英语语法时态学习法 11页

SIMPLEPRESENTThesimplepresenttenseisusedtodiscusspermanentsituationsandthefrequencyofevents.SimplePresentTimelineForexample:Q)"Wheredoyou live?"A)"I live inGermany."Q)"Wheredoes he live?"A)"He lives inGermany."Q)"What do youdo?"A)"I"m ateacher."Q)"What does hedo?"A)"He"s ateacher."FrequencyThesimplepresenttenseisalsousedtoshowhowoftensomethinghappenswith adverbsoffrequency -always,usually,often,sometimes,occasionally,seldom,rarely,never,etc....Andwhendiscussingdaily,weekly,monthlyetc.routines.Forexample:"I alwaysgetup at6.00.""I neverdrink coffeebefore12.00.""I work onmywebsite everyday.""Every MondayandThursdayI go tothegym."Wealsousethesimplepresenttoaskforandgiveinstructionsortodiscussaseriesofactions.Forexample: Q)HowdoImakepancakes?"A)Well,firstyoutake4eggsandcrackthemintoabowl,thenyouweighout4oz.offlourandsieveitintotheeggs.etc.Thesimplepresenttensecanalsobeusedtodiscuss future events.PRESENTCONTINIOUSTENSEWhenwetalkabouteventsthatareactuallyhappeningnow,weusethepresentcontinuoustense.Thisisformedbyusingthestemoftheverbandadding-ingtotheend,forexampletheverb"work"becomes"working".Insomecasesyouneedto alterthespelling abitforexampletheverb"die"becomes"dying".PresentContinuousTimelineForexample:Q)"Whatareyoudoing?"A)"I"mbuildingawebsite."Wealsousethepresentcontinuoustensetotalkaboutthingsthatarehappeningaroundnowbutaretemporary.Forexample:Q)"Whatareyou doing thesedays?"A)"UnfortunatelyI"m working alot."Itisalsousedtodescribetrendsorsituationsthatarehappeningbutmaybetemporary.Forexample:"Nowadaysmoreandmorepeopleare shopping ontheInternet."...andhabitualactions(usuallynegative).Forexample: "He"salways cleaning hiscar."Thepresentcontinuoustensecanalsobeusedtodiscuss future events:Note:-Thepresentcontinuousisusuallyusedwithdoingverbs(verbsofaction)notwithverbsofstate.Thefollowingverbsare notusedinthecontinuousform:-Conditions:belong,cost,need,own,seemFeelings:like,love,hate,want,wishBeliefs:believe,feel,know,mean,remember,think,understandSIMPLEPASTThesimplepasttenseisusedtotalkaboutactionsthathappenedataspecifictimeinthepast.Youstatewhenithappenedusinga timeadverb.Youformthesimplepastofaverbbyadding-edontotheendofa regularverb but, irregularverb formshavetobelearned.SimplePastTimelineDid+baseformofverb+complementForexample:"Lastyear I took myexams.""I got marriedin 1992." Itcanbeusedtodescribeeventsthathappenedoveraperiodoftimeinthepastbutnotnow.Forexample:"I lived inSouthAfrica fortwoyears."Thesimplepasttenseisalsousedtotalkabouthabitualorrepeatedactionsthattookplaceinthepast.Forexample:"WhenIwasachild wealways went totheseasideonbankholidays."PASTCONTINOUSWeusethepastcontinuoustensetodescribeapastactionoveraperiodoftime.PastContinuousTimelineWas/were+verb(-ing)+complementForexample:Q)"What were they doing yesterday?"A)"They wereworking allday."Itcanbeusedtodescribewhatsomeonewasdoingataparticularpointintime.Forexample:Q)"What were you doing at7.30lastnight?"A)"I waswatching television."Thepastcontinuouscanalsobeusedtoshowthatanactivityfrequentlytookplaceoveraperiodoftime. Q)"What did youdoonholiday?"A)"I wentskiing alot."Oftenthepastcontinuousismixedwiththepastsimpletoshowwhatwashappeningwhensomethinghappened.Thepastcontinuousreferstothelongereventandthesimplepasttotheeventthatinterruptedit.Forexample:"I wasdriving towork whenIcrashed mycar."orAsI wasdriving towork, Icrashed mycar."PRESENTPERFECTSIMPLETENSEThepresentperfectsimpletenseisusedtotalkaboutapasttime,whichhasverystrongmeaningforthepresent.PresentPerfectSimpleTimelineForexample:Q)Where"sJane?A)She hasgoneout.Sheshouldbebackinanhour.Weformthepresentperfectsimplebyusingtheauxilliaryverbhave/hasandthe-edformoftheregularverb(thepastparticiple) irregularverb formshavetobelearned:Thepresentperfectsimpleisusedtodiscusseventsthathavejustbeencompletedatthemomentofspeaking. Forexample:Q) Haveyoudone yourhomework?" A)"Yes, I"ve just finished it."Itisoftenusedtosuggestthatapastactionstillhasaneffectuponsomethinghappeninginthepresent.Forexample:"Thepound hasfallen againstthedollar."Itisalsousedtodiscussunfinishedtime.Forexample:Q) Haveyoudoneyour homeworktoday?A)No,I haven"tdone ityet.Note-Youaretalkingabouttodayandtodayisn"tfinished,soyoumaydoyourhomeworklater!Q) Haveyoueverbeen toEngland?" A)"Yes Ihave." Note-Youaretalkingaboutsomethingthathashappenedinyourlifeandyourlifeisn"tfinished!Youcanalsousethepresentperfecttodiscusssomethingfromthepastbutyoudon"twanttosayexactlywhen.Forexample:Q)"Areyoulearninganylanguages?" A)"Yes,I"vebeguntolearnEnglish."Thistenseisoftenusedtodiscusseventsthathavebeenhappeningoveraperiodoftime,butaren"tfinishedyet.Forexample:Q)"Howlong have you studied Englishfor?" A)"I"vestudied Englishfor2yearsnow." Howeveritisbetter(grammaticallyspeaking)tousethe PresentPerfectContinuous toexpressyourselfinthisway.Forexample:Q)"Howlong have you beenstudying Englishfor?"A)"I"vebeenstudying English for 2yearsnow."!Note Itisalways for alengthoftimeand since apointintime.PRESENTPERFECTCONTINUOUSTENSEThepresentperfectcontinuoustenseisoftenused(withfororsince)todescribehowlongsomethinghasbeenhappeninguptonow.PresentPerfectContinuousTimelineForexample:-Q)Howlong haveyoubeenstudying English?" A) I"vebeenstudying English for fouryears." Note -Youcanjustsay"For fouryears." Q)Howlong haveyoubeenliving inGermany?A) I"vebeenlivinghere since 1998.Note -Youcanjustsay"Since 1998".Thepresentperfectcontinuousisalsousedtorefertoaneventthatmayormaynotbefinishedwhenit"seffectcanbeseennow.Forexample:- Look! It"sbeen snowing. Note -It"snotnecessarilysnowingnowbutyoucanseetheeffect(thesnowontheground).Youshouldalsousethepresentperfectcontinuouswhentalkingabouthowlongyouhavebeendoingyourcurrentjoborworkingonunfinishedprojects:-Forexample:-I havebeenworking atBT for threeyears. We havebeenexporting toChina since 1999.!Note Itisalways for alengthoftimeand since apointintime.PASTPERFECTSIMPLETENSEThepastperfectsimpletenseisusedtogofurtherbackintimewhenwearealreadytalkingaboutthepast.Itcanmakeitclearthatsomethinghadalreadyhappenedatthetimewearetalkingabout.PastPerfectSimpleTimelineForexample:"I hadalreadydone theshoppingbythetimeshe came home.""I was lateforwork,bythetimeI arrived theclient hadalreadyleft."Thepastperfectsimplecanbeusedtoshowhowoftensomethinghappenedinthepast.Forexample:I"dvisited thecity manytimes before. Itcanalsobeusedtoexpressunfulfilledwishesordreams.Sometimescalledthe ThirdConditional.Forexample:"IfIhadwon thelottery Iwouldhavebought anewcar." Note:IfIhaddonesomethingIwouldhavedonesomethingelse.PASTPERFECTCONTINUOUSTENSEThepastperfectcontinuoustenseisusedtotalkaboutlongersituationsthatcontinueduptothemomentinthepastwearetalkingabout.PastPerfectContinuousTimelineForexample:"BythetimeI left Englandwe hadbeenliving inBristolforfiveyears.""Herback wassore becauseshe hadbeensitting atthecomputerallday."Itisalsousedtosayhowlongsomethingwentonfor,uptoatimeinthepast.Forexample:-Weapologisedbecause we hadkeptthem waiting for3hours.Weapologisedbecause we hadkeptthem waiting since lunchtime.!Note Itisalways for alengthoftimeand since apointintime. SIMPLEFUTURETENSEWesometimesusethe simplepresentform todiscussfutureevents.Especiallywhentalkingaboutofficialeventsthathappenatasettimesuchastimetables,meetings,itineraries,programmesetc.Forexample:Q)"Whattimedoesthetrainleave?"A)"Itleavesat17.30."Q)"Whattimedoesthemeetingbegintomorrow?"A)"Itbeginsat8.00am."Q)"Whattimedoyouarriveattheairporttomorrow?"A)"Iarriveat6.30pm."FUTURECONTINOUSTENSEThefuturecontinuoustenseisthepresentcontinuoustenserecycled.Itisoftenusedtoaskaboutanddiscussfuturearrangementsorplanswithjusttheadditionofafuturetime,butyouonlyuseitwhenthesearrangementsarecertain.Forexample:Q)Whatareyou doing nextweek?"A)"I"m working."Q)What"she doing tomorrow?"A)"He"s playing tennis."Thepresentcontinuoustenseisalsousedtotalkaboutandmakefutureappointmentsandarrangementsusingthewordsgoorcome....Forexample:Q)Whenareyou coming toseeme?"A)"Nextweek."Q)Whatareyou doing tomorrow?"A)"I"m going tothedentist."...andusingverbsofarrivalanddeparture."We"re arriving inLondonat2.30." "Thetrain leaving fromplatformoneisthe2.45toEdinburgh."TheFutureContinuous(willbedoing)Theuseof"willbedoing"inasentenceisoftenreferredtoasthefuturecontinuous.Itisusedtotalkaboutactivitiesthatwillbehappeningataparticulartimeoroveraparticulartimeinthefuture.Forexample:Nextweek we willbehaving aparty.Canyoucome?Youcanalsouseit(orthepresentcontinuousform)totalkaboutfutureplans.Forexample:We willbeleaving hereat7.30pm.PRESENTPERFECTFUTURETENSEDiscussing thefutureusingthepresentperfectsimpleformYoucanusethepresentperfectsimpleformtosaythatsomethingwillhavehappenedbyacertaintimeinthefuture."ThistimenextyearI willhavefinished myexams."Discussing thefutureusingthepresentperfectcontinuousform(alsoknownasthefutureperfectcontinuoususingwillhavebeendoing).Youcanusethepresentperfectcontinuousformtosayhowlongsomethingwillhavebeenhappeningbyacertaintimeinthefuture."ThistimenextyearI willhavebeenteaching Englishfor9years."