大学英语语法讲义 22页

第一部分虚拟语气的用法要点一．Should+动词原形型1.坚决要命型：在“建议”propose,suggest,advise，recommend，“决定”insist，decide，“要求，需要”require,demand,request,ask,“命令”order等动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气，其形式是should+动词原形，should可以省略。1）Heproposedthatwe(should)setupacommitteetolookintothematter.他提议我们建立一个委员会来调查此事。2）HewantedtogotoParis,butthedoctoraskedthathenotgo.他想去巴黎，但医生要他别去。Weadvisedthattheyshouldstartearly.我们建议他们及早开始。I’mnotthepersontorecommendhowthejobshouldbedone.我不是能为做此事出主意的人。2.与上述动词相关的主语从句及同位语从句中也要求用虚拟语气,其形式是should+动词原形,should可以省略。如：Ithasbeenorderedthatnooneshouldgotobeduntilfurtherinformation.命令说没有进一步的通知谁都不能休息。Itwassuggestedthatmeasuresbetakentominimizethedamage.有人建议采取措施把损失降到最小。Myproposalisthathebeinchargeofthewholething.我建议由他来负责整件事。3.在含有形容词necessary（必需的，需要的）,important（重要的）,essential（必要的，不可缺少的），advisable（明智的，可取的）,strange（奇怪的）,incredible（难以置信的），vital（至关重要的）等的主语从句中及it’sapity,itisashame,itisnowonder等主语从句中要求用虚拟语气，其形式是should+动词原形，should可以省略。如：Itisimportantthatstudents(should)attendallthelectures.所有的学生都应该去听讲座，这是很重要的。It’sstrangethatheshouldbehere.他在这儿真奇怪。It’sagreatpitythatheshouldbesoconceited.真遗憾他竟会这样自高自大。4.incase,forfearthat,lest做“万一，惟恐，以防”解时，要用虚拟语气，其形式是should+动词原形,should可以省略。如：Heburnedalltheimportantpapersforfearthattheyshouldfallintoenemy’shands.他烧毁了所有的重要条件以防它们落到敌人的手中。Lestanyoneshouldthinkitstrange,letmeassureyouthatitisquitetrue.我向你们保证那是真事，以免有人觉得奇怪。（即“坚决要命”型：坚持《建议》suggest,propose,advise,recommend;决定insist,decide;要求，重要的require,demand,request,important,命令order,ask）.二．if条件句中1.if17 引导的条件句中，如果所说的与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其具体的规则如下：主句从句与现在事实相反Would/should/could+动词原形一般过去时与过去事实相反Would/should/couldhavedone过去完成时与将来事实相反Would/should/could+动词原形Should+动词原形/一般过去时/wereto+动词原形如：IfIhadstudiedhard,Iwouldhavepassedthefinalexam.如果我以前努力学习，我就会通过期末考试了。Ifhewerenotin,whatwouldwedo?如果他不在，我们该怎么办？Ifyouweretoleavetomorrow,Iwouldshowyouoffattheairport.如果你明天走，我就去机场送你。这一项中尤其要注意的一点是主句与从句时间不一致的用法。但只要熟悉上表所列规则，便可迎刃而解。如：IfIhadattendedthemeetingyesterday,Iwouldknowwhathappenednow.如果我参加了昨天的会议，现在我就知道发生了什么事了。Ifhewereingoodhealth,wewouldhaveaskedhimtodothatjob.如果他身体好，那时我们就让他去做这项工作了。Ifyouhadtakenouradviceatthattime,youwouldnotbeintroublenow.如果你当时接受我们的建议，你现在就不会有麻烦了。还有一点要注意的是虚拟与不虚拟的错综混合。如：Iwouldgladlylendyouthemoney,butIreally______________(nothaveit).我会很乐意借钱给你，但我（）确实没有。Iwouldhavegladlylentyouthemoney,butIreally___________(nothaveit).我会很乐意借钱给你，但我（）确实没有。Iwouldhavecomeearlier,butIdidn’tknowyouwerewaiting.我其实可以早些到，但我不知道你在等我。2.if引导的条件句中，可以省略if把had,should,were提前到句首倒装。如：Haditnotbeenforhim,Iwouldbeinhospitalnow.要不是他，我现在就在医院里了。Shouldanyonecall,tellhimthatI’mnotin.有人打电话的话，告诉他我不在。Wereitlefttometodecide,Iwouldchoosetogotocollege.如果让我决定，我会选择去上学。三．一般过去式型1.It’s(high/about)timethat（是…的时间）引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气，其形式是一般过去式。如：It’s(high)timethatwewenttoschool.我们该上学了。四．其他1.wish（但愿，希望）,wouldrather/sooner（宁愿）,hadrather（宁愿）引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气。其规则如下：与现在事实相反与过去事实相反17 动词过去式(be动词用were)had+过去分词如：IwishIwererich.我恨不得我很富有。Iwishhewouldn’tgoouteverynight.他要不是每天晚上都出去就好了。Iwishyouhadn’ttoldmeallthis.我倒希望你当初别把这一切都告诉我。Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).我宁愿你明天来(你也去了)。IcouldgomyselfbutIwouldsooneryouwent.我自己也能去，但我宁愿你去。IhadratherthatyoutoldhimthanIdid.我宁愿你告诉他而不是我。2．ifonly（要是…就好了）用法与wish相似。如：IfonlyIwererich.但愿我很富有。Ifonlyitwouldstopraining.真希望雨能停。IfonlyIhadattendedyesterday’slecture!我去听了昨天的讲座就好了!3．asif/asthough（好像，似乎）引导的从句中一般也要求用虚拟语气，但在look,taste,sound,smell,feel等之后现代英语中也可以不用。如：Shetreats(treated)thechildasifhewereherownchild.她对待这个孩子就像自己的亲生孩子一样。Hespeaks(spoke)insuchawayasifhehadbeentheremanytimes.他说话的样子就像他曾经去过那儿很多次了。4．在有butfor，without的词的句子中，要求用虚拟语气。如：Withoutyourhelp，wewouldn’thavefinishedthetaskintime.Butforyou,Iwouldbeinhospitalnow.第二部分复合句的要点一、定语从句引导定语从句的关联词包括：（1）关系代词：that，which，whose，who，whom，as（2）关系副词：when，where，why。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成分，关系代词在从句中充当动词的宾语时，一般可以省去。一）关系代词的选用比较复杂，它受下列条件的限制：1）先行词是指人还是指物；2）关系代词在从句中的句法作用；3）定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。二）关系副词的选用相对简单。如先行词是表示时间的名词，用when；如先行词是表示地点的名词，用where；如先行词是reason，则用why。（关系副词相当于介词加关系代词）Themanthat/whowastalkingtomewasthepresident.Themanthat/whomImetwasthepresident.Oct.1isthedaywhenthePRCwasfounded.ThisisthefactorywhereIworkedlastyear.17 下面举例说明：Iknowheisamanwho(that)meanswhathesays.Thegentlemanwhom(that)shemetwasawell-knownprofessor.Thewatchwhich(that)waslosthasbeenfound.Hereisthematerialwhich(that)youneed.You’retheonlyonewhoseadvicehemightlistento.I’llneverforgetthevillagewhere(inwhich)Ispentmychildhood.I’llalwaysrememberthedaywhen(onwhich)Ifirstsawhim.Idon’tknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)hedidthat.Hisspeech,whichboredeveryone,wentonandon.Thegeneral’sdaughter,whosenamewasAnn,gavemeasweetsmile.注意：that与which在做关系代词时，都可以表示物，但有区别。1．在非限定性定语从句中，只能用which；2．在介词之后的定语从句中，只能用which；3．当先行词是不定代词（something，anything，nothing，everything，none，little，few，much，all，etc）时，只用that；4．当先行词被形容词最高级（most）、序数词（first，last）、不定代词（some，any，no，every，little，few，much，all），或only，very等词修饰时，只能用that；5．当先行词是that时，关系代词只能用which；例如：1．Thisisthehouseinwhichhewasborn。(其他写法?)2．Icouldn’tfindanythingthatsatisfiesmyneeds.3．Thisisthemostinterestingfilmthathasbeenshowninthistheater.(可否省略that?)4．ThisistheverybikethatIamlookingfor.(可否省略that?)5．ThatisallthatIwanttosay.(allthat=what)6．Thatisallthatisneededtofinishthistask.注意：that与who都可以表示人，但也有区别：1．that只用于限定性定语从句中，而who则不受此限制；2．当先行词的前后有形容词最高级或any，only，first，last等词修饰时，只用that；3．当先行词为those时，通常用who；4．当定语从句为therebe句型时，做从句主语的关系代词只用that，可省略；5．当先行词who为，后紧跟定语从句时，只用that。例如：1．He,whousedtobeanhonestman,nowisacriminal.2．Heisthebestspeakerthataddressedthemeeting.3．Whothathadbeenthereforbutafewhourscouldeverforget?4．Thosewhoarefreenowmaygohome.5．Heissupposedtobeagiftedwriterthattherehaseverbeen.三）先行词也可以是整个句子。这时，一般用which或as来引导。which一般只能置于句中或句末，而as的位置比较灵活。Wateriscomposedofhydrogenandoxygen，which（as）isknowntoall。Hewasawardedagoldmedal,whichhiswholefamilyconsideredagreathonor.Ashadbeenexpected,hefinishedthetaskaheadoftime.17 四）在主句中有same或such，可以用as引导定语从句。HeissuchakindofpersonasIwillneverunderstand.Exercise:Thisisthemuseum____theyvisitedlastweek.Thisisthemuseum_____theyworkedlastweek.Thisisthemuseum_____hasbeenrecentlyrebuilt.Thismuseumis______theyworkedlastweek.Thismuseumis_____theyvisitedlastweek.a)thatb)whichc)whered)inwhiche)theonef)theonewhereg)theonethath)theonewhichI)不填二、名词性从句名词性从句在句子中起名词的作用，包括主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。从属连词有：that，if，whether；连接副词有：when，where，why，how；连接代词有：what，who，which，who，whom，whose，whoever，whatever，however；注意：1．在含有主语从句的复合句中，为保持句子的平衡，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语置于句末。e.g.：Itiswellknownthatwaterisindispensabletolife。（ItisveryimportantforyoutolearnEnglishwell。/Itisverykindofyoutohelpme。）2．whether引导的名词从句在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语；而if引导的句子只能作宾语。（whether用得广）e.g.：Idon’tknowwhether(if)heisathome.Whetherhecomesornotisstillnotclear.3．同位语从句通常由that引导，常跟在名词fact，idea，opinion，news，hope，belief，etc后，that不能省略。e.g.：Wearefamiliarwiththefactthatallmatterconsistsofatoms。Thenewsthatweareinvitedtothemeetingisveryencouraging。4．that引导主语从句时要特别注意，不能省略。e.g.：Thattherewasatrafficjamisnoexcuseforyourbeinglate。5．特别注意what的用法。e.g.：Wearesurprisedatwhathedid。Whathesaidsurprisedallofus。Timeiswhatweneedtofinishtheproject。Heisnotwhatheusedtobe.三、状语从句一）时间状语从句从属连词有：after，as，by,before，once，since（完成时），till，until（not…until），while，when，assoonas（主将从现），aslongas，instantly，immediately，directly，theday，everytime，theminute，thesecond，themoment，etc。17 Immediatelyhearrived，hestartedtotelluswhathashappened。Thechildrenrushedoutoftheclassroomthesecondthebellrang。(注意要点：1．by完成时态，将来完成时willhavedone2．since用法3．when与while的区别：when时间点bedoing,beaboutto…when，while时间段whileIwasinLondon4．名词引导句子5．主将从现6．Notuntil用法)二）条件状语从句从属连词有：if，unless，so（as）longas，incase，providedthat，supposethat，supposingthat（given，considering，judgingfrom，generallyspeaking），etc。Provided（that）myexpensesarecoveredbythecompany，Iwillgoonbusiness。Supposeitrainstomorrow，whatshallwedo？三）原因状语从句从属连词有：because，since，as，for，nowthat，inthat，consideringthat，etc。Nowthattheweatherhasimproved，let’sgooutforawalk。Theoryisvaluableinthatitcanprovidedirectionforpractice。四）让步状语从句从属连词有：though，although，evenif，nomatterhow，whatever，whenever，as，etc。Youngasheis，heknowsquitealotaboutsociety。Wealthyasheis,heisnothappy.五）目的状语从句从属连词有：that，sothat，inorderthat，lest，incase，etc。Shegotupearlyinthemorningsothatshecouldcatchtheearlybus。六）结果状语从句从属连词有：sothat,so(adj./adv.)…that，such(n.)…that，etc。Shegotupearlyinthemorning,sothatshecaughttheearlybus。Itwassocoldthatwehadtostayinside.It’ssuchagoodchancethatwemustn’tmissit.七）方式状语从句从属连词有：as，asif，theway，how，etc。Hemadesomechangesasyouhadsuggested。Idon’tlikethewayyouspeak.八）比较状语从句从属连词有：as…as，notso/as…as，morethan，lessthan，superiorto，inferiorto，juniorto，seniorto，times，etc。Arewhitepeoplesuperiortoblackpeople？Thisroomisthreetimesthesizeof（aslargeas/largerthan）thatone。Thestudentsinmyclassstudyharderthanthoseinyourclass。第三部分非谓语动词的用法17 非谓语动词是指动词不定式、动名词和分词。一、非谓语动词作动词宾语和宾语补足语一）作宾语A．接动词ing形式的词1．后接动词ing形式的动词admit，advise，advocate，allow，anticipate，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，deny，dislike，dread,encourage,endure，enjoy，escape，excuse，fancy，finish，imagine，include，involve，keep，mind，miss，pardon，permit，postpone，practise，prevent，propose,recall,recollect,require，resent，resist，risk，spend,can’tstand,suggest，understand，etc。e.g.：AcceptingthisjobinvolveslivinginLondon。Doyoumindmy/mesmokinghere?Myparentswerehappywithmybrother’scominghomeforthespringfestival.2．后接动词ing形式的动词词组giveup，putoff，amountto，attendto，beaccustomedto，beusedto，beopposedto，devoteto，feellike，havetrouble(difficulty)in,haveahard(good)time,lookforwardto，objectto，resortto，submitto，can’thelp，keepfrom，preventfrom，setabout，succeedin，etc。e.g.：ShehasbeenusedtolivinginBeijing。3．后接动词ing形式的形容词busy，worth，worthwhile，etc。Isitworthwhilemakingsuchanexperiment？4．后接动词ing形式的名词point，use，good，need,trouble，difficulty，etc。Thereisnopointinthinkingaboutit。Shehadgreattroubleinfindingthisplace。(beworthdoing,bebusydoing,havedifficulty/troubleindoing,itisnogood/nouse/worthwhiledoing,thereisnoneed/nopointindoing,how/whataboutdoing,what’sthepointofdoing,what’stheuseofdoing,awasteoftimedoingItisawasteoftimetryingtomakehimchangehismind.Howaboutgoingoutforawalkafterdiner?)B．接动词不定式的词afford，agree，aim，arrange，ask，attempt，beg，bother，care，choose，claim，continue，dare，decide，demand，deserve，desire，determine，expect，fail，help，hesitate，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，promise，refuse，seek，strive，tend，wish，appear，turnout，etc。(itissaidthat…,itisknownthat…,itseemsthat…,ithappensthat…,itislikelythat…=saidto,knownto,seemsto,happensto,likelyto)e.g.：Don’thesitatetoaskmequestionsifyoudon’tunderstand。Hepretendednottohaveheardthisremark。C．既可接动词ing形式，又可接不定式的词17 begin，cease，continue，deserve，dread，fear，forget，hate，intend，like，loveneed，neglect，prefer，regret，remember，require，start，try，want，stop，etc。在某些动词后，两种形式意义差别不大。如：Hehadreallyintendedstaying（tostay）longer。Shedoesn’tlikefishing（tofish）。但在某些动词后，两种形式意义差别明显。这类动词包括：chance,forget，remember，try，mean，regret，stop，quit,goon，etc。Hehasforgottenmeetingherlastyear.Hehasforgottentomeether.Trypressingthegreenbuttonandseeifthemachinewillstart.试一试Johntriedtodothesum（算术题）inhishead.设法Successmeansworkingveryhard.Hemeanttodrivethere,buthiscarbrokedown.DickchancedclimbingMountJolmoLungmawithoutcarryingtheoxygencontainer.冒险试试Tomchancedtofindhislostbileinfrontofastore.碰巧Hegaveusabriefingandwentontoshowusaroundthecampus.不定式是状语（做了简短介绍后，他接着带我们参观校园）Hewentonworkinginspiteofthenoisearoundhim.分词是宾语（尽管周围噪音很大，他仍不停地工作）还有几个动词后面既可以接动词ing形式，又可以接动词不定式的被动式，这类动词有：need，want，require，deserve，demand，etc。Theflowersinthegardenneedwatering（tobewatered）.Thematterdemandslookinginto.Theselanguagepointsdeservementioning.一）作宾语补足语作宾语补足语要求省略to不定式的动词包括感官动词和使役动词，如：feel，hear，see，listento，lookat，notice，observe，watch；have（havesth.done），let，make，etc。e.g.：Iwilltrytohavesomeonerepairtherecorderforyou。Thebossmadethemwork10hoursaday。注意：当这些动词用于被动语态时，后面的动词不定式必须带to。如：Theyweremadetowork10hoursaday。Hewasseentocomeoutofthebankaftertherobbery。另外，在如cannotbut，donothingbut/except，hadbetter，hadbest，ratherthan，wouldrather…than等结构后也要求不带to的不定式。Hesaidhewoulddoanythingexceptcook.Imissedthelastbus.Icoulddonothingbutstayinthevillageforthenight.Ratherthangobybus,hewalkstohisofficeeveryday.Hehelpedme(to)mowthelawn.二）不定式作状语表(意想不到的)结果，表将来Hejumpedintothepooltosavethechildonlytobreakhisownleg.Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisownfeet.17 Johnlefthishometowntenyearsago,nevertoreturn.结果Wewenttobuythefootballticketsonlytobetoldthatthematchwascancelled.Thesearetheletterstobesentoutthisafternoon.AreyougoingtothepartytobeheldonNewYear’sEve?一、现在分词与过去分词的用法、with结构和独立主格形式一）现在分词与过去分词的用法现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在语态和时间上。在语态上，现在分词表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思；在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作已经完成。简而言之，现在分词表示主动、进行，过去分词表示被动、完成。这一原则一定要牢记。如：thedevelopingcountries，thedevelopedcountries；thefallingleaves，thefallenleaves；therisingsun,therisensunthetouchingstory，thetouchedaudience；(surprise)etc。（modifier）作定语时，某些过去分词既能前置也能后置，但意义不同。Inoticeaconcernedlookinhiseyes.关切的Allpartiesconcernedwillbepresent.有关的Wemustmakeareplywithinthegivenperiod.指定的Shedoesn’tliketheblousegivenbyheraunt.所给予的Thisisaninvolvedsentence.复杂的Allpeopleinvolvedhavebeenquestioned.有牵连的Thestoresellsusedbooksonly.旧的Thetextbooksusedareallup-to-date.所采用的作状语时，要判断用现在分词还是过去分词，主要是看分词所代表的动词与主语的关系。(看动词与句子主语的关系，外部关系)如：Walkinginthestreet，shemetanoldfriendofherfather’s.Beingsick，Istayedathome.Allnighthelayawake,thinkingoftheproblem.Seenfromthemountain，thecityisverybeautiful.Givenmoretime，Iwilldoitbetter.Finishedinahurry,thedesignleavesmuchtobeimproved.Exercise：＿＿＿　inthisway，thesituationwasnotverybad。(lookat)＿＿＿　inthisway，wefoundthesituationwasnotverybad。Seenfromthespace,theearthlookslikeahugewaterglobe.无依附结构：Walkingalongthelake，theairwasverycoolandfresh.Waitingforabus,astonehitme.Byswimminganhoureveryday,Jane’sweightwasreducedfrom120to110pounds.二）with结构和独立主格形式（内部消化整理的过程，即看动词与前面名词的关系）1．with结构其形式是with+n./pron.+doingdone17 adj.adv.prep.PhraseWithtearsfallingdownherface,sherushedout.Withhishomeworkfinished,hewentouttoplayHelikestosleepwiththewindowsopen.Allthestudentsleftwiththeclassover.Theteachercameintotheclassroomwithabookinhishand.1．独立主格形式分词短语所表示的动作在逻辑上有主语,且能在同一句中找到：Havingfinishedhishomework,hewentouttoplay。但有时分词短语有自己独立的主语，这种主语通常是名词或代词，且放在分词短语的前面，这种结构叫做独立结构，通常做状语。如：Itbeingaholiday，Iwentfishing.Weatherpermitting，weshallstarttomorrow.Shestoodthere,herfacebeingdull.Allthingsconsidered，wehavetocanceltheplan.Everypossiblemeanstried,wehadtogiveuphope.Hishomeworkfinished，hewentouttoplay.第四部分倒装结构倒装常出现在下列情况中：1．为避免内容重复，采用倒装，即：so（neither，nor）+be动词（助动词，情态动词）+主语如：Myfatherisateacher；soismymother。Idon’tlikedancing；nordoesshe。2．具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时，句子一般倒装，即将系动词、助动词或情态动词提到主语前。这类词或短语包括：not，never，seldom，hardly，rarely，scarcely，little，few，bynomeans，undernocircumstances，innoway，atnotime，nosooner…than，hardly/scarcely…when，notonly…butalso，notuntil，nolonger，etc。如：NeverhasmybrotherbeentoBeijingbefore.HardlyhadIsatdownwhenIheardsomeoneknockingatthedoor.Undernocircumstancescanyoudothatagain.3．在as或though引导的让步状语从句中，可将形容词、副词等置于句首倒装。如：Wealthyasheis，Idon’tenvyhim.4．当so，often，only,now等表示程度或频率的副词置于句首时，句子一般倒装。如：OnlyinthiswaycanwelearnEnglishwell。SogreatwasthedestructionthattheSouthtookdecadestorecover。5．当there，here，then等副词置于句首时，且谓语动词为come，go，be等词时，句子一般全部倒装。但如果主语为代词，则不倒装。如：Herecomesthebus！Hereweare！6．当out，in，away，up，bang,down等词置于句首时，句子一般倒装。但如果主语为代词，则不倒装。17 如：Awayflewthebirds。Outherushed！第五部分强调结构一、强调谓语动词，在其前面加助动词。如：Idohopeyoucancometotheparty。Hedidfinishhisworkbyhimself。二、一般的强调结构一般的强调结构为：itis（was）+被强调部分+that（who）+句子的其他成分。注意：1．此结构不能强调谓语和表语。2．主语和谓语在人称和数上的一致。3．还有一种句型是“itisnotuntil…that…”，意为“直到…才…”。4．此句型与that引导的复合句最容易混淆，要注意。如：Itwasmyunclethat（who）sentmetheparcel。Itwasbecausehewastoocarelessthathebrokealltheglasses。ItisinthisroomthatIwasborn20yearsago。Itwasnotuntil60yearsagothatamethodwasfoundtocurethisdisease。（compare：Itisourdecisionthathebeinchargeofthismatter。）第六部分主谓一致主谓一致可遵循三项原则：语法一致，意义一致，就近一致。1．集体名词army，audience，class，committee，population，crowd，crew，couple，family，group，staff，team，cabinet指整体时谓语用单数，指个体时谓语用复数。如：Thepopulationoftheearthisincreasingveryfast。Onethirdofthepopulationherearefarmers。2．某些学科名称和疾病名称，虽然是复数形式，但谓语仍用单数。包括：electronics（电子学），mechanics（力学），classics（古典主义），linguistics（语言学），economics，statistics（统计学），physics，mathematics，etc。如：Physicsisverydifficultformostofthestudents。3．表示单位的词，形式上是复数，但习惯上将其视为单数。这些词包括：时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度、数目、书刊、国名等。如：60000dollarsisalargesumofmoneytoher。TheUnitedStateswasfoundedin1776。4．某些单复数同形的名词做主语时，要根据句子意思来确定谓语的单复数形式。单复数同形的词包括：aircraft，deer，fish，sheep，means，species，series，works，headquarters，etc。如：Variousmeansoftransportareintroducedinthisbook。5．如果主语的单数名词后有下列词或词组修饰时，谓语动词仍用单数：with，aswellas，alongwith，togetherwith，besides，inadditionto，ratherthan，but，accompaniedby，including,except,etc。如：Theteacheraswellasthestudentslikesthenovel。Ascientist，togetherwithhisassistants，wassenttohelpsolvetheproblem。17 Theboss，ratherthanthehisemployees，istoblame。1．由and连接的两个名词做主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。但某些情况下例外：1）两个名词只有一个限定词或没有限定词修饰时，它们常常表示一个概念；2）如果and连接的两个单数名词均有each，every，manya，no等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory。Thewearandtearonthemachineisobvious。Thesecretaryandthemanagerwerepresentatthemeeting。Everyhourandeveryminuteisvitaltomenow。Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasbeentotheexhibition。2．就近原则主要是指由or连接的两个名词做主语时，谓语与较近的一个一致。如：EitherIorheisresponsibleforit。Neitheryourunkindwordsnoryourunfriendlyattitudehasoffendedme。Notonlyhebutalsohisfamilymembersareinterestedinfootballmatch。Thereisonebookandtwopensonthedesk。3．none做主语时，如代表不可数名词，则用单数；如代表可数名词，谓语用单数、复数均可。4．oneandahalf后的名词是复数形式，但谓语动词用单数。如：Oneandahalfyearshaspassed。10．morethanone/manya后接单数名词做主语时，谓语用单数。11．either，neither做主语时，谓语用单数。12．oneof后接复数名词做主语时，谓语用单数。（定语从句比较）如：OneofthestudentscomesfromtheNorth，andtheothersarefromtheSouth。Oneofthestudentswhoarepresentattoday’smeetingisfromthethirdyear。Theonlyoneofthestudentswhoispresentattoday’smeetingisfromthethirdyear.13．动词不定式、动名词短语、名词性从句等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Seeingisbelieving。Tohesitatemeansfailure。Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanothertwohours。14．thenumberof做主语时，谓语用单数；而anumberof做主语时，谓语用复数。如：Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolisincreasingfast。Anumberofstudentsareinfavorofthenewplan。第七部分语法练习1．时态与语态练习PartOne:MultipleChoice1.Myneighbor______theviolinnow,sheusuallypracticesataboutthistime.17a)usedtopracticeb)wouldpracticec)ispracticingd)practiced172.Thechildrenaretodotheirhomeworkthemomentthey_____backfromschool.17a)havearrivedb)willarrivec)hadarrivedd)wouldarrive173.“Whenistheconcertsupposedtostart?”“It_____now.”a)17 a)hasabouttostartb)isgoingtostartc)isabouttostartd)isaboutstart174.“HasTomfinishedhishomework”?“Idon’tknow.He______it.”17a)willfinishb)canfinishc)canhavefinishd)musthavefinished175.HesaidthatLondon_____agreatcity.17a)willbeb)isc)wasd)were176.Themachinestartsthemomentthebutton_____.17a)willbepressedb)waspressedc)ispressedd)presses177.I_____sincebreakfastandI’mverytired.17a)travelb)amtravelingc)havebeentravelingd)wastraveling178.Bytheendof1962,we______thedemandforpetrol.17a)metb)hadmetc)havemetd)hadbeenmeeting179.Wecangowhentheground______.17a)isdryingb)hasdriedc)driedd)dry1710.He_____theoilpaintingonthewall.17a)hangedb)hashangedc)hungd)washanged1711.They_____moneyforlong.17a)havebeensavingupb)havehadsaveupc)saveupd)aresavingup1712.Howevermuch______,itwillbeworthit.17a)thewatchwillcostb)thewatchcostsc)doesthewatchcostd)thewatchcost1713.Howmanypeople______theconferenceonself-improvement?17a)attendedb)isattendingc)dotheyattendd)didattend1714.Pleasebesuretotelephonemethenexttimeyou_____.17a)willcomeb)wouldcomec)comed)shallcome1715.Theplane_____circlingoverthelandingfieldfor15minuteswhenthepilotwastoldthatheshouldusetheWestsidefield.17a)hasbeenb)wasc)ared)hadbeen1716.I______mygrandmotheratthreethisafternoon.17a)shallbevisitingb)willhavevisitedc)willhavebeenvisitedd)willhavebeenvisited1717.Afterhe_____forhalfanhour,ProfessorEvanshadadrinkofwater.17a)waslecturingb)lecturedc)haslecturedd)hadbeenlecturing1718.Shakespeare______thenameofepoch-makingwriter.17a)isdeservingb)deservesc)hasbeendeservingd)haddeserved1719.Bynextweekthenewregulations______.a)17 a)willintroduceb)aretointroducec)aretobeintroducedd)willhaveintroduced17PartTwo:ErrorCorrection1.Theywereafraidthatthecryingchildhadbeenbitedbythegrowlingdog.ABCD2.Hehasbeenhopedforaraiseforthelastfourmonths,buthisbossisreluctanttogivehimABCone.D3.HaveyouseenthenewgolfclubsthatMr.StrevensgivesBill?ABCD4.Howmanywoundedsoldersareleftouttherewhohaven’toperatedonyet?ABCD2．非谓语动词练习PartOne:MultipleChoice1.Itisdifficult_____ayoungman_____hisviewoflife.17a)for…tospeakofb)to…speakofc)of…speakofd)to…forspeakingof172.It’snouse_____torepairthecar.It’stooold.17a)havingtriedb)totryc)tryingd)bytrying173.Icamelateandmissed_____Jackwinning.17a)toseeb)seeingc)seed)beingseen174.Heresented_____towait,soheexpectedtheministertobepunctual.17a)tobeaskedb)askingc)toaskd)beingasked175.Threeofficersnarrowlyescaped______inthefiercebattle.17a)tobekilledb)tokillc)havingkilledd)beingkilled176.Wouldyoumind______quietforamoment?Iamtrying_____aform.17a)keeping…fillingoutb)tokeep…tofilloutc)keeping…tofilloutd)tokeep…fillingout177.Iremembermyfather______metothebeachwhenIwasaverysmallchild.Weforgot_____atowelandIfeltverycold.17a)taking…totakeb)totake…takingc)take…takingd)take…taken178.Thedoorremained______.17a)lockingb)lockedc)lockd)tolock179.Ihavegotachair______.17a)forsittingb)fortositonc)tositd)tositon1710.Thebusstops______passengersbecauseitisfull.17a)collectb)collectingc)collectedd)tocollect17 11.Iprefer______to______.17a)todrive…todrivenb)todriveratherthan…beingdrivenc)driving…beingdrivend)beingdriven…drive1712.Icouldnothelp______aroundwithagooddealofcuriosity.17a)havinglookedb)tolookc)lookedd)looking1713.Iobjectedto______likethis.17a)treatingb)beingtreatedc)thetreatingd)havebeentreated1714.Shedesiresnot______foranhour.17a)disturbb)tobedisturbc)tobedisturbedd)tohavedisturbed1715.Ibeg______tomorrow’smeeting.17a)tobeexcusedtoattendingb)tobeexcusedfromattendingc)toexcusefromattendingd)toexcusefromattend1716.I’mnotsurewhichrestaurant______.17a)tobeeatingatb)eatingatc)toeatatd)foreatingat1717.Electronsareknown______continuously.17a)movingb)tobemovingc)beingmovedd)tobemoved1718.Whydoyoustandandwatchthemilk______over?17a)boilingb)boiledc)toboild)beingboiled1719.BecauseofmypoorEnglishI’mafraidIcan’tmakemyself_______.17a)beingunderstoodb)tounderstandc)understandingd)understood1720.Onhiswaybackhome,hefoundhiswallet______.17a)tomissb)missingc)missd)missed1721.Theweather______fine,theydecidedtogooutforastroll.17a)isb)wasc)beingd)having1722.Thebookisworthyof______.17a)readingb)readc)havingreadd)toberead1723.______fromthehill-top,thelakesceneryisbeyonddescription.17a)Toseeb)Seeingc)Havingseend)Seen1724.Thehouse______willbeournewlab.17a)tobuildb)buildingc)havingbuiltd)beingbuilt17PartTwo:ErrorCorrection1.Withproductionhavinggoneupsteadily,thefactoryneedsaneverincreasingsupplyofrawABCDmaterials.17 2.Whenthetankcarcarriedthepoisonousgasranofftherails,thefiremantriedtoisolatetheABvillagefromalltraffic.CD3.ThenamesJimmy,BillyandBobbyendin“y”areusedespeciallyforchildren,buttheyABoftencontinueintoadultlife.CD4.Thosepart-timestudentsexpectedtooffersomejobsoncampusduringthecomingsummerABCDvacation.5.HaveyouheardthatJiff’slegwasbrokenwhileplayingfootball?ABCD3．虚拟语气练习1.Hedidn’tcometothemeetingyesterday,otherwiseI______him.17a)sawb)wouldseec)wouldhaveseend)hadseen172.Ifonlywe______aphone.I’mtiredofliningupoutsidethepublicphonebox.17a)haveb)hadc)willhaved)aretohave173.Iwishthatit______.17a)isnotrainingb)doesn’trainc)werenotrainingd)wouldn’train174.Butfortherain,we______ourdestinationyesterday.17a)wouldhavereachedb)reachedc)hadreachedd)shouldreach175.IcouldgomyselfbutIwouldsooneryou______.17a)gob)havegonec)willgod)went176.______today,hewouldgetthereFriday.17a)Washeleavingb)Ifheleavesc)Werehetoleaved)Ifheisleaving177.Ifhe______tomorrow,Ishouldgivehimthedictionaryheneeds.17a)comesb)shouldcomec)wouldcomed)willcome178.Iwouldhaveinvitedhertotheparty,butI______herwell.17a)don’tknowb)didn’tknowc)doesn’tknowd)hadn’tknow179.Itisrequiredthatthemachine______.17a)shouldbeoiledb)oilsc)shouldoild)willoil1710.Theteacherdemandedthatherstudents______ontimetoeveryclass.17a)wereb)shouldbec)hadtod)musthadto1711.Itisstrangethathe_____so.17a)wouldsayb)wouldspeak17 a)shouldsayb)willspeak1712.WouldyousoonerI______buyinganewbike?17a)decidedagainstb)willdecideagainstc)havedecidedagainstd)shalldecideagainst1713.Ifyouhadworkedharderbefore,you_____aboutthecomingexamnow.17a)wouldnotbeworriedb)wouldnothavebeenworriedc)couldnotbeworriedd)couldnothavebeenworried1714.Heaskedthatit_____donerightaway.17a)isb)shouldbec)shallbed)mustbe1715.Itishightimethatwe______forthefinals.17a)preparedb)havepreparedc)prepared)willprepare1716.I’dratheryou______anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.17a)dob)didn’tdoc)don’td)didn’t1717.Thedriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit______ontheway.17a)goeswrongb)wentwrongc)wouldgowrongd)gowrong1718.ThebossrequiredthatJohn______atthecompanybyten.17a)isb)willbec)bed)wouldbe1719.Itseemstomethatthemainrequirementofaninternationallanguageisthatit_____easilylearned.17a)beb)wouldbec)isd)willbe1720.DoyoufeelthatI______theprobleminadifferentway?17a)shouldapproachb)shouldhaveapproachedc)haveapproachedd)approached1721.______Ibeenthere,Icouldhaveexplainedit.17a)Haveb)Shouldc)Wouldd)Had17PartTwo:ErrorCorrection1.Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldplaneverythingaheadcarefully.ABCD2.Imovethatheistobedischargedforhisseriousmistakes.ABCD3.TheykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativeissenttotheABCconferenceonschedule.D4.WestronglysuggestthatSmithistoldabouthisphysicalconditionassoonaspossible.ABCD5.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehedidnotmakesuchastupidABCDremark.4．复合句练习19 1.Asurveywascarriedoutonthedeathrateofnew-bornbabies,_____wassurprising.19a)asresultb)theresultofitc)whichresultd)theresultofwhich192.Itlooks_____it’sgoingtorain.19a)thatb)asc)asifd)like193.Thelittlegirlwouldhavefallenintotheriverbut_____Johncaughther.19a)whichb)thatc)whend)for194.Hecouldn’tremember______.19a)whatwastheformulaeb)whichtheformulaewasc)whichweretheformulaed)whattheformulaewere195.Hedoesnotknow______.19a)whatwayisheswimmingb)whichwayheisswimmingc)whichwayisheswimmingd)whatwayheisswimming196.Whatsurprisedmewas______sowell.19a)whathespokeEnglishb)thathespokeEnglishc)whichdidhespeakEnglishd)whatdidhespokeEnglish197.______isknowntotheworldthatMarkTwainisagreatwriter.19a)Whichb)Asc)Itd)that198.TheBritisharenotfamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,_____isoftenthecasewithpeopleinothercountries.19a)asb)soc)whatd)that199.Thereis______thatIdon’tunderstand.19a)severalpointsb)oneofwhomc)onethingd)twowords1910.Iwasleftaloneatthestation______Ihadexcitedlygreetedhimonlyyesterday.19a)inwhichb)wherec)atwhichplaced)theplacewhere1911.That’s______now!19a)thatI’mdoingb)whichI’mdoingc)whatanIdoingd)whatI’mdoing1912.Thereason_____I’mwritingistotellyouaboutmyexamresults.19a)becauseb)whyc)asd)for1913.Wehavemadeitclear_____agricultureisthefoundationofthenationaleconomy.19a)whichb)thatc)whatd)whatever1914.Britishpressisunusual_____itisdividedintotwodifferenttypesofnewspapers:thequalitypressandpopularpress.19a)inhowb)inwhichc)inwhatd)inthat1915.Heinsuredhiscar_____hehadanaccident.19a)unlessb)ifc)incased)Since1916.Youwillhavetofacethepublicity,_____youwanttoornot.a)19 a)ifb)howeverc)whetherd)evenif1917.Hewasabouttoleave_____Iwalkedintotheroom.19a)whenb)whilec)onced)as1918.Heneverstoppedtryingtodoathing_____todo.19a)whichhedecideb)thathehaddecidedc)hedecidesd)hewoulddecide1919.TheyweretheBoyScouts______tohelpelderlypeoplecrossthestreet.19a)whosetaskwasb)whosewasthetaskc)itwaswhosetaskd)towhomitwasthetask1920.Thetree,thebranches______arealmostbare,isaverybigone.19a)whoseb)ofwhichc)inwhichd)which1921.Itwasnotuntilhehadarrivedhome______rememberedherappointmentwiththedoctor.19a)whensheb)thatshec)andshed)she1922.ItisIwho_____tomakethefinaldecision.19a)areb)isc)amd)was1923.Anoldfriendfromabroad,______Iwasexpectingtostaywithme,telephonedfromtheairport.19a)thatb)whomc)whichd)who1924.Itisthehotel_____lastyear.22a)whichwestayedatb)atwhichwestayedc)wherewestayedatd)wherewestayed22PartTwo:ErrorCorrection1.Likethecommitteehaswritteninitscurrentreport,therulesneedtobeenforcedmoreABCDstrictly.2.Theresidents,alloftheirhomeshadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedABCDCross.3.TheradiowasofsoinferiorqualitythatItookitbackandaskedforabetterone.ABCD4.Thepoliticianactedifshecaredaboutminorityrights.ABCD5.Thatsomeanimalsfindtheirwayisnotknown.ABCD6.Hissuccesswasduetothathehadbeenworkinghard.ABCD7.TheperiodduringwhenpeoplelearnedtomeltironiscalledtheIronAge.ABCD8.Shestoppedworkinguntiloneo’clockinthemorning.22 ABCD9.Allthesebookswhichhavebeendonatedbyhimaretobeusedbythestudents.ABCD10.Whattheshapeofabodymaybe,itisalwayspossibletofindoutitsvolume.ABCD11.Hardlyhehadenteredtheofficewhenherealizedthathehadforgottenhiswallet.ABCD5．倒装结构练习1.Inneitherroom_______.22a)wasthereawash-basinb)therewasawash-basinc)awash-basinwasthered)thereawash-basinwas222.Thetallerthecontainer,_______atthebottom.a)thegreaterthewaterpressurewillbeb)thewaterpressurewillbegreaterc)greaterwillbethewaterpressured)willbethegreaterthewaterpressure3._____afteralongwalkdidtheyreachthebus-stopatmidnight.22a)Shortlyb)Untilc)Onlyd)Just224.Onnoaccount______tofeedtheanimalsinthezoo.22a)visitorsarenotallowedb)arevisitorsallowedc)dovisitorsallowd)visitorsdon’tallow225.______thewoman’spossessionsthatshecouldcarrytheminasinglesuitcase.22a)Weresofewb)Sofewwerec)Fewweresod)Thereweresofew226.Here______youwanttosee.22a)comesthecomradeb)comesacomradec)thecomradecomesd)iscomingacomrade227.Sheisnotfondoflooking,______I.22a)soamb)noramc)neitherd)nordo228.NotuntilMr.SmithcametoChina______whatkindofacountrysheis.22a)didheknowb)heknowc)hedidn’tknowd)hecouldknow229.Rarely______suchasillything.22a)haveIheardofb)Ihavebeenheardofc)HaveIbeenheardofd)Ihaveheardof2210.Seldom______anymistakesduringmypastfiveyearsofservicehere.22a)wouldImakeb)shouldImakec)Iwouldmaked)didImake2211.Sofast_____thatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.22a)lighttravelsb)travelsthelightc)dolighttravelsd)doeslighttravel2212.Now_____yourturntokeepguard.22a)thereisb)isgoingc)comesd)hascome2213.Manyatime_____theSummerPalace.22a)havewebeenb)havewebeentoc)wehavebeentod)didwehavebeento22 14.______receivedlawdegreesastoday.22a)Neversomanywomenhaveb)Neverhavesomanywomenc)Thewomenaren’teverd)Womenwhohavenever226．主谓一致练习1.Everymanandwomanworkinghere_____alongwellwiththeforeignemployee.22a)getb)isgettingc)aregettingd)isgot222.Anumberofstudents_____forthelessontobeginnow.22a)iswaitingb)arewaitingc)waitsd)waited223.Allbutoneroominthishotel_____bythebigfire.22a)burnsdownb)wereburntdownc)wasburntdownd)haveburntdown224.Tomistheonlyoneof_____acar.22a)theboyswhohasb)whohasc)whohaved)theboyswhohave225.Noneofthem_____agoodsinger.22a)areb)isc)wasd)were226.Manyaboy_____toswimbeforehecanread.22a)learnb)learnsc)learnedd)haveleaned227.Twohours_____enoughforus.22a)isb)arec)haved)were228.Thesingeranddancer_____oureveningparty.22a)istoattendb)aretoattendc)weretoattendd)isattend229.HeaswellasI_____you.22a)agreewithb)agreetoc)agreeswithd)amtoagree2210.NotonlyyoubutalsoI_____mistaken.22a)areb)werec)haved)am2211.Eachsoldierandsailor_____arifle.22a)aregivenb)weregivenc)wasgivend)beinggiven2212.Iflawandorder_____,neitherthecitizennorhispropertyissafe.22a)isnotpreservedb)arenotpreservedc)ispreservedd)arepreserved2213.Theofficestaff______gatheredtohearthepresidentspeak.22a)isb)arec)bed)will2214.I_____,havenothingtosay.22a)whoarewrongb)whoamwrongc)whobeingwrongd)whoiswrong22 PartTwo:ErrorCorrection1.Eventhoughtheaveragewomenpossesseslessphysicalstrengththantheaverageman,shiABCisbelievedtohavegreaterstamina.D2.AnyonewhowishtoparticipateinthestatelotterymaydosobypurchasingaticketataABCstorewhichdisplaystheofficiallotteryseal.D3.Notoneinonehundredchildrenexposedtothediseasearelikelytodevelopsymptomofit.ABCD4.Neitherhistrainingnorhisexperienceasarailwayengineerqualifyhimforhisjob.22