英语语法句子种类基础知识 39页

英语语法句子种类基础知识来源：精品学习网文章作者：——2010-04-0213:57:08[标签：语法英语]　　句子的种类可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。　　1.凡是说明一件事情，提出一个看法，或者表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句，它可以用肯定式和否定式，句末用句号"."，通常用降调。　　掌握陈述句的肯定式和否定式的构成及用法。　　e.g.WeliveinTianjin.（肯定句）我们住在天津。　　Wedon"tliveinShanghai.（否定句）我们不住在上海。　　注意：（1）在一般现在时的肯定式中，主语是第三人称单数时，动词要改成第三人称单数形式。　　e.g.JohnstudiesChineseverywell.　　（2）一般现在时和一般过去时的否定式要加助动词do（does）,did.　　e.g.Idon"tlikeswimming.我不喜欢游泳。　　Hedoesn"thavelunchathomeeveryday.他每天不在家吃午饭。　　Theydidn"tplayfootballyesterday.他们昨天没有踢足球。　　2.掌握一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句的构成、用法和答语。注意在一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句要加助动词do（does）,did.　　e.g.DoyouoftenspeakEnglishatschool?在学校你常讲英语吗？　　Doesshehaveabrother?=Hasshegotabrother?她有兄弟吗？　　Didittakeyoutwohourstodoyourhomeworklastnight?　　昨天晚上做作业花了你2个小时吗？　　WhatdoyouoftendoonSundays?　　星期日你常常干什么？　　Whendoesyourfathergetupeverymorning?　　你父亲每天早晨几点钟起床？　　Whydidn"tyourteachercometoschoolyesterday?　　昨天你们的老师为什么没来学校呢？　　提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择一种，这种疑问句叫选择疑问句。结构是："一般疑问句＋or＋一般疑问句"，但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略。说明or前面部分用升调，后面部分用降调。　　e.g.Isherbrotheranartistoradoctor ?　　她的兄弟是一个艺术家还是个医生？　　Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?　　你愿意喝茶还是喝咖啡？　　ShallwegotothecinemaonSaturdayoronSunday?　　我们是周六还是周日去电影院？　　反意疑问句表示提问者有一定的主见，但没把握，希望对方来证实。　　注意反意疑问句的结构是：肯定的陈述句＋否定的疑问句（缩略形式）　　或：否定的陈述句＋肯定的疑问句（缩略形式）　　两部分的人称和时态要一致。　　特别要注意否定的疑问句中的助动词必须缩写，主语（最后一个词）必须是代词而不能是名词。　　e.g.YoursisterhaseverbeentoShanghai,hasn"tshe?　　你姐姐曾经去过上海是吗？　　Theboysdidn"tfindanything,didthey?　　男孩子们什么也没找到/发现，是不是？　　在回答反意疑问句时，要根据事实而定，事实是肯定的要回答Yes,…，事实是否定的要回答No,….　　e.g.Heisn"tgoingtothemeeting,ishe?　　他不去参加会，是吗？　　Yes,heis.不，他要去。　　No,heisn"t.是的/对，他不去。　　Itdidn"tsnowlastweek,didit?　　上周没有下雪，对吗？　　Yes,itdid./No,itdidn"t.不，下雪了。是的，没下雪。　　3.掌握祈使句的肯定式和否定式。祈使句没有主语。指让对方做某事，动词要用原形。表示请求，命令、建议等。　　e.g.Gobacktoyourseat,please.请回到你的座位上去。　　Don"tmakesomuchnoise.不要吵吵闹闹。　　Let"sgotoschooltogether!咱们一起上学去吧！　　（let"s是含有第一人称主语的祈使句）　　Lethimhelpthechild.让他帮助那个孩子。（lethim是含有第三人称主语的祈使句）　　注意：否定形式是Let"s（us,me）+not+动词原形　　e.g.Let"snotsayanythingaboutit.　　对于这件事，咱们什么也不要说了。　　4. 表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句，理解由What和How引导的感叹句的语序和感叹句的使用方法。How和What与所修饰的词放在句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。在口语中谓语常省略。　　（1）how作状语，修饰形容词，副词或动词　　结构：How+形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语　　Hownicetheflowersare!花多漂亮啊！　　Howhardheworks!他工作的多努力啊！　　（2）what作宾语，修饰名词（名词前可有其他定语），单词可数名词前要加不定冠词a（an）.　　结构：Whata（an）+形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语　　e.g.Whataclevergirl（sheis）!　　她是一个多么聪明的女孩啊！　　Whatdeliciousfood!多么好吃的食物啊！　　句子的类型可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。　　简单句：TheSimpleSentence由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。　　e.g.Igetupatsixthirtyinthemorning.　　MymotherandIoftengoshopping.　　并列句：TheCompoundSentence由并列词and,so,but,or等）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。要掌握并列句的构成及用法。　　e.g.Ihelphimandhehelpsme.我帮他，他帮我。　　Thisisourfirstlesson,soIdon"tknowallyournames.　　这是我们的第一节课，所以我不认识你们。　　Shelikesbreadandmilk,butshedoesn"tlikeeggsatall.　　她喜欢吃面包和牛奶，但她一点儿也不喜欢吃鸡蛋。　　复合句：TheComplexSentence由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。　　e.g.Ifyouareill,youmustseethedoctor.　　如果你病了，一定要去看医生。（状语从句）　　Ihopehe"sbettertomorrow.　　我希望他明天身体更好一些。（宾语从句）　　熟练掌握宾语从句的语序及关联词that,if/whether,what,who,which,whose,when,whattime,where,how等的用法，以及宾语从句的时态。　　在复合句中作主句的宾语，叫宾语从句。　　注意：宾语从句的语序必须是陈述句语序。　　e.g.Iaskedhimifhewasastudent.　　宾语从句的时态呼应是：主句的时态是一般现在时，从句可以是任何一个时态。　　如果主句的时态是一般过去时，从句必须是过去时态的一种形式。　　当表示事实、真理、自然现象时必须用一般现在时。　　e.g.Theteachertoldusthattheearthgoesaroundthe sun.　　老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。　　请注意防止出现以下错误：　　A.Theysaidthatthey"llleaveifPeterstays.　　时态错误，应改为：TheysaidthattheywouldleaveifPeterstayed.　　B.Heaskedwhywereyoulateforschool.　　语序错误，应改为：Heaskedwhyyouwerelateforschool.　　C.Herbrotheraskedmewhosebookthiswas?　　标点错误，问号应该改为句号。　　熟练掌握由when,before,after,assoonas,until,because,than,if,so…that等词引导的时间、原因，比较，条件、结果状语从句。　　在复合句中修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等的从句叫作状语从句。　　时间状语从句：　　Whenshereachedhome,shehadashortrest.　　当她到家时，她休息了一会儿。　　JudyhadfinishedwritingthebookbeforeshewenttoQueensland.　　朱娣在去昆士兰之前已经写完了那本书。　　IwenttobedafterIfinishedmyarticle.　　我写完文章之后才上床。　　Assoonasthebellrangthestudents,stoppedtalkingtoeachother.　　铃声一响，学生们就停止了谈话。　　Wewon"tleaveuntiltheheadteachercomesback.　　班主任回来我们才会离开。　　原因状语从句：　　Thechildrenwenttothefarm,becausethefarmersneededsomehelp.　　孩子们去农场是因为农民们需要帮忙。　　比较状语从句：JimisolderthanLucyis.　　吉姆比露西大。　　条件状语从句：　　Ifitrainstomorrow,wewon"tholdasportsmeetingonthesportsground.　　如果明天下雨，我们就不在运动场上开运动会了。　　结果状语从句：　　TheboxissoheavythatIcan"tliftit.　　这个箱子太沉以致于我无法抬起来。　　目的状语从句：　　Theheadmasterspokeloudlysothatallthestudentscouldhearwhathesaid.　　校长高声讲话为的是全体学生能够听到他所讲的话。　　让步状语从句：　　Althoughheisyoung,heknowsalotof things.　　虽然他年龄小，但却认识许多事情。　　状语从句的时态要与主句时态相互呼应。但要注意以assoonas,when,until等引导的时间状语从句表示将来的动作时，从句要用一般现在时表示将来。　　e.g.HewillwritetomeassoonashegetstoAmerica.　　他一到美国就给我写信。　　WhenIseehim,Iwilltellhimthisgoodnews.　　当我见到他时，我将告诉他这个好消息。　　Wewon"tleaveuntilwefinishourhomework.　　直到完成作业我们才会离开。　　以if引导的条件状语从句假设的是将来的动作，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。　　e.g.Hewillcometoseemeifhehastime.如果条件状语从句放在宾语从句中，时态则依照宾语从句的要求而变。　　e.g.MymothersaidshewouldbuymeabookifIstudiedhard.　　我母亲说如果我努力学习，她要给我买一本书。　　以because引导的原因状语从句不可能和so一起连用。　　e.g.Hedidn"tcometoschoolyesterdaybecausehewasill.　　他昨天没来学校，因为他生病了。　　注意防止出现以下错误：　　A.I"msurehe"llringyouupifhewillcomeback.　　从句时态错误，willcome应该改为comes.　　B.Becausehewastired,sohewenttobedveryearly.　　中文习惯用"因为……所以……"，但在英语中because不能和so同时使用，应该去掉其中的一个。高考英语听力试题解题技巧指导来源：大耳朵英语2010-04-0117:47:22[标签：高考听力学习方法]　　一、要保持良好心态,学会善于预览,做到有的放矢。　　准确获取对话中的具体信息,如时间、地点、人物、数字、价钱等,它们在试题中占相当大的比例。这类题要求学生在听清、听懂信息的同时,还要对所听到的信息做简单的计算、时间比较、深层推理等。　　例1:　　AtwhattimedoestraintoLeedsleave?　　A.3:00.B.3:15.C. 5:00.　　录音原文:　　W:Excuseme,couldyoutellmewhenthenexttraintoManchesterleaves?　　M:Sure.Well,it/"sthreenow.ThenexttraintoManchesterleavesintwohours,butyoucantaketraintoLeedswhichleavesinfifteenminutes,andthengetoffatManchester.ItstopsatManchesterontheway.　　本题考查考生对话语所揭示信息的分辨能力。在男士的答语中给了三个时间,现在是三点,下一趟去Manchester的时间为再过2个小时,去Leeds的火车是15分钟之后,只有第一个和第三个时间才与所问问题有关。所以答案为B。　　二、理解对话的主旨大意。　　常见的提问形式有:Whataretheytalkingabout?/Whatarethemanandthewomantalkingabout?/Whatdoesthepassagetalkabout?等等。对于此类题若是对话,则要把对话双方联系起来考虑。一般来说更应注意第一个说话人所说的关键词语,它往往引出一个话题。　　例2:　　Whatarethetwospeakerstalkingabout?　　A.Afootballplayer.　　B.Afootballteam.　　C.Afootballmatch.　　录音原文:　　W:DoyouknowthatMichaelOwenhaswonFranceFootball/"sGoldenBallPrize?　　M:Notasurprise.Hehas20goalsthisseason.　　本题考查对所听对话主题的把握。对话的中心谈一位球员,而不是一支球队或一场球赛。所以答案为A。　　三、推断对话发生的背景、地点及对话者之间的关系。　　常见的提问方式有:Whereis...?/Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?/Wherearethetwospeakersnow?/Whereisthemangoing?和What/"stheman(woman)?/What/"stheman/"s(woman/"s)occupation?/What/"stheprobablerelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers?/Whois...?等等。对于此类问题要求考生根据谈话内容来揣摩、推断谈话发生的场所或抓住暗示人物身份与关系的词语等,据此做出正确的判断。　　例3:　　Whatistherelationshipbetweenthetwo speakers?　　A.Neighbors.B.Fatheranddaughter.　　C.Husbandandwife.　　录音原文:　　W:Hello.　　M:Hello.Lucy.ThisisJohn.Look,couldyoudomeafavor?I/"vetriedtophonemywifesixtimesandIcan/"tgetthrough.Thelineisbusyallthetime.Couldyoupossiblygonextdoorandgiveheramessage?　　W:Sure.WhatdoyouwanttotellMary?　　M:CouldyoujustsayI/"verunintoanoldfriendandI/"mstayingwithhimandnotatthehotel.I/"llgiveheraringlater.　　W:Sure.I/"llgoroundnow.　　M:Thanksalot,Lucy.　　W:Okay.Bye.　　M:Bye!　　该题考查考生对谈话者之间的关系进行判断。根据对话中的语气及内容,我们不难判断此题的答案为A。　　四、理解领会对话的观点、态度及意图　　常用的提问方式有:Whatdoestheman(woman)thinkof...?/Howdoestheman(woman)feelabout...?等等。听这类试题我们首先要判断两个人的态度是否相同。如果不相同,我们要分清每个人对这件事情的看法,千万不能够混淆。另外说话人的态度是通过语气、语调等的变化体现出来的,因此,听的时候要做出正确的判断。　　例4:　　6.HowdoesthemanfeelaboutDavid/"swayofsleeping?　　A.It/"seffective.B.It/"sstrange.C.It/"sthebest.　　7.HowmanyhoursdoesDavidsleepaday?　　A.Four.B.Six.C.Seven.　　8.Whatdoesthewomansuggestattheendofthetalk?　　A.PeopleshoulddevelopahabitlikeDavid/"s.　　B.Peopleneedlongerhoursofsleep.　　C.Peoplehavedifferentsleepinghabits.　　录音原文:　　M:HowcomeDavidisalwayssofullofenergy.　　W:Hehasastrangebuthighlyeffectivewayof sleeping.　　M:Whatisthat?　　W:Hetakesashortsleepforanhoureverysixhoursandhasatotaloffourhours/"sleepeachday.　　M:Wheredidhegetthatstrangeidea?　　W:Hereadfromabookwhichsaiditwasthebestwayofhumanbeingsandhebelievedthat.　　M:Howmanyhoursdoyousleepaday?　　W:Ineedatleastsevenhours.IoncetriedtofollowDavid/"sexample.Butitneverworkedoutofme.　　M:IfIsleepduringtheday,Icanneverwakeup.　　W:NoteveryoneisDavid,Iguess.　　第6小题考查对说话者所持观点、态度的理解情况。对话中女士提出Hehasastrangebuthighlyeffectivewayofsleeping,然后对David的睡眠方式进行了一番描述。男士则继续质疑,其中也体现自己的态度:Wheredidhegetthatstrangeidea?所以最佳答案为B。第7小题考查细节,A为正确答案。第8小题与第6小题考查的内容一样。男女对David的睡眠方式进行了一番讨论之后,女士才说/"NoteveryoneisDavid,Iguess./",意为/"我想不同的人有不同的睡眠方式/"。所以C项为最佳答案。英文写作中常用的逻辑词汇来源：E度空间文章作者：疯狂的读书人2010-07-1109:45:38[标签：写作词汇]　　1.并列关系　　and,furthermore,morethanthat,also,likewise,moreover,inaddition,whatismore,forinstance,forexample　　2.转折关系　　although,however,onthecontrary,but,inspiteof,nevertheless,yet,otherwise,despite　　3.顺序关系　　first,second,third,andsoon,then,after,before,next　　4.因果关系 　　asaresult,for,thus,because,forthisreason,so,therefore,as,since,consequently,onaccountof　　5.归纳关系　　asaresult,finally,therefore,accordingly,inshort,thus,consequently,inconclusion,so,inbrief,inaword　　几个用得比较多的句子:　　AsfarasIamconcerned,theadvantagesof…outweighitsdisadvantages.Nevertheless,thedisadvantagesof…isundeniable.　　Tosumup/Ingeneral/Onthewhole/Inbrief/Inshort/Inaword,itistruethat…bringaboutbothpositiveandnegativeresults.Butwecantryourbesttoreducethenegativeinfluencetotheleastextent.　　Obviously,ineveryaspect,…　　Thisdiagramunfoldsaclearcomparisonbetween…and…　　Astotheotherthree,thoughthegrowthrateswerenotsohigh,theywereindeedremarkableandimpressive. 　　英文作文中常用套句　　下文中出现的A,B,“...”(某事物),"sb"(somebody),　　要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换. 　　开头:　　Whenitcomesto...,somethink...　　Thereisapublicdebatetodaythat...　　Aisacommenwayof...,butisitawiseone? 　　Recentalytheproblemhasbeenbroughtintofocus. 　　提出观点:　　Nowthereisagrowingawarenessthat...　　Itistimeweexplorethetruthof...　　Nowhereinhistoryhastheissuebeenmorevisible. 　　进一步提出观点:　　...butthatisonlypartofthehistory.　　Anotherequallyimportantaspectis...　　Aisbutoneofthemanyeffects.Anotheris...　　Besides,otherreasonsare... 　　提出假想例子的方式:　　Supposethat...　　Justimaginewhatwouldbelikeif...　　Itisreasonabletoexpect...　　Itisnotsurprisingthat... 　　举普通例子:　　Forexample(instance),...　　...suchasA,B,Candsoon(soforth) 　　Agoodcaseinpointis...　　Aparticularexampleforthisis... 　　引用:　　Oneofthegreatestearlywriterssaid...　　"Knowledgeispower",suchistheremardof...　　"......".Thatishowsbcomment(criticize/praise...).　　"......".Howoftenwehearsuchwordslikethere. 　　讲故事　　(先说故事主体),thisstoryisnotrare.　　...,suchdelimmaweoftenmeetindailylife.　　...,thestorystillhasarealisticsignificance. 　　提出原因:　　Therearemanyreasonsfor...　　Why....,foronething,...　　Theanswertothisprobleminvolvesmanyfactors.　　Anydiscussionaboutthisproblemwouldinevitablyinvolves...　　Thefirstreasoncanbeobiviouslyseen.　　Mostpeoplewouldagreethat...　　Somepeoplemayneglectthatinfact... 　　Otherssuggestthat...　　Partoftheexplanationis... 　　进行对比:　　TheadvantagesforAforoutweighthedisadvantagesof...　　AlthoughAenjoysadistinctadvantage...　　Indeed,AcarriesmuchweightthanBwhensthisconcerned.　　Amaybe...,butitsuffersfromthedisadvantagethat... 　　承上启下:　　Tounderstandthetruthof...,itisalsoimportanttosee...　　Astudyof...willmakethispointclear 　　让步:　　Certainly,Bhasitsownadvantages,suchas...　　IdonotdenythatAhasitsownmerits. 　　结尾:　　>Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelydraw　　theconclusionthat...　　Insummary,itiswiser...　　Inshort... 　　在作文中引用合适的名言警句,会给你的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言,可能会对你有用。我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中. 　　常见的使用形式如下:　　Oneofthegreatestearlywriterssaid...　　"Knowledgeispower",suchistheremardof...　　"......".Thatishowsbcomment(criticize/praise...).　　"......".Howoftenwehearsuchwordslikethere.　　Usefulquotations 　　逆境　　byRobertCollier　　Ineveryadversitythereliestheseedofanequivalentadvantage.Ineverydefeatthereisalessonshowingyouhowtowinthevictorynexttime.　　努力与成功　　byAnnLanders　　Opportunitiesareusuallydisguisedashardwork,somostpeopledon"trecognizethem. 　　坚持　　byRalphWaldoEmerson　　Noonecancheatyououtofultimatesuccessbutyourselves.  　　Confucius孔子　　Ourgreatestgloryisnotinneverfalling...　　butinrisingeverytimewefall. 　　坚持　　MotherTeresa　　Tokeepalampburningwehavetokeepputtingoilinit.　　HenryFord　　Nothingisparticularlyhardifyoudivideitinuosmalljobs.　　WinstonChurchill　　Never,never,never,nevergiveup.　　AlbertEinstein　　Inuhemiddleofdifficultyliesopportunity. 　　努力与成功　　byCrassus　　Thosewhoaimatgreatdeedsmustsuffergreatly.　　ThomasEdison　　Thereisnosubstituteforhardwork.　　LeoTolstoi　　Thestrongestofallwarriorsarethesetwo-TimeandPatience.　　ThomasJefferson 　　I"magreatbelieverinluck,　　andIfindtheharderIwork...　　themoreIhaveofit.　　RobertCollier　　Successisthesumofsmallefforts,repeateddayinanddayout.　　RayA.Croc　　Luckisadividendofsweat.Themoreyousweat,theluckieryouget. 　　实际经验与间接经验　　You"lllearnmoreaboutaroadbytravelingit...　　thanbyconsultingallthemapsintheworld. 　　动机与结果　　VinceLombardi　　Winningisn"teverything...　　butwantingtowinis.　　JohnF.Kennedy　　Wechoosetogo!tothemoonandotherthings,ootbecausetheyareeasy,butbecausetheyarehard.　　Thucydides　　Thestrongdowhattheywill.　　Theweakdowhattheymust.  　　为人态度:　　JohnWooden　　TalentisGodgiven--BeHumble.　　Fameismangiven--BeThankful.　　Conceitisselfgiven--BeCareful.　　行动:　　TheodoreRoosevelt　　Dowhatyoucan,withwhatyouhave,withwhereyouare.　　PubliliusSyrusMaxim　　Nooneknowswhathecandotillhetries.　　Terence　　Thereisnothingsoeasybutthatitbecomesdifficultwhenyoudoitreluctantly.　　ThomasFuller　　Awisemanturnschanceintogoodfortune.　　WilliamHazlitt　　Prosperityisagreatteacher;　　adversityisagreater.　　WilliamPenn　　Nopains,nopalm;　　nothorns,nothrone;　　nogall,noglory; 　　nocross,nocrown.　　WillRogers　　Evenifyou"reontherighttrack,you"llgetrunover...ifyoujustsitthere.　　Opportunityrarelyknocksonyourdoor.　　Knockratheronopportunity"sdoorifyouardentlywishtoenter. 　　成功与失败　　VinceLombardi　　It"snotwhetheryougetknockeddown.　　...It"swhetheryougetupagain.　　WinstonChurchill　　Anoptimistseesanopportunityineverycalamity;　　apessimistseesacalamityineveryopportunity. 　　热情(年轻/年老)　　RalphWaldoEmerson　　Nothinggreatwaseverachievedwithoutenthusiasm. 　　信心　　JamesAllen　　Thewilltodospringsfromtheknowledgethatwecando.　　SamuelJohnson 　　Fewthingsareimpossibletodiligenceandskill.　　Aughey　　Losttimeisneverfoundagain.　　Voltaire　　Noproblemcanstandtheassaultofsustainedthinking.　　Napoleon　　Victorybelongstothemostpersevering. 　　细心　　Euipides　　Leavenostoneunturned. 　　计划与工作　　NormanVincentPeale　　Planyourworkfortodayandeveryday;　　thenworkyourplan.　　HenryFord　　Failureisonlytheopportunitytomoreintelligentlybeginagain.　　ThomasEdison　　Istartwherethelastmanleftoff. 　　理想与现实 　　Whatthemindofmancanconceiveandbelieve,　　themindofamancanachieve. 　　勤奋　　BenjaminFranklin　　Ploughdeepwhilesluggardssleep. 　　目标　　HenryDavidThoreau　　Inthelonerunmenhitonlywhattheyaimat. 　　幸运　　EmilyDickinson　　Luckisnotchance...　　It"stoil...　　Fortune"sexpensivesmileisearned. 　　勤奋　　ThomasEdison　　Geniusisonepercentinspirationandninety-ninepercentperspiration.　　UsefulQuotations  　　想象力　　AlbertEinstein　　Imaginationismoreimportantthanknowledge. 　　挑战:　　WalterBegehot　　Thegreatpleasureinlifeisdoingwhatpeoplesayyoucannotdo. 　　机会与准备　　AbrahamLincoln　　Iwillprepareandsomedaymychancewillcome. 　　信心与事实　　HenryFord　　Whetheryouthinkyoucanorthinkyoucan"t--youareright.　　EnglishProverb　　Wherethere"sawillthere"saway.　　Thereisnofailureexceptingnolongertrying.　　Luckiswhathappenswhenpreparationmeetsopportunity.　　ouswhenB’sadvantagesaretakenintoconsideration. 　　●表示比较和对照关系的句型: 　　1)AistoBwhat/asCistoD(A之于B犹如C之于D).　　2)Justas...,so...　　3)AandBhavesthincommon.　　4)AissimilartoB.　　5)Thesameistrueof,Thesamecanbesaidof(……也是如此).　　6)TheadvantagesofAaremuchgreaterthanB.　　7)comparedwithB,Ahasmanyadvantages.　　8)Theadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages(利大于弊).　　9)WonderfulasAis,however,ithasitsowndisadvantagestoo.　　10)AlthoughAenjoysconsiderableadvantageover...,itcannotcompetewithBin...　　11)Contrarytowidelyacceptedviews,Ibelievethat...　　12)Whatpeoplefailtoconsideristhat...　　13)Itisonethingtoinsistthat...,itisquiteanothertoshowthat...　　14)Nothingcanrival…(……是无与伦比的)　　15)…hasdrawbacksaswellasmerits.　　16)Aissuperior(inferior)toB.　　17)...variesfrompersontoperson(……是因人而异的)　　18)Aisjusttheopposite(toB)　　19)AdiffersfromBinthat…(A不同于B在于……)　　20)…isnotthesame(as)  　　●过渡性句型:　　1)thisistruethat...　　2)Thisistrue,nodoubt,but...　　3)...also...　　4)Itisonethingto...;itisanotherto... 　　●描写图表和数据的句型　　1)...rankfirst(both)in...　　2)...inproportionto...　　3)Aisbyfarthelargest...　　4)Asmanyas....　　5)Thenumberis...timesasmuchasthatof...　　6)Thefigurehasnearlydoubled/tripled,asagainstthatoflastyear.　　7)Itaccountsfor35%of...　　8)Bycomparisonwith...,itdecreased/increased/fellfrom...to...　　9)...riserapidly(slowly)　　10)...remainlevel...　　11)...reach...　　12)Thereisaslight/slow/steady/rapidrise/increasedemand./income./population./prices./production./decrease/decline/reduction/fall/dropin　　13)beontheincrease/decrease/rise/decline(……在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降)  　　●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型:　　1)Ascanbeindicatedinthetable,...　　2)Aswecouldfindoutlater,...　　3)Asisrevealedinthetable,...　　4)Asthesurveyresultsshow,...　　5)Thistableprovidesseveralimportantpointsofcomparison　　between,...　　6)Thetwographsdepictthesamethingin...　　7)Thekeyfindingstakenfromthesurveysareasfollows:　　8)Accordingtothefiguresgiveninthetable,...　　9)Thischartshowsthat...　　10)Asisshownbythegraph,...　　11)Itcanbeseenfromthestatisticsthat...　　12)Itisgenerallybelieved/accepted/thought/held... 　　●说明原因的句型:　　1)Therearesome/two/manygoodreasonsfor.../todo...　　2)Wehavetwogoodreasonsfor...　　3)Thereasonfor...isthat+从句　　4)Amongthemostconvincingreasonsgivenbypeoplefor...,oneshouldbementioned...　　5)Onemaythinkofthetrendasaresultof... 　　6)Thechangein...largelyresultsfromthefactthat...　　7)Thereareseveralcausesforthissignificantgrowthin...irst...　　8)Anumberoffactorscouldaccountforthe....　　9)Itisnosimpletasktogivethereasonfor...　　10)Thecauseof/reasonforhigherpriceswasanincreaseindemand.　　11)Because/As/Nowthat/Sincethedemandhasincreased,thepricesarehigher.　　12)Anincreaseindemandcauses/resultsin/leadsto/produceshigherprices.　　13)Thedemandhasincreased.　　14)Therefore,/Asaresult,/Forthisreason,/Becauseofthis,/Consequently,thepricesarehigher.　　15)Ifthereisanincreaseindemand,thenpricesrise./goup./boost./arehigher.　　16)Differentpeoplelookat...indifferentways... 　　●表示不同看法的句型:　　1)Differentpeoplehave/holddifferentopinions/viewsonthequestion/problem/matter.Somebelievethat...;Othersarguethat...:Stillothersmaintainthat　　2)Theyarequitedifferentfromeachotherintheiropinions.　　3)Somepeopleholdtheopinionthatitisgoodto....　　4)Theythinkquitedifferentlyonthisquestion.　　5)Opinionsvaryfromindividualtoindividual,fromculturetoculture. 　　●表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型: 　　1)Itisimportant(necessary,urgent,difficult,easy,convenient,comfortable,expensive,desirable,advisable)forsb.todosth.　　2)...havetrouble/difficulty/ahardtime/adifficulttime(in)doingsth.(有困难做某事) 　　英语写作20字诀　　Agreement:主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致,关系代词与先行词的一致。　　Ambiguity:尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。　　Brief:文章"简为贵",要抓住要点,简明扼要。　　Coherence:文理通顺,前后连贯。　　Development:主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。　　Division:词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当,划分要清楚,避免使用重复字句和种子片段。　　Figures:正确合理使用各类修辞格式。　　Inflateddiction:不使用做作的语言。　　Key:用适当的关键词突出主题,每段都应有主题句。　　Logical:内容要符合逻辑。　　Message:信息要新鲜、确实、可信。　　Omit:合理删除多余的不必要部分。　　Proposition:主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。　　Punctuation:正确适时使用标点符号。　　Relevant:文章一定要要题。　　Sentencepattern:句型要尽量多样化。 　　Strait:开门见山,直来直去。　　Style:文体恰切,适合内容要求。　　Tense:动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。　　Theme:选题得当,主题突出。 　　1.开门见山,揭示主题　　文章一开头,,就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“HowISpentMyVacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是:　　ISpentmylastvacationhappily.　　下面是题为"Honesty"(谈诚实)一文中的开头:　　Honestyisoneofthebestvirtues.Anhonestmanisalwaystrustedandrespected.Onthecontrary,onewhotellsliesisregardedasa"liar",andislookeduponbyhonestpeople. 　　2.交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头　　在文章的开头,先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如"ATriptoJinshan"(去金山旅游)的开头:　　ThedaybeforeyesterdaymyclasswentonabustriptoJinshan.Thebusridetheretookthreehours.Thelongtripmadeusverytired,butthesightofthebeautifulsearefreshedus. 　　3.回忆性的开头　　用回忆的方法来开头。例如"ATriptotheTaishanMountain"(泰山游)的开头是:　　IremembermyfirsttriptotheTaishanMountainasifitwereyesterday.  　　4.概括性的开头　　即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“TheHappinessofReadingBooks”(读书的快乐)的开头:　　Peopleoftensaythatgoldandsilverarethemostvaluablethingsintheworld.ButIsaythattoreadbooksismorevaluablethananythingelse,becausebooksgiveusknowledgeandknowledgegivesuspower. 　　5.介绍环境式的开头　　即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“AnAccident”(一场事故)的开头是:　　Itwasarainyandwindymorning.Theskywasgloomy,thetemperaturewaslow,andthestreetwasnearlyempty.Iwasonmywaybacktoschool.Suddenly,aspeedingcarcameroundthecorner.　　6.交待写作目的的开头。　　在文章的一开头就交待写作目的,如通过文章要表扬谁,批评谁,或说明一个什么问题等。如"PollutionControl"(控制污染)的开头:　　InthisarticleIshalldrawyourattentiontothesubjectofpollutioncontrol. 　　英语作文的文章的正文　　文章的正文是由若干段落组成的,段落通常由几个或者更多的句子组成,有时候一个句子也能成段。 　　文章的正文应以文章的开头为线索,具体地叙述、说明或论证文章的主题。文章不论长短,每个段落都必须为主题服务。像说明文和议论文这一类的文章,一个主题还常分成几个小主题,每个小主题要用一个段落处理,另起一段时,应是一层新的意思。每一段的开头,要放一个表示段落小主题的主题句,这样可使文章条理化,易于阅读,便于读者抓住主题。段内的所有句子应围绕主题句的意义加以阐述或论证,为中心思想服务。句子之间应衔结自然,有条不紊,而且还要合乎逻辑,段落中不能出现任何与主题无关的句子;英语写作比较重视主题句的作用,缺少它段落意义就会含糊不清。主题句也可放在段落的中间和末尾等部位,但对初学者来说,以放在段首为好。见下列这篇题为"HowtoBeaGoodStudent"(怎样做个好学生)的文章:　　Westudentsarethebuildersandmastersofthecountry.Itisimportantforustoknowhowtobeagoodstudent.　　Agoodstudent,Ithink,shouldbediligentinhisstudies.Themorehestudies,themorehewillincreasehisknowledge.Withoutenoughknowledge,wecannotmakegreatcontributionstothemodernizationofourcountry.　　Totakecareofone"sownbodyisanotherimportantthingforgoodstudenttodo.Anyone,whohasn"tgotastrongbody,candonothingforhiscountry,evenifhehasmuchknowledge.Therewasaman,who,whenhewasstudent,studiedhardbutneglectedhishealth.Nosoonerdidhecometoservethecountrythanhediedofpoorhealth.Fromthiswemayseethattohaveastrongbodyisreallyveryimportantforastudent.　　Lastly,tocultivateone"sownvirtueismostimportant.Virtueistheessence　　ofanobleandgoodcharacter.Itwillgreatlyhelponetobeusefulandhiscountryheartandsoul.Whenlearnedpeoplegoastray,theydomoreharmthangoodtosociety.Weshoulddrawlessonsfromthis.　　这篇文章的第一段引出了文章的主题,第二、第三和第四段则是文章的正文,每—段的第一句即是段落的主题句,它们既支持了文章中心的观点和思想,同时又概括了全段的意思。在同一段落中,其余的句子都围绕主题句所表示的中心展开,同时句子间的衔结也很自然;各层的意思都很连贯。　　分段是文章组织上重要的一步,但如果写的题目范围很小,那就无须再将题目分成小的主题,并分入各个段落去阐述了。像一篇简短的评论;某一事情的简短记载,某一个想法的说明,对一个人物或一件事情的简要叙述或说明等,就可以只用一个段落来表现主题。　　在记叙文中,段的结构有时可以很简单,不需要有主题句,叙事一气呵成,中途没有停顿。段与段之所以分开,只是为了起修辞作用,以便把某一细节置于显著的地位。　　某些测试用的表达题,在题目中就已经说明只需要根据。所给的提示写一个段落,而不是一篇文章。对于这一类的写作试题,就可以予以简洁的处理,并不是非要扩充成一篇有头有尾的完整文章。 　　下面这篇题为“WeekendHomework”(谈周末作业)的短文,就是用一个段落来论述问题和表达观点的。　　UsallySaturdaynightisthetimeforstudentstogetbacktotheirdesksanddotheirweekendhomework.Sixschooldaysareenoughforthestudentswhohavemanyotherinterests.Ithinkweekendhomeworkshouldnotbegiven.WithhomeworkarrangedforSaturdaynightandthewholeofSunday,whencanhefindtimetohelparoundthehouse,playagameoffootballorseeagoodfilm,orjustrelax?InfactweekendhomeworkisusuallyputoffuntilSundaynight.Asaresultourhomeworkisdoneverypoorlyandweachivenoresults.Iftherewerenohomeworkonweekends,studentswouldgotoschoolonMondaywellrested,willingtowork.Teachers,don"tyouagree? 　　英语作文的文章的结尾　　文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想,使文章意义表达得更加深刻。　　文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的,常见的有以下几种: 　　1.首尾呼应,画龙点睛　　在文章的结尾,把含义较深的话放在末尾,以点明主题,深化主题,起到画龙点睛的效果。如"ICannotForgetHer"(我忘不了她)的结尾:　　Afterherdeath,Ifeltasifsomethingweremissinginmylife.Iwassadoverherpassingaway,butIknewshewouldnothavehadanyregretsathavinggivenherlifeforthebenefitofthepeople. 　　2.重复主题句　　结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,达到强调的效果。如“ILoveMyHomeTown”(我爱家乡)的结尾: 　　Ilovemyhometown,andIloveitspeople.Theytoohavechanged.Theyaregoingallouttodomoreforthegoodofourmotherland. 　　3.自然结尾　　随着文章的结束,文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾:　　Icaughtasmanyastwentyfishintwohours,butmybrothercaughtmanymore.Tiredfromfishing,welaydownontheriverbank,bathinginthesun.Wereturnedhomeverylate. 　　4.含蓄性的结尾　　用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法,而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“ADayofHarvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾:Eveningcamebeforewerealizedit.Weputdownoursicklesandlookedateachother.Ourclotheswerewetwithsweat,butoneveryfacetherewasasmile. 　　5.用反问结尾　　虽然形式是问句,但意义却是肯定的,并具有特别的强调作用,引起读者深思。如"ShouldWeLearntoDoHousework?"(我们要不要学做家务?)的结尾。　　Everyoneshouldlearntodohousework.Don"tyouagree,boysandgirls? 　　6.指明方向,激励读者　　结尾表示对将来的展望,或期待读者投入行动。如“Let"sGoinforSports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾:　　Aswehavesaidabove,sportscanbeofgreatvalue.Theynotonlymakepeoplelivehappilybutalsohelppeopletolearnvirtuesanddotheirworkbettter.Asoundmindisinasoundbody.Let"sgoinforsports. 英语美文欣赏：哥哥的心愿来源：英语阅读网2010-08-0917:41:07[标签：美文散文英语]　　英文原文　　中文翻译　　AfriendofminenamedPaulreceivedanautomobilefromhisbrotherasaChristmaspresent.OnChristmasEvewhenPaulcameoutofhisoffice,astreeturchinwaswalkingaroundtheshinynewcar,admiringit.　　"Isthisyourcar,Mister?"hesaid.　　Paulnodded."MybrothergaveittomeforChristmas."Theboywasastounded."Youmeanyourbrothergaveittoyouanditdidn’tcostyounothing?Boy,Iwish..."Hehesitated.　　OfcoursePaulknewwhathewasgoingtowishfor.Hewasgoingtowishhehadabrotherlikethat.ButwhattheladsaidjarredPaulallthewaydowntohisheels.　　"Iwish,"theboywenton,"ThatIcouldbeabrotherlikethat."　　Paullookedattheboyinastonishment,thenimpulsivelyheadded,"Wouldyouliketotakearideinmycar?"　　"Ohyes,I’dlovethat."　　Afterashortride,theboyturnedwithhiseyesaglow,said,"Mister,wouldyouminddrivinginfrontofmyhouse?"　　Paulsmiledalittle.Hethoughtheknewwhattheladwanted.Hewantedtoshowhisneighborsthathecouldridehomeinabigautomobile.ButPaulwaswrongagain."Willyoustopwherethosetwostepsare?"theboyasked.　　Heranupthesteps.TheninalittlewhilePaulheardhimcomingback,but hewasnotcomingfast.Hewascarryinghislittlecrippledbrother.Hesathimdownonthebottomstep,thensortofsqueezedupagainsthimandpointedtothecar.　　"Theresheis,Buddy,justlikeItoldyouupstairs.　　HisbrothergaveittohimforChristmasanditdidn’tcosthimacent.AndsomedayI’mgonnagiveyouonejustlikeit...thenyoucanseeforyourselfalltheprettythingsintheChristmaswindowsthatI’vebeentryingtotellyouabout."　　Paulgotoutandliftedtheladtothefrontseatofhiscar.Theshining-eyedolderbrotherclimbedinbesidehimandthethreeofthembeganamemorableholidayride.ThatChristmasEve,PaullearnedwhatJesusmeantwhenhesaid:"Itismoreblessedtogive..."英语美文欣赏：哥哥的心愿(2)来源：英语阅读网2010-08-0917:41:07[标签：美文散文英语]　　英文原文　　中文翻译 　　圣诞节时，保罗的哥哥送他一辆新车。圣诞节当天，保罗离开办公室时，一个男孩绕着那辆闪闪发亮的新车，十分赞叹地问：　　"先生，这是你的车？"　　保罗点点头："这是我哥哥送给我的圣诞节礼物。"男孩满脸惊讶，支支吾吾地说："你是说这是你哥送的礼物，没花你一分钱？天哪，我真希望也能……"　　保罗当然知道男孩他真想希望什么。他希望能有一个象那样的哥哥。但是小男孩接下来说的话却完全出乎了保罗的意料。　　"我希望自己能成为送车给弟弟的哥哥。"男孩继续说。　　保罗惊愕地看着那男孩，冲口而出地说："你要不要坐我的车去兜风？"　　"哦，当然好了，我太想坐了！"　　车开了一小段路后，那孩子转过头来，眼睛闪闪发亮，对我说："先生，你能不能把车子开到我家门前？"　　保罗微笑，他知道孩子想干什么。那男孩必定是要向邻居炫耀，让大家知道他坐了一部大轿车回家。但是这次保罗又猜错了。"你能不能把车子停在那两个台阶前？"男孩要求道。　　　　男孩跑上了阶梯，过了一会儿保罗听到他回来了，但动作似乎有些缓慢。原来把他跛脚的弟弟带出来了，将他安置在第一个台阶上，紧紧地抱着他，指着那辆新车。　　只听那男孩告诉弟弟："你看，这就是我刚才在楼上对你说的那辆新车。这是保罗他哥哥送给他的哦！将来我也会送给你一辆像这样的车，到那时候你就能自己去看那些在圣诞节时，挂窗口上的漂亮饰品了，就象我告诉过你的那样。"10分钟英语演讲范文来源：免费英语网2010-06-0314:47:56[标签：范文英语]　　Inthematterofcourageweallhaveourlimits.Thereneverwasaherowhodidnothavehisbounds.IsupposeitmaybesaidofNelsonandalltheotherswhosecouragehasbeenadvertisedthattherecametimesintheirliveswhentheirbraveryknewithadcometoitslimit.　　Ihavefoundmineagoodmanytimes.Sometimesthiswasexpected--oftenitwasunexpected.Iknowamanwhoisnotafraidtosleepwitharattle-snake,butyoucouldnotgethimtosleepwithasafety-razor.　　Ineverhadthecouragetotalkacrossalong,narrowroom.Ishouldbeattheendoftheroomfacingalltheaudience.IfIattempttotalkacrossaroomIfindmyselfturningthiswayandthat,andthusatalternateperiodsIhavepartoftheaudiencebehindme.Yououghtnevertohaveanypartoftheaudiencebehindyou;younevercantellwhattheyaregoingto do.　　I"llsitdown.　　中文：　　在勇气问题上，人人都有极限。从来就没有胆大包天的英雄好汉。我想，可以说，纳尔逊和所有那些被大量宣传的勇士，一生中都有勇气达到极限的时候。　　我就多次发现自己的勇气到了极限。有时是意料之中的——经常是出乎意料的。我认识一个人．此君不怕与响尾蛇同寝，可你无法让他与保安剃刀共眠。　　我从来就没有勇气在狭长房间的中央发表讲话。我得站在房间的一头，面对全体听众。如果我试图站在房间中央讲话，我就会不断地转身，这样，就不断有部分听众在我背后。你们永远不能让自己背后有听众；你们永远闹不清他们要干什么。　　我得坐下了。母亲节英语演讲范文：妈妈的爱来源：免费英语网2010-06-0314:43:17[标签：范文英语]　　Mydearfriends,　　Doyouknowwhatisthemostpreciousandeverlastingthingintheworld?Money?Youmayloseeverythingyouhaveifyoudon"tusemoneycarefullenough.Youth?Inone"slonglifeyouthislikeaflashinthepanandnooneintheworldhasthesecrettokeephisyouthforever.Beautifullook?Manypeoplepraythattheycangetholdofbeauty,butitdisappearsfarmorequicklythantheycanimagine.Andwhentheyareinrealtroublebeautyitselffeelshelpless.Agoodjob?Asyougrowolderandyourbrainandhandscan"tworkasfastasbefore.Itwillbecomeotherpeople"swealth.　　Thenwhatisthemostpreciousandeverlastingthingintheworld?　　Whenyouarefarawayfromyourfamilyandfeelespeciallylonely,Whowillyouthinkof?Whenyoustandonthecrossoadinyourlifeanddon"tknowwhichwaytochoose,whowillyouthinkof?Whenyouencountergreaterdifficultiesthaneverandneedother"sencouragement,whowillyouthinkof?Whenyoudecidetomakethegreatest decisioninyourfavoritecourse,whoshedcheerfultearswhenseeyougetachievements?Whosewholeheartedblessingwillbealwayswithyounomatterhowfaryouwillgo?　　Yes,it"smotherwhoyouwillalwaysthinkofandit"smother"slovethatwillbealwaysbe withyou.　　Ionceheardamovingstoryaboutamother.Twochildrensweredrawnintothefloodandthesituationswasverydangerous.Theirmotherjumpedintothewaterwithouthesitation.Butthemothercouldn"tswimatall.Jumpingintothewatermeansshemightloseherlife.Butatthattimeshehadnotimetothinkaboutherself.Shejustwantedtotryallmeanstosaveherchildren.MaybehercouragetouchedtheGod.Themiraclehappened.Shefinallysucceededinsavingherbothchildren.Andshe,ofcourse,feltextremelyexhausted.　　Myfriends,mother"sloveisthegreatestlove.Mother"sloveisthesafestlove.Nomatteryouarehappyordepressed,richorpoor,mother"slovewillalwaysstaywithyou.一位美国华盛顿大学学生的毕业演讲稿来源：免费英语网2010-06-0314:04:35[标签：大学演讲稿]　　Faculty,family,friends,andfellowgraduates,goodevening.　　Iamhonoredtoaddressyoutonight.OnbehalfofthegraduatingmastersanddoctoralstudentsofWashingtonUniversity"sSchoolofEngineeringandAppliedScience,Iwouldliketothankalltheparents,spouses,families,andfriendswhoencouragedandsupportedusasweworkedtowardsourgraduatedegrees.Iwouldespeciallyliketothankmyownfamily,eightmembersofwhichareintheaudiencetoday.Iwouldalsoliketothankallofthedepartmentsecretariesandotherengineeringschoolstaffmemberswhoalwaysseemedtobetherewhenconfusedgraduatestudentsneededhelp.AndfinallyIwouldliketothanktheWashingtonUniversityfacultymemberswhoservedasourinstructors,mentors,andfriends.　　AsIthinkbackontheseven-and-a-halfyearsIspentatWashingtonUniversity,mymindisfilledwithmemories,happy,sad,frustrating,andeven humorous.　　TonightIwouldliketosharewithyousomeofthememoriesthatItakewithmeasIleaveWashingtonUniversity.　　ItakewithmethememoryofmyofficeonthefourthfloorofLopataHall-theroomattheendofthehallwaythatwastoohotinsummer,toocoldinwinter,andalwaystoofarawayfromthewomen"srestroom.Thewindowwasmyoffice"sbestfeature.Wereitnotforthephysicsbuildingacrosstheway,itwouldhaveaffordedmeaclearviewofthearch.ButinsteadIgotaviewoftheroofofthephysicsbuilding.IalsohadaviewofonecorneroftheroofofUrbauerHall,whichseemedtobeafavoriteperchforvariousspeciesofbirdswhoalternatelywonperchingrightsforseveralweeksatatime.AndIhadaniceviewofthephysicscourtyard,noteworthyasagoodplaceforwatchingpeopleruntheirdogs.It"samazinghowfascinatingtheseviewsbecamethelongerIworkedonmydissertation.Butmyfavoriteviewwasofanearbyoaktree.Frommyfourth-floorvantagepointIhadaratherintimateviewofthetreeandthevariousbirdsandsquirrelsthatinhabitit.Occasionallyabirdwouldlandonmywindowsill,whichusuallyhadtheeffectofstartlingbothofus.　　ItakewithmethememoryoftwoyoungprofessorswhopassedawaywhileIwasagraduatestudent.AnneJohnstone,theonlyfemaleprofessorfromwhomItookacourseintheengineeringschool,andBobDurr,apoliticalscienceprofessorandamemberofmydissertationcommittee,bothlostbravebattleswithcancer.Irememberthemfondly.　　ItakewithmethememoryoffailingthefirstexaminoneofthefirstengineeringcoursesItookasanundergraduate.IrememberthinkingthecoursewasjusttoohardformeandthatIwouldneverbeabletopassit.SoIwenttotalktotheprofessor,readytodroptheclass.Andhetoldmenottogiveup,hetoldmeIcouldsucceedinhisclass.Forreasonsthatseemedcompletelyludicrousatthetime,hesaidhehadfaithinme.Andafterthatmygradesintheclassslowlyimproved,andIendedthesemesterwithanAonthefinalexam.Irememberhowmotivationalitwastoknowthatsomeonebelievedinme.　　ItakewithmememoriesofthemidwesternfriendlinessthatsosurprisedmewhenIarrivedinSt.Louis8yearsago.SincemovingtoNewJersey,Iamsadtosay,nobodyhasaskedmewhereIwenttohigh school.　　Itakewithmethememoryoftheshort-livedcomputersciencegraduatestudentsocialcommitteelunches.TheideawasthatgroupsofCSgradstudentsweresupposedtotaketurnscookingamonthlylunch.ButafteronegradstudentpreparedapotofchickenthatpoisonedalmosttheentireCSgradstudentpopulationandoneunluckyfacultymemberinonefellswoop,therewasn"tmuchenthusiasmforhavingmorelunches.　　Itakewithmethememoryofamoresuccessfulgraduatestudenteffort,theestablishmentoftheAssociationofGraduateEngineeringStudents,knownasAGES.Startedbyahandfulofengineeringgraduatestudentsbecauseweneededawaytoelectrepresentativestoacampus-widegraduatestudentgovernment,AGESsoongrewintoanorganizationthatnowsponsorsawidevarietyofactivitiesandhasbeeninstrumentalinaddressinganumberofengineeringgraduatestudentconcerns.　　ItakewithmethememoryofanEngineeringandPolicydepartmentthatoncehadflourishingprogramsforfull-timeundergraduate,masters,anddoctoralstudents.　　Itakewithmememoriesofthe1992U.S.Presidentialdebate.EagertogetinvolvedinalltheexcitementIvolunteeredtohelpwhereverneeded.IrememberspendingseveraldaysinthemakeshiftdebateHQgivingout-of-townreportersdirectionstotheathleticcomplex.Irememberbeingthrilledtogetassignedthejobofcollectingfilmfromthephotographersinthedebatehallduringthedebate.AndIrememberthedisappointmentofdrawingtheshorteststrawamongthestudentvolunteersandbeingtheonewhohadtotakethefilmoutofthedebatehallanddowntothedarkroomfiveminutesintothedebate-withnochancetore-enterthedebatehallafterIleft.　　Itakewithmememoriesofuniversityholidayswhichneverseemedtoapplytograduatestudents.IrememberspendingmanyafallbreakandPresident"sDayholidaywithmyfellowgradstudentsinalldaymeetingsbroughttousbythecomputersciencedepartment.　　Itakewithmememoriesofexamsthatseemeddesignedmoretotestenduranceandperseverancethanmasteryofthesubjectmatter.Imanagedtoescapetakinganyclassesthatfeaturedinfamous24-hour-take-homeexams,butrememberthesufferingofmylessfortunatecolleagues.Andwhatdoctoralstudentcouldforgetthepainandsufferingonemustenduretosurvivethequalifying exams?　　Itakewithmethememoryoftheseven-minuterule,whichalwaysseemedtobeanacceptableexcuseforbeingtenminuteslateforanythingoncampus,butwhichdoesn"tseemtoapplyanywhereelseIgo.　　ItakewithmethememoryofFridayafternoonACMhappyhours,knownnotforkegsofbeer,butratherbowlsofrainbowsherbetpunch.OvertheseveralyearsthatIattendedthesehappyhourstheyenjoyedvaryingdegreesofpopularity,oftenproportionaltothequalityandquantityoftheaccompanyingrefreshments-buttherewasalwaystherainbowsherbertpunch.　　Itakewithmememoriesofpurpleparkingpermits,theWestCampusshuttle,checkingmypendaflex,over-duelibrarybooks,tryingtoprintfromcec,lunchesonDelmar,friendswhosleptintheiroffices,miniaturegolfinLopataHall,TheGreenwayTalk,divisionIIIbasketball,andtryingtoconvinceDeanRusselthatyetanotherengineeringschoolruleshouldbechanged.　　Finally,Iwouldliketoconclude,notwithamemory,butwithsomeadvice.Whatwouldagraduationspeechbewithoutalittleadvice,right?Anyway,thisadvicecomesintheformofaversedeliveredtothe1977graduatingclassofLakeForestCollegebyTheodoreSeussGeisel,betterknowntotheworldasDr.Seuss-Here"showitgoes:　　Myuncleorderedpopovers　　fromtherestaurant"sbilloffare.　　Andwhentheywereserved,　　heregardedthem　　withapenetratingstare...　　ThenhespokegreatWordsofWisdom　　ashesatthereonthatchair:　　"Toeatthesethings,"　　saidmyuncle,　　"youmustexcercisegreatcare.　　Youmayswallowdownwhat"ssolid...　　BUT...　　youmustspitouttheair!"　　And.. .　　asyoupartakeoftheworld"sbilloffare,　　that"sdarnedgoodadvicetofollow.　　Doalotofspittingoutthehotair.　　Andbecarefulwhatyouswallow.　　Thankyou.