高考英语语法复习 26页

地点状语从句和原因状语从句地点状语从句和原因状语从句一、地点状语从句1．引导地点状语从句的从属连词where,wherever指具体地点时，从句可用于主句之前或之后；表示抽象条件的含义时，从句须放在主句之前。Ihaveasimplephilosophy:Fillwhat’sempty.Emptywhat’sfull.Scratch（挠）whereititches.我有一个简单的哲学：空即添满，满即清空，哪儿痒痒挠哪儿。注：一切随缘的哲学。Wherethere""sawillthere""saway,butwhatifyournameisWill?有志者事竟成，但如果你就叫WILL呢？注：如果他叫Will，那他就路路通，什么事儿也难不倒他。这是根据俗语延伸出的好玩儿的思维，下面的句子也是这个俗语的好玩儿延伸：Wherethere""sawill,there""sanInheritance（遗产）Tax.哪里有遗嘱，哪里就有遗产税。注：遗嘱留下了遗产，要交遗产税。通常说Where’sawill,there’saway.有志者，事竟成。2．区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句：You’dbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions.(状语从句)You’dbettermakeamarkattheplacewhereyouhaveanyquestions.(定语从句)二、原因状语从句 1．引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthat，每个连词的含义不尽相同。（because用得最多）Doctor:Yourpulseisassteadyasaclock.Patient:Becauseyouhaveyourhandonmywristwatch.医生：你的脉搏象钟表一样稳。病人：因为你把手放在了我的手表上。Theelephantdidn’tweargreensneakers（运动鞋）becausehisredoneswereinwash.大象没穿绿运动鞋，因为他的红鞋正洗呢。Chefwantedmetoinformyouthat,asyouneverleaveatip,youmayaswellknowthatheneverwasheshishands.厨师想让我告诉你因为你从不留小费，你最好知道他从不洗手。Bruised（浑身是伤）andbandage（缠着绷带）,aworkerarrivedattheoffice.Sincehewasanhourlate,hisbossyelledandwantedhimtoexplain.“Ifelldownaflightofstairs.”“Andthattookawholehour?”一名工作人员浑身是伤，缠着绷带来到办公室，因为他迟到了一个小时，老板冲他大喊大叫要他作出解释。“我从楼梯上掉了下来”。“那需要整整一个小时吗”？ThemodernFrenchduel（决斗）isoneofthemostdangeroustraditionsofourday.Sinceitisfoughtintheopenairthecombatantsaresuretocatchcold.现代法国决斗是当代最危险的风俗之一。因为在露天进行，决斗者肯定要得感冒。 注：“决斗的危险”和“感冒”联系起来思维是发散的。Sincewe’rebothworkingonthesamemarriage,Ithoughtitshouldbeagoodideatogettogetherandcomparenotes.因为我们经营的是同一个婚姻，我认为我们一起比较一下便条是个好主意。注：夫妻间在打冷战，谁也不跟谁说话，丈夫提议用便条来交流。2．其他表示原因的方式除了状语从句外，一些介词短语同样可以表示原因，这样的短语有：becauseof,thankto,dueto,owingto等。Teacher:Whyareyoulate,Joseph?Joseph:Becauseofasignontheroad.Teacher:Whatdoesasignhavetodowithyourbeinglate?Joseph:Thesignsaid,SchoolAhead,GoSlow!老师：你为什么迟到？学生：因为一个路标。老师：路标和你迟到有什么关系？学生：路标上写着，“前面有学校，慢行”。Thankstomyfailuretolearnshorthand.(速记)Itprobablysavedmefromalifetimeofhardwork.感谢我没有学会速记，可能省了我一生的艰苦工作。注：有些技能不学可能更好。Duetorecentcutbacks,thelightattheendofthetunnel[隧道]hasbeenturnedoff.最近为了减少开支，已经关掉了隧道尽头的灯。 注：Thelightattheendofthetunnel隧道尽头的灯是指“黑暗中的希望”，这句话的意思是最后的希望都放弃了。Manyaman’swonderfulself-controlisduetothefactthathehasawife.很多男人具有极强的自我控制能力是因为他有一个太太。注：男人在家里养成了控制自己，尊敬太太的习惯。此外，并列连词for加分词也可表原因，for与后面的分句可对前面的分句起补充说明的作用。他以无知著称，他只有一个想法，还是错的。Hewasdistinguished[著名的]forignorance;forhehadonlyoneideaandthatwaswrong英语语法名词性从句英语语法名词性从句名词性从句是由if,whether,that和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。一．主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm. Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.2.用it作形式主语的结构(1)Itis＋名词＋从句Itisafactthat…事实是…Itisanhonorthat…非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat…是常识(2)itis＋形容词＋从句Itisnaturalthat…很自然…Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…(3)itis＋不及物动词＋从句Itseemsthat…似乎…Ithappenedthat…碰巧…(4)it＋过去分词＋从句Itisreportedthat…据报道…Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况(1)if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。(2)Itissaid,(reported)…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：ItissaidthatPresidentJingowillvisitourschoolnextweek.(right) ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.(wrong)(3)Ithappens…,Itoccurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.(right)Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.(wrong)(4)Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.(right)Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.(wrong)(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?(right)Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?(wrong)4.What与that在引导主语从句时的区别What引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that则不然。例如：1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.2)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.二．宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。1.作动词的宾语(1)由that引导的宾语从句（that通常可以省略）,例如：Iheardthatbejoinedthearmy.(2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如： 1)Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.2)Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.(3)动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.2.作介词的宾语例如：Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.3.作形容词的宾语例如：Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.That引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：Anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。4.It可以作为形式宾语It不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth..5.后边不能直接跟that从句的动词这类动词有Allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如：Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.(right)Iadmirethattheywonthematch.(wrong)6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有Envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如：Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.(right)Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.(wrong)7.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为Think,consider,wuppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：nbsp;Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。）三．表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等结构。例如：1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四．同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople. 2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1)ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）2)ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）英语语法独立主格结构英语语法独立主格结构一、概念：“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。二、功能：“独立主格结构” 实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。三、形式：独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为：—ing分词独立主格结构；—ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。四、举例：1、Therebeingnothingelsetodo,theygoneaway.由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词＋－ing;表原因）2、MissWangcomeintotheclassroom,booksinhand.王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随）3、Theoldmansatinhischair,hiseyesclosed.老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词＋－ed;表状态）4、Classover,webegantoplaybasketball.放学了，我们开始玩篮球。（名词＋副词；表时间）5、Withoutawordmorespoken,hepickedupthepaper.没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。（介词结构；表伴随）6、Thelastguesttoarrive,ourpartywasstarted.最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。（名词＋不定式；表时间）五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同： 1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例：⑴Iftimepermit,we’dbetterhavearestatthisweekend.－→Timepermitting，we’dbetterhavearestatthisweekend.如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。⑵Whenweseefromthetopfloor,wecanfindthegardenmorebeautiful.－→Seeingfromthetopfloor,wecanfindthegardenmorebeautiful.从顶楼上看，花园更漂亮。2、还应该注意，分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”；有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语，语法上称作“悬垂分词”。例：⑴Lookingformywatchintheroom,ithadtakenmealongtime.在屋里找表，用了我很长时间。(依着原则)⑵Whenplantingtheseflowers,caremustbetakennottodamagetheroot.(我们)种花时必须小心，不能碰坏花根。（悬垂分词）六、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同：1、有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有：generallyspeaking;franklyspeaking;judgingfrom;supposing等等。例：⑴Generallyspeaking,theruleisveryeasytounderstand.总的来说，这个规则很容易懂。⑵Judgingfromwhathesaid,shemustbeanhonestgirl.根据他所说的，她一定很诚实。2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：tobehonest;tobesure;totellyouthetruth;tocutalongstoryshort;tobefrank;tomakethematterworse等等。例：⑴Totellyouthetruth,whatIsaidatthemeetingwasnotmyopinion.说实话，我在会上说的并不是我的意见。⑵Tomakethematterworse,helockedhiskeysinthecar.更糟糕的是，他把钥匙锁在车里了 不定式的时态和语态不定式的时态和语态时态语态　　　主动　　　　　被动一般式　　　　　todo　　　　　　tobedone进行式　　　　　tobedoing　　完成式　　　　　tohavedone　　tohavebeendone完成进行式　　　tohavebeendoing　　1)现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。　　Heseemstoknowthis.　　Ihopetoseeyouagain.=IhopethatI"llseeyouagain.　我希望再见到你。2)完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。　I"msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.　Heseemstohavecaughtacold.3)进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。　Heseemstobeeatingsomething.4)完成进行时：　Sheisknowntohavebeenwreakingontheproblemformanyyears.50个最容易出错的英语语法题1,ItdispleasemyparentswhenRichardandIstayoutlateeverynight.Myparentsdon’tapprove_____.A,ofmeandRichardstayingoutlateeverynight.B,ofRichardandmestayingoutlateeverynight. C,ofRichard’sandmystayingoutlateeverynight.D,whenRichardandmestayoutlateeverynight.2,“Asfortheirgoingalongwithus,“shesaid,“________”.A,myhusbandandmyselfcertainlyhavenoobjection.B,certainlymyhusbandandIhavenoobjection.C,eitherIormyhusbandcertainlyhavenoobjection.D,eithermyhusbandorIcertainlyhavenoobjection.3,“anythingwrong?”“therewasnoobjectiononthepartof________present”.A,this.B,those.C,these.D,who.4,Althoughorientalideasofwoman’ssubordinationtomanprevailedinthosedays,she_______meetwithmenonanequalbasis.A,didnotdared.B,darednotC,darednotto.D,diddarenotto.5,Thestars(awaken)acertainreverenceinmanbecause,(though)always(present),theyarebeyond(your)reach.6,Ihadhoped(tohavelearned)Frenchbeforemytrip(toParis),butI(didnothave)any(extramoney)foracourse.7,“whatisthedifference?”“thisfurnitureisdifferentfrom______”.A,thatbook.B,your.C,thatone.D,that.8,“wewalkedtwentymilestoday.”“Ineverguessedyoucouldhavewalked_____”. A,as.B,this.C,that.d.such.9,“whatdidJackdolastyear?”.“Iheard____taughtGerman.”.a,he.B,his.c.heis.d.him.10,“didyouseeanyforeignerpresentattheparty?”.“hewastheonlyforeigner____Isawattheparty.”.a,whom.B,that.C,who.d.which.11,(Nobody)whowillnottrytohelptheotherpeople(develop)(his)abilities(deserves)tohavefriends.12,(thereis)oftendisagreement(as)(towhom)isthe(better)Shakespeareanactor,EvansorGielgud.13,Johnwas(theonlyone)oftheboys(whom)asyouknow(was)not(eligible).14,The(irritable)sergeant(was)insistentthatnothing(superseded)thedrillingof(thefortynewmen.).15,(Stillholding)theyoungman’shand,hepaused,andthen(addeddeliberately):nowIamnotthemantoletacause(tobelost)(forwantof)aword.16,“Whatdoyouthinkaboutthesepies?”“Iwouldliketohave_____”.A,someother.B,another.c.theother.d.other.17,TheFORMationofsnow(mustbeoccurring)(slowly),incalmair,andattemperature(near)the(freezing)point.18,Carolsaid(that)she(went)(to)thesupermarket(beforecoming)home. 19,(Weighed)downbyamassoftrivialdetail,ahousewifeisfortunateifshe(didnot)soon(lose)allhercharmand(three-quarters)ofherintelligence.20,Whenourneighbor’sdaughter(caught)herfingersinthecardoor,she(didnotcry)eventhoughit(must)have(hurted)her.21,Iwillemploytheman______theysayisafluentspeakerofEnglish.A,who.B,that.C,which.d.whom.22,“Thenabouttolstoy’sgreatnovels”.“who_____hasreadhisgreatnovelscanforgettheirfascination?”a,who.B,that.c.whichd.whoever.23,Sincetheearliestancestorsofthewhaleswerelandcreatures,thequestionhasarisenastohow____________.A,didtheflipperadaptationofthewhaleoriginate.B,wastheflipperadaptationofthewhaleoriginated.c.theflipperadaptationofthewhaleoriginated.D,theflipperadaptationofthewhaletooriginate.24,Most(aggregate)rocksarefused,and,(asisimplied)bythename,(hasoriginated)(bytheaggregation)ofsmallerstones.25,TheAmish,(whose)cultureis(unique)American,have(developed)a(distinctive)traditioninorganicfarming.26,Bythetimesmith(graduates)from(dentalschool),hewillbe(twenty-six)(yearsofage).27,(standinginthedriveway),thehouse(appearedtobe)muchsmallerthan(ithadseemed)(tousaschildren)manyyearsago. 28,Kevinis(particularly)(fondof)cooking,andhe(really)(cooks)deliciousmeals.29,Iheldanopinionthat(ahonestman)whomarriedandbrought(up)alargefamilydidmoreservicethan(he)whocontinued(single)andonlytalkedofthepopulation.30,After(thechurch)(themen)stoodtogether(inthechurchyard)(saying)hemustbecrazy.31,“doyouneedmorewaterinthepan?”“no,ithas___________”.A,alreadyenoughfull.B,fullalreadyenough.C,alreadyhadenough.D,hadalreadyenough.32,Thisis___________suchathing.A,myfirsttimeofseeing.B,myfirsttimetosee.C,thefirsttimeIhaveeverseen.D,myfirsttimeIhaveeverseen.33,“afterthat,whathappenedtohim?”“thechancetoenter_____comeandhetookit.”A,tocollege.B,thecollege.c.forcollege.d.college.34,Therehasbeen(hardlynosignof)agreement(asyet)(between)themanagementandlabor(intheir)disputeoverwagesandworkingconditions.35,________lessonswerenotdifficult.A,ourfirstfewshortFrench.B,ourfewfirstshortFrench.c.ourfewfirstFrenchshort.D,fewourfirstFrenchshort.36,Billsaidthathedidn’tdo_______paperwork.A,many.B,lotsof.c.agreatdealof.d.much. 37,Iwaitedthereforthirtyminutes;thatseemed________hourstome.A,many.B,verymuch.C,asmany.d.somany.38,Noone(on)thecommitteehadflatlymade(some)suchallegation,(though)WayneMorsedidcome(close)bydeclaringthattheU.S.hadirritatedtheNorthVietnamese.39,There(havebeen)(many)anargument(about)(its)properusage.40,(thesocialstudies),(broadspeaking),(dealwith)man’s(relationshiptoothermen).41,Founded(in)1961(andemployed)anestimated35,000people,theorganization(hasgained)areputationforbrutality.42,“johnhadthepianotunedtoday.”“wasit_______?”.A,outoftunebadlybefore.B,beforebadlyoutoftune.C,badlyoutoftunebefore.D,outoftunebeforebadly.43,“leavingforChicago?”“_______.”A,soon.B,lately.c.late.d.sooner.44,“janeactsquiteunfriendly.”“Ithinksheis________thanunfriendly.”A,shyer.B,shy.C,moreshyrather.D,moreshy.45,“wouldyoulikemetogotothedoctorwithyou?”“no,you_______withme.” A,neednottogo.B,donotneedgo.c.neednotgo.D,needtonot.46,No(other)beveragecomes(even)closetorivalingcoffeeasthe(morewidely)drunkrefreshmentinthe(world).47,Strangers(come)intohercity(now)noticewhata(clean)place(itis).48,ProfessorAndersonthoughtthatbecausehistoricalparallelsareso(much)usedunpreciselyanduncriticallyit(would)be(better)toavoidthemaltogetherinourthemes.49,“Ididnotgototheparty.”“did_____gototheparty?”a,manyjohnfriends.B,manyjohn’sfriends.C,mysisterboyfriend.D,aboyfriendofmysister’s.50,“whatdidyousee?”“wesaw_____policethere”.A,many.B,much.c.little.d.the.51,(when)and(bywhom)theislandsofthewestIndieswerefirstsettledisamatter(ofdebating)(among)archaeologists.52,(Cliff’sandAl’s)car(brokedown)again,but(luckily)theyknew(howtofix)it.53,(fromthetop)ofthetower,Jacobwasable(toclearlyandeasilysee)the(whole)city(stretching)outbelowhim.54,Joan(decided)thatshedidnotlikethe(girleating)anice-creamconeonthebusafter(she)(yelled)atherlittlebrother.keys:BBBBD/ADCAB/CCBCC/BABBD/BBCCB/BACAA/CCBAA/DCBAB/BCADC/CAADD/CABC 英语非谓语动词练习1.Theteachertoldthem________makesomuchnoise.　　A.don’t　　B.not　　C.willnot　　D.notto2.Ourmasteroftentoldus_______thingsforgranted.　　A.nottohave　B.nottotake　　C.didn’ttake　　D.nottomake3.Tellhim_______thewindow.　　A.toshutnot　　　　B.nottoshut　　C.tonotshut　　　D.notshut4.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim______.　　A.notto　　B.nottodo　　C.notdoit　　D.donotto5.MrsSmithwarnedherdaughter________afterdrinking.　　A.nevertodrive　　　　B.toneverdrive　C.neverdriving　　　　D.neverdrive6.Thepatientwaswarned_______oilyfoodaftertheoperation.　　A.toeatnot　　B.eatingnot　　C.nottoeat　　D.noteating7.Theworkerswantus________togetherwiththem.　　A.work　　B.working　　C.towork　　D.worked8.Theywouldnotallowhim________acrosstheenemyline.　　A.toriskgoing　　　B.riskingtogo　　C.forrisktogo　D.riskgoing9.Isawhim_______outoftheroom.　　A.go　　B.hadgone　　C.hasgone　　D.goes10.Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher_______upfromchildhood. 　　A.grow　　B.grew　　C.wasgrowing　　D.togrow11.I’veheardhim_______aboutyouoften.　　A.spoke　　B.speaks　　C.speak12.Thoughhehadoftenmadehislittlesister_______,todayhewasmade______byhislittlesister.　　A.cry；tocry　　　　B.crying；crying　　C.cry；cry　　　　　　D.tocry；cry13.Hewasmade_________.　　A.go　　B.gone　　C.going　　D.togo14.Johnwasmade_______thetruckforaweekasapunishment.　　A.towash　　B.washing　　C.wash　　D.tobewashing15.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade_______.Healwaysworkshard.　　A.learn　　B.tolearn　　C.learned　　D.learning16.There’resomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan’tmakeupmymind______tobuy.　　A.what　　B.which　　C.how　　D.where17.Thereisn’tanydifferencebetweenthetwo.Ireallydon’tknow_________.　　A.wheretochoose　　B.whichtochoose　C.tochoosewhat　D.tochoosewhich18.“Haveyoudecidedwhen________?”　　“Yes,tomorrowmorning.”　　A.toleave　　　　B.tobeleaving　　C.willyouleave　　　　D.areyouleaving 19.LastsummerItookacourseon________.　　A.howtomakedresses　　B.howdressesbemade　　C.howtobemadedresses　　　　D.howdressestobemade20.Hedoesn’tknow______tostayornot.　　A.whether　　B.if　　C.either　　D.ifhewill21.Shepretended_______mewhenIpassedby.　　A.nottosee　　　　B.notseeing　　C.tonotsee　　　　D.havingnotseen22.---Thelightintheofficeisstillon.　　　　---Oh,Iforgot_______.　　A.turningitoff　　　　B.turnitoff　　C.toturnitoff　　D.havingturneditoff23.Weagreed_________herebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.　　A.havingmet　　B.meeting　　C.tomeet　　D.tohavemet24.LittleJimshouldlove_______tothetheatrethisevening.　　A.tobetaken　　B.totake　　C.beingtaken　　D.taking25.Iwouldlove______tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.　　A.togo　　B.tohavegone　　C.going　　D.havinggone26.Frankisthekindofpersonwhopeopleliketo________.　　A.makefriendwith　B.makefriendsof　　C.makefriends　D.makefriendswith 27.Goon________theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.　　A.todo　　B.doing　　C.with　　D.tobedoing28.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_______onabigrockbythesideofthepath.　　A.tohaverested　　B.resting　　C.torest　　D.rest29.Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident________losehisjob.　　A.sonotasto　　B.soasnotto　　C.soastonot　　　　D.notsoasto30.Ineedadayortwo________.　　A.tothinkitover　　B.tothinkover　　C.ofthinking31.Hewastooexcited_________.　　A.speak　　B.tospeak　　C.nottospeak　　D.speaking32.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered________thefirstcomputer.　　A.toinvent　　　B.inventing　　C.tohaveinvented　　　D.havinginvented33.Hesaidhewouldrathernot_______itrightnow.　　A.doing　　B.todo　　C.do　　D.tobedoing34.Ratherthan_______onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers_______abicycle.　　A.ride；ride　　B.riding；ride　　C.ride；toride　　　　D.toride；riding35.It’sfreezingoutside.You_______putonyourovercoat.　　A.hadbetterto　　B.hadbetter　　C.wouldbetter　　　D.wouldbetterto36.Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto_______. 　　A.sit　　B.siton　　C.besit　　D.besaton37.I’mhungry.Getmesomething_________.　　A.eat　　B.toeat　　C.eating　　D.foreating38.---Iusuallygotherebytrain.　---Whynot_______byboatforachange?　　A.totrygoing　　B.tryingtogo　　C.totryandgo　　　　D.trygoing39.Shedidnothing_______atthephoto.　　A.exceptlook　　　B.buttolook　　C.excepttolook　　　　D.butlooking40.Iaskedhimto_______meafewminutessothatwecouldgooveralltheproblems.　　A.spend　　B.spare　　C.save　　D.share41.Theywon’tlettheirteacher_______inthatway.　　A.tobetreated　　B.beingtreated　　C.treated　　　　　　　D.betreated42.John,youmustgetyourroom________afterbreakfast.　　A.tobecleaned　　B.toclean　　C.cleaning　　　　　　　D.cleaned　43.Theproblem_______attomorrow’smeetingisaverydifficultone.　　A.beingdiscussed　　B.discussed　　C.tobediscussed　　　　D.todiscuss　44.Hereachedthestation_____only_____thatthetrainhadjustleft.　　A.tired；learned　　B.tiring；learning　C.totire；tolearn　　D. tired；tolearn　45.---Didthatbookgivetheinformationyouneeded?　　　　---Yes,but______,wehadtoreaditalmostentirely.　　A.forfindingit　　B.tofindit　　C.findingit　　　　　　D.byfindingit　46.I’msorryIforgot______yourdictionary.Let’sborrowonefromLiMing.　　A.totake　　B.taking　　C.tobring　　D.bringing　47.Shecouldn’tdecidewhichrestaurant_______.　　A.tohavelunch　B.toeat　　C.toeatat　　　　　　D.eatingat　48.Thisproblemissaid_____threetimes.　　A.tohavebeentalked　　　　　B.tohavediscussed　　C.havingbeendiscussed　　　　D.tohavebeentalkedabout　49.Everybodybelievedtheman______awaythediamondring.　　A.betaken　　B.taking　　C.totake　　D.tohavetaken　50.Iprefer____ratherthan______.　　A.read；watch　　　　　　　B.toread；watch　　C.reading；towatch　　　　D.toread；towatch答案：　　　1-5DBBAA　　　6-10CCAAA　　11-15CADAB　　16-20BBAAA　　21-25ACCAB　　26-30DACBA　　31-35BCCCB　　36-40BBDAB　　41-45DDCDB　　46-50CCDDB　　　　　　　解析： 　　1．tellsb.nottodosth告诉某人不做某事　　2．takesthforgranted“把某事想当然”，是一个固定词组。Eg.Youshouldn’ttakeitforgrantedthateveryoneshouldhelpyou.你不要认为每个人都理应帮助你。　　4.不定式的省略要保留到to,否则就完整地表达，如:…buthismothertoldhimnottodoso.　　5.warnsbnottodosth.此处用never替代not.　　8.allowsbtodosth允许某人做某事；riskdoingsth冒险做某事　　9.seesbdosth看见某人做某事　　12.makesbdo让某人做某事，但用于被动结构后，则要用不定式符号to连接。　　16．which用于有范围中的“哪一个”，此处作buy的宾语。　　18．when+todo做decide的宾语，若用when引导宾语从句，用陈述句语序。　　21.pretendtodo假装做某事。　　22．forgettodosth忘记（要）做某事。　　24．shouldlovetobetakento…愿意被带去……　　25．因为状语是lastnight，用不定式的完成式表示本想……　　27.goontodosth.继续做（与原来不相同的）事。此句可以从theotherexercise断定。　　28．stoptodosth.停下来（去）做……　　32．被动语态后用不定式连接，根据句意用完成式。　　33.wouldrathernotdosth.宁愿不做某事。　　34.prefertodosth.ratherthandosth.宁愿做……不愿做……　　37．toeat此处作something的定语。for+doing多表用途。 　　38.whynotdosth…“为什么不……”；trydoingsth试一试　　39．Donothingbutdosth,　此处用except替代but　　40.sparesb.sth匀出、腾出……，宾语为sb.；share分享，宾语为sth.　　41.letsbdo,此处用的是被动语态　　42．getsth.done让某事被做　　44．tired此处是过去分词，表示主语的状态。onlytolearn…此处的不定式表结果。　　45．此处的tofindit,表示目的　　47.toeatattherestaurant,介词at不能丢　　48.此处使用的是不定式的完成被动式。表示“曾经被讨论过三次”