisasatirebyJonathanSwift,wasfamouswriterofthe18thcentury.A.thatB.whomC.whoD.as26Themenwereallofficeworkers.A.whichItalkedB.tothoseItalkedC.whoseItalkedD.Italkedto27Indetectivestoriesthemurdererisalwayscaught,doesn’thappeninreallife.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.whom28Hedidn’tknowthelanguage,madeitdifficultforhimtogetajob.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.who29LetABCbeatrianglesidesareofunequallength.A.whichB.ofwhichC.thatD.whose30Iknowawoodyoucanfindwildstrawberries.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.ofwhich31Hetalkedbrilliantlyofthemenandthebooksinterestedhim.A.whoseB.whichC.thatD.what32She’smarriedtoaphysicistofyoumayhaveheard:hisnameisValentineBurroughs.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.whom33Iamgratefultohimforthatadvice,Ioweallmysuccess.A.whichB.thatC.towhichD.bywhich34Thecodethatthecomputerunderstandsisnormallyputontocardsorpapertape,smallholesarepunchedinspeciallyarrangedpatterns.A.thatB.whoseC.bywhichD.throughwhich35Thekneeisthejointthethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.A.whenB.whereC.whyD.which36Alloftheplantsnowraisedonfarmshavebeendevelopedfromplantswild.A.oncetheygrewB.theygrewonceC.thatoncegrewD.grewonce37AuthorEdithWhartonthoroughlyunderstoodthesociety.A.shehadgrownupB.shehadgrownupinit72 C.thathadshegrownupinD.inwhichshehadgrownup38Asolardayisthelengthoftimetheearthtorevolveoncearoundthesun.A.takesB.takesitC.ittakesD.hetakes39WesawafilmatthePeaceCinemalastnight,wehadsupperatanearbyrestaurant.A.whenB.whichafterC.afterwhichD.andthatafter40Thescholarhasmadeanotherbreak-throughinthisfield,ofgreatimportancetotheprogressofscienceandtechnology.A.IthinkwhichisB.whichIthinkitisC.whichIthinkisD.aboutwhichIthinkitis41Thereisnorulehasexceptions.A.thatB.butC.whatD.which42isoftenthecasewithanewidea,muchpreliminaryactivityandoptimisticdiscussionproducenoconcreteproposals.A.ThatB.ItC.WhatD.As43Hedugadeepholeatthefootofahillburyhistreasure.A.sothatB.withwhichtoC.inwhichD.where44thereasonherejectedourplanisthathehadnofaithinus.A.thatB.whyC.becauseD.which45Doyouthinkthereasonhegaveisunbelieveable?A.forwhichB.whichC.whatD.towhich46Hestudiedhardandlaterbecameawell-knownwriter,hisfatherhadexpected.A.thatwaswhatB.whatwasthatC.whichwaswhatD.andwhichwas47Heseemedtobeaveryimportantperson.A.thewaythroughwhichhewalkedB.inthewayhowhewalkedC.inthewayhewouldwalkD.thewayhewalked48Themanagerissatisfiedwithyou’vedone.A.thatB.allwhatC.whichD.allthat49Youcanwritethepaperyoulike.A.whateverB.howeverC.anywayD.someway50Itwasinthiswoodtheenemyspywascaughtandkilled.A.whereB.inwhichC.thatD.how51Thisisthegirlhasbeenhighlypraised.A.ofwhomthepaintingB.thepaintingofwhoseC.whopaintingD.whosepainting52Youmaydependuponityoursonwillbetakengoodcareofhere.A.whenB.whichC.howD.that53.Thepilotlostcontactwiththemilitarybase,theplacecrashedinthedesert.A.bymeansofwhichB.forwhichC.amongwhichD.asaresultofwhich54Thesestudentswillgraduatefromtheuniversitythissummer,theywillhavestudiedherefor72 fouryears.A.bythenB.bythattimeC.bywhattimeD.bywhichtime55HisyoungestsonisnowworkingattheChineseAcademyofScience.A.thatistwenty-fiveB.whoistwenty-fiveagesC.whoistwenty-fiveD.whoseageistwenty-fiveyearsold56Thesupplieswillbesentoverwithintheweek.A.whichtheyhaveaskedforthemB.theyhaveaskedforthemC.thattheyhaveaskedforthemD.theyhaveaskedfor57Thisisthefactoryoddjobslawhichwehavedonelastsummer.A.atwhichwehavedoneB.inwhichwehavedoneC.inwhichwedidD.whichwehavedonein58Thedaywillsurelycomeallthepeopleintheworldenjoyfreedomandliveinhappiness.A.whenB.howC.thenD.why59ThehotelwhenIwentsightseeinginHuangshanMountainduringthenationalholidaysisratherpoorlymanaged.A.whereIstayedinB.thatIstayedatC.whichIstayedD.atwhichIstayed60Thisisthemostimportantposition.A.whichagraduatefromthecollegehaseverbeenofferedB.thatagraduatefromthecollegehaseverbeenofferedforC.agraduatefromthecollegehaseverbeenoffereditD.thatagraduatefromthecollegehaseverbeenoffered61Sheboughtaknifefromtheshoptopeelanapple.A.whichB.withthatC.withwhichD.bywhich62Thespeedlighttravelsissaidtobethemaximumintheuniverse.A.inwhichB.fromwhichC.bywhichD.atwhich63Wattsandkilowattsaretheunitselectricpowerismeasured.A.atwhichB.inwhichC.fromwhichD.inthat一致关系一主语和谓语的一致1集体名词作主语，如果指整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果指具体成员，谓语动词用复数形式；theproletariat,thebourgeoise,thelaity(俗人)等，通常用单数谓语动词。常见的名词由：army,audience,class,club,company,committee,crowd,crew,couple,family,group,government,jury,party,population,staff,team,union,public,cabinet,faculty,board,band,orchestra,council,theBBC,theMinistryofDefence,theLaborParty,England(thefootballteam),Liverpool(thefootballteam)等。Thepopulationoftheearthisincreasingveryfast.Onethirdofthepopulationherearefarmers.Hisoffspringsurpriseshimoften.72 Hisoffspringareallteachers.Theclasshasbeenorganized.Theclasswereliningupinfrontoftheclassroom.Bythen,anewpresident,theoppositionfears,willhavebegunasevenyearterm.Theoppositionweremeetingquietlytoorganizetheirforces.ThechoirsingsinChurcheverySunday.Thechoirhaveallstudiedmusicinthecollege.Thecrewhaslongservicerecord.Thecrewaredaring,thoughfresh.InmostUnitedStatescities,thepublictravelsbybus.Thepublicnowknowthetruth.1有生命集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式常见的这类名词有：cattle,folk,people,police,poultry,militia,youth,mankind,vermin（害虫）,personnel等。Thecattlearegrazinginthefield.Thepolicehavenotmadeanyarrests.2无生命集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式常见的这类名词有：scenery,weaponry,machinery,clothing,poetry,jewellery,millinery,cutlery,stationary,crockery,hosiery,footwear,underwear,glasswear,hardwear,merchandise,foliage等。Themerchandisehasgonethroughtheexamination.Muchofherjewellerywasmissing.3单复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语形式要根据句译来确定。常见的这类名词有：aircraft,deer,fish,meanssheep,species,series,works,crossroads,headquarters,antelope,carp,salmon,trout,flounder等。Thespeciesoffisharenumerous.Thisspeciesofroseisveryunique.Everymeanshasbeentried.ThemeansofcommunicationsinHKareinterrupted.4用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；但如果是山脉、群岛、瀑布的名称，谓语动词用复数形式TheNewYorkTimesstillhasawidecirculation.TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstorybook.ThePhilippineslietothesoutheastofChina.5动词不定式短语、动名词短语、从句或其他短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式Toworkhardisnecessary.Whethershecomesornotisofnomatter.Earlytobedandearlytoriseishealthful.6一些只有复数形式的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式常见的这类名词有：clothes,scissors,trousers,shorts,scales,spectacles,effects,goods,papers,arms,greens,riches,suburbs,wages,stockings,customs,gloves,compasses,jeans,shades,72 belongings,bookings,clippings,earnings,surroundings,doings等。Thescalesaremine.ThegoodsaretobeexportedtoCanada.1表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词一般用单数形式Fiftyyearsisnotalongtime.Fourthousanddollarsismorethanshecanafford.但若强调这类词组的复数意义，谓语动词也可用复数形式200tonsofwaterwereusedlastmonth.2算式中表示数字的主语一般视为单数，谓语动词用单数形式。Tenminussixleavesfour.Sixteendividedbytwoiseight.Fiveplusfiveis/areten.3以-ics结尾的学科名词和疾病名词如optics光学,acoustics声学,electronics,mechanics,classics,linguistics,plastics,tactics兵法学,statistics,economics,measles麻疹,diabetes,mumps耳下腺炎,shingles带状疱疹,AIDS,mathematics,physics,politics等，作为学科或疾病名称时，是单数名词，动词用单数；而如果转义表示具体实践活动、性能、现象等，则是复数名词，谓语动词用复数。Mathematicsseemstobedifficulttohim.Hispoliticsareveryradical.Theacousticsareimportedfromabroad.Statisticsinhisreportarenotaccurate.4“the+形容词”做主语，如果表事某一类可数的人或事物，比如poor,rich,deaf,blind,oppressed,exploited,aged,wounded,brave,dead,dumb,guilty,innocent,injured,living,wise,employed等，谓语动词用复数形式；如果表示不可数的事物、抽象概念或个别人，谓语动词用单数形式。Theoldarewelltakengoodcareofbethegovernment.Theagreeableisnotalwaystheuseful.Themysticalandsupernaturalinliteratureappealstosomepeople.Theunknownisboundtocome.Theverybestisyettocome.Theaccusedwasfoundguilty.Severaloftheaccusedwerefoundguilty.5某些企业、航空公司、俱乐部、球队等带有集体意义的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式AirChinaarenowbeingmodernized.ScotlandareplayingEnglandinafootballmatchnextweek.6以s结尾的游戏名词，如fives手球,checkers跳棋,bowls等作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式Fiveshascontinuedtobeplayedbythehand.Ischeckersagamefortwo?72 但Cardsareallowedhere.1“alotof/lotsof,plentyof,aheapof/heapsof+名词”的短语以及“分数／百分数＋名词”的短语作主语时，谓语动词形式要根据短语中的名词的数来确定Three-fourthsofthepeoplewereabsentyesterday.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthiswater.Alotofdamagewascausedbythefire.2“anumberof+复数名词”的中心词是短语中的名词，故谓语动词用复数形式；thenumberof+名词”短语的中心词是number，故谓语动词用单数形式Anumberofboyslikeplayingfootball.Thenumberofpagesinthebookis500.3表示数量的oneandahalf＋复数名词，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.4aherdof,apackof,aflockof,aschoolof,aswarmof,adroveof等表示量的集体名词，如果指的是一个整体（一群人或动物），谓语动词用单数形式；如果侧重于群体中的每一个成员，可以用复数动词Aflockofsheepwererunningintotheroadandcausingdisorderintraffic.5“akindof,aseriesof,aportionof,aspeciesof,apieceof等＋名词”做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式Thereisakindoftreeinthegardenwhichflowersonceineverytwoyears.Thekindofmenisdangerous.AseriesoflecturesonpsychologyissaidtobegivenbyMr.Black.AlargeportionofAmily’spoemswaspulishedafterherbecomingateacher.Menofthiskindaredangerous.Therearemanykindsofpeaches.6little,much,alittle,onlyalittle,quitealittle,muchmore,agreatdealof,anamountof,aquantityof只能修饰不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式Alargeamountofmoneyisinvestedinthiscity.但Aquantityofbooksareonsale.7用and连接的两个名词作主语，　指同一人或物或通常由两个部件配成的物品使用单数谓语动词，指不同的人或物用复数谓语动词Thesecretaryandmanagerwaspresentatthemeeting.Thesecretaryandthemanagerwerepresentatthemeeting.Theironandstealindustryisofgreatimportancetothenationaleconomy.Thefoodandthetextileindustrydependmainlyonagricultureforrawmaterial.Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.ThenumberanddiversityofBritishnewspaperisconsiderableBrownbreadandbutterisusuallyeatenwithsmokedsalmon.Thehammerandsicklewasflyingfromatallflagpole.Trialanderroristhesourceofourknowledge.其它如aknifeandfork,acupandsaucer,acartandhorse.8用both…and连接两个名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式72 Bothbreadandbutterweresoldoutinthegrocery.1用and连接的两个单数名词作主语,若前面有each,every,manya,no等修饰，谓语动词用单数形式Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhastherighttoreceiveeducation.Noteacherandnostudentisadmittedduringtheholiday.Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenthefilm.2单数名词作主语时，后面紧跟aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,but,except,besides,with,accompaniedby,alongwith,togetherwith,like,including,inadditionto,combinedwith等时，谓语动词用单数形式Theteacheraswellasthestudentslikestoreadthisnovel.Thefather,ratherthanthebrothers,isresponsible.3用or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词形式要同最近的主语保持一致Oneortwofriendsarecomingthisevening.Eithertheprincipalorhisassistantsaretoattendthemeeting.NeitherInorheistoblame.4“all(of),half(of),some(of),remainder(of),therest(of),plenty(of),apartof,aproportionof等＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面的名词是单数还是复数，或者视具体的上下文而定Mostofhissparetimewasspentinreading.Mostofhishousesareexpensive.Halfofthefoodisunfittoeatforthebabies.Halfofthebooksarewrittenbythechildren.Mostguestshaveleftandtheremainderarestayingherefornight.5both,(a)few,many,several等修饰的主语，谓语动词用复数形式Both(of)theinstrumentsarenotaccurateones.Fewpeoplewanttogototheremoteareas.Few(of)theguestswerefamiliartous.6合成代词some(any,no,every)+thing(body,one)作主语,代词each,veryone,noone,either,neither,another,theother作主语,以及either,neither,each,every,manya,morethanone等＋名词（代词）作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式Nothingintheworldmovesfasterthanlight.Morethanonedefendantisinvolvedinthecase.7在“oneof+复数名词＋定语从句”结构中，定语从句一般视为修饰复数名词，故从句谓语动词用复数形式;在“theonlyoneof+复数名词＋定语从句”结构中，定语从句一般视为修饰单数名词，故从句谓语动词用单数形式Thisisoneofthelaboratoriesthathavebeenbuiltthisyearinourinstitute.Hewastheonlyoneoftheboyswhowasgivenaprize.8在“代词＋定语从句”结构中，从句谓语的人称、性、数要同被修饰的代词保持一致I,whoamwrong,shouldapologizetohim.Eachoneofuswhoarenowlivingissurelytowitnessthechanges.72 1由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但若从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数形式，则谓语动词用复数形式Whatyousaidisquitetothepoint.Whatareoftenregardedaspoisonousfungiaresometimesedible.Whatyouneedarethesebeautifulpictures.2某些名词以s结尾(summons,news)，形式上是复数，但实际上作单数用，后接单数动词Thenewsisveryexciting.Thesummonswasservedontheman.二名词和代词的一致代词与其所代替或修饰的名词应在人称和性别上保持一致PeopleallovertheworldweretirednotjustofWorldWarII,butofwaritself.Theelectricalpropertiesofsemiconductorsdependverymuchontheirpurity.三分词逻辑主语的一致表示时间、条件、伴随等的分词的逻辑主语必须同所在句中的主语保持一致TranslatedintoEnglish,thesentencewasfoundtohaveanentirelydifferentwordorder.Hearingthebadnews,sheburstintotears.四并列（平行）结构中成分的一致1为使句子前后保持平衡和协调，句中的并列成分应在结构上保持一致同一句中的并列主语/谓语等在语法等方面要求对应Herjobiswashing,cleaning,andtakingcareofthechildren.Theinstrumenthasbeenwelcomedbyusersbecauseofitsstabilityinserviceability,reliabilityinoperationandsimplicityinmaintenance.2在比较结构中，被比较的事物应是同等成分在比较从句中，用that代替前面的单数名词，而用those代替前面的复数名词Thestudentsinourdepartmentarefewerthanthoseintheirdepartment.TheclimateofBeijingisnotsochangeablethanthatofNanjing.五倒装结构种主谓语的一致在倒装句中，其他成分放到句子前部，而主语则往往被置于句子后部。这时要注意辨认主语，谓语动词要同主语保持一致Aftertheexamsisthetimeforrest.Inthemarginswaswrittensomethinginredink.六therebe句型中的主谓一致在therebe句型中，当动词be后的第一个并列成分带有不定冠词时，谓语动词按就近原则采取单数形式Thereisasausage,anorangeandapieceofcheeseonthetable.Therewasalongspringboardandthreeraftsatvaryingdistancefromtheshore.1Morethanonepersonbeeninfectedwiththedisease.A.haveB.havingC.hasD.tohave72 2Thenumberofaccidentsonroads.A.wereincreasedB.areincreasedC.havebeenincreasedD.hasincreased3WegotnecessaryfromJerry.A.alltheinformationB.allinformationsC.alloftheinformationD.alloftheinformations4You,whoreadytoofferhimyourassistance,areatruefriendofhis.A.isB.wasC.areD.hasbeen5Manyamanlifeismeaninglesswithoutapurpose.A.thinkB.thinksC.thinkingD.havethought6AtthebusstopasoldierandtwoyoungwomenontheirwaytoNewYork.A.wereB.wasC.isD.sits7Fertilizersareusedprimarilytoenrichthesoilandyield.A.increaseB.increasingC.toincreaseD.increased8Iwasadvisedforreservations.A.toeithertelephoneortowritethehotel.B.eithertotelephoneortowritethehotel.C.thatIshouldtelephoneoreitherwritethehotel.D.Ioughteithertotelephoneorwritethehotel.9Neitherhistrainingnorhisexperienceasarailwayengineerhimforthejob.A.qualifyB.qualifiesC.qualifyingD.toqualify10Thisarticledealswiththenaturalphenomenonwhichmostinterestingtoeveryone.A.isB.wasC.areD.were11Sittinguplatelastnight,Tomtheassignmentbutalsomanypoemsbyoneofhisfavoritepoets.A.notonlyreadB.onlydoesn’treadC.readnotonlyD.onlyread12Notoneinonehundredchildrenexposedtothediseaselikelytodevelopit.A.isB.areC.shouldbeD.mustbe13ThegroupwaitingforplantoParis.A.are…isB.is…theirC.are…hisD.this…his14Neitherofthealternativesthathadbeenoutlinedatthelastmeetingacceptabletotheexecutivecommittee.A.areB.wereC.willD.was15Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,planningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.A.areB.wereC.willD.is16WhoeverinspectedradioshouldhaveputidentificationnumberontheBox.A.his…theirB.that…theirC.his…thisD.this…his17.Nooneinourclassinsportthanhe.A.aremoreinterestedB.aremuchinterestedC.ismuchinterestedD.ismoreinterested.18Ifonehadtakenthetimetoreviewthelesson,wouldhavepassedtheexam.72 A.youB.weC.heD.it19Theexhibitionhasrequestedthateachstudentandteachersignonthegatesheetbeforevisiting.A.theirnameB.theirnamesC.hisnamesD.hisname20Everymanandwomanshouldvoteforthecandidateof.A.theirchoiceB.theirchoicesC.herchoiceD.hischoice21Therenotonlytheearthbutalsoeightplanetsinthesolarsystem.A.areB.wereC.isD.was22TheexaminationwilltestyourabilityspokenEnglish,nontechnicallanguage,andcorrectly.A.understand…read…writeB.understanding…reading…writingC.tounderstand…toread…writingD.tounderstand…toread…towrite23Tomissopoorthatevenfivedollarsabigsumtohim.A.isB.areC.addD.equal24ItisnotIbutyouwhothefirsttoruntothegoalinthatcompetition.A.isB.wasC.areD.isgoingto25Partofthebooksarrived.A.isB.haveC.wasD.has26Nearlyalltreeshaveseedsthatfalltotheearth,takeroot,andeventually.A.generatenewseedsB.newseedsgeneratedC.bygeneratingnewseedsD.newseedsgeneratedthere27Mary’ssun-tannedfaceisasuggestionthatsheinexcellenthealth.A.beB.beingC.isD.was28tofinishquickly.A.NoeverystudentwantsB.NoeverystudentwantC.NoteverystudentwantsD.Noteverystudentwant29Everymeansbeentriedsincethen.A.hasB.haveC.areD.is30TheofficestaffgatheredtohearthePresidentspeak.A.isB.areC.beD.will31Thetotalnumberofarticlespublishedoncanceramazing.A.areB.isC.havebeenD.be32Alargenumberofcarsparkedinfrontofmyhouse.A.isB.areC.wasD.has33Thereinhisroom.A.toomanyroomsB.aretoomuchroomC.areplentyofroomsD.isplentyofroom.34Thewheelandaxearotatinglevel.A.isB.wasC.areD.were35Ignoranceandnegligencethismistake.A.causeB.havecausedC.hascausedD.are72 36Truthandhonestyalwaysbestpolicy.A.areB.isC.havebeenD.become37Nosulfurandnophosphorus（磷）presentinthisproduct.A.areB.wereC.willD.is38Everyhourandeveryminuteimportant.A.areB.wereC.isD.will39Abouthalfofthemtheusualstandard.A.isuptoB.wasuptoC.areuptoD.approachesto40Halfofacircle______asemicircle.A.areB.wereC.isD.was41Oneandahalfyearspassed.A.areB.wereC.haveD.has42Toflowandnottopossessdefiniteshapethegeneralpropertyofliquids.A.isB.areC.wasD.were43Toreviewandassessachievementsandsummarizeandexchangeexperience____thetaskofourpresentcongress.A.areB.isC.wereD.havebeen44Aportionofthewaves_____thenreflectedfromtheobjectencountered.A.isB.areC.haveD.were辨认错误1Whatislargeandwhatissmallareonlyrelative.2Therehavebeenlittlechangeinthepatient’sconditionsincehewasoutofdanger.3Twoofthemwentout,therestweredoinghishomeworkintheclassroom.4Agoodartistlikeagoodengineerlearnsasmuchfromtheirmistakesasfromsuccesses.5ProfessorPeter,withfourofhisgraduatestudents,areattendingalectureinNanjingonenergy.6Asthecrowdbegantoassembleinthemeetinghall,thepresidentbegantoscanyourfaces.7Notonlyalltheplanetsbutalsothesunareinconstantmotion.8Whenhewasalittleboy,MarkTwainwouldwalkalongthepiers,watchtheriverboats,swimmingandfishintheMississippi,muchlikehisfamouscharacter,TomSawyer.9Havingbeenelectedpresidentofourinstitute,ashortacceptancespeechwasgivenbyProfessorAdams.10Uponreturningfromclass,aletterwasfoundinthemailbox.11HeandIamallstudentsofProfessorGreen.12AftersuppermyfamilyalwayswatchestheinternationalnewsonTV.13Eitherthestudentsortheteacherarewronginansweringthisquestion.72 1Mary,accompaniedbyherbrotheronthepiano,wereverywellreceivedatthetalentshow.2TwohoursareenoughtogobyplanefromNanjingtoGuangzhou.3Thesunis93millionmilesawayfromtheearth,and93millionmilesarealongway.4Buyingclothesareoftenaverytime-consumingpracticebecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.将来完成时2001年6月四级测试题第31题是：BythetimehearrivesinBeijing，we______herefortwodays．A）willhavestayedC）havebeenstayingB）shallstayD）havestayed［分析］本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是：“等他到达北京的时候，我们将在这里（已经）呆了两天。”句中bythetimehearrives等他（将要）到达北京的时候，表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻，要用将来完成时，因此答案是A。［注意事项］由于这种时态我们汉语中没有，如果按照英文字面翻译，有些不合乎我们的习惯，所以，这种时态的译文往往是取其一种时态，或是将来时，或是完成时。同学们受语言的负迁移影响，在选择时常常受母语的干扰，选错答案。下文就这一内容做一总结：［形式］将来完成时的肯定式为willhavedone；否定式为won"thavedone；被动语态为willhavebeendone。［用法］表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。［常用时间状语］bytheendofthisyear到今年年底；bythen到那时；bythistimenextyear到明年的这个时候；bythetime后接一个谓语动词为一般现在时的定语从句（实际上是表示将来的时间）等等。Howmanywordsshallwehavelearnedbytheendoftheterm？到期末时，我们将／已经学会多少单词？Youneedn"thurryme．Iwillhavefinisheditbythetimeyouareready．你不必催我。等你准备好时我将／已经做完了。下面五题为历届全真试题，同学们不妨做一做，以便加深印象。MytrainarrivesinNewYorkateighto"clocktonight．TheplaneIwouldliketotakefromthere______bythen．A）wouldleaveC）hasleftB）willhaveleftD）hadleft99／1／47B［译文］我乘坐的火车今晚八点到达纽约。到那时，我想在那儿搭乘的飞机将已经离开。Theconference______afullweekbythetimeitends．A）musthavelastedC）wouldlastB）willhavelastedD）haslasted1997／1／22B［译文］这次会议至结束将持续整整一个星期。Bytheendoftheyearallbuttwopeople_______．A）haveleftC）willbeleavingB）willleaveD）willhaveleft1994／1／42D72 ［译文］到今年年底，除两人外，其他所有人都将已离去。Bytheendofthismonth，wesurely______asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem．A）havefoundC）willhavefoundB）willbefindingD）arefinding1993／6／45C［译文］在月底之前，我们一定将会找到解决问题的满意方法。Pickmeupat8o"clock．I______mybathbythen．A）willhavehadC）canhavehadB）willbehavingD）mayhave1992／1／67A［译文］你八点来接我吧。到那时我就已经洗完澡了。英语语序讲练一、跟在及物动词后的由连接副词或连接代词how，when，where，why，who，which，whom，what，whose以及whether，if引导的宾语从句要用陈述句语序，即主语、谓语不必颠倒。例如：Ican"tdescribewhatIfeltatthatmoment．Couldyoutellmewhymanywritersarenotfullyappreciateduntillongaftertheydie？二、在以think，believe，suppose，expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，尽管从句表示否定意义，一般却是通过否定主句的谓语动词来否定从句。例如：Don"texpectthathewillcomehereintimenextSunday．Idon"tbelievethattheycouldfinishtheworkwithinthisweek．三、由as引导的让步状语从句，常常用部分倒装。例如：Youngasheis，heisexcellentinhiswork．Poorhealthasshehas，sheinsistsonworkinghardinherpost．四、句首为带有否定意义的词或词组时，常用部分倒装。这类词或词组有：hardly，little，never，notuntil，nosooner，atnotime，bynomeans，in／undernocircumstances，invain，nolonger，notoften等。例如：Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate．Notonlyisheatalentedpresidentofauniversity，butalsoheisopen-minded．否定副词如果放在句首只是限定主语而非修饰全句，则句子不必倒装。例如：Nosurvivorhasyetbeenfound．五、有些表示程度的副词或短语作状语而又置于句首时，句子用部分倒装表示强调。这类词或词组有：so．．．that，tosuchanextent，tosuchadegree，tosuchextremes等。例如：Soharddoesshestudythatallherteacherslikeher．Solatewashefortheclassthattheteachercriticizedhim．六、句首为“only＋状语”时，常用部分倒装。例如：Onlybychangingyourworkingstylecanyoubeacceptedbyyourcolleagues．OnlythendidIrealizehowchildishIwasinhopinghimtochangehishabit．七、在比较和方式状语从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常可在主语前添加助动词或系动词代替前面出现过的动词，形成一种部分倒装的形式。例如：Thestandardoflivingofthepeopleinourcountrynowismuchhigherthanwasthecasetenyearsago．IspentmoretimeonpracticingmyoralEnglishthandidmostofmyclassmateswhenIwasatcollege．72 八、在含虚拟语气的条件句中，如果if被省略，那么were，had或should要移至主语之前。例如：Weretherenogravity，therewouldbenoairaroundtheearth．Shouldanyonecometoourhometosellthings，don"tlethim／herin．另外，在一些感叹句和某些表示祝愿的句子里，已形成一种固定结构的倒装表达法。例如：Howwonderfulisthefashionshow！Longliveourfriendship！九、hardly，barely，scarcely和when连用以及nosooner和than连用时，形成固定的倒装结构，表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生，意为“一……就……”。在时态上，主句一般用过去完成时，而从句用过去时。例如：ScarcelyhadIlefthomeforschool，whenitbegantorainheavily．HardlyhadIputdownthephone，whenthephonerangagain．Nosoonerhadtheresultoftheappointmentofsomeleaderpositionsturnedout，thancamesomerejections．四级语法倒装部分练习题(附答案)练习题(159-166)　　1)Theysearchedforhours,but____befound.　　A)atnotimecouldthemissingbook　　B)nowherecouldthemissingbook　　C)nowherethemissingbookcould　　D)atnowherethemissingbookcould　　2)____heillmannered,____thelaziestandthemostirresponsiblecreatureyoucouldeverhopetomeet.　　A)Notonlyis...butheisalso　　B)Notonlyis...butalso　　C)Notonlyis...butalsoishe　　D)Notonly...butalso　　3)____leftunguarded.　　A)Atnotimethegate　　B)Atnotimewasthegate　　C)Atnotimethegatewas　　D)Atnotimedidthegate　　4)____didherealizethathehadmadeamistake.　　A)Uponenteringtheclassroom　　B)Onlyafterenteringtheclassroom　　C)Afterhehadenteredtheclassroom　　D)Assoonasheenteredtheclassroom　　5)____amachinebeensoefficientandaccurateastheelectroniccomputer.　　A)Morethaneverbefore　　B)Neverbeforehas　　C)Inthepast,thereneverhas　　D)Formerlythereneverwas　　6)Little____abouthimwhenIfirstmethiminthatcompany.　　A)haveIknown　　B)hadIknown　　C)doIknow　　D)didIknow　　7)Atnotime,andundernocircumstances____thefirsttousenuclearweapon.72 　　A)Chinawillbe　　B)willbeChina　　C)willChinabe　D)shallChinabe　　8)Ididn"tlikeournewEnglishteacher,and____.　　A)neitherdidmyclassmates　B)neithermyclassmatesdid　　C)myclassmatesdon"ttoo　　D)myclassmatesdidnotalso　　9)Onlywhenyouhaveacquiredagoodknowledgeofgrammar____fluently.　　A)youwillwrite　　B)canyouwrite　　C)youcanwrite　　D)youcouldwrite　　10)OnlywhenDaviddiditasecondtime____.　　A)herealizedhismistake　　B)hewasrealizinghismistake　　C)didherealizehismistake　　D)hedidrealizehismistake　　11)Surroundingshavechangedand____inthem.　　A)sohavethepeople　　B)thepeoplehaveso　　C)havethepeopleso　　D)thepeoplesohave　　12)____darkwasthenightthatwehadtorelyonourearsinsteadofoureyes.　　A)How　　B)Extremely　　C)Very　　D)So　　13)____thatthepilotcouldn"tflythroughit.　　A)ThestormsoseverewasB)Soseverewasthestorm　　C)Sothestormwassevere　　D)Suchwasthestormsevere　　14)____,Icouldn"tliftthebox.　　A)AsImighttry　　B)AstryImight　　C)TryasImight　　D)TrythoughImight　　15)____youwerecomingtoday,I"dhavemetyouattheairport.　　A)HaveIknown　　B)Ihaveknown　　C)HadIknown　　D)Ihadknown　　16)NowherebutinChina____thereformsoclearly,whichhavesurprisedusall.　　A)wehaveseen　　B)weso　　C)wemusthaveseen　　D)haveweseen　　17)Bynomeans____theirownlanguagewell.　　A)itistruethatallpeopleknow　　B)isittruethatdoallpeopleknow　　C)itisthatdoallpeopleknow　　D)isittruethatallpeopleknow　　18)Scarcely____whenthemurderershothimdown.　　A)didhefinishhisopeningaddress　　B)hedidfinishhisopeningaddress　　C)hadhefinishedhisopeningaddressD)hehadfinishedhisopeningaddress　　19)Onlyrecently____todealwiththeproblem.　　A)somethinghasdone　　B)hassomethingdone　　C)hassomethingbeendoneD)somethinghasbeendone　　20)Neverbeforethatnight____thelimitofmyownpower.　　A)hadIfelt　　B)Ihadfelt　　C)didIfeel　　D)Ididfeel　　21)Noonerealized____itwasuntilmuchlater.　　A)howseriousacrime　　B)whatseriousacrime72 　　C)howaseriouscrime　　D)howacrimeserious　　22)Onnocondition____withhim.　　A)wecannotagree　　B)wouldweagree　　C)canweagree　　D)wecanagree　　23)Factoryworkershavetoworkveryhard,____.　　A)farmersdoso　　B)farmersworkso　　C)sohardfarmers　　D)sodofarmers　　24)Rarely____suchasillything.　　A)haveIheardof　　B)Ihaveheardof　　C)haveIbeenheardofD)Ihavebeenheardof　　25)NotuntilIwenttoAmerica____whatkindofacountrysheis.　　A)didIknow　　B)Iknow　　C)Ididn"tknow　　D)Icouldknow　　26)Soinstructive____thestudentwantedtoseeitagain.　　A)wasthefilm　　B)itwasthefilm　　C)thefilmwas　　D)thefilmitwas　　27)____apostgraduate,Iwouldatleastmastertwoforeignlanguages.　　A)ShouldIbecome　　B)WereItobecome　　C)HadIbecome　　D)Ishouldbecome　　28)Seldom____anymistakesduringmypastfiveyearsofteachinginthisuniversity.　　A)wouldImake　　B)Ididmake　　C)shouldImake　　D)didImake　　29)____shewouldhaveavoidedtheaccident.　　A)Shewasmorecareful　　B)Ifshewasmorecareful　　C)Hadshebeenmorecareful　　D)Shehadbeenmorecareful　　30)____forgetmyhometownandmyhappychildhood.　　A)NeverIwill　　B)NeverwillI　　C)NeverI　　D)Ineverhave　　倒装部分练习题(159-166)　　1)B2)A3)B4)B5)B　　6)D7)C8)A9)B10)C　　11)A12)D13)B14)C15)C　　16)D17)D18)C19)C20)A　　21)A22)B23)D24)A25)A　　26)A27)B28)D29)C30)B72 分词练习答案：1D11B21B31A2D12B22A32B3D13A23C33C4B14A24A34C5D15C25C35C6A16B26B36D7D17C27A37D8A18B28D38D9D19B29A39B10A20C30C40D动词不定式练习答案：1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D6.A7.A8.D9.D10.C11.A12.B动名词练习答案：1．B2.B3.B4.B5.B6.B7.A8.B9.B10.C定从1-63BDCDDCCDCDDAACDCCDCDDBDDCDBBDCCDCDBCDCCCBDCBBCDDCCDDDDCDCADDCDB一致1-44CDACBACBBACADDDDDCDDCDACBACCABBBDACBDCCCDABA1are—is2have—has3his—their4their—his5are—is6your—their7are—is8swimming—swim9ashortacceptancewasgivenbyProfessorAdams—ProfessorAdamsgaveashortacceptance.10aletterwasfoundinthemailbox—Ifoundaletterinthemailbox.11all—both12watches—watch13are—is14were—was15are—is16are—is17are—is虚拟语气答案12345678910DDAACAAABC11121314151617181920AADCBDADBC21222324252627282930AACDCADBDB31323334353637383940BBDDCBCCAC41424344454647484950ACDCDABDDD72 5152535455565758BDDBDBCCNotes:1.Suggest的用法a.后加虚拟从句，谓语用（should）+dob.suggestdoing,表示提议，建议，如：Hesuggestedgoingtotomorrow’sexhibitiontogether.他建议一起参观明天的展览。Petersuggestedphoninghimstraightaway.彼得提议立即给他大电话。c.如果suggest表示其他意思时，起宾语从句中的谓语动词不能用虚拟语气。如：Hisrestlessnesssuggestedthathewantedtoleave.从他的坐立不安可以看出，他想要离开。（suggest在此意为“表明”。）3.本句是日常生活中常见的口语。I’d是Iwould的缩写，表示一种委婉客气的语气。全句意思是：要是不太麻烦的话，我想要一杯茶。不要误用虚拟语气。I’dliketokeepthebookforafewmoredaysifyoudon’tmind.Youcouldsitdownifyoufeeltired.9.Ifonly引出感叹句，意思是，“要是。。。多好”，表示说话人的一种愿望，句中谓语要用虚拟语气。IfonlyIknewwhatyouwanted.Ifonlyitwouldstopraining.雨停了就好了。Ifonlyshecouldlivealittlelonger.她要能活得长一点就好了。Ifonlyhewereherenow.他要在这儿就好了。Ifonlyyouhadn’ttoldhimwhatIsaid!Everythingwouldhavebeenallright.要是你不把我说的话告诉他多好！那就什么事儿都没有了。22.此处ifonly意为“但愿；只要”，是个复合从属连词，引导条件状语从句，相当于aslongas.Wecansurelyovercomethesedifficultiesifonlywearecloselyunited.72