考研英语语法讲义 37页

2017考研英语基础班讲义二〇一五年主编：Ada司内部讲义翻版必究 并列句一.定义：Youmaygowithus,oryoumaystayathome.Itwasgettinglate;wehadtogoback.二．并列句连词1.表示转折关系的并列连词有：but,yet,nevertheless,while2.表示因果关系的并列连词有：for3.表示并列附加关系：and，notonly…butalso4.表示选择关系的：either…orneither….noror三．并列句中的省略现象Itsscientistsweretheworld"sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Headdshumblythatperhapshewassuperiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.(08) 定语从句一．什么是定语二．定语的种类定语前置alovelygirltwentystudents定语后置HegivemeabasketfullofeggsAfilmaboutthelifeofworkers.Theabilitytomodifytheenvironment.三．定语从句含义用句子做定语，放在被修饰对象的后面。TheseareusefulbooksThesearethebookswhichIneededinmyresearch.区分：从句作定语和单词作定语的区别总结：定语从句的结构先行词+关系词+从句=定语从句四．定语从句的模式（一）先行词1.一个名词Evenwhenhomelessindividualsmanagetofindashelterthatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight… 2．一个短语或者从句作名词概念Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.(2004年翻译)Whatthewereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionago.3.一个完整的句子Hearrivedanhourlater,whichannoyedhisgirlfriendverymuch.（二）关系代词which/who/whom/that/whose1.关系代词指代人That/who都可以充当从句的主语，宾语或者标语，但是，若先行词后出现逗号，这时的定语从句只能用who引导。Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequal.whom只能充当从句的宾语。Doyouknowthemanwhomthedirectornominatedastheleaderoftheresearchinthemeeting. 1.关系代词指代物That与which在指代物的时候可以互换Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingofthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.(2009年翻译)2.关系代词whoseWhose用做关系词表示属格，也可以看作是关系形容词，因为它后面必须接一个名词，不能单独使用。Whose既可以指代人的所有格，也可以指代物的所有格。AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.（200年阅读passage4）注：whose=of+which/whom(三）定语从句中的省略关系词充当从句中宾语的省略Iknowtheboy____theteacherpraisedjustnow.关系词充当主语的省略（分词做定语）Thefirstthingwhichisneededforinnovationisfascinatedwithwon（四）关系副词介词+which/whomThisisthebook______youarelookingfor. Thisisthebook______youareinterested.关系副词when/where/whyBeijingistheplace____Iwasborn.=Ican’tforgettheday____Ijoinedthearmy.判断关系代词和关系副词的方法。Iwillneverforgetthedays_____weworkedtogether.Iwillneverforgetthedays_____Ispentinthecity.Isthisthemuseum____youvisitedafewdaysago?Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld？（五）定语从句的分割Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectlyaffectjuvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythatleadtofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemploymentingeneralmakegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.（2004）名词性从句名词性从句的本质就是把一个完整的句子当一个名词来使用，那么从句就具备了名词所具备的所有性质。名词性从句包括主语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句，也就是说从句充当什么成分就叫什么从句。一．主语从句 1.that引导主语从句时，that没有意义，但是that不能省略。Thatsheishasbeendeadisatruth.2.当主句主语很长的时候，为了避免投中脚轻，会用形式主语。It+be+adj.+that......It+be+n.+that.....It+be+v-ed+that.....例1. Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcrybecausetheyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhentearsbegintoflow.例2. Itisnomysterytomewhymanyteenagersappearapatheticandburnedout,witha“beenthere,donethat”airofindifferencetowardmuchofit.3.主语从句也可以是whether，what，who，which，whatever等引导。例1.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings. 例2.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.二．宾语从句在谓语动词，介词，动词不定式，分词，动名词之后都可以带有宾语从句1.that引导的宾语从句，that没有意义，在口语或者非正式文体中常常省略。Ithinkthatthelocalgovernmentshouldtakeaseriesofmeasurestosolvertheproblem.2.如果从句作宾语，而宾语后面还有补语，为了保持句子的平衡，用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句放在句尾。常跟这样的复合宾语的动词有：make，find，see，hear，think，consider，regard.....Georgemadeitclearthatheopposedthisproject.3.宾语从句在使用时，注意主句时态和从句时态变换。Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot.三．表语从句 表语从句位于主句的系动词之后1.that引导表语从句，在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.2.what/if/where....也可以引导表语从句四．同位语从句同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体，详实的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词一般是抽象名词，如hope，belief，fact，news，truth，suggestion等，同位语从句常用that来引导，有时候也可以用when和where等疑问词来引导Weknowthefactthatbodiespossessweight.Therumorthathewasarrestedwasunfounded.Wehavereachedtheconclusionthatpracticeisthecriterionfortestingtruth. 语法长难句解析（1）Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.（2）Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.（3）Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain"sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.（4）itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcrybecausetheyaresad. （5）Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.（6）Somephilosophers arguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.  （7）Suchbehaviorisregardedas“alltoohuman”,/withtheunderlyingassumption/thatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.Grievance=complaint单词很专业；正式Angry=rage=outrage、Poor=needy=impoverishedpovertySenseof…..。。。。。感Sense/sensibility/sensational/sensitive/SensibleInsensitiveSensationalnews、轰动的；耸人听闻的Sense:感觉；意义；理智 SenseandsensibilityCapable=ableBeableto=becapableof=canCapability/ability/capacity/faculty:人（官）能力：人人（特殊）Storage________Assume:=supposeSume----sumptionConsume----consumptionUnderlying:潜在的Underline:=v强调；重视=emphasizeon=putemphasison=highlight=putaspotlightonN+that。。。。 定语从句同位语从句、Thenewsthatsurprisesmealotistrue.Thenewsthathehasbeendeadistrue.同位语：（1）从句短：……的（2）长：切开翻译：名词+—：+从句名词+是/即、就是+从句主动介词：Regardas…看做；当做；视为Consider..as….See….as…..Elect….as….View，，，，as…….. v….as…..看做；当做；视为定语从句：定语是个什么鬼？Adj+n前置定语N+adj后置定语：（1）形容词性短语可以做后置定语Thebasketfullofeggs.（2）名词性短语做后置定语Themarket8timeslargerthananycompetitor.（3）介词短语做后置定语ThisisafilmabouttheRing.（4）不定式短语做后置定语Ihavetheabilitytolearn English.（5）定语从句ThisisthebookthatIlookfor.先行词+关系词+从句先行词：n、代词，完整的句子（6）分词短语做后置定语Thereare8foreigners,whocomefromtheUSA关系词：关系代词：+成分who/which/that/whom/whose关系副词：when/where/why ThisisthebookthatIlookfor.ThisisthebookinwhichIaminterested.介词+which定语从句中,从句的谓语动词是不及物，而不及物和介词关系很疏远，那么介词可以提前+which/whom. 反之，则不能动Thisistheplaceinwhich/whereIlive.Icannotforgetthedays_inwhich/when___IjoinedthearmyIcannotforgetthedays__that、which。0__Ispentwithyou. 关系代词在从句中充当宾语的时候，关系代词可以去掉。关系代词在从句中充当主语的时候，关系代词可以去掉，但是还要把从句的谓语改成相应的分词结构。Sheistheonlyonelovingme.thebridgebuiltiscompleted. 定语从句的分类：inourschool,thereare8teachers,whocomefromHefei.非限制：翻译分开翻译先行词，从句；错误的inourschool,thereare8teacherswhocomefromHefei限制；命题点；。。。。。的 thesocialstructureintheeconomythatleadtofewerunemployment.先行+关系+从句先行+杂七杂八+关系词+从句分割式定语从句 （8）Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Modify/shift/transfer/transform性质/change/alter/alert/BreakingbadModify:调节；改变（局部）=alter Subject：n科目；受试者Adj：besubjectto….遭受；受到V：besubjectedto遭受；受到Subjectatob：使a屈服与bParticular：特别的；特殊的=peculiarTransfer：位置Shift：位置；shift。。。to。。。。；方向；dayshiftnightshift TransferfromatobSheisthegirlcrossingtheriver.定语（If）givenmoretime,Iwouldfinishthetask.分词做状语刘畊宏幸福的距离改变：technologicalchangeEconomic、、、、变形金刚transformer车-------人 交通银行：bankofcommunicationsMasscommunicationsMessAmassof=anamountof=alotof（9）TheSupremeCourt"sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Relieve：减轻relieve/easemyeconomic/financialpressure/stress/strain/burdenRelivesbofsth 医学界：medicalcommunity=medicineCommunity、：社区；societyEuropeancommunityForestcommunityCenteron=focuson=concentrationon聚焦于。。。。Individual：youngindividualOldindividualSuggest:建议；表明；暗示人+谓语（认为）+that。。。。。Engagein：(1)订婚（2）雇佣（3）参加；从事 参加兼职工作：Joinin、takepartin，engageinpart-timejobsMedicine:药；医学Vegetable:植物人Implication:暗示；含义=meaning图画作文：这幅图表达了一个深刻的含义Thisdrawing/cartoon/imageconveys/deliversadeepimplication.Imply:=infer=indicate=learnfromSuicidesui---selfcide----cutCommitsuicideCommitcrimes合成词：医生内科外科：surgeon Decision：绝对：判决；裁决=judge=verdictPardon：赦免Ruleregulationact法案billprovisionslegislation有关部门应该颁布一些法律法规去严厉惩罚那些_____人。Therelated/relevantdepartmentissupposedto/isrequiredtoissuerulesandregulationstoseverelypunishthosewho________Supreme：至高无上的=important Court：法院TheCourt（10） Theoriescenteringontheindividual suggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehaviorbecausetheywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteractionswithothers.Deed：行为；事迹Penaltyn惩罚. (10)Howwellthepredictionswillbe validatedbylaterperformancedependsupon the amount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.(11)Itisgenerallyrecognized,however,that theintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,followedbytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,althoughitsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediatelyapparent.(12)Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsof ambition -wealth,distinction,controloverone’sdestiny-must be deemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeon ambitionsbehalf. （13） Inanoddway,however,itis theeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenupanambitionasanidea.(4)Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbymillionsofpeopleeveryday.(15) Sincethedawnof humaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.. (16)WhileJapaneseeducationisforeigners foritsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.While=although=thoughStressAoverBIhavelunchathomeTendto:往往Itendtodomyhomeworkatnight.我中午在家吃饭重视：Put/lay/placeemphasisonEmphasizeonHighlightvUnderline:vPutaspotlightonPutahighvalueon Though:conj虽然；尽管句中;adv(however)Wangsicong，though，isloadedwithmoney(wealthy;rich).(17)Neitherkind of sleep is at all well-understood,butREM sleep is assumedtoservesomerestorativefunction of thebrain. (18)Theyaredifferentinthattheirelementsare arrangeddifferently,andeachvitaminperformsoneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody. (19)ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional..(20)Sciencemovesforward，theysay，notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(21)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture”,liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding..  (22)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagecouldbe.(23)Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.(24)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.. (25)Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders. (26)Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.(27)Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage. (28)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.(29)Notlongago,withthecountryenteringrecessionandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak,theU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneoftheprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.(30)Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.