高考英语语法动词不定式讲义 8页

语法动词不定式讲义动词不定式的用法：动词不定式在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。动词不定式的基本形式：一般形式todo一般式表示的动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后否定形式nottodo被动形式tobedone进行形式tobedoing进行式表示的动作或状态，与谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时发生完成形式tohavedone完成式表示动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态之前一、不定式做主语：1、不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。e.g:Tofinishthebuildinginamonthisdifficultwork.Todosuchthingsisfoolish.注:1不定式作主语时,谓语用单数2、当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。(1)Itis/was+adj.+ofsb.todo…注意：在此句型中，adj.只能用可以修饰人物的形容词。例如:kindnicegoodbravecleverwisestupidfoolishhonestcarelesscruelgenerouseg:ItisbraveofhimtosavethegirlinthewaterItwascarelessofhertomakesuchamistake(2)Itis+adj.+forsb.+todo…注意：这里的adj.不能表示人的性质，只能表示某事或某物的性质。例如：difficult,wonderful,meaningful,painful,usefulEg:ItisnotdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell.Itisrightforhimtoworkhere.(3)itis+a+名词+todo例如:pleasurepitydutyshamecrime等Eg:Itisadutytoplanttreeseveryday.注:在感叹句和疑问句中只能用it作形式主语Eg:Whatfunitistojumpintoalakeinsummer!Howlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?二、不定式做表语：不定式作表语常表示将来的动作1.主语是以aimdutyhopeideaintention（目的，意图）planproposal（建议）jobsuggestionwishpurposetask等为中心词的名词词组或以what引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容eg:Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth. Yourmistakewasnottowritethatletter.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.3不定式常用在系动词be,seem,appear,get,remain，become,look,sound,taste,smell,feel,等后作表语．Eg:Theplanseemstohavebeenchanged.4在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号“to”，例如：Allyouhavetodois(to)pressthebutton.TheonlythingIcandois(to)giveyouasmuchhelpasIcan.三动词不定式作宾语1、“动词+带to的不定式结构常用动词有:likewishhopewanttrybeginstartmeanplanhateAgreerefusepromisepretendaskchoosedecideforgethopelearnwouldlikeintenddemandexpectfailofferhelpattemptdeterminemanagerememberprepare等Eg:Wehopetogettherebeforedark.Thegirldecidedtodoitherself.2不定式即可作动词的宾语也可作介词的宾语.不定式作介词的宾语时,介词之后一般不直接接不定式，一般都是:疑问词+不定式作宾语.这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句动词+疑问词+不定式Eg:I’mworryingaboutwhattodonext.Marxgavesomeadviceonhowtolearnaforeignlanguage.这类动词常见的有：telladviseshowteachfindoutdecidediscusslearnforgetinquireknowexplainrememberseeunderstandwonder等。疑问词有：whatwherewho(m)whenhowwhetherEg:Idon’tknowwhattodo/wheretogo/who(m)toask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit.注意不定式符号的省略问题！donothingbut/except后的不定式不带to.需要注意的是,此句型中but/except前必须要有实义动词do时，but/except后的不定式to才能省略，否则to则不省.我们用一句话概括就是：有do无to，有to无do．Eg:Shehasnochoicebuttowaitforthenews.Hecoulddonothingbutwait.Hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney.注3有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同remembertodo记住要做某事；rememberdoing记得曾经做过某事forgettodo忘记要做某事forgetdoing忘记曾经做过某事stoptodo停下来去做某事stopdoing停止做某事goontodo继续做另一件事goondoing继续做原来在做的事 Eg:Irememberseeingyousomewherebefore.Pleaseremembertoturnoffthelightwhenyouleave.四不定式结构作宾语补足语1、只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词①表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：wish,desire,expect,love,prefer,encourage,trust等。Eg:Whatdoyoudesiremetodo?Thedirectorpreferredhertoacttheoldlady.②含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：let,allow,permit,decide,mean,lead,bring,put,hurry,cause,等。Eg:Wemustn’tletthis(to)happenagain.Hisfatherputhimtomindthesheep.③带有“请求”“恳求”等感情色彩的动词，如：ask,desire,invite,beg,request,worry等。Eg:Hebeggedmenottotellhisfatheraboutit.ShewasalwaysworryingherfathertotakehertoParis.④ 含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词，如：advise,persuade,callon,urge等。Eg:Heurgedustoacceptthecompromise.Thedentistadvisedmetohavethebadtoothpulledout.⑤ 含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词，如：order,command,require,charge,tell,make,oblige,force,drive,forbid,warn等。Eg:Herequiredustokeepitasecret.Thedoctororderedhimtostayinbedforafewdays.Iwarnyounottodothatagain⑥ 其他还有：help,teach,show,assist,report,bear,waitfor,train,dependon等。Eg:Hepromisedtoteachmetoswim.Weshouldtrainthemtomakeuseofreferencebooks.Wearewaitingforthetraintostop.2、既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词：△see,watch,notice,lookat,hear,listento,observe,feel,have;△imagine,find,discover,like,want,understand,hate,bring,get,leave,setEg:Didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Don’timagineyourselftobealwayscorrect.Wefindhimtobedishonest.注①：有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）现在分词表示动作正在进行,即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。Eg:Didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Hesawhisfathertalkingwithhisteacher.Ionceheardhimsingthissong.SheheardMr.Whitesinginginthenextroom. 注②：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号to应当省略不定式在下列动词后作宾语补足语时，要省略to“看”：see,lookat,observe,watch,notice“听”：hear,listento“感觉”：feel使役动词：have,make,let但当以上的动词用于被动式，to要还原：Theysawtheboyfallsuddenlyfromthetree.Theboywasseentofallsuddenlyfromthetree.需要注意have,make的用法：have,make用做使役动词表“让，使，允许”等意，其后的不定式作宾补时，才可省to．用作一般实义动词,have表示“有”，make表示“制造”，“做”等意义，且后面的不定式作目的状语，定语等时，不定式符号to不能省．Eg:Iwon’thavehimcheatme.　“允许”Ihavealotofworktodo.　　“有”Hisstorymadeuslaugh.　　“使”Fathermadeakiteforhissontofly.“做”△help一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带to，也可以不带toEg:Doyouoftenhelpyourmother(to)dothehousework?不定式运用口诀本领最多不定式，主、表、宾、补、定和状。样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢。大家千万要当心，有时它把句型改，作主宾时用“it”,自己在后把身藏。七个感官三使役，宾补要把to甩开；疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当；to前not是否定，各种用法区别开。Exercises1.Themanwanted__________(have)arest.2.Thelittleboylikes___________________(answer)questions.3.Mr.Wangtaughtme________(play)basketball.4.Wouldyoulike__________(join)us?5.Theteacheraskedhim________(be)earliernexttime.6.Pleasecomeovertomyhome___________(visit)myparents.7.Mywatchneeds___________(repair).8.Hewasrunning___________(catch)thebus.9.LiPingwantedyou__________(call)him.10.Let’saskhim__________(turn)itdown.11.Ihope__________(find)agoodjob.12.Hewentthere________(work)asateacher.13.Shewanted__________(do)something_______(keep)herselfbusy.!4.Motheraskedme_______(stay)athome. 15.Let’s______(have)arest.16.Isawhim_______(drop)abook.17.Hefounditverydifficult______(get)tosleep.18.ShewenttotheUSA________.(learn)English.19.Ihavemuchhomework_______.(do)20.Iamsorry_______(trouble)you.21.Hespent2hours______(mend)_hisbike.22.Mothertaughtme_____and____.(read,write)23.sheisoldenough_____(go)toschool.五.作定语:(常常表示将来的动作)（不定式作定语须放在被修饰的名词或代词的后面）1.不定式与被修饰的词有动宾关系e.g:HaveyougotanythingtodothiseveningIhavesomefiendstoinvite.当名词被thefirst,thelast,theonly等序数词以及形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式作定语，而不管动作是否已完成．Eg:Heistheonlypersontoknowthetruth.Sheisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.3作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着两种逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语或逻辑宾语．Eg:Aliceisalwaysthefirststudenttocometoschool.TheteachergavemesomeEnglishbookstoread.Themeetingtotakeplaceheretomorrowisgoingtodiscusstheproblemofpollution.Mr.Brownhasalargefamilyto　support．　当被修饰的名词或代词是不定式逻辑上的宾语，而该不定式动词又是不及物动词时，应在该动词后加上一个介词以形成逻辑上的动宾关系．Eg:Pleasepassmesomepapertowriteon.There’snothingforustoworryabout.Shehasanicepentowritewith.Heboughtaflatforthefamilytolivein.Anofficetoworkin/AchildtolookafterArivertoswimin六、不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。1、表目的e.g:Tolearnaforeignlanguagewell,youmusttryyourbest..Hecameheretoattendanimportantmeeting注①：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语Eg:Heboughtabicycletogototownmorequickly.Hewenthometoseehismother.例外的情况eg:Heopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein.Theysentamantomendthewindow. 注②：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词not时，通常可以在不定式符号to之前加上inorder或soasEg:HecamehereinordertoseeCharlie.Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.Hewentearlyinordernottomissthetrain.Iturnedtheradiodownsoasnottodisturbhim.注③：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上inorder，但却不可以加上soas，Eg:Todrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.(Inordertodrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.)Togetthebestresults,usecleanwater.2、表结果不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型：①   so…asto…Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/tellmethetime?②   such(…)asto…I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.③   enoughto…Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.④   too…to…Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：I’monlytoogladtogo.=I’mverygladtogo.Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome.=Ishallbeverypleasedtogethome.〖onlytoo(adv.)极;非常;太;很〗☆☆不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示结果eg:Shewokeearlytofinditwasraining.Hegothometolearnthathisfatherwasill.这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点：1不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的，相当于一个限定动词词组，如：Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.2不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。（有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果）Eg:HewenthometofindhisoldfriendGeorgewaitingforhim.3 不定式之前有时可以加上only或butonly，以加强语气Eg:Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的，往往形式相似，这时，根据词汇意义认真加以区别，试比较：Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.(=Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.)HearrivedlatetoavoidmeetingRobert. (=HearrivedlateinordertoavoidmeetingRobert.)Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Hewenttothestationtoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains.(=Hewenttothestationinordertoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains.)3.表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作）eg:Iwonderedtohearhervoiceinthenextroom.=IwonderedbecauseIheardhervoiceinthenextroom.Shecriedtoseehiminthatcondition.=Shecriedbecauseshesawhiminthatcondition.注意在therebe结构中，作定语用的不定式如修饰主语时，即使表示被动的意义，也可用主动式来表示．Thereisalotofworktodo/tobedone.Hurryup!There’snotimetolose/tobelost.Therearethreeletterstoanswer/tobeansweredthismorning.不定式的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词之前．I’mgladtohaveseenyourfather.Sheseemedtohaveheardofitalready.Soyouaretheonetohavecleanedalltheserooms.主动形式表被动意义的不定式E.g.:Thequestionisverydifficulttoanswer.Theproblemisdifficulttodealwith.主语＋be+adj.+todo能用于此句型的形容词有：difficult,easy,comfortable,fit,hard,pleasant,tiresome(使人疲劳的),interesting,nice,heavy,dangerous,light,important,etc.主语+be+adj.+enough+todoE.g.:Theboxislightenoughtocarry.Theriverwateriswarmenoughtoswimin.主语+be+too+adj.+todoE.g.:Thebooksseemedtooheavytocarry.Theiceistoothintoskateon.Exercises1.Heaskedmetohelphimrepairhisradio,butIdon’tknow___.A.todoitB.howtoC.whattodoitD.howtodo2.Hisvoicemademe_____terrible.A.TofeelB.feelC.feelsD.felt3.Myparentstoldme____peoplewhentheyareintrouble.A.neverlaughatB.nottolaughatC.don’tlaughatD.notlaughat4.It’sbadmanners____rudetopeople.A.tobeB.areC.beD.tobeing5.It’sinteresting_____ustotakepartinthegames.A.ofB.toC.forD.at6.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,___itmoredifficult. AnotmakeBnottomakeCnotmakingDdonotmake7.I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat___inmynewjob.A.expectedB.toexpectCtobeexpectingDexpects8.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade____.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning9.Iwouldlove___tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone10._____withhimisagreatpleasure.A.TotalkB.TalkC.TalkedD.Totalking11.Itisnice_____yourvoice.A.tohearB.hearC.heardD.tobehearing12.______istostruggle.A.LivingB.LiveC.ToliveD.Tobelived13.Herwishis______adoctor.A.becomingB.becomeC.tobecomeD.beingcome14.Iwasjustabout_____theofficewhenthephonerang.A.leavingB.leaveC.toleaveD.toleaving15.Ididn’t_____ituntilyouhadexplainedhow.A.managetodoB.managedtodoC.managetohavedoneD.managedoing16.Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust_______alookatthesportsstars.（2005上海卷）A.hadB.havingC.tohaveD.have17.Daddydidn"tmindwhatweweredoing,aslongasweweretogether,____fun.（2005重庆卷）A.hadB.haveC.tohaveD.having18.Helenhadtoshout________abovethesoundofthemusic.(04全国III)A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard19.----IsBobstillperforming?----I"mafraidnot.Heissaid________thestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial.(2005江苏卷)A.tohaveleftB.toleaveC.tohavebeenleftD.tobeleft20.31.Hehurriedtothestationonly______thatthetrainhadleft.(2005广东卷)A.tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefoundKey:1—5BBBAC6---10BBBBA11---15ACCCA16---20CCDAA