新编英语语法教程大学生用书6 noun and noun phrases 45页

UnitSix(1)NounandNounPhrase 1.CheckyourunderstandingofthetextAccordingtogrammaticalform,nounscanbedividedinto____.A.properandcommonnounsB.materialandabstractnounsC.countandnoncountnounsD.massandindividualnounsC Thenounphrasecanfunctionasallthefollowingclausalelementsexcept_____.A.adverbialB.subjectcomplementC.appositiveD.predicateverbD Whentalkingaboutthegrammarofnounandnounphrases,allthefollowinggrammaticalcategoriesshouldbeconsideredexcept_____.A.numberB.tenseC.caseD.genderB TothenonnativespeakerofEnglish,thegrammaticalcategoryof_____isthemostimportantconcerningtheEnglishnouns.A.numberB.caseC.personD.genderA 2.SomekeyissuesForeignplurals:basis-bases,criterion-criteria,stratum-strata,alumnus-alumniSomeborrowedwordshavetwopluralforms:aforeignpluralandanEnglishplural,e.g.medium-media-mediums,index-indices-indexes,formula-formulae-formulas,curriculum-curricula-curriculumsSingularandpluralnumbersharethesameform,e.g.:adeer-tendeer,onefish-severalfish,aJapanese-agroupofJapanese,anaircraft-ahundredaircraft Uncountablecollectivenounshasnopluralform.Ifwewanttocountthenumber,wewillhavetouseakindofindividualnounrelatedsemanticallytothecollective,e.g.:poetry-poem,machinery-machine,clothing-garment,coat,etc.Collectivenounscanbeusedeitherinthesingularorinthepluralsense,e.g.:team,committee,family Generallyuncountablenounshavenopluralforms.Buttherearesomeexceptions:Whenusedinothersensesthanthematerialitself,nounssuchascoffee,sand,water,food,fruitarecountableWhenusedinthesenseofinseparablematerial,suchindividualnounsasegg,stone,rubber,lamb,onioncanbeuncountable.Becarefulwiththis! Abstractnounaremostlyuncountable,buttherearesomeexceptions:Abstractnounssuchasvictory,conferencearecountable;Someabstractnounscanappearinpluralendingsbutstilluncountable,compare:Heisinfinancialdifficulties.?Heisinseveraldifficulties.(seep.46)Somecantakepluralendingsbutthemeaningwillbechanged,e.g.Wemeetonceayeartoexchangeourteachingexperience.Wetoldeachotherourexperiencesinforeigncountries.Becarefulwiththis! Someabstractnounshavenopluralform,butifwewanttocountthenumber,wecanuseakindofindividualnounsemanticallyrelatedtotheabstractnoun,e.g.:laughter-laugh,work-job,photography-photoSomecountablenounssuchasfamily,room,mouth,ear,winter,foolcanalsousedtoexpressanabstractconceptoranattribute.e.g.:tohavetoomuchfamilytohavetoomuchwintertohavetoolittleeartobefoolenoughBecarefulwiththis! Propernounsareuniqueinreferenceandthereforehavenopluralforms,buttherearesomeexceptions:Somepropernounsarethemselvesplural,e.g.theUnitedStates,theNetherlands,thePhilippines,theUnitedNationsWhenapropernountakesapluralending,ittakesonsomecharacteristicsofacommonnoun,e.g.:HaveyouinvitedtheBrowns?TherearetwoMissSmiths/MissesSmithinourclass.Becarefulwiththis! (1)Sociableanimalsas“antelope,fish,duck”cantakeeither–s/esformorbareform.Forexample:Icaughttenfishthismorning.Fishesofeverysizepreyuponotherswhicharesmaller.Wesawagreatmanyantelope.Thereareseveralantelopes.Theyshotalotofmoorhenandduck.Dotheyraiseducksthere?Somepluralnounstakingeither–s/esformorbareform (2)Somenounsindicatingnumberandotherkindsofmeasurement:pair,foot,pound,dozen,stone,hundred,thousand,million,etc.Iboughtthreepair/pairsofstockings.Glovesaresoldinpairs.Heissevenfoottwo.Johnissevenfeet/foottall.Thepriceisfivepoundeight.Thepriceisfivepounds.Thecirculationofthepaperrosetofivemillion/millions.Theirnationaldebtreachfiftymillions. PluralformswithnewsensesLet’sgooutforsomefreshair.Ihatethewaysheputsonairs.Ireceivedaletterfromsomemenofletters.Sheansweredinabusinessmanner.Shehasnomanners.Shewasclearlyinalotofpain.Shewasatgreatpainstostresstheadvantagesofthenewsystem. Thepluraltypographicalformofnumbersandletters:add“’s”or“s”ItisimpossibletomisstheHoratiantonehere:theI"smovesmoothlyintowe"sasaninformedandastutecolleagueadvisesusforourmutualbenefit.Iwillnotacceptyourif’sandbut’s.Mydecisionisfinal.Ithappenedin1960s/1960’s.Somepeoplearesuperstitiousabout13’s. Whichisbetter?Andwhy?AfterIranoverthecatwithourcar,therewas_____(thecat/acat/cat)alloverthedriveway.Whenhefinishedusinghisknifetotunnelthroughthestonewall,ithadvery______(little/few)bladeleft.Willyoumopup_____(thatwater/water),please? Unit6(2)GenitiveNoun 1.Checkingyourunderstandingofthetext____isagrammaticalcategorywhichdenotesthechangesintheformofanounorapronounshowingitsrelationshipwithotherwordsinasentence.A.ConcordB.CaseC.VoiceD.ReferenceB DifferentfromlanguageslikeGermanandRussian,whichhavecomplicatedcasesystem,modernEnglishisbasicallyananalyticlanguage,whichdeterminesthefunctionsplayedbyitsnounsbythewordorderratherthanthecase,butsomeEnglishnounsstillhavetotaketheformof____caseincertaincontext.A.dativeB.nominativeC.accusativesD.genitiveD Thegenitiveischieflyusedtodenote“possession”,andtherefore,istraditionallycalled“possessivecase”,butgenitiveformcanalsobeusedtoindicateallthefollowingmeaningsexcept____.A.subject-verbrelationshipbetweenthegenitiveandheadnounsB.verb-objectrelationshipbetweenthegenitiveandheadnounsC.originoftheheadnounD.agreementbetweenthegenitivenounandtheheadnounD Whenthemissingheadnounreferstoallthefollowingexcept____,thesocalledindependentgenitivecanbeused.A.acommercialfirmB.somebody’shouseorresidenceC.achurch,aschool,orsomeotherpublicbuildingD.aperson’snameD 2.SomekeyissuesThemeaningexpressedbythegenitivecanbestbeshownbysententialorphrasalanaloguesPossessivegenitive:Mywife’sfatherMywifehasafatherMrsJohnson’spassportMrsJohnsonhasapassport Subjectivegenitive:theboy’sapplicationTheboyappliedfor…Herparents’consentHerparentsconsented…objectivegenitive:Thefamily’ssupport(…)supportsthefamilyTheboy’srelease(…)releasedtheboy Genitiveoforigin:Thegirl’sstoryThegirltoldastoryThegeneral’sletterThegeneralwrotealetter.descriptivegenitive:awomen’scollegeacollegeforwomenAsummer’sdayasummerday Genitiveofmeasure:Tenday’sabsenceTheabsencelastedtendaysPartitivegenitive:thebaby’seyesThebabyhas(blue)eyesTheearthsurfaceTheearthhasa(rough)surface Genitiveofattribute:Thevictim’scourageThevictimhadcourage/Thevictimwascourageous Becarefulwiththis!Thesemanticclassificationaboveisinpartarbitrary.Forexample,onecouldclaimthat“cow’smilk”isnotagenitiveoforigin[“milkfromacow”]butadescriptivegenitive[“thekindofmilkobtainedfromacow”],orevenasubjectivegenitive[“Thecowprovidedthemilk”]. ContextualclueshelpsCameron,whoisaccompaniedbyfourseniorministersandmorethan40businessleaders,said:"WewantastrongereconomicandbusinessrelationshipwithChina–wearethefifth-largesteconomyin theworld,butwehaveonly2%ofChina"simports."Subjectivegenitive 2.SomekeyissuesNounsthatcantakegenitivecaseNounsreferringtohumanbeings,e.g.GeorgeWashington’sstatuetheboy’snewbicycleCollectivenounswhichemphasizetheaspectof‘organizedindividuals’,e.g.Thegovernment’seconomicplans,thenation’sresources Geographicalnamesorlocativenouns,e.g.Europe"sfuture,China’sdevelopment,theschool’shistoryTemporalnouns,e.g.thedecades’events,today’spaperOthernounsof“specialrelevancetohumanactivity”,e.g.thebrains’totalweight,thegame’shistory,mylife’aim Discussion:acceptableorunacceptablethehouse’srooftheworld’sbestuniversitiesAfrica’sfirstartsfestivaltheCabinet’sgreatestmistakeMarginallyacceptableAcceptableAcceptableAcceptable Ascentraldeterminer,genitivenounsaresometimesinterchangeablewithof-phrases,eg:Anelephant’strunk=thetrunkofelephanttheprimeminister’sarrival=thearrivaloftheprimeministerthecriminal"spunishment=thepunishmentofthecriminalNewton’slaw=thelawofNewtonTherelationshipbetweengenitiveandof-phrases Discussion:Formalvs.informalWhenthegenitivenounandtheof-phrasearebothpossible,thelattersoundsmoreformal,eg:Shakespeare’ssonnetsthesonnetsofShakespeare Whenusedasclassifiers,onlygenitivenouncanbeused,eg:children’pictorial*pictorialofchildrenmen’sclothing*clothingofmenInsomeidiomsonlygenitivenouncanbeused,eg:atone’swits’endatswords’pointsahair’sbreadthBecarefulwiththis! However,onsomeoccasionsonlyof-phrasecanbeused,forexample:theopinionofthechairmanappointedamothagotheincomeoftherichthestruggleoftheexploitedthecityofRomeBecarefulwiththis! Onsomeoccasions,thegenitiveformsarepreferred,forexample:TheheadnounisfollowedbyaPP,eg:Idonotknowthestudents’opinionofhim.Wemustcloselyfollowthegovernment’spolicyineducation.Mary’sviewonyourarticlefallsinwithours.Becarefulwiththis! Theheadnounisfollowedbyarelativeclause,eg:WejustsawNancy’sbrotherwhoarrivedfromBirminghamtheotherday.Allthestudentshaveattendedtheengineer’sreport,whichismostinstructive.Becarefulwiththis! Thecoordinateheadnouns,eg:Theoldpoorpeasant’schildhoodandearlylifewereclearproofofruthlessfeudaloppressionintheolddays.Themachinewasdesignedbytheplant’stechniciansandworkers.Becarefulwiththis! Inthenounphrasesusedasobjectsaftertheverbssuchasask,request,anddemand,etc,eg:WehavetorequesttheCommittee’sapproval.Let’saskthesecretary’sopinion.ThePLAmendemandedtheenemy’sunconditionalsurrender.Becarefulwiththis! Whenusedintheheadlineofanewsreport,eg:China’sFirstUltra-deepOilWellJapan"sElectionResultsReleasedGhanianHeadofStateCallsforSouthernAfricanPeople’sUnityBecarefulwiththis! DoublegenitiveWhenanof-phrasetakesanindependentgenitivenounasitscomplementation,wewillhavetheso-calleddoublegenitive,eg:Heisafriendofmyfather’s.Thisisapaintingofmyroommate’s.Compareandexplain:apatientofthedoctor’s*apatientofadoctor’s*anengineoftheplane’s*thepatientofthedoctor’sBecarefulwiththis!! Compareandexplainthedifference:a.Heisafriendofmyfather’s.b.Heisafriendofmyfather.a.aportraitofMrBrown’sb.aportraitofMrBrowna.acriticismofMrHamilton’sb.acriticismofMrHamilton CompareMrs.Brown’sdaughterMrsBrown’sdaughterMaryMary,(the)daughterofMrsBrownMary,adaughterofMrsBrown’sHavingonlyonedaughterNotimplyingherhavingonlyonedaughterNotimplyingherhavingonlyonedaughterhavingmorethanonedaughter QuizA:Whotoldyouthat?B:Afriendofyourfather’s.A:Ifhesayssuchthings,heisnot___(afriendofmyfather/thefriendofmyfather/afriendofmyfather’s),whoeverhemayhe. AssignmentGiveanintensivereadingtolectures6and7;Finishdoingtheexerciseineachsection;Makenotesonthepointsyoucannotunderstand.