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初三英语语法知识专题复习壹、名词一、总的来说,名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类.专有名词：用来表示某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有名称的词。如Marx、Beijing、USA等，其中的实词第一个字母要大写。如theGreatWall等。二、名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词与不可数名词。1、可数名词（个体名词和集体名词）:（1）单数（前加a或an表“一”）;(2)复数（词尾加“-s”或“-es”）。其规则如下：A.规则变化：（1、以s、x、sh、ch结尾的，加-es/iz/;如boxes,glasses,watches,brushes等；（2、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i,加-es;如families,babies,countries等；（3以f、fe结尾的，变f、fe为v,加-es;如knives,wives,halves等；132
（4、以“辅音字母+o”结尾的，加-es;如potatoes,tomatoes等，但外来词和缩写词只能加-s,如pianos,kilo(kilogram)—kilos,photo(photograph)——photos.而zero——zeros/zeroes.(5、一般情况加-s,清辅音后发/s/，如desks,maps等，浊辅音和元音后发/z/.如apples,holidays,boys。但houses/′hauziz/,mouths/mauz/.B.不规则变化（child---childrenman----menwoman---womenpoliceman----policemenfoot—feettooth---teethmouse---mice）（复数名词:peoplepoliceshoespublicclothes）（1、单数、复数形式相同的：132
sheep,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese等。国家人民语言AmericaAmericanEnglishEnglandEnglishmanEnglishFranceFrenchmanFrenchGermanyGermanGermanJapanJapaneseJapaneseChinaChineseChineseCanadaCanadianEnglish,French（1、表示民族、国家的名词，除Chinese,Japanese的复数不变，Englishman,Frenchman的复数变-man为-men外，其余的均在词尾加-s.如Americans,Germans,Russians,Australians(附某国、某国人、某国语言的词形联系表).→→→→→→→(3、复合名词复数的构成方法①在中心词上加-s或-es,如：pencil-boxes.②在第二个组成部分上加-s或-es,如：boy-friends,tooth-brushes等.③含性别的复合词，两部分都变为复数，如：man-teache—men-teachers,woman-driver——women-drivers.2、不可数名词（抽象名词和物质名词）：不能以数目来计算的名词。如water,meat,rice,air,food,time,work,bread等等。132
它们只有单数形式，不能在前面加a(an)或数词来表示一个或几个。只能用“of词组”来表达。如“五块肉”fivepiecesofmeat，“三袋小麦”threebagsofwheat，“四则新闻”fourpiecesofnews.3、可数名词和不可数名词的转换：如：chicken,c“小鸡”，u“鸡肉”；fish,c“鱼”，u“鱼肉”，orange,c“橘子”，u“橙汁”，paper,c“试卷、论文”，u“纸张”，time,c“次数”，u“时间”等等。三、名词的所有格（含义“……的”）1、基本构成方法：(1)以s结尾的名词，其所有格只加“′”。如thestudents’teacherthetwins’bedroom.但以s结尾的单数名词，也可在词尾加“′s”。如Ross’sbag.(2)其他情况加“’s”。如：Jane’sfather，132
Women’sDay2、其他规则：（1）并列名词的所有格：①共同所有,只需在最后一个名词词尾加-’s,如：KateandJoan’sroom.②分别所有，则在每个名词词尾加-’s,如Kate’sandJoan’s.（2）表示无生命的事物名词，一般用of表示所属关系。如:themapofChina,thelegsofthetable.（3）双重所有格：①用of结构与名词所有格-’s结合构成双重所有格：afriendofmyfather’s,onebookofhisbrother’s.②用of结构加名词性物主代词构成双重所有格：apenofmine,aneighbourofhis.（4）表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词常用-’s形式：anhour’swalk,yesterday’news,China’spopulation,twentyminutes’walk.（5）可用-’s表示店铺、某人家：theGreens’,myuncle’s.132
典例1.Thisis____news.A.suchagoodB.averygoodC.suchgood（）2._____knowledgeofspacedevelopsveryquickly.A.People’sB.Man’sC.Men’s（）3.Thenumberofpeopleinvitedtotheparty_____fifty,butanumberofthem____absentfordifferentreasons.A.was/wereB.was/wasC.were/were（）4.“Wouldyoulike___?”“____,please.”A.adrink/AcoffeeB.drink/AcupofcoffeeC.acupdrink/Acupcoffee（）5.Twothirdsofthework____done.A.areB.isC.have132
（）6.Therich____notalwayshappy.A.isB.haveC.are（）7.Sheistheonlyoneofthe____writerswho_____storiesforchildren.A.woman/writesB.women/writesC.women/write（）8.Imethimat_____.A.Mr.Green’sB.theGreensC.Greens’（）9.Playingfootballis_____.A.agreatfunB.greatfunsC.greatfun（）10.Thesheeponthehill_____theirs.Theyareallwhite.A.isB.wasC.are提高训练一、用所给名词的正确形式填空：1.Myshirtismuchcheaperthan132
________.(John)2.Thegirlinredis______________(TomandKate)3.The_________(Brown)arewatchingTVnow.4.Ourschoolisaboutten__________(minute)walk.5.March8is_______________(womanday).6.Whowonthe_________(boy)400-_______(meter)race?7.Thisis___________(today)newspaper.8.Therearetwenty-five_________(man)workersinmyfactory.9.Ilike___________(chicken)verymuch.They’relovely.SoInevereat_________(chicken).10.Althoughheisathirty-___________(yearold)man,youcanseefew________(hair)onthehead.二、根据括号中的汉语完成句子。132
1.Sueisafriendofhers.(她的一个朋友).2.Pleasepassme________________(三张报纸).3.Theshopsells________________(儿童图书).4.Thisis______(房间的钥匙).5._____两位男同学)arefromHongkong.6.Thatisa___(两百米长的)bridge.7.Sheisthefirstin______________(女子100米赛跑).8.Whatcolourare____________(莉莉和露西的裙子).9.Youcansee___________________(两张中国地图)onthewall________________(他们教室).10._____________________(女士服装)becomemoreandmorebeautiful.三、下列句子均有错误,请划出并改正.1.Tom’sbikeisbetterthanmybrother.___2.Threraremanyphotoesintheroom._________3.Hedranktwoglassofmilkthatmorning.________132
4.Fiveminute’swalkisnotsofar._________4.Thereistwopiecesofbreadontheplate._________贰、冠词一、冠词的种类：不定冠词a(an),定冠词the。冠词不能单独使用，必须置于名词前。二、不定冠词的用法：一般用于单数名词前，表泛指。其中a用于读音以辅音开头的词前，an用于读音以元音开头的词前。如:abasketball,auniversity,anhour,anapple.AeIoau/ju:/哎哟AEuropeanperson1、表示第一次提到的人或物。如：(1)Iboughtanewbook.(2)Hemetanoldwomanonthewaytoschool.2、表示人或物的某一类。如：(1)I’maboy.(2)Wouldyoulikeanorange?3、表示数量“一”，但没有one强。如：(1)She132
hasapencil.(侧重pencil,而非其他物品)(2)Shehasonepencil.(侧重数量“一支”，而非“两支、三支”)4、表示“每一”，相当于every。如：Theygotoseetheoldmanonceaweek.5、用于带修饰的抽象名词之前，表示“一种”。如：That’sagreatsurprisetoher.6、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人、何物。如：Aboyiswaitingforyou.7、用于固定搭配词组中。如：alotof,alittle,apieceof.三、定冠词的用法：定冠词在单复数可数名词和不可数名词前都可使用，表特指，有“this/that或these/those”之意。1、特指某人或某物。Themanunderthetreeishisfather.2、指上文提到过的人或物。Iboughtanewbookyesterday.Thebookisveryuseful.3、指说话双方都提到过的人或物。A:Whereisthedirtysock,Tom?B:It’sonthebed,mum.4、表示世界上独一无二的事物。thesun,132
themoon,theearth.2、5、用于序数词或形容词最高级前。3、(1)Heisthetallestboyinourclass.B(2)ThefirstlessonisaboutEnglishname.Afourthone.无范围Thefourthone.有范围6、用于姓氏复数前，表“……一家人”。theBlacks,theWangs.7、7、用于单数名词前，表一类人或物。Thehorseisausefulanimal.8、用于固定搭配中：inthemorning,allthesame,ontheright.9、用于专有名词前。theGreatWall,theWhiteHouse.四、零冠词（不用冠词）1、三餐、球类、学科、语言前。(1)IhavesupperatschoolfromMondaytoFriday.(2)Mathsisveryimportant.2、季节、星期、月份、节日前。Inspring,onSunday,inSeptember,Women’sDay.3、专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前。Japan,milk,music.132
4、名词前已有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或数词作修饰语时。(1)Comethisway.(2)Mybookishere.5、复数名词表泛指时。They’restudents,andwe’reworkers.6、在固定搭配中。onfoot,athome/work/play,gotoschool,atnight,atsea,inhospital.典例（）1.Weoftenhavesportsafterclass,andIliketoplay____basketball.A.aB.anC.theD.不填（）2.What___fineweatherwehavethesedays!A.aB.theC.不填D.an（）3.That’s___usefulbook.Ihavereaditalready.A.theB.anC.不填D.a（）4.Thisis__songI’vetoldyouabout.Isn’tit__beautifulone?A.the/theB.a/aC.the/aD.a/the（）5.—Didyoudowellin__Englishexam?—Yes,Igot_“A”.A.the/anB.132
an/theC.a/不填D.the/a（）6.—WhatcanIdoforyou,madam?—Iwant___orangeskirtformydaughter.Haveyougotany?A.anB.theC.aD.不填（）7.Passme___dictionarynexttotheradio,andIalsoneed____pentotakesomenotes.A.a/aB.the/theC.a/theD.the/a（）8.—CanIhelpyou,madam?—I’mlookingfor__pairofshoesformydaughter.A.theB.anC.aD.some（）9.Mr.Smithalwaysgivesme___handwhenIamintrouble.A.aB.anC.theD.不填（）10.—WhereisXiaoMing?—He’shaving___restoverthere.A.aB.anC.theD.不填132
基础训练（）1.____Englishisnothardtolearn.A.AB.TheC.AnD.×（）2._____GreenswillmovetoShanghai.A.TheB.AC.×D.An（）3.Therearetwenty-fourhoursin____day.A.theB.×C.aD.an（）4.Englishis___usefullanguage.A.anB.aC.×D.the（）5.Tomis___honestboy.A.theB.aC.anD.×（）6.__cuponthetableis___oldone.A.The/anB.The/aC.A/anD.A/the（）7.Youwillfind______storyon_____eighthpage.A.×/theB.the/anC.a/theD.a/an（）8._____richarenotalwayshappy.A.TheB.AC.AnD.×（）9.______moreheeats,_____fatterhegets.A.The/aB.The/theC.A/anD.A/the（）10.Tom’sgoingtoNanjingby_____train.A.aB.anC.the132
D.×（）11.Wehave_____supperathalfpastfive.A.×B.aC.anD.the（）12.____oldmanhadtwochildren,_____sonand____daughter.A.An/the/theB.A/a//aC.The/the/theD.The/a/a（）13.Bothofthemjoin____Leaguein1998.Theyhavebeen_____Leaguemembersfor4years.A.×/×B.the/×C.the/theD.a/the（）14.March8this_____.A.Women’sDayB.theWomen’sDayC.aWomen’sDayD.Women’sDay（）15.Heisnowstudying_____historyof______Partyin____university.A.×/the/aB.the/the/anC.×/×/anD.the/the/a（）16.WangFeilikesswimmingin_____summer.A.aB.theC.×D.an132
提高训练（完成句子，不必要填的地方划斜线）1.长城横卧在我国的北方。_____GreatWalllies____________northofourcountry.2.大部分中国人都喜欢火锅。_____mostChineselike________hotpot.3.这是一个关于植树的非常有趣的故事。Thisis_____________storyabout____plantingtrees.4.王先生一家人正坐在桌边吃晚饭。_______________arehaving____supperattable.5.等一等，天在下雨，把伞带上。Wait______minute.It’sraining.Take______umbrella.6.他们匆匆忙忙把受伤的人送到医院。Theysent______woundedto_____hospitalin_____hurry.7.快点！时间到了，把卷子交上来吧。__________!_____timeisup.___________yourpapers.8.躺着看书对眼睛不好。Reading________132
_______isbadforyoureyes.9.时间就是金钱，而金钱难买时间。_____timeis_____money.But____moneycan’tbuy____time.10.对不起，请再说一遍，好吗？Ibegyourpardon.______you______sayit______secondtime?132
叁、代词一、人称代词人称第一人称第二人称第三人称数单数复数单、复数单数复数主格Iweyouhesheitthey宾格meusyouhimheritthem二、物主代词:有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种形式。形容词性物主代词在句中相当于一个形容词，置于名词之前作定语，即“形容词性物主代词+名词”；名词性物主代词具有名词的特征，即为“形容词性物主代词+名词”。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语。132
如：Thisbookismine.(mine=mybook)数单数复数单、复数单数复数形容词性myouryourhisheritstheir名词性mineoursyourshishersitstheirs一、反身代词:(含义：“……自己，……亲自，……本人”)有人称和数的变化。在句中，常作主语、表语、宾语和同位语。二、（enjoyoneself=haveagoodtimeteachoneself=learnbyoneselfhelponeselfto…）单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself132
复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves如：(1)Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.(宾语)(2)Hehimselfwentthere.(同位语)一、不定代词:不指明特定的人或事物的代词。不定代词有：some,any,no,every,all,both,either,neither,each,none,little,alittle,few,afew,another,other,others,many,much等，以及由someanyeverynoonethingbody组成的复合不定代词。常见不定代词的用法：1、some和any:均可作主语、宾语、定语，且指三个或三个以上。132
some常用于肯定句中，any常用于否定句、疑问句中。如：①There’ssomewaterintheglass.②Hedoesn’thaveanymistakesinhisEnglishpaper.但：①MayIaskyousomequestions?(表已知存在)②Anyofyoucananswerit.(“任一”)③DoesanyofyouknowMr.Liu?(“任一”)2、few,afew,little,alittle:few,afew均与可数名词复数连用，little,alittle与不可数名词连用；few,little表否定，“几乎没有”，afew和alittle表肯定，“有一点”。如：①Therearefewpeopleinthestation.②Youhavelittletimetodoyourworknow.③There’reafewapplesandalittlemeatinthefridge.注意:afew=several/somealittle=some/abitof132
3、all,both,none和neither:all和none,both和neither分别是一组反义词。all,none表示三个及其以上，both,neither表示两者。(1)both用于两者之间，all用于三者以上。①Allofusarestudyinghard.(主语)②Allbooksareuseful.(定语)③Welikeboth.(宾语)注意：A.all,both,each和every等与not连用表部分否定，完全否定分别用neither和none.如:①Notbothofthemareworkers.②Noneofthestoriesis(are)interesting.③Noteveryoneofusknowhowtoanswer132
thequestion.B.both,each用于两者，both+复数名词，each+单数名词。all,every用于三个及三个以上，every不能与of.（all/each/bothof+…every+one+of）C.each和every:each可作代词、形容词，可作主语、宾语、定语；every是形容词，作定语。如：①Everyoneofusishere.②Eachofushasgotabook..③Ilikeeachofthem.④Therearetreeseachsideofthestreet.(2)noone和none:noone作主语时，谓语动词用单数，none作主语时，谓语动词的形式由none所代替的名词的数来决定。单复数都可以。4、many和much:many用于修饰和代替可数名词，..much用于修饰和代替不可数名词。“too132
many+可数名词的复数形式”,“toomuch+不可数名词”，“muchtoo=very”。注意:many=alotof/lotsof/anumberofmuch=alotof/lotsof5、复合不定代词something,anything,nothing等的定语要后置。如：Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.6、another,other,theother和theothers:other用于表示两个（部分）中的“另一个（部分）”，theother特指两个中“另一个”，常构成“one…theother…”结构。theothers指“其余全部”，another用于表示三个或三个以上的多数中的“另一个”。如：(2)Hehastwosisters.Oneisadoctor,——isanurse.(4)There’re55studentsinmyclass..25aregirls,——areboys.注意:one指代前文出现过的名词，其复数形式是ones.如：132
Shehasgotawashingmachine.Iwanttobuyone,too.7、either、neithereither:(1)作代词，“二者之一，任何一个”。如：①Herearetwopens.Youmayuseeitherofthem.Eitherisgood.②Eitherwilldo.(随便哪个都行)③Is(Are)eitheroftheboysready?(2)作形容词，“（二者之中）任何一个”。如：①Youmaysitateithersideofthedesk.②Therearemanytreesoneithersideoftheroad.(3)作连词,常构成“either…or…”,作主语时,谓语动词由or后面的人称和数决定。如：①Eithermybrothersormyfatheriscoming.②Eitherheoryouarewrong.(4)作副词，“也”用于否定句，如：①Hedidn’tgoswimming,either.②Hedoesn’tlikeEnglish,andIdon’tlikeEnglish,either.注意;肯定式:also（句中）/too（句末）neither:(1)作代词，“二者都不”。作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：①Neitherisgood.132
(=Botharebad.)②Neitherofthebooksisinteresting.(2)作形容词，“（两者）都不”，与单数名词连用。如：Neitheranswerisright.(3)作连词，常构成“neither…nor…”,作主语时,谓语动词由nor后面的人称和数决定。①Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherisgoingtoworkonthefarm.②NeithershenorIamgoingtospeakatthemeeting.注意:neither…nor…反意→both…and…一、指示代词：this,that,these,those均可作主语、宾语、定语。注意:（1）在比较状语从句中常用that来代替前面出现过的不可数名词或单数的可数名词;用those代替复数的可数名词.eg.ThepopulationofChinaismuchlargerthan__that_ofRussia.(2）it也可作指示代词.132
Eg（）－AlatestEnglishnewspaper,please!－Onlyonecopyleft.Wouldyouliketohave___,Sir?A.it（指代前面出现的同一名词）B.one指代前面出现过的同种物或人中的一个）C.thisD.that一、疑问代词：表示疑问。一般用于疑问句或名词性从句。有：who,whom,whose,what,which等。有时也作连接代词，连接主句和从句，并充当从句的句子成分。如：①Whichdoyoulike,teaorcoffee?②Idon’tknowwhosethebookis.典例（）1.Mary,pleaseshow___yourpicture.A.myB.mineC.ID.me（）2.Thisisn’t____pencilcase.Ileftmineathome.A.myB.meC.ID.myself（）3.MerryChristmas,George!Hereisacardfor___with___bestwishes.A.you/ourB.us/yourC.you/yourD.us/our132
（）4.DoyouknowtheboysittingbetweenPeterand____?A.sheB.IC.hisD.me（）5.—Whichdoyouprefer,Coffeeormilk?—___ofthem.Ilikesomecoca-cola.A.EitherB.BothC.NeitherD.None基础训练（）1.Ifyouhavenodictionaryhere,youcanuse_____.A.myB.hisC.herD.their（）3.It’sverykind____tohelpus____thework.A.ofyou/inB.forher/atC.foryou/toD.ofhim/with（）4.Herparentswenttherewithafriendof_____.A.themB.theirsC.theyD.themselves（）9.Theseplantsarewatered____.132
A.eachotherdayB.everyotherdayC.eachoftwodaysD.everyoftwodays（）14.Is____necessarytocompletetheworkbeforeNationalDay?A.thisB.thatC.itD.he（）16.Theoldmanhastwosons,____ofthemisaworker.Oneisasoldier,____isadoctor.A.Both/theotherB.Either/otherC.Neither/theotherD.None/another132
肆、数词一、基数词：表数目的词。基数词1～12one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve.基数词13～19thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen.基数词20、30…90twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety.非整十基数词21～99twenty-three,ninety-nine,fifty-eight,forty-four等三位数以上的，在百位和十位之间加andthreehundredandthirty-three，onehundredandone英语中没有“万位”，要借助“百、千”来表示fivehundredthousand注：1、带数名词的词组作定语时，数词后的名词应用单数。如：atwo-monthbaby,afive-poundticket,a108-pagebook等。2、时间表达法：（1）直接表达法：按顺序先说钟点，后说分钟。（2）“过、差、半”表达法：①过：指分钟数不到30分钟时，用“分钟数+past+钟点数”结构表示，如：fivepastseven.②差：指分钟数超过30分钟，用“所差分钟数+to+(钟点数+1)”132
结构表示。如：5：45(fifteentosix或aquartertosix).③半：指刚好30分钟，用“half+past+钟点”表示。如：halfpasttwelve3.（1）具体数字：five/sixhundred/thousand/…（2）不确切的数目：hundreds/thousands/billionsof二、序数词：表顺序的词。序数词第1～第3first,second,third(1st,2nd,3rd)序数词第4～第19fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth,eleventh,twelfth,thirteenth,fourteenth,fifteenth,sixteenth,seventeenth,eighteenth,nineteenth(4th～19th)序数词第20～第90（整十）twentieth,thirtieth,fortieth,fiftieth,sixtieth,seventieth,eightieth,ninetieth(20th～90th)twenty-first(21st),ninety-second(92nd),fifty-third(53rd),132
非整十序数词21～99ninety-ninth(99th)等第一百a(one)hundredth注：1、序数词与名词连用时，前面要用定冠词the 或形容词性物主代词，而且名词只用单数。如：thefourthbus,mysecondholiday.2、编号的表达：(1)既可用基数词，又可用序数词，但词序不同。如：LessonNine(=theninthlesson),Page50(=thefiftiethpage),(2)有的编号习惯上用基数词。如：Room321(读作roomthreetwoone)。3、日期表达法：年用基数词，日用序数词。如：May1(st),1988(读作Maythefirst,nineteeneighty-eight)或1(st),May,1988(读作thefirstofMay,nineteeneighty-eight)。4、分数表达法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。若分子大于1，分母应加-s。如：3/5(threefifths)132
（）2.Theboyalwaysstaysherefor____.A.oneandhalfhourB.oneandhalfhoursC.oneandahalfhourD.oneandahalfhours（）3.EverymorningMrSmithtakesa___tohisoffice.A.20minuteswalkB.20minute’swalkC.20-minuteswalkD.20minutes’walk（）7.Thatroadisabout___.A.ten-metres-longB.ten-meter-longC.tenmeterslong/wide/deep./tallD.tenmeterlong（）8.Thereare___peopleontheplayground.A.thousandB.thousandofC.thousandsofD.twothousands（）9.Kittyhasread____ofthebook132
A.twothreB.secondthreeC.twothirdsD.twothird基础训练（）1.____isthemostdifficultinthisbookA.LessonSecondB.TheSecondLessonC.SecondLessonD..TheLessonTwo（）2.—What’stwelveminusnine?—It’s_______.A.threeB.twenty-oneC.fifteenD.eleven（）3.276is___.A.twohundredandseventy-sixthB.twohundredsandseventy-sixC.twohundredandseventy-sixD.twohundredsevensix提高训练一、完成句子：1.Hisfamilyhas______________(数百只羊)。2._____________(三分之二)ofthewaterwasusedtowatertheyoungtrees.3.IstayedinBeijingfor______________(三个半月)lastyear.4.That’s132
_________________(六岁大的)boy.5.EverymorningMrSmithtakesa________________(20分钟步行)tohisoffice.6.__________(四分之一)ofthevisitorswentintothetallbuilding.7.___________(第一个)manfromtheearthgottothemoonin___________________(20世纪70年代)。8.Thereare_____________(十瓶橙汁)inthefridge.9.____________(第三十)studentcomesfromCanada.10.Shewillpay_____________(第四次)visittotheSummerPalace.二、选择：（）1.Whatwasthepriceofthemostexpensivecarin________century?A.twentyB.thetwentiethC.twentiethD.thetwenty（）2.—Excuseme,butcouldyoutellmewhichgatewehavetogoto?—Pleasegoto_______.132
A.the102GateB.theGate102C.Gate102D.102Gate（）3.Twocamerasaren’tenough.Whynotbuy______one?It’sworthit.A.thethirdB.athirdC.thirdD.onethird（）4.—What’sthemeaningfor1900hoursintheinstructionfortheSmiths’trip?—________.A.NineteenhoursB.NineteenthhoursC.Seveno’clockinthemorningD.Seveno’clockintheevening（）5.________oftheworkersinthisfactoryisabouttwohundred,________ofthemarewomenworkers.A.Thenumber/firstthirdB.Thenumber/onethirdC.Anumber/halfD.Anumber/threequarters（）6.MallorytriedtoreachthetopofMountQomolangma_____.A.inthe1920sB.in1920sC.in1920’sD.inthe1920（）7.LiuMeiis____herclass.A.the132
secondbestgirlsB.thebestsecondgirlsC.thesecondbestgirlD.thebestsecondgirl伍、介词一、常见介词分类二、1、表示时间：in,at,on,between,since,for,during,until,till,by,after,from…to…,before,past,behind.三、2、表示方位：in,at,on,between,behind,beside,near,under,above,around,before,below,inside,nextto,among,over,infrontof,round.四、地点介词：（1）at+小地点（2）in位于某地境内ChangshaliesinthenorthofHuan。（3）on与某地接壤HubeiliesonthenorthofHuan。（4）to位于某地的某一方位，但两地互不相连HebeiliestothenorthofHuan。132
3、表示运动方向：to,towards,round,around,through,across,from…to…,into,onto,outof,off,along.Alone4、其他介词：by,to,like,unlike,of,except,about,against,in,with,but,as,plus,minus,without.一、部分常见介词用法1、in,on,at表示时间的用法区别(1)in用于表示“在（一段时间）内、（将来时中）……之后”，如：inthemorning,inSeptember,inspring.We’llmeetinBeijinginthreedays.(2)at表示“时刻、时段”，如：Atthistime,themandownstairswastryingtosleep.Iusuallygetupatsixo’clock.(3)on表示“具体某一天或某一天的上午、下午、晚上”，如：132
①TheyarrivedearlyonaTuesdaymorning.②We’llhaveapartyonChristmasEve.ThenewschoolyearusuallycomesonSeptember1.2、in的其他用法(1)在（某范围或空间）之内：intheclassroom,intheopenair,inLessonOne.Thewildanimalsareindanger.(2)以……，用……（方法）：Theyfinishedthehardworkintimeinthisway.(3)在……方面：—Areyouinterestedinplayingbasketball?—Yes.ButIcan’tdowellinit.(4)用……（语言）：What’sthisinChinese?(5)表示穿戴：Whoisthegirlinadress/red;inahurry,infrontof,infact,infront,intheend,intheair,inbed,introuble,3、at(1)在某地（小地点、场合）：We’llmeetattheschoolgatetomorrowmorning.132
(2)向（表示方向、目标）：laughat,pointat,knockat,lookat,shoutat.(3)处于（状态），进行（活动）：atwork,atschool,athome,attable.(4)固定搭配：atfirst,attheendof,atlast,atall,atleast,attheageof,atthebeginningof,atthesametime,attimes,atonce,begoodat.4.on(1)在……上：There’sabeautifulpictureontheblackboard.Ontopof,onTV,onthedesk.(2)表示处于某种状态：onshow/display,onduty,onbusiness,onwatch.(3)关于（理论研究）：①Wehadatalkontheenvironment.②IsthereanybookonEnglishstudy?(4)固定搭配：ontime,ontheleft/right,onearth,到底究竟ononehand,ontheotherhand,onfoot,onone’sway(to),playajokeon,feedon,liveon,bebasedon,geton,puton,turnon,operateon.Ontheearth.Whatareyoulookingfor?132
5.above,over,on(1)above“在……上方”（位置高出）；（程度、状态、水平等）超过（与below相反）：①There’samapofChinaMaoabovetheblackboard.②Today’stemperatureisabove35inChengdu.(2)over“在……（垂直）上方”（与相对物体由凌空感，与under相反）；跨越；遍及：①Manyplanesflyoverourtowneveryday.②There’rethreebridgesovertheriver.③Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.(3)on“在……上面”（有接触面）：Thereisaglassofmilkonthetable.6.with1)和（同、与）……一起（表伴随）：Iwenttothezoowithmygrandpalastweekend.Shegoeshomeeveryyearwithherparents.(2)带有、具有：I’dlikeChineseteawithnothinginit.Themooncakeswithnutsandeggsaremoredelicious.132
(3)以……，用……（表示手段及方法）：①Withthemoneyheboughtthingsforhislab.②Youcanwritedowntheimportantthingswiththepenandthenotebook.(4)固定搭配：agreewith,beangrywith,bebusywith,befilledwith,befedupwith,厌烦becoveredwith,catchupwith,comeupwith,dowith,geton(well)with,helpwith,playwith,quarrelwith,talkwith,bestrictwith.7.for(1)表动作方向，“向、往”：—MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?—He’snotin.HehasleftforShanghai.Leavefor:goto(2)表原因，“因为”：①Thankyouforyourhelp.②Sichuanisfamousforpandas.(3)表目的，“为”：Theyfoughtforthefreedom.(4)表一段时间或距离，“计、达”：We’veknowneachotherforthreeyears.132
(5)表“给、供”：①TheflowersareforourEnglishteacher.②Iwanttobuysomefoodforsupper.(6)固定搭配：payfor,begoodfor,lookfor,sendfor,派人去叫waitfor,get/bereadyfor,makeroomfor,forever,forexample,askfor,belatefor.8.to(1)表方向，“到、向、去”：①CouldyouIgettothestation?②HowcanIgettothestation?(2)表时间，“到（某时间）”：①SpringinChinalastsfromFebruarytoApril.②It’stentofournow.(3)表对象，“向、为、对、给（某人、某物）”：PleasegiveittoMsSmart.Buysthforsb(4)固定搭配：thanksto,由于nextto,preferto,saygoodbyeto,listento,toone’ssurprise,cometooneself,pointto,help132
oneselfto,writeto,getto.9.by(1)靠近，在……旁边：①Thegirloftenreadbythewindow.②Thereisn’tenoughlandbythesea.(2)到……时间为止：Bytheendoflastterm,wehadlearnedEnglishfortwoyears.(3)乘坐（交通工具），用（手段、方法）：MostofthepeopleinChengdugotoworkbybike.(4)被（用于被动语态）：Whichlanguageisspokenbythelargestnumberofpeopleintheworld?(5)固定搭配：bytheway,byoneself,meanby,onebyone.10.表“除了”：but,except和besides(1)but和except用法相近，都表示“除了……外”，除去的部分不包含在范围之内。如：①Exceptmyfather,noneofthemcameontime.②Allbutnoneofthemdidn’tcomeontime.(2)besides用来表示“包括”“除了……还有……”。如：Besidesmy132
mother,myfatherandunclecametomynewofficeyesterday.11.其他常见的介词短语(1)“动词（+副词）+介词”：arriveat/in,comefrom,dowellin,feellikedoing,getoutof,getinto,hearof,hearfrom,knockinto,looklike,bemadeof,bemadefrom/in/by,lookup,prefer…to…,talkabout,beusedfor,takecareof,turninto，spend…（in）doingsth，spendonsth，helpsbwithsth，thanksto.puton，writedown，takeoff，turndown/up，wakeup。(2)“动词+表语+介词”：beafraidof,beangrywith,beawayfrom,bebadfor,bedifferentfrom,befullof,besureof,besurprisedat，befilledwith，(3)其他固定介词短语：abitof,alittleof,alotof,anumberof,apieceof,akindof,atthenewsof,allbyoneself,allkindsof,by132
theway,ofcourse.典例（）1.Weheldaparty___thenightofMay1st.__thatnight,weenjoyedourselvesverymuch.A.at/AtB.in/AtC.on/InD.at/In（）3.___thebadweather,themountainclimbersfailed.A.ThankstoB.ThanksforC.BecauseofD.for（）4.TheforeignershadavisittoJiuzhaigou____acar.A.byB.onC.withD.in（）5.Comehere!Thereisayellowbird______thetree.A.inB.onC.withD.of（）10.I’msurehewillgethere______132
fiveminutes.A.inB.afterC.forD.since基础训练（）1.Heneedsanewpentowrite_________.A./B.onC.downD.with（）3.Theteacherwillbeback________anhour.A.inB.afterC.onD.above（）8.Afterthegame,theteachersaid,“___you!”A.CongratulationstoB.CongratulationsonC.CongratulatestoD.Congratulateson（）13.IshallbuyaTVset_____themoneyyougaveme.132
A.inB.byC.withD.for陆、连词一、并列连词（常见的有：添加连词and,both…and…,notonly…butalso…；选择连词or,either…or…,neither…nor…；转折连词but,yet；因果连词for（不能放在句首）,so等。）1.and的基本用法：(1)连接对等成分，当对等成分为3个及以上时，前面的并列成分间用“，”隔开，后两项间用“and”连接。如：LucyandLilyareinthesameclass.朗读②Shequicklycookedthesupperandcleanedthehouse.132
③Iliketennis,golf,basketballandfootball.(2)连接两个相同的词，表示强调。①Thebabylaughedandlaughed.②Theweatherbecamehotterandhotter.(3)前一个祈使句（相当于一个条件从句），后一个分句表示结果时，用and连接.eg.Givemeonemoreminute,andI’llbeabletofinishit.2.but：表转折，不能与although(though)连用。如：Hishomeisfarfromschool,butheisneverlateforschool.=Thoughhishomeisfarfromschool,heisneverlateforschool.3.or的基本用法：(1)连接对等成分，表选择，“或”；在否定句中，当要同时否定两个并列成分且共用一个否定词时用or连接，如用and连接,则要重复使用否定词。①Isyourfriendaboyorgirl?②Weoftenhavemilkoreggsforbreakfast.③Aclockhasnoeyesorears.=Aclockhasnoeyesandnoears.(2)连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最接近的主语保持一致。如：①Youorhehastaken132
mybike.②Haveyouorhetakenmybike?(3)前一句是祈使句，后一句与前一句意义转折，“否则”：Bequiet,oryoucan’thearmeclearly.4.so：表结果，“因此，所以”，不与because连用。如：Theweatherisverygood,sowecanhaveourpartyintheopenair.5.notonly…butalso…：连接对等成分，可以是主语、谓语、宾语，也可以连接状语、补语、表语，但连接主语时，谓语动词应与最近的主语保持一致。如：①Sheisnotonlyourteacherbutalsoourfriend.②Youmustnotonlyreaditcarefully,butalsorememberit.③Notonlyyoubutalsoheiswrong.④Notonlyhebutalsoyouarewrong.6.either…or…：连接对等成分，当连接主语时，谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。如：①Youeithercometotheofficenoworwaitformeathome.②Sheiscomingback132
eithertodayortomorrow.③Eitheryouorheisright.④Eitherheoryouareright.7.neither…nor…：连接对等成分，当连接主语时，谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。如：①It’sneitherhotnorcoldinKunmingalltheyeararound.②Helikesneitherfootballnorbasketball.③NeitherInorhehasvisitedthatcity.④NeitherhenorIhavevisitedthatcity.二、从属连词：after,before,when,while,as,since,assoonas,because,for,if,though,until,so…that,unless,than等。1.when,while,as：都可引导时间状语从句，“当……时”，都可表示一段时间，when还可表“时间点”。Aswewerehavingdinner,heknockedatthedoor.Whenitrained,Iwashavingameeting.While/WhenIworkedinShanghai,Ilivedwiththem.2.as,since,because,for：都有“因为”之意。as,since,because为从属连词。Because语气最强，表示发生或情况存在的原因，回答132
why的问题，不能与so连用。since“既然，由于”，引导的从句常位于句首，用来说明推断的理由，语气较because弱。as语气最弱，表示已为人知，或几乎不言而喻的原因，引导的从句可置于句首、句中或句末。for为并列连词，表示补充说明理由或推断理由，引导的从句位于句末，并用“，”隔开。①Ihavetostopherenow,asIhavealotofworktodo.②Sincehesaysso,itmustbetrue.③Wedidn’tgotovisitthehistorymuseumbecauseitrainedveryheavilylastSunday.④Theshopisquitenew,foritopenedonlyaweekbefore.3.until：“直到”，当主句的谓语动词是短暂性动词时，需用否定形式；当主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时需用肯定形式。①Goonuntilyoureachtheendofthestreet.②Don’tstopuntilyoureachtheendofthestreet.典例（）1.Thewriter___player__wellknowninAustralia.A.and/areB.and/isC.or/isD.with/is132
（）2.Youmustleavenow,_____you’llbelateforthemeeting.A.orB.asC.thenD.for（）3.Willyoupleasetellme____youhavedoneitornot?A.ifB.thatC.whenD.whether（）4.____Tom____Jimlikesplayingfootballafterschool.A.Both/andB.Between/andC.Either/orD.Neither/or（）5.Thereare___manypeopleinthesupermarket___youcan’twalkthrougheasily.A.so/thatB.such/thatC.too/toD.so/to（）6.Wemuststopcuttingtrees___wecanstopthesandfrommovingtowardsthesouth.A.inordertoB.inorderthatC.ifD.because（）7.___you____yourbrotherisgoingintothathouse.A.Neither/norB.Both/andC.×/andD.if/and132
（）8.Ican’tfinishit____I____muchmoretimeonit.A.if/spendB.unless/spendC.or/willspendD.until/willspend（）9._____youneedmyhelp,givemeacall.A.WhateverB.WheneverC.WhereverD.Whoever（）10._____theirhelp,theoldmancarriedtheboxhome.A.ForB.BecauseC.WithD.Thanksfor提高训练一、选择：（）1。Heenjoysplayingfootball,___heisn’tgoodatit.A.andB.soC.butD.or（）2.I’llaskhimtogiveyouacall_____hecomeshere.A.becauseB.sinceC.beforeD.assoonas（）3.Couldyoutellme_____itsnowsinwinterinAustraliaornot?A.whetherB.ifC.whenD.but（）4.Workhard,______youwillcatchupwiththeothers.A.andB.orC.butD.since（）5.Therewas_____muchnoiseoutside132
_____Icouldn’tgettosleep.A.such/thatB.so/thatC.very/thatD.such/×（）6.Lucyswimsverywell,____.A.shedoessoB.sohersisterdoesC.sodoeshersisterD.herdoesso（）7.Wedidn’tgohome_____weefinishedcleaningtheclassroom.A.untilB.afterC.sinceD.evenif（）8.___heisveryyoung,__heknowsmorethanus.A.though/butB.Though/×C.Because/soD.×/×（）9.Ihaveneverseenhim_____heleftschool.A.sinceB.forC.whenD.because（）10.We’llstayathome_____itrainstomorrow.A.becauseB.whetherC.sothatD.if二、同义句转换，每空一词。1.A:Ifyoudon’tgetupearly,you’llbelateforschool.B:Getupearly,________you’llbelateforschool.2.A:Canyoutellmeifyourparentswillcometoday?B:Canyoutell132
me______yourparentswillcometoday____________?3.A:JacklikesswimmingandTomlikesswimming,too.B:_______Jack________Tom_________swimming.4.A:Oneofthem,JackandJane,mustmeetMr.Greenatthestation.B:______Jack_______JanemustmeetMr.Greenatthestation.5.A:Wedidn’tgototheparkyesterdayandLiLeididn’t,either.B:______we_______LiLei_________totheparkyesterday.6.A:Tomistootiredtogoonworking.B:Tomis_________tired________hecan’tgoonworking.7.A:Whenhegottotheofficehestartedtoworkatonce.B:Hestartedtowork__________________________hegottotheoffice.8.A:MrandMrsWangaregoingtothepartythisevening.B:MrWang__________________MrsWangisgoingtothepartythisevening.9.A:Travelingbyairisn’tsocomfortableastravelingbytrain.B:Travelingbyairis_______comfortable______travelingby132
train.10.A:Nomatterwhereyougo,I’llneverforgetyou.B:________yougo,I’llneverforgetyou.柒、形容词、副词一、形容词：用来描述或修饰名词的词，表示人或事物的性质或特征。（一）形容词的句法功能1、形容词作定语:(1)形容词作定语的位置通常放在被修饰的名词的前面。如：Ihaveanewpicturebook.如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰名词，这些形容词的位置要由他们和被修饰名词的关系的密切程度来决定。一般来说，关系最密切的最靠近被修饰的名词。如：①IhaveanewEnglishbook.②Thereisabeautifuloldstonebridgeovertheriver.(2)当形容词修饰不定代词时，应放在不定代词之后。There’snothingseriouswithyou.Gohomeandstayinbedfortwodays,thenyou’llbeOK.132
(3)形容词短语作定语时应放在被修饰语之后。Theboxfullofbooksisveryheavy.2、形容词作表语:(1)形容词作表语的位置在连系动词之后。①Themusicsoundsbeautiful.②Ifeelverysorryatthebadnews.(2)常见的连系动词有：(见动词)(3)英语中有一部分形容词只能作表语，不能作定语，这种形容词叫“表语形容词”，常见的有：sorry,afraid,ill,glad,alone,worth,asleep,alive,awake.如：①I’mverygladtomeetyouhere.(正确)②He’sagladman.(错误)应改为He’sahappyman.3、形容词作宾补：后置。Thenewteachermadeushappyeveryclass.4、形容词名词化：the+形容词“某一类人或物”。如：Weshouldlookaftertheoldandlovetheyoung.（二）形容词的比较等级132
大多数的形容词有三个等级：原级、比较级、最高级。原级就是形容词的原形，比较级和最高级的词形变化有规则和不规则之分。1.形容词比较级和最高级的构成：A.规则变化:(1)单音节词和部分双音节词：①一般在词尾加-er或-est；②以不发音的e结尾的只加-r或-st；③以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，双写这个辅音字母，加-er或-est；④以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i,加-er或-est(2)多音节词和部分双音节词：在词前加more或most练习：写出下列形容词的比较级和最高级：short,clever,large,nice,fat,thin,hot,big,red,busy,happy,easy,delicious,beautiful,important,popular,difficult,careful.B.不规则变化(请写出下列形容词的比较级和最高级)：little_____________many/much_____________good/well______________132
bad/badly/ill_____________________far__________________________old_______________2.形容词比较等级的用法:（1）同级比较：两种句型：1)as+原级+as…2)notas/so+原级+as如：①Theboxisasheavyasthatone.②It’snotso(as)warmtodayasyesterday.（2）比较级的用法：1)“(much,even,far,yet,still,alittle,abit,alot…)+比较级+than”2)“倍数+比较级+than”3)比较级+and+比较级“越来越……”4）the+比较级，the+比较级“越……就越……”5）the+比较级+of+比较的范围（通常是两者），表“两个中较……”如：①Mysisterisalittletallerthanhis.②Thesunisa132
milliontimeslargerthantheearth.③Afterspring,itgetshotterandhotter.④Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyou’llmake.⑤I’mbetterinEnglishthananyotherstudentinourclass.（6）Heistheclevererofthetwoboys。（3）最高级的用法：1)the+最高级+比较范围2)oneof+the+最高级“最……之一”3)the+序数词+最高级“第几……最……”(very置于the后，much,even置于the前)如：①TheGreatWallisthelongestwallintheworld.②Tomisthetallestboyofthethree.③MsSmartisoneofthemostpopularteachersinourschool.④ChangjiangRiveristhethirdlongestriverintheworld.二、副词：用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，说明时间、地点、程度及方式等。132
副词的构成：1、本身就是副词的，如now,often,always,never,very等。2、本身既是形容词也是副词的，如fast,early,long,last,hard等。3、由形容词加ly转化而来的。(1)直接-ly,如；carefully,slowly,freely,widely,politely.(2)去e加-ly,如：truly,terribly.（不去e而直接加-ly有polite,wide）(3)以ll结尾的，只需加y, 如fully.(4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i,加-ly,如：angrily,easily,happily,busily,但dry除外，dry-dryly.（friendly，lively，lovely，lonely，ugly）副词的种类：1、时间副词：now,today,yesterday,tomorrow,late,soon,then等。2、频度副词：always,often,ever,never,sometimes,usually等。3、地点副词：here,there,everywhere,upstairs,abroad,outside等。132
4、程度副词：much,very,quite,almost,rather,enough,little等。5、方式副词：angrily,badly,carefully,loudly,slowly等。6、连接副词：how,when,where,why,whether等。(引导从句)7、疑问副词：how,when,where,why等。(引导特殊疑问句)副词的句法功能：1、作状语：Igotoschoolveryearlyeveryday.2、作定语：Thepeoplehereareveryfriendly.3、作表语：Classisover.4、作宾补：Pleaseletmein.副词在句中的位置：1、修饰动词，置于动词之后，若是及物动词(词组)，则放在宾语之后。Pleaselistentomecarefully.Pleaselookcarefully.2、频度副词一般放在行为动词之前，情态动词、助动词、be动词之后。Heoftengoestoworkonfoot.Sheisoftenhelpfultoothers.3、同时出现时间、地点状语时，应先地点，后时间。Hearrivedhereyesterday.132
4、副词enough常置于形容词、副词之后。Theboyisn’toldenoughtogotoschool.一些常用副词辨析1.also,too,either2.muchtoo,toomuch,toomany3.already,yet4.howlong,howoften,howsoon副词的比较等级：与形容词大同小异。副词的最高级前可不用定冠词the.形式上，凡是以“形容词+ly”构成的副词的比较级和最高级都只能前加more或most.典例（）1.That____wasbuilt200yearsago.A.woodoldbridgeB.oldwoodbridgeC.woodbridgeoldD.bridgewoodold（）2.Whichis_____ofthetwocities?A.thefartherB.fartherC.thefurtherD.further（）3.Thereis___muchnoise____Ican’tfallasleep.A.such/thatB.too/toC.enough/thatD.so/that132
1.such+名词；so2.somuch/many./few/little（）4.—Takethismedicine,please.—DoIhaveto?Ittastes_____.A.horribleB.horriblyC.arehorribleD.likehorrible（）5.Theboyis____togoschool.A.enougholdB.oldenoughC.olderenoughD.old（）6.Therewas_______snowontheroad.Wehadtodrive____slowly.A.muchtoo/toomuchB.toomuch/toomuchC.toomuch/muchtooD.toomany/much（）7.Yourbookisonthefloor._____,OK?A.PutitawayB.PutawayitC.PutupitD.Putitup（）8.Thereis_____inthebag.A.strangesomethingB.somethingstrangeC.anythingstrangeD.strangeanything（）9._____youstudy,_____youcanpasstheexam.A.Thehard/theeasilyB.Theharder/theeasierC.Thehard/themoreeasilyD.Theharder/themoreeasily（）10.Herfatherhasn’tcomeback______.A.alreadyB.stillC.tooD.yet基础训练（）1.LiLeididn’trun____to_____LiuFeng.A.enoughquickly/catchupB.fastenough/catchupwithC.quicklyenough/keepupD.enoughfast/catchupwith（）2.Ihave______brother.A.notB.noC.anyD.noa（）3.Nosoonerhadhegonetobedthanhefell____.A.sleepingB.sleepC.sleptD.asleep（）4.Thisdictionaryisverygood.It_____buying.A.worthsB.worthC.isworthD.isworthing（）5.Theflowerssmell_____.A.wellB.nicelyC.goodD.terribly132
（）6.Hewon’tdoit.Iwon’tdoit,____.A.tooB.eitherC.alsoD.so（）7.Wearrivedatthestation______.A.saveB.safetyC.safetilyD.safely（）8.That’sreallykind____.A.ofyoutosaysoB.foryoutosaysoC.ofyousayingsoD.foryousayingso（）9.Thejobis____beingdone.A.worthB.readyC.goodD.well（）10.Icouldn’tfindmyEnglish-Chinesedictionary____。A.anywhereB.everywhereC.nowhereD.somewhere（）11.Jackdoesn’twork_____theywork.A.sohardasB.soharderasC.ashardlyasD.harderlike（）12.TheYellowRiveristhesecond____riverinChina.A.longB.longerC.longestD.morelonger（）13.Tomisstrangerthan_____inhisclass.A.anyotherboyB.anyboyC.otherboyD.anyboys（）14.I’msorry,I’mlate.Mywatchisafewminutes_____.A.slowB.slowerC.slowlyD.moreslowly（）15.Wewillhavea___holidayaftertheexam.A.twomonthB.two-monthC.twomonth’sD.two-months（）16.Ofallthemachinesthisoneworks____.A.morebestB.muchbetterC.bestD.muchmorebest（）17.Themorewelookedatthepicture,_____.A.thelesswelikeditB.welikeitlessC.betterwelikeditD.itlookedbetter（）18.—Canyouunderstandme?—Sorry,Ican_____understandyou.A.hardlyB.almostC.nearlyD.ever（）19.Ofthetwopears,Tomchose_____one.A.thebiggerB.thebiggestC.biggerD.big（）20.Shanghaiislargerthan___inJapan.A.anyothercityB.anycityC.theothercities（）21.TheywentbacktoShanghailastsummer.And___.132
A.IdidsoB.sodidIC.IdosoD.sodoI提高训练一、选择：（）1.Doyouthinkfootballis_____basketballinAustralia?A.morepopularB.sopopularasC.aspopularasD.lesspopular（）2.Heisa_____man,notarobot.A.realB.reallyC.trueD.truly（）3.Theenvironmentaroundusisbecoming_______.A.morebeautifulandbeautifulB.moreandmorebeautifulC.morebeautifulandmorebeautifulD.beautifulandbeautiful（）4.Thesupermarketinthatcityis_____big.A.stillB.veryC.evenD.far（）5.Isthere______youwanttobookonline,Dad?A.everythingelseB.anythingelseC.elseanythingD.elsesomething（）6.—Whodiditbetter,KateorAnn?—IthinkKatedidjust___Ann.A.aswellasB.asgoodasC.asbetterasD.movebadlythan（）7.ThenumberofthevisitorstoHainaninthisarea_____.A.islargerandlargerB.ismoreandmoreC.arelargerandlargerD.aremoreandmore（）8.Whichcountryhasthesecond______populationintheworld?A.mostB.manyC.largestD.large（）9.Ifyouarefree,pleasereadEnglishstories______.A.asmuchaspossibleB.aslongaspossibleC.asmuchasyoucanD.asmanyasyoucan（）10.Whichisthe_____,thetrainstation,thebusstationortheairport?A.farB.farthestC.fartherD.mostfar（）11.VWPASSATcancost_____300,000yuan.It’sreallyexpensive.A.asmuchasB.aslittleasC.somuchasD.solittleas（）12.Ihavesomething____tosay.A.mostimportantB.themostimportantC.importantD.moreimportant（）13.Thisplaygroundhasneverhadalitterbox_____.A.lastyearB.in1995C.agoD.before（）14.Theproducttheymadelooks____andsells____.A.nice/wellB.nice/goodC.well/niceD.good/nice（）15.LiPingwrites____inhisclass.A.morecarefulB.morecarefullyC.mostcarefulD.mostcarefully（）16.Thebellrangtotellpeopletogetoutofthewateras__astheycould132
whenasharkappeared.A.earlyB.quicklyC.muchD.soon（）17.—Whowonthehighjump?—Billdid.Hejumped___alltheothers.A.higherthanB.ashighasC.highestofD.thehighestof（）18.Havethey_____gonescubadiving?A.butB.yetC.everD.still（）19.___isitsinceyoucametothisschool?A.Howsoon(将来时态；多久，多快)B.HowoftenC.Howfar距离D.Howlong时间（）20.—__areyougoingtoBeijingthisyear?—MyparentsandIaregoingbyair.A.WhatB.WithwhomC.HowD.Howlong捌、it的用法一、用作人称代词：1、指代事物：—What’sthis?—It’sacat.2、指代人：常用于不知对方性别时，比如：询问敲门人或打电话时询问对方是谁，或者用来指代婴儿。(1)—Who’sit?—It’sSam.(2)—Who’sthebabyinthepicture?—It’smyyoungerbrother.二、用作非人称代词：132
指代天气、时间、季节或距离等，此时的it无意义。(1)It’stwoo’clocknow.(2)It’sverycoldinspringinthenorthernChina.(3)It’sabout100kilometersfromourtowntothebigcity.一、三、用作替代词：it可作形式主语、形式宾语，可代替不定式、动名词或从句。(1)Itisnotknownwhereshehasgone.(2)It’sbadforyoureyesreadinginbed.四、用于强调句，构成“It+be+被强调部分that…”结构。如：It’sinthesmallshopthatIboughttheimportantbook.五、在初中英语教材中，出现了许多由it引导的固定句式，现归纳如下： (一)It"stimeforsb.todosth./It"stimeforsth.意为"是(某人)该做……的时间了"、"到……的时候了"。例如：1.It"stimeforsupper／tohavesupper.该吃晚饭了。2.It"stimeformetostudy.我该学习了。(二)Ittakes(sb.)sometimetodosth.意为"(某人)花……时间做某事"。例如：1.Ittakestwentyminutestogotoschoolby132
bike.骑自行车上学要花二十分钟的时间。2.Ittookmeaweektofinishreadingthebook.我花了一周时间读完这本书。(三)Itisone"sturntodosth.意为"轮到某人做某事了"。例如：It"syourturntobeondutytomorrow.明天轮到你值日了。(四)Itis／hasbeen＋时间段＋since＋一般过去时，意为"自从……以来已过了……(时间)。"例如：1.Itis/hasbeenfourdayssinceIcaughtacold.我感冒已四天了。2.Itis/hasbeentwoweekssincewemetlast.自从我们上次见面以来已过了两周。(五)Itseems／seemed＋that从句，意为"看起来好像……"。例如：Itseemedthatourteamwasgoingtowin.我们队看起来好像要赢了。(六)It"s＋adj＋todosth.。例如：It"sagoodideatogooutforawalk.出去散步是个好主意。(七)It"s＋adj.＋that从句。例如：It"struethatImayfallbehindtheother132
students.我真可能落在别的学生后面。(八)It"s＋adj.＋of(for)sb.＋todosth.。对于这个句型究竟用of还是用for，主要取决于前面的形容词。如果形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质等的，如kind，good，nice，clever等用of；如果形容词仅仅是描述行为的则用for，这类形容词常见的有difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous等。例如：1.Itisniceofyoutocometoseeme.你能来看我真好。2.Itisdangerousforchildrentoplaywithfire.对小孩儿来说玩火是危险的。典例（）1.—Who’sknockingatthedoor?—Idon’tknow.Maybe___ismyuncle.A.heB.thatmanC.itD.she（）2.—Ihaveonlytwodollarswithme.—Oh,____enoughtobuythisbook.A.it’sB.that’sC.you’reD.they’re（）3.—Who’sthatbabyinthephoto?—132
_____me.Iwasonlytwoyearsoldthatyear.A.That’sB.It’sC.I’mD.Thebaby’s（）4.______fiveyearssinceIleftthattown.A.That’sB.They’reC.Thetime’sD.It’s（）5.___abouttenminutes’walkfrommyhometothefactory.A.ThewayisB.It’sC.TheroadD.That’s（）6.Somethingisinthebox,_______?A.aretheyB.aren’ttheyC.isn’titD.isn’tsomething（）7.____saidthatthestrangemanlivesinthedeepforest.A.It’sB.IC.HeD.Someone（）8.______takememuchtimetowritethatpaper.A,It’sB.It’llC.That’llD.I’ll（）9.Ifound______easytoswimacrossthatriver.A.itB.thatC.meD.it’s132
（）10.—Who’sthatspeaking?—______me,Tom.A.I’mB.That’sC.It’sD.Its提高训练：完成句子1.从学校到工厂需要步行20分钟。______20minutes’walk_______theschool_______thefactory.2.这个婴儿才两岁，需要人照顾。Thebabyisonly2yearsold.________needs________________________after.3.快点！要下雨了。_______________!_______isgoingtorain.4.桌上有些面包，吃起来挺香的。Thereissomebreadonthetable._______tastes__________.5.要完成这项工作至少需要20天时间。_____willtake___________20days____________thework.玖、句子的种类和句子的类型Ⅰ句子的种类：按用途分类，英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四类。a)陈述句:叙述事实、表达思想的句子。又分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句。WearrivedinBeijingonSundayevening.Theboywasn’therejustnow.b）疑问句：(1一般疑问句：询问一件事是否属实，用yes或no来回答。—Isthereanybodyinthehouse?—Yes.Mysisterandherclassmates.(2特殊疑问句：“特殊疑问词+一般疑问句”。不能用yes或no回答。常见的特殊疑问词：who,when,where,how,howmany,howmuch,whose,whom,howlong,howoften,howsoon,whattime,whatcolour等。①—Howsoonwillhebeback?—Hewillbebackinanhour.②—Whoseistheblueshirt?—It’sTom’s.(3选择疑问句：A.一般选择问句式：以or为标志，语序与一般问句相同。回答时不能用yes或no.如：Didyougotothecinemaorstayathomeyesterdayevening?Istayedathome.B.特殊疑问句式：Whichdoyoulikebest,peas,potatoesortomatoes?Ilikepeasbest.(4反意问句：表示提问者有主见，无把握，希望对方来证实。（1）基本结构：“陈述句，简略问句？”。简略问句对陈述句提出相反的疑问。回答这种问句时，如事实肯定的，用yes，事实是否定的，用no.如：—Hegoestoschoolearlyeveryday,doesn’the?—Yes,hedoes../No,hedoesn’t.（2）表示否定的词有：not,no,nothing,nobody,never,hardly,seldom,few,little等。如：Hehardlyknowshowtoanswerit,doeshe?但是带否定意义的前缀的词，不能视为半否定词。如：You’reunhappy,aren’tyou?Hissisterdislikesthatgame,doesn’tshe?（3）祈使句的反意问句：除以Let’s开头的，其简略问句用shallwe或shan’twe外，其余的均用willyou或won’tyou.如：Let’sgohomenow,_________?Letushelpyou,Granny,_________?Don’tclosethewindow,________?（4）当陈述部分的主语是everyone,someone,somebody,anybody等词时，问句部分的主语用they；当陈述部分主语是this,that时，问句部分主语用it.Nobodyknows,dothey?ThisiswhatIwant,isn’tit?（5）当陈述部分是I’m…132
结构时，问句部分一般用aren’tI.如：I’mthefirsttocometoschooltoday,aren’tI?（6）当陈述部分是“Ithink/believe/suppose…或Wethink/believe/suppose…或I’msure…+宾语从句”时，简略问句应对宾语从句进行反问。如：Ithinktheyarebothright,aren’tthey?I’msurehewillcomehere,won’the?C）祈使句：表命令、请求。肯定式为：动词原形+其他成分。否定式为：Don’t+动词原形+其他成分。如：Openyourbook,please.Don’tlookoutofthewindow.D）感叹句：表惊讶、喜悦、愤怒等强烈感情。i用what引导：“What+adj.+名词或名词词组+主语+谓语（+其他成分）！”。如：Whataninterestingstoryitis!Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!ⅱ用how引导：“How+adj./adv.+主语+谓语（+其他成分）！”。如：HowhardhestudiesEnglish!Howbeautifultheflowersare!典例（）1.Let’sgoforapicnic,_____?A.willyouB.shallweC.don’tyouD.dowe（）2.Whichcolordoyoulike____,red___yellow?A.better/orB.best/andC.better/andD.best/or（）3._____wonderfulprogrammestheyare!A.HowB.HowaC.What’reD.What（）4.There’snothinginterestingin132
today’snewspaper,______?A.isn’tthereB.isn’titC.isthereD.arethere（）5._____diditcost?A.HowmuchB.HowmanyC.WhatmoneyD.Howmanymoney（）6.Pleasewaitforme,_______?A.don’tyouB.shallweC.willyouD.willwe（）7._______interestingstorythatis!A,HowB.WhataC.WhatD.Whatan（）8.—_____isyouraunt?—Abusdriver.A.WhoB.WhatC.WhatworkD.Whom（）9.Fewofthemlikeflyingkites,_______?A.don’ttheyB.won’ttheyC.liketheyD.dothey（）10.Don’tbelatenexttime,_______?A.willyouB.won’tyouC.doyouD.don’tyou提高训练一、将下列句子变为否定句和一般疑问句。1.Shegetsupearlyeverymorning.She_______upearlyeverymorning._____she_____upearlyeverymorning?2.Hehasgotsomestory-books.He___________story-books.______he_______story-books?3.Wehavealreadyseenthefilm.We______seenthefilm_____._____youseenthefilm_______?4.BothJimandIarestudents.______Jim______Iamastudent.___________Jimandyoustudents?5.Let’sgotothezoo.Let’s_________tothezoo._____we_______tothezoo?6.Mr.Smith132
saidsomethingattheclassmeeting.Mr.Smith______________________attheclassmeeting.______Mr.Smith__________attheclassmeeting?二、将下列句子变为感叹句。1.She’salovelygirl._________lovelythegirlis!2.Thepeopleareworkinghard._____________thepeopleareworking!3.Theflowersarebeautiful._________beautifulflowers!三、将下列句子变为反意疑问句。1.TheCanadiangirlknowslittleRussian,______________?2.Let’scarrytheheavyboxfortheoldwoman,_____________?3.Therewerefewpeopleinthestationthatnight,_____________?4.Noneofyoulikethebooks,___________?四、同义句转换：1.ThebagissoheavythatIcan’tcarryit.Thebagis______heavyforme_________________.2.Howcanwegettothepostoffice?Didhetellyou?Didhetellyou_____________gettothepostoffice?3.Thefilmwasveryinteresting.Hefound.Hefound___________________________.4.Whataboutgoingoutforawalk?_________________________outforawalk?5.Mr.Greendoesn’tenjoylisteningtomusic.Hiswifedoesn’t,either._____Mr.Green________hiswife_______listeningtomusic.6.MissGaoisourEnglishteacherthisterm.MissGao_______________Englishthisterm.Ⅱ句子的类型：按结构分，英语句子可分为简单句、并列句、复合句。1、简单句：只有一个主语（含并列主语）、一个谓语（含并列谓语）。简单句的五种基本结构：（1）S+V(+状语)Weoftenswiminthepool.(2)S+V+PHisbrotherbecameasoldier.(3)S+V+OHelikesplayingfootball.(4)S+V+IO+DOOurteachertoldusaninterestingstoryyesterday.132
(5)S+V+O+OCWecallhimBigJack.2.并列句：由两个或两个以上的简单句通过并列连词构成的句子。并列连词有；and,or,but,then,for,so等。①Studyhard,oryoucan’tpasstheexam.②It’sverycoldtoday,soyou’dbetterwearwarmerclothes.③Shefinishedherhomework,thenshewenttobed.3.复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句是主体，从句充当主句的成分。初中阶段要求掌握宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。宾语从句：在句中作主句的宾语。（在Ithink/believe/suppose/expect等动词后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语尽管是否定的意思，却不用否定形式，而是将think等动词变成否定形式。Idon’tthinkyouareright。）（1）that引导：that无意义，常省略。Hesaysthathewon’tbefreeuntiltomorrow.Hesaid(that)hewouldliketoseetheteacher.（2）由疑问代词(who,whom,whose,what,which)、疑问副词(when,where,why,how)引导：有词义，要充当句子成分，不能省去。Idon’tknowwhosethebookis.Canyoutelluswhyyoucamelateagain?（3）(3)由if/whether引导：“是否”，“whether……132
ornot”。Heaskedwhether/iftheyneedmoretea.Shedoesn’tknowwhethershewillgoonworkinginthefactoryornot.使用宾语从句，必须注意三个问题：(1)选准连接词：①陈述句→宾语从句，用that连接；②一般疑问句→宾语从句，用if/whether连接（注意：只能用weather的情况1）同不定式连用2）作介词宾语从句3）和or或ornot连用。）；③;特殊疑问句→宾语从句，原有的疑问词就是连接词.(2)使用陈述语序：尤其要注意把一般疑问句和特殊疑问句转变为宾语从句时，要把原有的疑问语序变为陈述语序。①Heaskedme.Whenwillshearrive?→Heaskedme___________________arrive.②Wewanttoknow.Didheunderstandourmeaning?→Wewanttoknow____________________________ourmeaning.（3）Shedidn’tknowwhethertogoortostay.（4）I’mnotinterestedinwhetheryouliketheplanornot.(3)选用正确的时态：①主句是一般现在时，从句时态不受限制。②主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能用相应的过去时态。③如果宾语从句是客观事实或真理时，不受主句时态的限制。①“I’llcomebacksoon.”shetoldherdaughter.→Shetoldherdaughter______________________backsoon.②“Hashefinishedthehomework?”theteacheraskedmyfriend.→Theteachermyfriend________________________thehomework.③Theteachertoldthechildrenthatthesun______(be)muchbiggerthantheearth.状语从句：在句中作主句的状语。（1）时间状语从句：引导词有：when,while,after,before,assoonas,since,until等。（2）条件状语从句：引导词有：if(如果)，unless(除非)。注意：在时间状语和条件状语从句中，如果主句用一般将来时，从句应当用一般现在时。如：Ifshe_______(come),Iwilltellyou.（3）原因状语从句：引导词有：because,since,for,as等。练习：用after,unless,if,when,because,until填空。①_____youeattoomuch,you’llbecomefat.②Iwon’tpasstheexam________Iworkhard.③Shewenttobed_______shewashedherface.④Don’topenthedoor______thebusstops.⑤______hecametoseeme,Iwasreadinganewspaperinbed.⑥Thestudentswenttothefarm_______thefarmerneededsomehelp.(1)比较状语从句：由than,as…as,notso…as引导。LucyishalfanhourolderthanLily(is).Theweatherisn’tsowetasitwasyesterday.（2）目的、结果状语从句：由so…that(如此……以致于),such…that,sothat(以便)引导。Hewassotiredthathecouldn’tgoonworking.Shegotupearlysothatshecouldcatchthefirsttrain.（3）让步状语从句：由although,though,eventhough 引导。①Although/ThoughwehavelearnedEnglishforthreeyears,ourEnglishisnotenough.②Eventhoughheiseighty,helooksstrongandhealthy.定语从句：在句中作主句的定语，修饰前面的名词或代词。被修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系代词。初中阶段要求掌握的关系代词有that,which,whose,who和whom.其中who,whom指人，which指物，whose,that132
既可指代人也可指代物。如：Haveyouseenthewomanwho/thatiswearingredcoat?Hefoundthegirlwho/whom/thatwe’relookingfor.Pleaseshowmethephotowhich/thatyoulikebest.Doyouknowthegirlwhosefatherisourmathsteacher?Canyoubringmethecaotwhosecolorisgreen?当关系代词在句中充当定语从句的宾语时，常常省略。Hefoundthegirlwearelookingfor.只能用which引导的定语从句：（1）当关系代词在介词后面时，只用which.Eg.What’sthequestionaboutwhichtheyaretalking?（2）当先行词为that时，关系代词要用which。Eg.What’sthatwhichyouareholdinginyourhands?只能用that引导的定语从句：（1）先行词前有一个最高级形容词修饰时：Thisisthemostinterestingstory________Ihaveeverheard.（2）.当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时：Thechildrenlikethesecondlesson______isabout“TheFootballMatch”.（3）当先行词前有only,any,all,no,few,little,oneof,just,ver或thesane等修饰时：ThisisthesamebikethatIlost.It’stheonlyword____Idon’tknowinthepassage.（4）当先行词为不定代词all,something,everything,none,nothing,anything,theone等词时：Hereisallthemoney______Ihave.（5）当先行词同时含有人和物时：Icanrememberthepersonsandsomepictures_______Isawintheroom.（6）为避免重复，在疑问词who后用that:Whoisthegirl_______wonthefirstplace?（7）当先行词为数词时：YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.（8）主句是therebe结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that作关系代词。Eg.Thereisaroominthehotelthatisstillfree.（9）关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，关系代词用that.Eg.Myhometownisnolongertheplacethatitusedtobe.典例（）1.Pleasecallme____he___toBeijing.A.whether/getsB.if/getsC.whether/reachedD.if/reaches（）2.Mr.AndMrs.Greenare____hard-workingworkers____theyweregivenarise(涨工资)lastmonth.A.such/thatB.so/thatC.so/soD.×/that（）3.Thescientisttoldthechildrenthattheearth____aroundthesun.A.traveledB.aretravellingC.travelsD.woundtravel（）4.Wemustn’tstopforarestuntilwe___thevillage.A.reachB.willreachC.reachedD.arereaching（）5.Mr.Whiteasked____meetnextmorning.A.whereshallweB.whereweshallC.whatwewoundD.wherewewound（）6.Thattownis____farawayfromhere___youcan’tgetthereontime.A.so/thatB.such/thatC.too/forD.132
enough/that（）7.Doyouknowtheman____isred?A.who’scoatB.whoC.whosecoatD.whichcoat（）8.Itcantellyou____theplaneleaves.A.what’stimeB.whattimeC.what’sthetimeD.whendoes（）9.Thespeakerspokeloudly____hecouldbeheardclearly.A.sothatB.soC.whileD.because（）10._____thereislife,thereishope.A.WhenB.WhileC.WhereD.Why提高训练一、同义句转换：1.IstheSummerPalaceopennow?Couldyoutellme?Couldyoutellme________theSummerPalace______________now?2.Pleasetellmewhereweshowourtickets.Pleasetellme______________________ourtickets.3.Tom’sfathersawthathewassittingonsomeeggs.Tom’sfathersaw____________________onsomeeggs.4.Hedidn’tknowtheotherpeople’sideasbecausehedidn’tcometothemeeting.Hedidn’tknowwhat_______atthemeeting.5.“Wheredoeshelives?”Mr.Laasked.Mr.Laaskedwhere_______________________.6.IrememberedthatIhadgiventhebooktohim.Iremembered__________thebooktohim.7.Ifyoudon’thelpme,Ican’tfinishitontime.Ican’tfinishitontime__________________help.8.Afterhesaid“Goodnight”politely,heleft._____a_________“Goodnight”,heleft.9.Ihaven’theardfromJim.Helefthere.Ihaven’theardfromJim___________helefthere.10.Idon’tknowwherewearegoing.Idon’tknow______________________________.二、连词填空：1.Shetriedhard______shefailed.2.Bequick,______he’llbeangry.3.Youmay______doityourself_____leaveittome.4.Hecouldread_______English_____Frenchwell.5.Hedidn’tknowanythingaboutthat______hecouldn’ttellyou.6.Useyourhead,______you’llhaveaway.7.ShemustcomefromScotland,______onlytheScotlandtalkinthatway.8.Thisshirtis______toobig_____toosmallforme.9.Mikeknewnothingaboutit______Jimtoldhim.10.I’llwait_______hecomesback.11.We’veknowneachother_____Icameherein1990.12.Don’tworry.He’llcometoseeyou_______hereachesthecity.13.Imetoneofmyoldfriends_______Iwaswalkingalongthestreet.14.Hisfatherwas_______angrywithhisson_______hecouldn’tspeak.15.Wemustdo______thePartytellsus.拾、动词的时态及主谓一致一、动词的种类：行为动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。132
1、行为动词：分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词后带宾语，不及物动词后不带宾语。如：①Horsesrunfast.②Ireadnewspaperseveryday.2、连系动词：本不能单独作谓语，须与表语连用构成谓语。常见的连系动词有：be,become(变成、成为),feel(感觉、摸起来),fall，get(变得),go(变成、处于……状态),grow(变得),look(显得、看起来),seem(好象),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),stay、keep(保持),taste(尝起来),turn(变得)等。①Heseemsangry.②Mybrotherhasbecomeadriver.③Fishsoongoesbadinhotweather.④Thenoisefromthecrowdgrewlouderandlouder.⑤Yourvoicesoundsbeautiful.⑥HisfatherkeptverybusyalldaylastFriday.⑦Thebabysoonfellasleep.⑧Shelooksveryill.3.助动词：无词义，不能独立作谓语132
，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，表示否定、时态或其他语法形式。助动词有：be,do(does,did),have(has,had),shall,will等。Theyareplayingbasketballontheplayground.Themandidnotunderstandmywords.Haveyoufounditanywhere?4.情态动词：(1)有词义;(2)不能独立作谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语;(3)后接动词原形;(4)表示说话人的语气和情态;(5)无人称和数的变化(haveto除外)。情态动词有：can,may,must,need,could,should,might,would,shall,will,haveto等。二、动词的时态：初中阶段共有8种时态：一般现在时态、一般将来时态、一般过去时态、现在进行时态、现在完成时态、过去进行时态、过去完成时态和过去将来时态。1.一般现在时：(1)用法：①表经常性、习惯性的动作。常与always,usually,often,sometimes,everyday等时间状语连用。Hesometimesgoesshoppingwithhisparents.Ioftengotoworkonfoot.②132
表现在的特征或状态。 Shelikesplayingpingpong.He’seighteenyearsoldthisyear.③表客观真理和科学事实。Theearthgoesaroundthesun.④在时间状语和条件状语从句中，若主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。Ifitdoesn’train,we’llgoouttohaveapicnic.(2)构成：①be（am/is/are）②行为动词：A：当谓语动词为非三人称单数时，动词用原形；B：当谓语动词为第三人称单数时，动词用第三人称单数(动词的第三人称单数形式构成方法与名词复数的变化规则相同)练习：写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式：work,study,fly,do,wash,watch.2.现在进行时：(1)用法：①表说话时正在进行的动作。如：Listen!SheissinginganEnglishsong.②表示以现在为中心前后一段时间内发生的动作。如：We’relearningLessonEightthesedays.③有时还用某些趋向性动词(终止性动词)的现在进行时来表示将来意义时。这些动词包括：come,go,132
start,leave,stay等。如：I’mgoingtotheparkthisafternoon.(2)动词现在分词的构成：①直接在词尾加-ing（2）去不发音的e，加-ing；（3）以重读闭音节结尾的，词尾只有一个辅音字母，双写加-ing;（4）少数以ie结尾的，变ie为y加-ing,练习：写出下列动词的现在分词：die,ask,come,begin,lie,feel,leave,tie,climb,dig.3.一般过去时：(1)用法：表示说话以前发生的动作或存在的状态。常与yesterday,lastweek,ago,in1995等过去时间状语连用。HewenttothenorthernpartofChinalastyear.(2)动词过去式的构成：A.规则变化：①去不发音的e，加-ed；②以重读闭音节结尾的，词尾只有一个辅音字母，双写加-ed;③以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i,加-ed,④其余一般加-ed.B.不规则变化：（须记住）4.一般将来时:(1)用法：表示说话以后(将来)要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与next132
year,tomorrow,inthefuture,intwodays等将来时间连用。HeisgoingtohaveameetingnextSunday.(2)构成：①“begoingto+动词原形”，表示打算或即将发生的动作。It’sgoingtorain.We’regoingtohelptheoldmannexttoourschool.②“will/shall+动词原形”.Iwilltakepartinourgame.Shallwemeetalittleearliertomorrowmorning.5.现在完成时:(1)构成：“助动词have/has+动词的过去分词”(动词的过去分词与动词的过去式规则变化构成方法相同，不规则变化必须记住)(2)用法：A：表过去的动作对现在的影响或结果。Ihaveseenthefilm.HehasgonetoShanghai.B：表过去的动作持续到现在并有可能继续持续下去。常与表示一段时间的“for短语、since+从句”连用。如：MyfatherhasbeenawayforBeijingforfivehours.Mr.BlackandhisfamilyhavebeeninChinasincetheycameherethreeyearsago.132
注：这一用法中，谓语动词必须为延续性动词，非延续性动词必须转化为延续性动词。如：buy—have/keep,borrow/lend—have/keep,become—be,leave—beaway,die—bedead,open—beopen,close—beclosed,arrive/come/go/reach/get—bein/here/there,join—beamemberof/bein,begin—beon,getup—beup,fallasleep—beasleep,finish/end—beover等。如：改错：IhavejoinedtheLeagueforhalfayear.(3)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：前者属现在时态范畴，不与过去时间连用，强调过去的动作或状态对现在的影响。后者属于过去时范畴，常与过去时间连用，只是单纯地谈论过去，与现在无关。Hehasreadthatbook.Hereaditlastyear.(4)have/hasgoneto,have/hasbeento与have/hasbeenin①—Whereisyourmothernow?—ShehasgonetoChengdu.②—DoyouknowsomethingaboutChengdu?—Yes.IhavebeentoChengduthreetimes.132
6.过去进行时:(1)构成：was/were+动词的现在分词(2)用法：表过去某一时刻或过去某一时间段内正在发生的动作。如：Wewerehavingbreakfastwhentherewasaknockatthedoor.Iwasdoingmyhomeworkfrom8to10lastnight.7.过去将来时：表立足于过去某一时间而言将要发生的动作或状态。常用于宾语从句。由“would+动词原形”或“was/weregoingto+动词原形”构成。Hetoldmetherewouldbeafootballmatchthatweekend.8.过去完成时：表过去某一时间以前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”。由“had+动词的过去分词”构成。Bytheendoflastterm,wehadlearnedEnglishfortwoyears.Theyhaddonethewholeworkbeforehephonedthem.三、主谓一致：英语中主语和谓语在人称和数的一致问题上一般遵循三条原则：形态一致原则、意义一致原则、就近原则。1.形态一致原则:(1)132
可数名词单数和不可数名词独立作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。可数名词复数或两个及以上的不可数名词并列作主语时，谓语用复数。如：Onthetablearesomefruits.Somewaterandalittlebreadarefortheirbreakfast.(2)不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。但neither和none作主语时谓语动词既可用单数，也可用复数。Listen!Somebodyisknockingatthedoor.BothofthemarefromSichuan.Butneitherknow(s)it.(3)非谓语动词的结构和从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。①Playingbasketballeverydayisgoodforyourhealth.②Howwecanfindthatplacenowisreallyaproblem.(4)主语后面跟有with,aswellas,but,like等引导的短语作定语时，谓语形式不受定语影响。Theboyaswellashisfriendsisgoingthereonfoot.2.意义一致原则:(1)根据主语的内在涵义来决定谓语的数。Someareapples. Someissaltandsomeissugar.(2)表示“总量”或“总和”132
的时间、距离、金钱、重量、容量等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Fourhoursislongenoughforyoutofinishthatwork.Tenthousanddollarsismuchenoughtobuyanewcar.(3)表复数意义的代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。常见的有：both,few,afew,many,several等。FewofthemhavebeentoCanada.(4)表“总称”的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数，常见的有：police,people,cattle等。如：thepeopleinthecityareveryfriendly.Thepolicearelookingforthelostcar,(5)some等不定代词、twothirds等分数词组、rest等名词作主语时，根据其代替的对象是否可数来决定谓语动词的数。Therestofusareintheclasstoom.Therestofthemilkisdrunkbythelittlegirl.(6)family等集合名词作主语时，如果强调集体时，谓语用单数，若强调成员个体时，谓语用复数。Myfamilyenjoysportsandgames.Myfamilyhasmovedintothenewhouse.(7)由“the+形容词”132
表一类人作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Theyounginthisteamareabletojelptheoldclimbupthemountain.Theinjured(受伤人员)weresenttohospital.3.就近原则：用于“therebe”句型和由“either…or…，neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…，whether…or…，or”等引导主语的句子中，谓语动词的数由距离谓语动词最近的主语部分决定。Thereissomebreadandsomecakesonthetable.Therearesomecakesandsomebreadonthetable.NeitheryounorhehasbeentoChengdu.NeitherhenoryouhavebeentoChengdu.典例（）1.Theirteacher_____sincethreeyearsago.A.hasbeenillB.wasillC.isillD.ill（）2.Hergrandpa______forseveralyears.A.hasdiedB.hasbeendeadC.diedD.wasdead（）3.Mr.Zhang____tothemeetingsoon.A.isgoingtocomeB.willgotocomeC.comesD.iscoming132
（）4.Iftherain____tomorrow,we’llvisittheGreatWall.A.willstopB.isgoingtostopC.stopD.stops（）5.Hesaidthatthey_____thatwork.A.havefinishedB.hadfinishedC.werefinishingD.finished（）6.Now,I______wemuststop.A.amthinkingBthinkC.thoughtD.willthink（）7.Thelittlegirlwithhergrandparents____haveapianoconcert.A.isgoingtoB.aregoingtoC.isD.are（）8.Eitheryouorhe______right.A.areB.wereC.isD.be（）9.There_____apieceofpaperandsomebooksonthefloor.A.areB.isC.hasD.have（）10.Theteachersaidthatwe______changetheplan.A.wouldB.willC.shallD.had提高训练动词填空：1.Pleasetellmeifhe______(go)tothecinematonight.2.Theworkers_________(build)anewbridge132
nextyear.3.IhopedthatJames_________(arrive)beforesupper.4.Mr.Chentoldusthatthesun__________(set)inthewest.5.Theypromisedthatthey__________(bring)usallthenecessarybooks.6..Maryaskedmeifhe__________(come)backintwodays.7.Theysaidthey_______(notcollect)therubbishuntilthey_______(pay)higher.8.Iwonderifhe________(give)aconcerttomorrow.9.She______________(write)tousassoonasshegetsthere.10.She___________(shout)thewholeafternoon.11.Somescientists__________(explore)intheseawhenashark________(attack)oneofthem.12.Thedoorislocked,andIhavenokey.What__________I(do)?13.When_________you_______(start)forAustralianextweek?14.Lookattheclouds!It____________(rain).15.Anewbridge__________(build)attheendofthisyear.16.Anndoesn’tknowwhethershe__________(be)inourclass.132
17.There_________(be)morepeopleintheworldinthenext10years.18.Thisafternoonwe__________(have)adiscussiononhowtoimproveourstudies.19.I________(finish)readingthenovelbytomorrownight.20.________(be)thechildrenveryhappy_________(take)totheparklastSunday?21.Whenshe____________(work)inthegarden,herback____________(hurt)terribly.22.Bytheendofthematch,they__________(kick)twogoals.23.—Wherewereyouamomentago?—I____________(dig)holesinthegarden.24.Janedidn’tgotoschoolyesterdaybecauseshe_______(catch)abadcold.25.IsaidthatitwasleasttenyearssinceI_____________(enjoy)agooddrink.26.MissJones___________(walk)inthestreetwhenaman___________(rob)her.27.Whilethey_____________(practise)thesong,Pearl_________(rush)in.28.Tom_____________(look)forhiscat132
eversincethisMonday.29.—Didthetrainarriveontime?—No,itshould_________(arrive)twohoursago.30.NeitherMr.Greennorhiswife____________(dive)before.31.Bythetimehewas5,he_______(learn)400Englishwords.32._________youever________(be)toEngland?33.She_________(see)himthesedays.34.Fiveyears_________(pass)sincehe___________(join)theParty.35.Somelittlechildren_________(enter)thedangerousbuildingbeforethey__________(warn).36.Bythetimethebellrang,everymemberoftheclass_________(be)busyreading.37.I____________(notdo)anythingatthattime.38.Listen!Who_________(quarrel)inthenextroom?39.Wouldyouplease________(hold)theladderforme?40.Hisfather__________(graduate)inHarvard.41.It’stheeveofChristmas.Thechildren____________(decorate)theirlivingroom132
withtheirparents.42.Icecan__________(turn)intowater.43.Thesemagazinesmust__________(return)tothelibrary.44.Hearingtheloudnoise,theyallstopped_________(see)what_________(happen)?45.Lilyoften________(make)spellingmistakes.拾壹、动词的语态英语中的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。动作的执行者作主语时，用主动语态，动作的承受者作主语时，用被动语态。一、被动语态的构成：“be+P.P”.被动语态的时态变化由be来体现。Eg.is/am/arebeingasked,havebeenmade,was/werebeinggiven等。二、主动语态和被动语态的转换：(1)把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语；(2)将主动语态的谓语动词变为被动语态结构(即be+P.P),be体现时态。(3)必要时用介词by引导主动语态的主语置于句尾。如：Peopleplayfootballallovertheworld.→Football132
isplayedallovertheworld(bypeople).1、含双宾语的主动语态的转换：可用其中任何一个宾语作主语，但用直接宾语作主语时，被动语态句子中的原间接宾语前要加必要的介词(多数加to,个别加for)。如：(1)Mygrandpagavemeaballasthebirthdaypresent.→Iwasgivenaballasthebirthdaypresent(bymygrandpa).或→Aballwasgiventomeasthebirthdaypresent.(2)Hisauntboughthimadictionary.→Hewasboughtadictionarybyhisaunt.或→Adictionarywasboughtforhimbyhisaunt.2、含复合宾语的主动语态的转换：变为被动语态时，宾补要保留，但当宾补是不带to的不定式时，必须加上to.如：(1)TheycallhimLaoZhang.→HeiscalledLaoZhang.(2)IoftenhearhersingEnglishsongs.→SheisoftenheardtosingEnglishsongs.典例（）1.Infact,theChristmaspresents_______byourparents.A.givetousB.aregiven132
tousC.havegivenusD.gaveus（）2.Thechildren______twelvehoursaday.A.weremadetoworkB.weremadeworkC.madetoworkD.makeworking（）3.It____thattherewasanaccident.A.reportsB.reportedC.isreportedD.hasreported（）4.LessonEight____fromyesterdayon.A.learnsB.isbeinglearnedC.islearningD.isbeenlearned（）5.ThemapofChina_____now.A.isbeinglookedatB.isseenatC.isbeinglookedd.islooked（）6.Theflowers________.A.arewateringB.wateredC.waterd.havebeenwatered（）7.English______averyusefulworkinglanguageatinternationalmeeting.A.isspokenB.isusedC.isusedbyD.isusedas（）8.Thestudentsarealways___Chinese132
everymorning.A.keptreadingB.keepingreadingC.kepttoreadD.keepingtoread（）9.Theyoungmen_____playingfootballonthegroundbytheboys.A.werewatchingB.watchedC.werewatchedD.watch（）10.TheLeague_______inMay,1922.A.foundB.wasfoundedC.foundedD.wasfound基础训练动词填空：1.Orangetrees__________(grow)inwarmareas(地区).2.Theriversmellsterrible.Peoplemuststop________(throw)dirtythingsintoit.3.Manymorehouses__________(build)forteacherssincelastyear.4.Anewbuilding_____________(putup)inourschoolthesedays.5.Today,theforestshavealmostgone.Peoplemust____________(stop)from_________(cutdown)toomanytrees.6.He____________(see)_________(enter)the132
roomamomentago.7.Thesong_____often______(sing)bychildren.8.Hedoesn’tmind______________(laughat).9.It__________(say)thatChristmasFatherlivesintheNorthPole.10.Themeeting_______________(hold)inthebiggesthotelinthecitynextmonth.11.Comehere.Themanneeds___________(send)tohospital.12.________thechildren__________(take)totheparkyet?提高训练完成句子：1。还没有决定在什么时候，什么地方开会。_________and_________tohavethemeeting_______________________yet.2。许多被邀请参加晚会的客人缺席。__________________ofguestswho__________________totheeveningpartywereabsent.3。必须阻止沙向南推进。Sand_______________________________________movingtowardsthesouth.4。送给他们的新衣服正在缝制中。Thenewclothesforthem132
________________________________.5。富人常感到不安全和不高兴。___________________don’t__________safeandhappy.6。这个婴儿在她妈妈外出时必须有人照顾。Thebaby__________________________________________duringhermotherisout.7。我昨晚收到一份精美的生日礼物。I_____________________aprettybirthdaypresentlastnight.8．外面很冷，外出时穿上暖和的衣服。It’sverycoldoutside.Warmclothes________________________whenyougoout.9。美国挤满了汽车。TheUnitedStates____________________withcars.10。刚刚才有人听见她在隔壁唱歌呢。She___________________________inthenextroom__________________ago.拾贰、非谓语动词不能用来作谓语但又具有动词特征的词，叫非谓语动词。包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。132
一、动词不定式：“to+V.”1、作主语：不定式作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。常用“Itis/was…+to+V.”,其中it是形式主语，“to+V.”是真正的主语。TolearnEnglishwellisnoteasy.→ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishwell.2、作宾语：(1)不定式作宾语，跟在及物动词后面，这类及物动词有：want,wish,like,love,decide,help,start,begin,forget,remember,try,prefer,ask,hate,use,hope,plan，agree，afford，happen，refuse，learn，need，promise等。有的动词要求不定式带上疑问词(who,when,how,where,which等)，如：show,know,tell,teach,learn等。Hedecidedtohelpher.Idon’t’knowhowtotellyouthenews.(2)有时不定式宾语后面还带有补足语，常用it作形式宾语，把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后。如：Ifounditdifficulttofindanewjobinthecity.3、作表语：Mywishistoreachthereontime.Ourideaistoclimbupthemountainfrom132
thenorth.4、作宾语补足语：补充说明宾语在干什么。Ask/want/tell/wouldlike/wish/allow/get/hate/order/teach/warn/encouragesb.todosth.eg. Mybrotheraskedmetocleantheroomwithhim.Wouldyoulikemetostayherewithyou?注意：(1)感官动词、役使动词之后的不定式不带to.这类动词常见的有：have，let,make,hear,see,feel,watch,notice等。如：Thepolicemansawachildplayinthestreet.Thebossmadethemworkmorethan12hoursaday.(2)help之后的不定式，可带to，也可不带to.5、作定语：不定式作定语要放在被修饰词后面。Ihavegoodnewstotellyou.Sheisthefirsttocometoschool.6、作状语：(1)作目的状语：TolearnEnglishwell,youmuststudyhardeveryday.Hecameheretoaskforhisbook.(2)作程度、结果状语，常与enough,too连用。Heisold132
enoughtogotoschool.Heistooyoungtogotoschool.7、不定式的否定结构：“not+(to)+V”.Pleasetellyourchildnottoplayinthestreet.8、不定式复合结构：不定式动作的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，用“for/of+sb.+不定式”复合结构。It’simpossibleforustofinishthatworkinaday.Thecaristooexpensiveformetobuy.It’sverykindofyoutohelpme.二、动名词：“V-ing”,有名词和动词的特征。1、作主语（谓语动词用单数形式）：Doingmorningexercisesisgoodforhealth.2、作表语：Myfavouritesportisswimming.3、作宾语：1）后面只能用动名词作宾语的动词及短语有：enjoy,finish,mind,practise,keep,feellike,bebusy,can’thelp（情不自禁地……）等。I’mbusy______(do)myhomework.Doyoumind__________(open)thewindow?2）有的动词后面既可以用不定式，也可以用动名词，但意义不同。如：continue/goontodosth./132
doingsthremember/forgettodosth/doingsth.liketodosth/doingsth.stoptodosth./doingsth.trytodosth./doingsth.meantodosth.（打算，想要做某事）/doingsth.（意味着，意思是）need/want/require（需要）todosth./doing（tobedone）deservetodosth./doingsth.（tobedone）1、作定语：Thereisaswimmingpoolinourschool.典例（）1.____goodforyourhealth____morningexercises.A.It’s/doB.He’s/doingC.It’s/doingD.It/todo（）2.Ifounditeasy______apapership.A.tomakeB.makingC.makeD.made（）3.Myjobis_____themthewaytotheoffice.A.totellB.toldC.makingD.made（）4.Sheisoftenheard_____songsinthenextroom.A.singB.tosingC.hassungD.singing132
（）5.Wehavealotofproblems____thesedays.A.workoutB.toanswerC.answerD.toworkout（）6.It’snotlate_____toworkhardnow.A.beginB.webeginC.ofustobeginD.forustobegin（）7.Pleasetellyourchild_____inthestreet.A.nottoplayB.don’tplayC.toplayD.notplay（）8.—You’dbetter___something.—ButIdon’tfeellike___anything.A.eat/eatB.eat/eatingC.toeat/toeatD.eating/eating（）9.Stop___tome.Ihavesomethingimportant____you.A.listening/totellB.tolisten/tellC.listening/tellingD.tolisten/totell（）10.It’snotgoodtomakehim_____infrontoftheothers.A.tostandB.standC.standingD.stood提高训练动词填空：1.Canyoufinish________(write)thecompositioninanhour?132
2.Wouldyoumindmy________(park)here?3.Heprefers_________(ski)to_____(skate)4.Allowme________(continue)thestory.5.LastnightMrs.Wilsonsawastranger________(spy)abouthishouse.6.Wemissed________(see)himoffbecauseofthebadtraffic.7.You’dbetter______(send)foradoctoratonce.8.Lastyearmylittlebrotherbecame___________(interest)in________(repair)clocks.9.Shespentlotsoftime__________(take)careofthepoorchild.10.Hespentallhislifein_______(keep)thesecret.11.Howabout_______(go)onatourofEurope?12.Howlongdidittakethepolice________(search)themurderer.13.Mr.Brownaskedthewoman_______(notjump)thequeue.14.Whynot______(report)ittotheheadmaster?Hemustunderstandus.15.Everyoneonthefarmwerebusy_________(get)readyfortheharvestfestival.16.Afteramonththe132
artistwasable________(draw)averybeautifulhorseinfiveminutes.17.Whoinyourcitydidbetterthananyotheronein______(make)dresses?18.Ifeltveryfrightened_________(look)downfromthetopfloorofthebuilding.19Heseems__________(complain)aboutitafewtimes.20.Whileshelived,herfrontgatewasalwayslockedandnooneeversawher________(leave)orsawanybody_________(go)in.21Ihavesomethingimportant__________(tell)you.22.Sherushedoutoftheroomwithout_______(give)meachance_________(complain).23.Didyouremember________(lock)thedoor?No,Ididn’t.I’dbettergobackand______(do)it.24.Thebabyneeds_________(look)after.25.Heissaid_________(send)tohospitalalready.26.Iamglad________(work)withyounow.27.Wouldyoulike_______(go)withmeorwouldyourather__________(stay)athome?28.Hewaseversohappy132
________(admit)tothearmy.29.Theyhappened________(see)thethiefgoingtothathouse.30.Ihope________(invite)totheparty.31.Theydon’tallowthesebooks_______(take)outofthereadingroom.32.Hefinished_________(read)thebook.33.Wehadnochoicebut_________(do)whatwewereasked.34.Beforeheletus_______(go)hemadeus_________(promise)________(nottell)anyonewhatwehadseen.35.Iwant_______(finish)theworkbytheendofnextmonth.36.Theydidallthecould_______(save)thechild.37.You’dbetter___________(notwake)meupwhenyoucomein.38.Sheprefers__________(stay)atthehomethan__________(go)outatnight.39.Ithinkitimportant______(do)so.40.Theyallenjoyed_________(learn)toskate.41Jackhasjustgivenup___________(smoke).42.Peterkepton_________(ask)questions.43.Shedidn’tmind___________(work)132
overtime.44.Wecan’thelp__________(shout)whenwehappenedtoseeeachotherinthestreet.45.Insteadof________(go)totheconcert,shewenttoanexhibition.知识要点专题复习壹、重要词汇1.bring“带来”，take“带去”强调动作的方向，carry“带着、扛起”，无方向。①—I’mveryhungry.Willyouplease______mesomefood?—OK,Sam,_____somefoodtoyourfatheratonce,willyou?②Excuseme,canyouhelpme________theheavyboxtotheoffice?2.excuseme表示“打扰”，“歉意”在事前；sorry表示“歉意”在事后。—_____,isthatpenonyourdeskmine?—No.It’smine.—____.I’vemadeamistake.3.listen和listento都表“认真地听”，听的过程，前者不及物，后者及物。hear表“听见”132
，听的结果，及物动词，后可接宾语从句；hearof/about“听说”。①______!Canyou_______something?②_________thetapecarefully,thenanswerthequestions.③I________thatourEnglishteacherwouldgoabroad.④—DoyouknowMsSmith?—No,I’venever________her.4.look,lookat都有“注意地看”之意，前者不及物，后者及物。see“看”的能力、结果。watch“观看”电视、比赛等。read“看书、看报”。①______!Whatcanyou______inthepicture?②Thestudentsare_______theblackboard.③Let’s_______thefootballmatchtonight.④_______thenewspaperismyhobby.5.speak常作不及物动词，常用于“speaktosb.”短语中，“说、讲某种语言”，及物动词。say及物动词，表“说的内容”,也可用于“saytosb.”.tell“告诉”，及物动词（tellastory），可带双宾语，构成tellsb.sth.talk“谈论”不及物动词，常用于结构“talkaboutsth./sb.或talkwith/tosb.”.①His132
parentsare__________tohisteacher.②CanyouspeakChinese?③They_______tomethattheywereplayingontheplayground.④Please_______usastory.He_______tomeaboutthefilmjustnow.6.lookfor“寻找”的过程，find“找到”，表结果，findout“找出”，通过一定的手段、方式后“查明、弄清楚”事实真相。Whatareyou_____________?Didyou___________theanswerofthequestion?Hehas________thewaytoworkouttheproblem.7.another“另一个”，other“别的”，作定语，theother“两个中另一个”，常构成“one…theother…”，others“另一些”，常构成“some…others…”，theothers“其余的”，相当于“theother+名词复数”。①Pleaseshowme_______pen.②Fiveofmyclassmateswillgotothezoo,and________willgototheGreatWall.③Ihavetwosisters.OneworksinChongqing,_______studiesinWuhan.④Therearemanyflowers.Somearered,and_________are132
yellow.8.alone“单独的、单独地”，表语，状语。lonely“孤独的、寂寞的”，表语，定语。①Sheisalways_____athome,butsheneverfeels_______.②Theoldmanlivesina______village.I’llgotoseehimthere_______.9.borrow“借进”，“borrow…from…”；lend“借出”“lend…to…”。Ididn’ttakemypentoschool.I_______onefromJack.Willyouplease_____yourpentome?（—HowlongcanI__________thisbook?—Threedays.）10.after“在……之后”表过去某一段时间之后，用在过去时中；表某一时刻之后，也可用在将来时中。in表将来一段时间之后。later放在时间段的后面。Afterafewyears(=Afewyearslater)hebuiltalabforhimself.He’llcallyouaftertwoo’clock.He’llcallyouinonehour.11.inhospital“住院”，inthehospital“在医院里”。12.problem表需要解决的“132
困难、难题”，question表需要回答的“问题、难题”。Heworkedoutthatproblem.Pleaseanswermethequestionaboutyourfamily.13.get不及物动词，与to搭配，arrive不及物动词，与in,后接大地点，与at后接小地点。Reach及物动词。Whenwillthey___________Beijing?14.some①用于肯定句，②希望对方肯定回答；any①用于否定句，②用于肯定句，“任一”。There’s______waterintheglass.Hedoesn’thave________mistakesinhisEnglishpaper.MayIaskyou________questions?_______ofyoucananswerit.15.few,afew修饰可数名词，few表否定，afew表肯定。little,alittle修饰不可数名词，little表否定，alittle表肯定。There’reafewapplesandalittlemeatinthefridge.16.wear,bein,have…on均穿着的状态，wear,have…on是及物动词，用衣服作宾语，bein…后可带衣服，也可加颜色。Puton表动作，dress“给…穿上”，宾语是人。Thegirliswearing(=in)anewskirttoday.She132
hadsomethingblackon.Thisisyourcoat.Putiton.Thelittleboycandresshimselfnow.17.between“在两者之间”among“在三者或三者以上中间”，inthemiddleof表位置，“在某空间的中间”。Isat_______TomandJackinthecinema.Hesat_______theforeignersandtalkedwiththem._________theroom,thereisabigtable.18.spend常构成“sb.spendssomemoney/sometimeonsth./(in)doingsth.”;pay常构成“sb.payssomemoneyforsth.”;cost常构成“sth.costssbsomemoney.”take常构成“Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.”Davidspentfiveyuanonthatbook.(改为同义句)David____fiveyuan____thatbook.或Thatbook____Davidfiveyuan.Ittookmetwohourstofinishcleaningthehouse.(改为同义句)I_____twohours______cleaningtheroom.19.stoptodosth“停下来做某事”，stopdoingsth.“停止做某事”，stop/keep/prevent132
sb/sth.fromdoingsth阻止……做某事20.bemadein+时间/地点，bemadeof表成品看得见原材料，bemadefrom表成品看不见原材料。Thebridgewasmade______stones.Paperismade______wood.Thiswatchwasmade______1940.21.nomore=not…anymore,nolonger=not…anylonger,nomore和nolonger常放在情态动词、助动词、be动词之后，行为动词之前。Heisnolongerastudentnow.nolonger,not…anylonger一般修饰延续性动词，表动作不再发生或状态不再延续；nomore,not…anymore除表动作不再发生、某一状态不再延续外，还可表示程度、数量不再增加。22.gotobed侧重于上床睡觉的动作。beasleep侧重于进入了睡眠状态。fallasleep“开始入睡、开始睡着了”，侧重于入睡动作的结果。gettosleep和gotosleep侧重于入睡动作的渐变过程。Hewastired,buthecouldn’tgettosleep.132
23.sometime“将来某时”，sometimes“有时”,sometime“一段时间”，sometimes“几次、数次”。24.goondoingsth继续做同一件事，goontodosth继续做另一件事。25.attheendof“在……尽头”，bytheendof“到……为止”，多用于完成时。Intheend“最终、最后”(=finally/atlast)26.howlong“多长、多久”，howoften“每隔多久”，表频率。howsoon“多久以后”。—_______doyougotothecinema?—Onceamonth.—______willhecomeback?—Hewillcomebackinanhour.27.infront“在前面”，infrontof“在……前面”，inthefrontof“在……前部”。28.keepdoingsth侧重于动作或状态的持续、坚持，keepondoingsth侧重于动作或状态的反复。Theykeptwalkingtowardsthevillage.Theykeptontalkingaboutit.29.through介词，“穿过、通过”，cross=(goacross),动词“横穿”，across介词，“132
横穿”。Asmallrivergoesthroughthetown.acrossthestreet30.lookout(=becareful=takecare),“当心”，lookoutof“向……外看”。31.too/aswell用于肯定句句末，also用于肯定句中, either用于否定句句末。32.haveto—hasto—hadto“必须，不得不”，表客观;must表主观，没有时态和数的变化，mustn’t“不准，不允许”。—MustI…?—No,Ineedn’t.33.already用于肯定句，若用于疑问句，表惊讶、意外。yet用于否定句、疑问句中。34.when,while,as用于引导时间状语从句，都可表示“一段时间”，“在……时”，when还可表示“时间点”。While还可表示转折，“而”。35.as,since,because,for都有“因为”之意。As,since,because为从属连词。Because语气最强，表示发生或情况存在的原因，回答why的问题，不能与so连用；since“既然、由于”，引导的从句常位于句首，用来说明推断的理由，语气较because132
弱；as语气最弱，表示已为人们所知或几乎不言而喻的原因，引导的从句可置于句首、句中或句末；for为并列连词，表示补充说明理由或推断理由，引导的从句位于句末，并用逗号隔开。36.havegoneto用于表示出发去某地了，还未回来；havebeento表示“曾去过”某地；havebeenin…+一段时间，表示呆在某地…典例（）1.—HowmanychildrenhavebeentotheGreatWall?—_______.A.noneB.NooneC.NoanyoneD.Nothing（）2.Japanis____theeastofChina.A.inB.toC.onD.at（）3.I_____youtocomesoon.A.hopeB.wishC.hopethatD.wishthat（）4.Thebabyistooyoungto_____himself.A.putonB.wearC.haveD.dress（）5.I’llhavemyhair____thisevening.A.cuttedB.cuttingC.cutD.cuts132
（）6.Walkalongthisstreet_____andyou’llfindthehospital.A.intheendB.totheendc.bytheendD.attheend（）7.—____areyoulateforschool?—Never.A.HowlongB.HowsoonC.HowoftenD.Howmuch（）8.Hesang____beautifulasongintheparty.A.soB.suchC.tooD.quite（）9.Shelikesto____othersbutneverwritestothem.A.hearofB.hearaboutC.hearfromD.hear（）10.Thebasketistooheavyfor_____tolift.A.nobodyB.anybodyC.somebodyD.everybody提高训练1.Ihavetowashalltheplatesandthingafterthemeal.(=must)2.CouldIhelpyou,sir?(=WhatcouldIdoforyou?)3.InChinaautumnlastsfromAugusttoOctober.(=goeson)4.—CouldIspeaktoMary?—Onemoment,please.(=Holdonforamoment)5.Thegirlcansingverywell.(=isgoodat132
singing.)6.Lucyislookingforherkeynow.(=tryingtofind)7.Whenweheardthenews,wewereallverypleased.(=happy)8.Hesaidhehadreceivedherletter.(=heardfromher)9.WehavegotaletterfromMissYang.(=heardfrom)10.IwasawayyesterdayandIdidn’tknowwhathappened.(=out/notin)11.—Excuseme,Bob!Iwanttocarrythisheavyboxtotheroom.Couldyoucomeandgivemeahand?—OK.I’mcoming.(=helpme)12.Willyoupleaseringmeupattenthisevening?(=givemeacall)13.InChina,lunchisusuallyatnoon.(=inthemiddleofday)14.Canyoufinishyourhomeworkinhalfanhour?(=inthirtyminutes)5.Thirtymoretreeswillbeplantedaroundthelake.(=Anotherthirty)16.Ihopeyou’llhaveagoodtimeattheparty.(=enjoyyourself)17.Shealwayswalksabout5milesaftersuppereveryday.(=alittlemoreorlessthan)132
18.Ifounditverydifficulttofinishtheworkinhalfanhour.(=hard)19.WillyoutakecareofPollywhenweareawayonholiday?(=lookafter)20.Therearealotofapplesonthetrees.(=many)21.MissGaoisintheclassroomatthemoment.(=rightnow)22.CanIdoitasecondtime?(=again)23.MikewenttotheGreatWallwithhisparents.(=fatherandmother)24.Mary,canyoucatchwhatIsaidjustnow?(=understand)25.Ifeellikegoingtotheparktomorrow.(=wouldliketogo)26.Weareverygladtohearthegoodnews.(=pleased)27.Iwillgotoseemygrandmathisevening.(=visit)28.Hiscoatiswornout.(=broken)29.Thedressontherightisnice,butitcoststoomuch.(=istooexpensive)30.Hehasworkedforthreehoursandisabittired.(=alittle)31.Jimmytriedhard,andintheendhediditwell.(=atlast)32.Alicewillgoshoppingwithheraunttomorrow.(=buysomething)33.Marycalledhimthree132
timesyesterday,butnobodyanswered.(=phoned)34.Pleasetakeyourtime.There’smuchtimeleft.(=don’thurry)35.PeterisweakinChinese.(=isnotgoodat)36.Jimcomestovisitussometimes.Thatisalwaysthehappiesttimeforthewholefamily.(=attimes)37.WewonthegameagainstClassThreeyesterday.(=beat)38.Youshouldstartatonce.Thereisnotime.(=rightaway)39.—Oh,sorry,John.Iforgottopostyourletter.—That’sallright.I’llpostitmyself.(=Itdoesn’tmatter)贰、重要句型1.Whatrow/class/gradeareyouin?2.—What’soneand/plusone?—It’stwo./—What’sfiveminusthree?—It’stwo.3.—Thankyouverymuch.—That’sallright.或That’sOK./You’rewelcome./It’sa/mypleasure./Notatall./Don’tmentionit.4.Thereissomewaterandcakesonthe132
table.5.TheboyontheblackbikeisLiLei.6.It’stimetoplaygames.It’stimeforlunch.7.Ithasnoeyesorears.8.Tellmewhatshelookslike.9.Whatwouldyoulikeforbreakfast/lunch?10.It’safinedayforwalking.11.Thereissomethingwrongwithmycomputer.12.Doyouhaveabigbreakfast?13.Ihavesomefruitforsupper.14.They’retoohardforme.15.HeteachesusEnglish.16.Helikesriceverymuch.→Hedoesnotlikericeatall.17.Wedon’twalkwithourhands.18.Itisnotfarfromhishome.19.Ittakesmetenminutestowalkthere.20.HowdoyoulikeChina?21.We’regoingtohavefun(in)learningandspeakingEnglishthisterm.22.ThankyouformakingEnglishfun!23.JimisshortforJames.WecallJamesJimforshort.24.WouldyouliketocomeovertomyhomeforMid-AutumnFestival?25.Whichdoyoulikebest,dogs,catsor132
chickens?26.Whynotmeetalittleearlier?27.Let’smakeithalfpastnine.28.Idon’tknowwhattodo(whatIshalldo).29.You’dbettercatchabus.30.Allthesixstudentsdoastheteachersays(whattheteachersays).31.Idon’tthinkitisgoodforanimalstostayincages.32.Ifeelsorryforit/him.33.Whatdayisittoday?34.Doyouenjoylivinghere?35.IsthisyourfirstvisittoChina?36.What’stheweatherlikeinspring?37.Thetemperaturewillstayabovezerointhedaytime,andatnightitwillfallbelowzero.38.TherewillbeastrongwindtothenorthoftheHuaiRiver.39.Thewayyouspeak.40.GoodluckwithyourChinese!41.CanItakeamessageforyou?42.Holdon,please.43.That’sthedoorbell.(Thedoorbellisringing.)44.Thereisnothingbutacardinit.45.Helpyourselftosomefish.46.Wouldyoulikesomemoresandwiches?47.ItwilllastfromJanuary20toFebruary25.48.NowI’mworkinghardonmy132
exam.49.Theyeatalotofpotatoes.Sodowe.50.Goonuntilyoureachtheendofroad.51.Turnrightatthesecondcrossing.52.Doyouthinkitnecessaryforustolearntowait?53.Ifyoudon’tgosoon,you’llbelate.54.What’sthematter/wrongwithyou?55.Shedidn’tfeellikeeatinganything.56.Ihadtositdownandresteveryfiveminutes.57.Eithermymotherormyfathercooksdinneronweekdays.58.Couldwehavethebill?59.Wouldyoulikeanythingelse?60.He’ssickinhospital.61.HowcanIgettoNorthStreetHospital?62.Shestartedtomakeherwaytotherestaurant.63.It’seasytogetlostinabigcitylikeTokyo.64.Everydayhemadethesmallanimalsbringhimsomethingtoeat.65.Didshelearnallbyherself?66.Tohissurprisehefoundthegirlwasblind.67.Mylittlebrotheristooyoungtolookafterhimself.132
68.Would/Will/Couldyoupleasenotdothis?69.Howcanyougetonwithyourneighbour?70.It’sveryniceofyou(todosth).71.Couldyoutellmewhetherthat’safasttrainornot?72.CouldyoutellmehowmuchitcoststoflytoHainan?73.Notallsharksarealike.74.That’sadeal.75.Theboy’sfatherwassothankfulthathetaughtEdisonhowtosendmessagebytelegraph.76.Whatdoyoumeanby“decoratethetree”?77.What’situsedfor?It’susedforstoringbooks.78.Sharkshavebeenaroundforaverylongtime.79.Manysharksfeedonfish,otherseaanimals.80.Mostofthequestionshadnothingtodowithhislesson.81.Attheageof12,hestartedwritinghisownnewspaper.82.Thisgavehimanewstartinlife.83.ButIhaveconfidenceinyou.84.Nomatterhowdifficultsomethingseemed,hecouldfindanswer.85.FatherChristmasisbasedonarealpersoninhistory.132
86.FatherChristmasisnolongerliving,hisspiritofgenerositylivesontoday.87.Themore,thebetter.88.Thepopulationoftheworldincreasedby25%.89.Ibegyourpardon?90.Putthetreeintheholenexttothesticksothatitisstraight.91.Forestshelptokeepwaterfromrunningaway.92.Mrs.Parleysaidshefeltasifshewasinastormatsea.93.Thereisnoneedtothankme.(It’snotnecessaryforyoutothankme.)94.Soontheladycametoherself.95.Whatsizedoesshewear?96.Healsolikedtoplayjokeonhisfriend.97.Whatwasworse,Grandmalostmorebooks.98.Sheusedtobeahistoryteacher.99.Heisnotonlytheprideofourschool,butalsotheprideofallthepeopleinHainan.100.Ihopetoseeyouassoonaspossible.101.Ifeveryonemakesacontributiontoprotectingtheenvironment,theworldwillbecomemuchmorebeautiful.102.Timeflies!103.What’sthepopulationofGermany?104.Iwonderif132
that’salotofpeopleforthesizeofthecountry.105.AreyouexcitedaboutgoingtoBeijing?106.Theyprefertobuyanewoneratherthanrepairit.107.Thiscameraseemedtoofferthemostattheprice.108.AfterHerriotgraduatedfromhighschool,hemadeuphismindtobeavet.109.Theyregardedtheirpetsasmembersoftheirfamilies.110.Nevermind.基础训练1.我没有时间回家吃饭。Ihave__________to____home______lunch.2.为什么不早点来呢？_________________comealittleearlier?3.你能告诉我她长得怎么样？Canyou_______me____________________________like?4.每星期你进行多少小时体育运动？不到5小时。________________________________________doyoudoeveryweek?____________5hours.5.非常感谢邀请我们参加你们的晚会。Thanksalotfor_________________________yourparty.6.我的朋友比我擅长游泳。Myfriendis_______________________________swimming.7.起初我发现很难理解她。_____________Ifound_______________________understandher.8.高老师生病了，李老师给她代课。MissGaoisill.MissLi______________________________.9.我们正在尽力使我们的世界更美丽。Wearedoingour_______to________ourworld_________________.10.我们应该为祖国的四个现代化做出我们的贡献。Weshould_________________________________theFourModernizationsofourcountry.11.我们对她所说的一切大为惊异。We__________________________________shesaid.12.我从新疆给你带了一些好吃的东西。Ihavebroughtyou_______________________________fromXinjiang.13.她问我这个故事是否根据一个真实的人。Sheaskedme________thestory_________________________arealperson.14.你说的“TB”是什么意思？它是“tuberculosis”的另一种说法。Whatdoyou___________________“TB”?It’s_______wayof________“tuberculosis”.132
15.我喜欢走着去那儿，不喜欢乘公共汽车。I________________walkthere________________gobybus.16.这家商场的电脑价格低的低到300元，高的高达9000元。Acomputerinthismarketcancost________________300yuanandasmuchas9000yuan.17.从今以后，你必须更加小心。Youmust________morecareful_____________________________.18.上海的人口比成都的人口多。ThepopulationofShanghai_____________________________________________________Chengdu.19.这个镇有5千人口。Thistown___________________________________________fivethousand.20.会议期间所有传呼机、手机必须关闭。Allbeepersandmobilephones____________________________________duringthemeeting.21.这件大衣太贵了。有更便宜的吗？Thiscoatis_____________________.Haveyou__________anything____________?22.她激动得说不出话来。Shewas_________________________________sayaword.23.他们继续谈了两小时。Theytalked_________________________________twohours.24.帮助人是我的乐趣。__________________________________ismypleasure.25.你以前看过这样激动人心的比赛吗？_________you________________________________an____________matchbefore?26.努力学习是成功的关键。Tostudyhardisthe__________________________________.27.乘飞机去巴黎要10多小时。It__________morethan10hours________________________toParis_________plane.28.农民正忙于种树。Thefarmersare___________________trees.29.海伦到我们班以来已经结交了许多朋友。Helen_____________________many____________________shecametoourclass.30.我认为不可能在短时间里学好英语。I_________________________________________tolearnEnglishwellinashorttime.31.许多古董正在展出。__________ofoldthing__________________________________.32.沿着中山路走，在第一个十字路口向左转。Go________ZhongshanRoad,and___________________________thefirstcrossing.33.到现在为止，还没有人旅行到比月球更远的地方。________________,nomanhastraveled________________themoon.34.我打电话给妈妈让她尽快回来。I______atelephonecall_________askmymothertocome______soonasshe_______.35.我想弄清楚今晚上演什么电影。Iwantto_______________whatfilm_____________tonight.36.对年长的人说话得有礼貌。______peoplemusthe_______________________.37.格林一家过去习惯于在家里过圣诞节，现在他们喜欢去旅游。TheGreen__________spendChristmasDayathome,butnowthey____to_____instead.38.完成这样艰巨的工作，你一定要锲而不舍。Youmust_____________________tofinish______hardwork.39.昆明一年四季既不太热也不太冷。TheweatherinKunmingis________toohot_______toocoldallthe______132
___________.40.无论明天的天气怎样，我们都决定参观万里长城。________________howtheweatheris,weall_____to_________theGreatWall.叁、完型填空Passage1：Thereare1seasonsinone2:spring,summer,autumnandwinter.Inspringtheweathergets3.The4aregreenagain.Thepeoplehavea5SpringFestival.6thefestival,the7begintosow(播种).Verysoonthefieldsturn8.Whensummercomes,the9ishotanditrains10.Itisabusyseasonforthefarmers.Theyworkinthe11alldaylong.Theyworkhardto12moregrain..13isthebestseasonoftheyear.Itis14time,andthefarmers15thecrops.Theyhavegoodharvestandcelebrate16inhighspirits.Wintercomes17ofall.Itis18.19arefrozen.Youngpeopleandchildrengoout20.Butthefarmersarebusy.Theygettheseeds(种子),themanure(粪肥)andotherthingsreadyforthenextspringsowing.（）1.A.onlyoneB.manyC.fourD.alotof（）2.A.yearB.monthC.dayD.week（）3.A.coolB.coldC.warmerD.hotter（）4.A.lakesB.riversC.treesD.roads（）5.A.heavyB.bigC.happyD.sad（）6.A.BeforeB.AfterC.InD.At（）7.A.workersB.driversC.farmersD.children（）8.A.greenB.yellowC.redD.white（）9.A.waterB.riverC.hillD.weather（）10.A.alotB.littleC.heavyD.good（）11.A.roomB.houseC.factoryD.field（）12.A.getB.growC.bringinD.buy（）13.A.SpringB.SummerC.AutumnD.Winter（）14.A.hardB.goodC.sowingD.harvest（）15.A.sowB.growC.getD.bringin（）16.A.NewYearB.SpringFestivalC.NationalDayD.MayDay（）17.A.lastB.firstC.fastD.slowly（）18.A.coolB.coldC.warmD.hot（）19.A.LakesandroadsB.LakesandriversC.RoadsandriversD.Roadsandseas（）20.A.swimmingB.flyingkitesC.skatingD.playingbasketballPassage2：DidyouliveinEnglish?INthecountrynobody1theageofeighteencan2inthebar(酒吧).Mr.Wine3togotothebarnearhishouse,buthe4tookhisson,Bill.5hewastooyoung.Whentheboy6hiseighteenthbirthday,Mr.Wine7himtothebarfor8.Theydrinkfor9,andthefathersaidtohisson,“Now,Bill,Iwantto10yousomethinguseful.Youmustalways11nottodrinktoomuch.But12doyouknowyouhavehadenough?Well,I’ll13you.Doyouseethosetwolights14theendofthebar?15theybecomefour,it16youhavehadtoomuch,17youshouldgohome.”132
“But,Dad,”saidBill,“I18seeonelightthere,anddoyou19I’mdrinkingalittle20?”.（）1.A.littleB.downC.lessD.under（）2.A.eatB.drinkC.playD.rest（）3.A.likedlB.lovesC.wouldlikeD.waslik（）4.A.noB.notC.neverD.didn’t（）5.A.whyB.becauseC.soD.becauseof（）6.A.hadB.therewasC.wouldhaveD.past（）7.A.broughtB.gotC.carriesD.took（）8.A.onetimeB.sometimeC.thefirsttimeD.attimes（）9.A.anhourB.ahalfhourC.oneandahalfhourD.onehourandhalfa（）10.A.sayB.teachC.helpD.speak（）11.A.carefulB.becarefulC.carefullyD.becarefully（）12.A.howB.whatC.whataboutD.howabout（）13.A.talkB.writeC.tellD.understand（）14.A.inB.onC.byD.at（）15.A.BeforeB.WhenC.AfterD.Whattime（）16.A.isB.saidC.meansD.showing（）17.A.andB.butC.orD.instead（）18.A.onlycanB.canonlyC.onlycouldD.couldonly（）19.A.sureB.afraidC.wantD.think（）20.A.tooB.quiteC.enoughD.very132
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