英语语法基础知识——分词 8页

动词分词（一）分词也是动词的一种非限定形式，在句子中可以充当定语、表语、或是状语，有时也可以用在复合结构中。分词有两种，一种是现在分词，一种是过去分词。这两种分词在句子中能担任的成分大体相同，主要是在意思上有主动和被动之分，现在分词一般有主动的意思，过去分词一般有被动的意思；有时两者表示的时间上也不尽相同。下面我们将详细地阐述动词分词的意义、功能和形式。一、分词的句法功能1.作表语分词可以用来作表语，这样用时，现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。e.g.I)Thefoodsmellsinviting(诱人的).II)Thefilmisveryinteresting.III)Iamveryinterestedinthisfilm.IV)Thedoorremainedlocked.能这样用的分词最常用的有：amusing,encouraging(鼓舞人心的),confusing(令人困惑的),disappointing(令人失望的),interesting,exciting,inviting,missing,pressing(紧迫的),promising(有希望的),puzzling(令人困惑的),surprising(令人惊奇的),shocking(令人震惊的),upset(感到不安的),delighted(高兴的),devoted(投入的),disappointed(失望的),discouraged(泄气的),married(结婚的),excited,experienced(有经验的),interested,confused(感到困惑的),satisfied(满足的),tired,exhausted(疲倦的)等等。这类分词几乎已经变成了形容词了。2.作定语a)分词作定语的时候很多，单个动词分词形式一般放在被修饰的名词前。e.g.I)Oureconomy(经济)isdevelopingatanastonishing(令人惊叹的)speed.II)Thisisapressingproblem.III)Barkingdogsseldombite.爱叫的狗很少咬人。IV)Weneedmorequalified(合格的)teachers.V)Itisalsocalled“TheUnfinishedSymphony”(未完成的交响乐).有时，过去分词也要求后置。e.g.I)Thisistheonlyfoodleft.II)Thepeopleinterviewed(采访对象)aretwohighschoolstudents.b)有些过去分词如involved,given,concerned,used等既能前置也能后置，但意义不同。e.g.I)Inoticedaconcerned(关切的)lookinhiseyes.II)It’saverytricky(棘手的)situationforeveryoneconcerned(有关的).III)Overagiven(指定的)period,thevalueofshares(股票)willriseandfall.IV)Shedoesn’tlikethewatchgivenbyherhusband.V)Iboughtaused(旧的)car.VI)Thetextbookused(所采用的)isup-to-date. c)过去分词往往都含有被动的意思，但是个别的过去分词（多数是一些不及物动词）并不表示被动，而是表示已经完成。e.g.therisensun(升起了的太阳)/therisingstar(冉冉升起的太阳);fallenleaves(落叶);fadedflowers(凋零的花);returnedstudents(归国留学生);retiredworkers(退休工人);escapedprisoners(逃犯)，etc.d)分词短语作定语，一般放在被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。现在分词一般用来表示正在进行的动作，或经常性动作或现在（或当时）的状态，表示主动的意思，而过去分词可以表示或被动或已经完成的动作。e.g.I)Therearealotofboysonthesportsgroundplaying(=whoareplaying)football.II)Theybuiltarailwayleading(=whichleads)intothemountain.III)Thisissomethingunheardof(=thatisunheardof)inhistory.这是史无前例的事情。IV)Whatisthelanguagespoken(whichisspoken)inthisarea?V)Whyarefarmersinsomedevelopedcountries(发达国家)luckierthanthoseindevelopingcountries(发展中国家)?但是如果定语从句和主句时态不一致，则不能用现在分词短语替代定语从句。同时，谓语动词是be或含有情态动词的定语从句也不能用现在分词短语替代。e.g.I)ThemanwhocamethismorningisourEnglishteacher.(√)àThemancomingthismorningisourEnglishteacher.(×)II)Thosewhoarelatearenotallowedtoentertheclassroom.(√)àThosebeinglatearenotallowedtoentertheclassroom.(×)III)Isthereanyonewhocanrepairthecomputer?(√)àIsthereanyonerepairingthecomputer?(×)e)过去分词短语作定语，一般放在被修饰词之后，含有被动的意思。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。e.g.I)Heisamanrespected(=whoisrespected)byall.II)Isthisthebookrecommended(whichhasbeenrecommended)byourteacher?这是我们老师推荐的书吗？如果定语从句中的被动动作表示现在正在发生，或与主句谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式来引起短语作定语；如果定语从句中表示将要发生的被动的动作，可以用动词不定式的被动形式替换。（见分词的形式）e.g.I)Shesaidsheknewthemanbeinginterviewed(采访).(表示正在发生的被动动作)II)Havingbeenallowedtousemycomputer,hejumpedwithgreatexcitement(兴奋).(表示已发生的被动动作)III)Theseareletterstobesentthisafternoon.(表示即将发生的被动动作)动词分词（二）3.作状语分词在句中可作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、行为方式和伴随状况，在意义上相当于相应的副语从句或并列句中的分句。 a)现在分词短语可以表示伴随状况，通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作，来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬。过去分词也常可以表示伴随状况，很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况。这类状语在句中的位置比较灵活。e.g.I)Iranoutofthehouseshouting.II)Pleasefillinthisform(表格),givingyourname,address,telephonenumber,etc.III)Greatlyinterested,Iaskedhowhecreatedthisidea.IV)“Heisright,”hesaid,verypleased.【注】用作状语的现在分词和过去分词形式短语的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。e.g.I)Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers.(√)(walking是we的动作)Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.(×)II)Standingonthetopofthemountain,wecouldseethewholecity.(√)(standing是we的动作)Standingonthetopofthemountain,thewholecitycouldbeseen.(×)III)Seenfromthehill,thetownlooksbeautiful.(√)(seen的逻辑主语是thetown)Seeingfromthehill,thetownlooksbeautiful.(×)现在分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的或几乎同时发生的，否则，现在分词需要用完成形式（见分词的形式）。b)分词短语有时可以用作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句。e.g.I)Seeingthesepictures,hecouldn’thelpthinkingofthosedaystheyspenttogether.II)Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.III)Seenfromadistance,themountainlookedlikeanelephant.有时分词前可以加when/while/until等连词。e.g.I)Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.II)Helistenedtohiswalkmanwhilestudying.III)Oncediscovered,suchmistakesshouldbecorrected.c)分词短语可以用来表示原因。e.g.I)Beingill,hewasn’tabletogotoclass.II)Notknowinghisaddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwith(与……联系)him.III)Hesoonfellasleep,exhausted(疲倦的)bythejourney.d)分词短语可以用来表示让步。常用although/though,evenif/eventhough等连词引入，一般放在句首。e.g.I)Althoughworkingveryhard,hefailedtopasstheexam.II)Thoughgivenmuchtime,hecouldn’tfinishhisjobintime.e)表示结果，一般放在句末，前面可以加so，therefore，thus等副词。e.g.I)Thewarwentonforyears,killingthousandsofpeople.II)Myparentswenttoabirthdaypartyyesterday,leavingmealoneathome.f)分词短语也可以表示一个假设的情况，相当于一个条件从句。 e.g.I)Comparedwithyou,westillhavealongwaytogo.II)Unitedwestand,dividedwefall.团结则存，分裂则亡。4.作宾语补足语a)分词可以在catch，discover，consider，imagine(想象)，see，hear，notice，watch，keep，find，get，have，feel等动词后与一个名词（代词）构成复合宾语。同样，现在分词和过去分词的区别主要在于：现在分词表示主动或正在进行或持续的动作的意思，而过去分词表示被动或已经完成的动作的意思。 e.g.I)Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsolongatime.(表示持续的动作)II)Iimaginedmyselfperformingbeforeaclappingaudience.(表示主动)我想象自己在鼓掌的观众面前表演节目。III)Iwillhavemycomputerrepairedthisafternoon.(表示被动)IV)ItisthefirsttimehehasheardthesongsunginItalian.(表示被动)V)Ihurriedthereonlytofindeverybodygone.(表示完成的动作)b)在see，hear，feel，watch，notice等感观动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不带to的不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有时是有差别的。用现在分词时，表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结果），用不定式时表示动作已经发生了（即动作全部过程结束了）。e.g.--Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?(表示正在进行)--Yes,Iheardhimknockthreetimes.(表示完成的动作，全过程)但是，有时用不定式和现在分词作宾语意思差别不大。二、现在分词的完成式和被动式现在分词也有时态和语态上的变化。以do为例： 主动形式被动形式 肯定式否定式肯定式否定式一般式doingnotdoingbeingdonenotbeingdone完成式havingdonenothavingdonehavingbeendonenothavingbeendone1.完成式的用法现在分词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，主要用作状语。现在分词形式的否定式是直接在动词现在分词前加否定词not。e.g.I)Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide(向导).II)Nothavingbeenwashedinthecorrectway,thecoathasshrunk(缩水).2.被动形式的用法在表示一个被动动作时，如果这动作时正在进行的动作，或是谓语动作同时发生，我们可以用现在分词的被动形式。a)作定语e.g.I)Thatbuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.II)Thesongbeingbroadcast(广播)isverypopularwiththeyoungstudents.b)构成复合宾语e.g.I)Youwillfindthetopicbeingtalkedabouteverywhere.II)Whenheheardhisnamebeingcalled,hefeltabitnervous.c)作状语e.g.I)Beingaskedtosingasong,sheisverypleased. II)Beingprotectedbyathickcoat,hedidn’tfeelabitcold.有时还有完成被动形式：e.g.I)Havingbeengivesuchagoodchance,heworkedevenharderthanbefore.II)Havingbeengivenamap,wefoundourwayeasily.巩固练习　分词试题及答案1.____thehouseonfire,hedialed119.[]A.ToseeB.SeeingC.HavingseenD.Beingseen2.Ifelldownandbrokethreeofmyteeth.IwonderhowmanytimesIhavetocomehereandgetmyfalseteeth____.[]A.fixB.fixingC.fixedD.tofix3.We"re_____tolistentoher_____voice.[]It"s____tohearhersing.A.pleased;pleasing;pleasureB.pleased;pleasant;apleasureC.pleasing;pleased;apleasureD.pleasing;pleasant;pleasure4._____apostoffice,Istopped____somestamps.[]A.Passed,buyingB.Passing,tobuyC.Havingpassed,buyD.Pass,tobuy5._____withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesnotseemhighatall.[]A.ComparingB.TocompareC.ComparedD.Havingcompared6.Herearesomenewcomputerprograms____forhomebuildings.[]A.designingB.designC.designedD.todesign7._____alittlemoney,Jimmywasabletobuyhismotheralovelynewlamp.[]A.TosaveB.SavingC.SavedD.Havingsaved8.Theteachercameintotheclassroom____byhisstudents.[]A.followingB.tobefollowingC.followedD.havingfollowed.9.Withthemoney___,hecouldn"tbuyanyticket.[]A.toloseB.losingC.lostD.haslost10.Therewassomuchnoiseintheroomthatthespeakercouldn"tmakehimself____.[]A.beingheardB.hearingC.heardD.hear11.Theresultofthetestwasrather____.[]A.disappointedB.disappointingC.beingdisappointedD.disappoint12.I"veneverheardtheword____inspokenEnglish.[]A.useB.usedC.usingD.useing 13._____howtodothehomework,Iwenttoaskmyteacherforhelp.[]A.NottoknowB.NotknowingC.KnowingnotD.Notknown14.Deeply___,Ithankedheragainandagain.[]A.beingmovingB.movedC.movingD.tobemoved15.Withwinter____on,it"stimetobuywarmclothes.[]A.cameB.comesC.comeD.coming16.____theoffice,theforeignvisitorswereshownroundtheteachingbuilding.[]A.HavingshownB.ShowingC.HasshownD.Havingbeenshown17.Hewentfromdoortodoor,____wastepapersandmagazines.[]A.gatheringB.gatheredC.gatherD.beinggathered18.Thestudentcorrectedhispapercarefully,____theprofessor"ssuggestions.[]A.followB.followingC.followedD.beingfollowed19.The___pricewillsaveyouonedollarforeachdozen.[]A.reduceB.reducingC.reducedD.reduces20.People____inthecitydonotknowthepleasureofcountrylife.[]A.liveB.toliveC.livedD.living21.Theforeignertriedhisbest,buthestillcouldn"tmakehispoint____.[]A.understandB.understandingC.tounderstandD.understood22.Thescientistswerewaitingtoseetheproblem___.[]A.settleB.settledC.tosettleD.settling23.Thelibrary"sstudyroomisfullofstudents____fortheexam.[]A.busilypreparedB.busypreparingC.busylyprepareD.arebusilypreparing24.Thegroundis____with____leaves.[]A.covering,fallingB.covered,fallingC.covered,fallenD.covering,fallen25.Lessonseasily____weresoonforgotten.[]A.tolearnB.learnC.learnedD.learning26.Thewallet____severaldaysagowasfound_____inthedustbinoutsidethebuilding.[]A.stolen,hiddenB.stealing,hidingC.stealing,hiddenD.stolen,hiding27.Aperson______aforeignlanguagemustbeabletousetheforeignlanguage_____allabouthisown.[]A.tolearn,toforgetB.learning,to forgetC.tolearn,forgettingD.learning,forgetting28.____differentkindsofpianos,theworkersfartherimprovedtheirquality.[]A.ToproduceB.BeingproducedC.ProducedD.Havingproduced29.Thestudentsintheuniversityarealltakingcourses____adegree.[]A.comingtoB.goingtoC.leadingtoD.turningto30.Manythings_____impossibleinthepastareverycommontoday.[]A.considerB.consideringC.consideredD.beconsidered31._____manytimes,hestillcouldn"tunderstand.[]A.HavingbeentoldB.HavingtoldC.HehavingbeentoldD.telling32.Theoldsickladyenteredthehospital,____hertwosons.[]A.tosupportB.supportingC.supportedbyD.havingsupported33.Chinaisoneofthelargestcountriesintheworld,____9.6millionsquare(平方)kilometres.[]A.tocoverB.coveredC.coversD.covering34."Wemustkeepasecretofthethings————here",thegeneralsaid,_____atthemaninchargeoftheimformationoffice.[]A.discussed,staredseriouslyB.beingdiscussed,seriouslystaringC.tobediscussed,seriouslystaredD.discussed,stared35.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks,——thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.[]A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added36."Canyouread"Marysaid，——tothenotice.[]A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing37.——thecomposition,Johnhandedittotheteacherandwentoutoftheroom.[]A.WritingB.HavingwrittenC.WrittenD.Beingwritten38.Wereyou——whenyousawthatwildanimal[]A.frightB.frighteningC.frightenedD.frighten39.Properly_____withnumbers,thebookscanbeeasilyfound.[]A.markedB.markC.tomarkD.marking40.Thechildsatinthedentist"schair,______.[]A.trembleB.tremblingC.trembledD.totrembled41.Atthismomentthebellrang_____theendofclass.[]A.announceB.announcingC.announcedD.toannounce 42.Hewalkeddownthehills,_____softlytohimself.[]A.singB.singingC.sungD.tosing43.Ihadtoshouttomakemyself____abovethenoise.[]A.heardB.hearingC.heardD.tohear44.Thegraduatingstudentsarebusy_____materialfortheirreports.[]A.collectB.tocollectC.collectedD.collecting45.Thecars_____inBeijingareasgoodasthose_____inShanghai.[]A.produce,produceB.produced,producedC.produced,producingD.producing,producing46.WhenIcamein,IsawDr.Li____apatient.[]A.examineB.examiningC.toexamineD.examined47._______asatisfactoryoperation,thepatientrecoveredfromillnessveryquickly.[]A.HavingbeengivenB.HavinggivenC.GivingD.Beinggiven48._______asatisfactoryoperation,thedoctorbelievedthepatientwouldrecoverfromhisillnessverysoon.[]A.HavingbeengivenB.HavinggivenC.GivingD.Beinggiven49.Hewrotealettertome______thathistriptoJapanhadbeenputoffbecauseofthebadweather.[]A.informB.informingC.informedD.beingimformed50.Hereadsnewspaperseverydaytokeephimself_____aboutwhat"sgoingonintheworld.[]A.informB.informingC.informedD.beinginformed参考答案1.B2.C3.B4.B5.C6.C7.D8.C9.C10.C11.B12.B13.B14.B15.D16.D17.A18.B19.C20.D21.D22.B23.B24.C25.C26.A27.D28.D29.C30.C31.A32.C33.D34.B35.C36.A37.B38.C39.A40.B41.B42.B43.C44.D45.B46.B47.A48.B49.B50.C