英语语法——英语句子成分分析 7页

第三课时英语语法——英语句子成分分析句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语，补语，同位语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块，主谓宾表真呀真实在；补语跟着宾语表语跑，定语同位（语）专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少，前后乱窜它还会加塞。（RAI．八大成分的概念和构成1．主语(名词代词形)：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词短语（少见）如：Studentsstudy.学生学习。Wearefriends.我们是朋友Watchingamovieispleasure,butmakingamovieishardwork.看电影是种享受，制作电影是件苦差事ToteachEnglishismyjob.教英语是我的工作。注意：不定式或动名词作主语时，一般用it作形式主语，不定时放句末作真正的主语。所以上面的句子可变为：ItismyjobteachEnglish.Thesecretofsuccessistostartfromscratchandkeeponscratching.成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。Toseeistobelieve.(耳听为虚眼见为实).2．谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。充当谓语的形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）谓语部分可以为：①情态动词+原形动词②谓语动词单复数形式③be+现在分词或者过去分词。④have/had+过去分词⑤do/does/did+原形动词如：Ihaveadream.HecanspeakEnglish.Allthemanhavedonetheirbest.WhoteachesyouEnglishthisyear?Thepizzahasgonebad.Youdon’talwayswantwhatyouneed,orneedwhatyouwant.(所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。)3．宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词 6）不定式7）-ing形式Sheisplayingthepianonow.Heoftenhelpsme.Youshouldpay5.Youdon’tfindopportunities,youshouldmakethem.你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。Youprobablywon’thearopportunityknockifyourtelevisionisalwayson.如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。TheangelalsocametoJosephandtoldhimthesamething.那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。动词后面跟双宾语：动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)/动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。Heoftengivesmesomehelp.=heoftengiveshelptome.Pleasemakemeakite.=Pleasemakeakiteforme.（make,buy,borrow时,介词用for.其他动词一般用介词to）如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语移后Ifound(todo)thejobratherdifficult.=Ifounditratherdifficulttodothejob.1．表语：说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)系动词主要有：be动词，感官动词（look，taste，smell，feel，sound，表状态变化的动词（get,become,turn，grow）seem,appear,keep,remain表语的构成形式：1）名词2）形容词3）代词4）数词5）不定式6）ing形式7）过去分词8）副词9）介词短语10）名词从句Timeismoney.Youlookveryyoung.Theywereathome.Herfaceturnedred.Threeo’clockisalwaystoolateortooearlyforanythingyouwanttodo.你想做什么事，三点钟总是太早或太迟。5．补语：补充说明。（由动词类别来决定）补语的构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）形容词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）名词从句主语补语Tomwasmademonitor.宾语补语ImadeTommonitor.表语补语Iamsuretosucceed.6、定语：对名词性形式进行范围限定。定语的构成形式：1）限定词2）形容词3）名词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语10）关系从句 Thisisbeautifulmusic.Thereareonlytwokindsofmusic…goodandbad.自古音乐分两种，好的和坏的。7.同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）名词从句Puff,themagicdragon,livedbythesea.8.状语：修饰词，短语，从句和整句。位置：自由自在。表示行为发生的时间，地点，程度，频度，方式，伴随，原因，目的，比较等。Canyoufeelthelovetonight?Inordertocatchupwithmyclassmates,Imuststudyhard.Withhishelp,weworkedoutthisproblem.Homeneverlookssogoodaswhenyoucomebackfromgettingawayfromit.只有出走又回家时，家才最感亲切。英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语（核心：主动词）1)Theteacherintheclassroom.2)Sangmanysongsanddancedhappily.3)Sheattracts.4)Manypeoplelivinginthecountry.4)Allthebooksonthedeskoverthere.以上这些形式没有中心词（动词）都不能构成英语句子。II．成分关系1．补语跟着宾语表语跑：补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态，则宾补就变成了主补。Toloveothersmakesushappy…toloveourselvesmakesuslonely.（宾补）Wearemadehappytoloveothers…wearemadelonelytoloveourselves.（主补）爱他人使我们幸福，在自己使我们孤单。2．定语，同位（语）专把名词踹：定语，同位语修饰名词性形式Experienceisthebestteacher.（被定语所修饰的形式为名词）TheyaregoingtoMelbourne,thebeautifulcityinsouthernAustralia.（同位语所修饰的形式为名词）3．谓语动词由状语修饰Whenyoureachforthestars,youmaynotquitegetone,butyouwon’tcomeupwithahandfulofsandeither.你想摘下天上的星星，可能一个也摘不下；但也不会一无所获。课后练习 （一）请分析下面句子的结构说出各个成分1）Ihavetwoeldersisters.2)Theydon"tswimverywell.3)Doyougotoschooleveryday?4)Ireallywantacupoftea.5)MissSmithteachesEnglishverywell.6）Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.7）Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou8）Allofusconsideredhimhonest.9）Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.10）Hebrokeapieceofglass.11）Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity．12）---Iloveyoumorethanher，child．13）Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.14）Theypushedthedooropen.15）Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight16）Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends.  17）Allthestudentsthinkhighlyofhisteaching18）Seeingafilmispleasurewhilemakingoneishardwork.19）MyjobistoteachthemEnglish.20）Makeyourselfathome.21）Thebosskeptthemworkingallday.22）Helikestosleepintheopenair.23）WeenjoylivinginChina. 16）Inordertocatchupwithmyclassmates,Imuststudyhard.17）TheboyintheroomisJack.18）Hisfaceturnsred.19）Ilefthimamessage.20）Thesunwasshining.21）Whathesaiddoesnotmatte22）Hefellinlove.23）Heisgrowingtallandstrong.24）Thetroubleisthattheyareshortofmoney.25）Iwanttohaveacupoftea.26）Newmethodsmakethejobeasy27）Theboyintheclassroomneedsapenofyours.28）10.Theboythereneedsapen.(二)指出下列句中主语的中心词①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmancominghere.③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday"shomeworkwithouttheteacher"shelpisverydifficult(三).选出句中谓语的中心词①Idon"tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don"tB.likeC.pictureD.wall②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon. A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast⑥Tomdidn"tdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didn"tC.doD.hishomework⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.is⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor⑨Heisinterestedinmusic.A.isB.interestedC.inD.music⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?A.giveB.didC.whomD.book（四)挑出下列句中的表语(5分，5分钟)①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.　　ABCD②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?　　　　ABCD③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.　　ABCD④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.　　　　ABCD⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.　　　ABCD(五)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn"tdonehishomework.　　　　ABCD②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.　ABCD③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.　　　　　　　ABCD④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?　　　　　　　　ABCD⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?　　　　ABCD⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.　　　　ABCD⑦Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.　　ABCD⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.　　　ABCD ⑨Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.　　　　　　ABCD⑩Theydidn"tknowwho"FatherChristmas"reallyis.　　ABCD(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语(6分，6分钟)①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.A     B       C                           D②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.　　　ABCD③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.　　　ABCD④TheycallmeLilysometimes.　　　ABCD⑤IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.　ABCD⑥DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?　　　　　　ABCD(七)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语1.Pleasetellusastory.2.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.3.Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.4.Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.5.Didheleaveanymessageforme?(八)、找出下列句子的定语和状语1.HeisoneofthemostpopularactorsinChina.2.Whatisyourgivenname?3.Healwaysgoestobedlate.4.Seeinghismother,theboywenttowardsher.5.Theoldmanoutsidetheroomismygrandpa.6.Theboywhohastraveledaroundtheworldismybestfriend.7.Itwasraininghardwhentheygothome.8.Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.9.Withabookunderhisarm,hehurriedlylefthome.