初中英语语法小结[突破英语等级考试] 184页

一、冠词用法小结冠词的用法在英语学习中较为复杂，千头万绪，尤其是惯用法，请同学们平时学习时注意积累。以下不过是谈谈冠词的一些常规的用法。一、不定冠词的用法：1、泛指人或事物的类别，相当于any,如:Ahammeristool.Asteelworkermakessteel.2、泛指某人或某物。Aboyiswaitingforyou.Thereisabookonyourdesk.3、表one或every。Wework8hoursaday.Igohometwiceamonth.4、表示thesame的意思。Birdsofa(=thesame)featherflocktogether;peopleofakindcometogether.5、用在不可数名词前a)（用在物质名词前）一种，一份Alargecoffeeforme.Itwasawonderfultea.b)（用在某些表示风、雨等的名词前）Itwascleardaylightnowandafinerainwasfalling.Thereisacoldwindthismorning.c)（用在抽象名词前）一种Thatisagreatdisappointment.It’sapleasuretoworkwithyou.6、（用在某些专有名词前）某个叫…的人，一张…的画，一个象…的人等。IsawaMrs.Smithonthe12that2:00.HehadaVanGoghinthedining-room.WhatastrangeLondontheysaw!He’salivingLeiFeng.7、用于某些固定词组中。afew,alittle,agoodmany,alotof,allofasudden,asarule,haveacold等。8、在元音音素开头的名词前应用an,如anapple,anEnglishbook。要以发音为准，并非以元音字母而定。如auniversity,anhour,an“h”,anX-rayexamination.二、定冠词的用法。1、表特定的或上文提到的人或物。Theboylikesthefilm.Shutthedoor,please.Theoldpoorpeasanthasason.Thesonisamodelworker.2、表示世界上独一无二的东西。 theearth,themoon,thestars,thesun（但space前不用）1、用在序数词、形容词或副词最高级前。thesecond,thetallest,thelast,thefirst.2、用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派或组织机构等的专有名词前。theUnitedStates;thePeople’sRepublicofChina;theCommunistPartyofChina;theChinesePeople’sLiberationArmy;theNo.15MiddleSchool;thedepartmentofEducation.3、用在某些建筑物名称前。TheGreatHallofthePeople;theMonumenttothePeople’sHeroes;theGreatWall;theCapitalTheatre;theSpaceMuseum;thePeaceHotel。4、用在江河海洋，山脉群岛，海峡海湾等专有名词前。TheChangjiangRiver,theRedSea,theDabieMountains,theEnglishChannel,theTaiwanStraits,thePersianGulf。5、用在报纸、会议、条约等专有名词前。thePeople’sDaily（但：ChinaDaily）theNewYorkTimes,the15thPartyCongress,theGenevaAgreement6、用在方位名词前，某些习惯短语中或结构搭配中。ontheleft,intheeast,inthemorning,ontheotherhand,intheend,hitsbonthehead,catchsbbythearm7、用在形容词前表一类人。thepoor,thedead,theyoung,therich,thewounded.8、用在双方都知，不言而喻的名词前。Givemethebook.Who’stheman?用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妇二人。theSmiths,theGreens,theWangs,theTurners9、用在单数可数名词前泛指某类人或物(指整个一类)。Thehorseisausefulanimal.Thecomputerwasinvadednotlongago.（但更多时候表特指：Thehorseisill.）10、指世纪的年代。inthe1890’s或inthe1890s11、用在表示乐器的名词前。playthepiano(theguitar,theviolin,theflute)12、用在某国语言前，构成the…language的形式。TheEnglishlanguageisverywidelyusedallovertheworld.如果单用国家变来的语言名词形式，则不用the。Chinesehasthelargestnumberofspeakersintheworld.13、用于“论（或按）……计”之类的意思。Hegotpaidbythehour.Theyselltheclothbythemeter.二、不用冠词的场合。 1、专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名前一般不用冠词。China,Johnson;Airismatter.Soundisinvisible.2、当名词已被指示代词、物主代词、名词所有格限制时。　Thisbookisgood.IreadmyEnglishbookeveryday.3、注：指示代词和物主代词亦不能并用。＊mythatbook,应该说：thatbookofmine.街名、广场名、公园名前。WallStreet.Tian’anmenSquare,HydePark.4、省市、大学名前。HubeiProvince(但theProvinceofHubei);WuhanCity(但theCityofWuhan);QinghuaUniversity(但：theUniversityofQinghua)5、湖泊前一般不用冠词。EastLake,SaltLake,DongtingLake6、山峰前不用冠词。MountHua,MountTai,MountEverest7、月份、星期、节日、三餐饭的名词前。March,Christmas,Sunday;Haveyouhadlunch?Springisthebestseasonoftheyears.(但月份或季节被限定则须冠词。Iarrivedhereinthewinterof1993.)8、称呼语，表示头街或职务作宾补或同位语的名词。What’sthis,John?WemadeLiHaimonitor.9、学科名、球类、棋类名词六前。Welikemaths.Theyoftenplayfootball.10、泛指的复数名词前。Studentsmustworkhardattheirlesson.11、与by连用的交通工具或表示方式、手段的名词前。bybus,byhand,byradio,byair,bywater.冠词用法巩固练习1.—I’mafraidIdarenotspeakin______public.—Justhave______try.A.a;不填;B.不填;aC.the;aD.the;the2.Asyouknow,_____mancan’tlivewithout____water.A.不填;不填;B.a;theC.a;不填;D.不填;the3.Thepolicehave______powertoarrestbadpeopleby_____law.A.the;theB.不填;theC.不填;不填;D.the;不填;4.Parisis______mostbeautifulcity,whereyoucansee_____famousEiffelTower.A.a;theB.a;不填;C.the;aD.不填;the5.—Doyoulikethenovels?—Idon’tlikeeitherofthem.Pleaseshowme_______thirdone. A.aB.theC.XD.an1.Keepawayfromthecage._____lionis______fierceanimal.A.The;theB.A;theC.A;不填;D.The;a2.Theclassnamed_______LeiFangisoneofthebestclassedinthisschool.A.inhonorofB.intheplaceofC.infavorofD.inthewayof3.—Whatabout______bike?—Doyouthinkitallrighttobuyhimthatbikeas____birthdaygift?A.a;aB.the;aC.a;theD.the;the4.Firstaidis_____scienceofgiving____medicalcareto______person.A.the;不填;aB.the;the;aC.a;不填;theD.不填;a;the5.Pleasepayattentiontoyourspelling.You’vedropped_____“n”here.A.anB.theC.不填;D.a6.BillClintontook_____officeonJanuary20th,1993,andbecame_______42ndUSPresident.A.an;theB.不填;theC.the;不填;D.不填;不填;7.—Haveyouseen_______pen?Ileftitherethismorning?—IthinkIsaw_____onesomewhere.Isit______redone?A.a;the;aB.a;a;theC.the;不填;aD.a;不填;a8.—Thenewsisspreadingfrommouthtomouth.—Yes,it’sbecome______talkof_____town.A.a;aB.the;不填;C.the;theD.a;不填;9.Nowthemachinerunsatdouble_______.A.aspeedB.speedC.thespeedD.forspeed10.—Ihopeyouwillbereadytoleaveontime.—Don’tworry.I’llbeready____thetaxiarrives.A.bythetimeB.intimeforC.atthetimeofD.untilthetimewhen11.Ifhegoesonswimminginthatlakefor_____fourhours,he_______initfortwelvehours.A.another;willhavebeenswimmingB.a;willswimC.other;hasswumD.the;willbeswimming12.—CharleyOakley,_______NBAAll-star,hasn’tmissed______gameinpastthreeyears.—Ican’tbelieveit.A.an;aB.a;theC.the;aD.an;the13.—Whatdidyouthinkoftheplace?—Ididn’tcarforitat____first,butafter_____timeIgottolikeit.A.不填;theB.the;aC.the;不填;D.不填;a14.—Inthepasttenyears,therehavebeenmanychangesinfamilylife. —Arethesechanges______?A.betterorworseB.forbestorforworstC.forthegoodorforthebadD.forthebetterorfortheworse1.Theletter_______.Ishouldhavereceiveditthismorning.A.istobemailedB.hasbeenmailedC.hadbeenmailedD.wasbeingmailed2.Towards____morning,_____heavysnowbegantofall.A.the;aB.an;aC.a;不填;D不填;the3.Mymotherisusuallyon________dutyinherofficeevery______fewdays.A.the;aB.不填;aC.不填;不填;D.a;不填;4.Hehasfinished_______.A.adayworkB.day’sworkingC.aday’sworkD.aday-work5.—Maywecomeinrightnow?—Certainly,butonlytwoareallowed______.A.atatimeB.inawhileC.atonetimeD.forawhile6.Nowonder_____failedinthedrivingtestfor_____secondtime.A.hasshe;theB.shehas;theC.hasshe;aD.shehas;a7.—Whendidyourecognizeher?—_________Imether.A.AmomentB.ThemomentC.ThemomentwhenD.Foramoment8.—Isthisradioshowstill_______?—No.Itwillbebroadcastagainnextmonth.A.byairB.throughtheairC.ontheairD.intheair9.TheeveningmealforAmericansisusuallylongand_____forfamiliestogathertogether.A.timeB.adateC.atimeD.thedate10.DuffieldWhite,whoisin_____chargeofthecompetition,saidthattheboywastheyoungestwinnerof_______prize.A不填;aB.the;theC.不填;theD.one;the11.ThebuildingwasnamedFordHall________amannamedJamesFord.A.formemoryofB.inthememorythatC.inmemoryofD.inamemoryfor12.Oh,Mary,_______youhavegivenus!I_______sosoon.A.howpleasantsurprise;hadnoideathatyoucomeB.howpleasantsurprise;don’tsupposeyouwillcomeC.howpleasantasurprise;didn’tsupposeyouwouldcomeD.whatpleasantsurprise;don’tthinkyouhavecome13.Thesetworoomsareof_____size.Butanothertworoomsarethreetimes_____sizeofthem. A.the;theB.a;theC.a;aD.the;a1.Itisnotrarein_____thatpeoplein_____fiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.A.90s;theB.the90s;不填;C.90’s;theirD.the90’s;their2.—What’syoureldersister?—Sheis____teacherand_______writer.A.the;theB.a;不填;C.a;aD.the;a3.ProfessorSmithhadnotgiven_____talkonShakespeareforalongtime,sohehadtobrushuponsomeof______plays.A.不填;不填;B.a;theC.the;不填;D.the;the4.______playedanimportantrollinfieldhospitalsduringthewar.A.AX-rayequipmentB.AnX-rayequipmentC.X-rayequipmentsD.X-rayequipment5.Atmidnighttheyreached_____smallvillage_____eastof_____Ever-whiteMountain.A.a;不填;theB.a;不填;不填;C.the;the;theD.the;an;an6.Youngasheis,Davidhasgained_______richexperiencein_____society.A.不填;不填;B.the;theC.a;不填;D.不填;the7.—WhatdoyouthinkoftheTVplay“HandinHand”?—Justso-so.However,Idon’tthinkitisworthwatching________.A.asecondtimeB.thesecondtimeC.forthesecondtimeD.secondly8.Thewarmthof______sweaterwillofcoursebedeterminedbythesortof_____woolused.A.the;theB.the;不填C.不填;theD.不填；不填Key1—10.BADAADABAA11—20.BDDCAAADAD21—30.ACCADBCCCC31—40.CBDBBDAAAB二、介词介词又叫做前置词，是一种虚词，不能单独在句子当中担当成分，它后面必须接名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类搭配（介词＋宾语）构成介词短语；和动词搭配构成短语动词，然后才能够在句子当中充当成分。介词分为简单介词，如：at,in,on,besides,since,for等；合成介词，如：inside,outside,without,within,into,onto等；短语介词（或成语介词），如：becauseof,infrontof,insteadof,inspiteof等；二重介词，如：frombehind,untilafter等。一、介词短语的句法功能介词在句子中可以充当定语、状语、表语、以及宾语补足语等。 1.作定语介词短语在句中做定语时须位于被修饰词之后。Thekeytothedoorismissing.Thewater-towerinfrontofourschoolwasbuiltin1988.2.作表语（或称为：主语的补足语）Somestudentsareintheclassroom,andsomeontheplayground.Asweknow,JapanistotheeastofChina.3.作宾语补足语（或称为：宾语的表语）Didyouseeapenundermydeskthismorning?Theyhavesentanotherrocketintothesky.4.作状语1)OnSundays,thefamilyaremostlyout.（时间状语）2)OntopofthehillstandsaTVtower.（地点状语）3)Heisusedtosleepingwithallthewindowsopen.（伴随状语）4)Inthesearchforthelostchild,thevillagerswentallout.（目的状语）5)Alltheworkmustbedonebyhand.（方式状语）6)Attimes,Igotothecinema.（频度状语）7)Sheisbyfarthebeststudentinourclass.（程度状语）8)Becauseofpoverty,hecouldn’tgotoschool.(原因状语)9)Tomysurprise,hegotthefirstprizeinthecontest.（结果状语/或评注性状语）10)WithoutourParty,wecouldn’tliveahappylife.（条件状语）11)Inspiteofgreateffortswefailedtocarryourplansthrough.（让步状语）12)Asamatteroffact,nobodyagreedtohisproject.（评注性状语）Inmyopinion,you’dbettergowithus.二、介词的复合结构“介词＋宾语＋补足语”可以构成介词的复合结构，在句子当中可充当表语、定语、状语、补语等。这种结构中的宾语和补足语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，使得句子意义更加丰富。常见的这类介词有with,without,like,of等。1.介词＋宾语＋形容词Heisusedtosleepingwithallthewindowsopen.2.介词＋宾语＋分词Bambooleavesswinginthewindlikeslimfingersreachingtotouchsomething.Atthebeginningofschool,thenoiseofdesksbeingopenedandclosedandlessons(ofbeing)repeatedatthetopofthechildren’svoicescouldbeheardoutinthestreet.Thewoundedboyglaredatthenoblemanwithhisteethclenched. 1.介词＋宾语＋不定式Thecathumpeditsbackjustlikeafiercetigertojumpuponme.2.介词＋宾语＋副词Thelittleboyrushedoutofthehousewithoutanythingon.3.介词＋宾语＋介词短语Theteacherenteredtheclassroomwithabookunderhisarm.二、介词的叠用在少数介词之后还可接另一个介词短语，也就是我们所称的二重介词。如：Thenaughtyboysuddenlyrushedoutfrombehindthetreetofrightenthegirl.Inthespring,newbambooshootscomeoutfromaroundtheirownroots.Hekeptonworkinguntilafterlunch.三、介词＋and＋介词有些介词短语用两个意义相反的介词构成从而使句子精简化。Notknowingwhattodo,theworriedofficerwalkedupanddowntheroom.Therearemanytreesinandoutsidethetown.四、介词与其同形的与副词区别有些介词可做副词用，但我们知道副词可以单独在句子中担当成分，而介词须加宾语构成短语才可在句子中充当成分。试比较：Pleasecomein.(in为副词=intotheroom)Wehavenocar,butwecangotherewithout.(without为副词=withoutacar)Althoughtheexamwasdifficult,Imanagedtogetthrough.(through为副词=throughtheexam)五、常易混用介词的区别1.表示“上、下”等方位的介词。见下图：2.表示地点的in和at的区别a)at表示位置，in表示“在…内”如：—Whereishe?—Heisatthecinema.(问话者想知道的是位置)—Isheinthecinema?—Yes,heis.(问话者可能已经在影院门外) a)at表示小地点，in表示大地点Theyarrivedatthevillageatseven.TheyarrivedinBeijingatseven.但若某一个大地点并不是最后的终点，仍然用at。例如：ThetrainfromBeijingtoGuangzhouwillarriveatWuhanattwelveo’clock.(武汉只是从北京开往广州这趟列车途中的一个站，并非目的地。)1.in,to和on在方位名词前的区别in表示在某范围之内；to表示某范围之外的地方；on表示“毗邻、接壤”TaiwanliesintheeastofChina.TaiwanliestotheeastofthemainlandofChina.Mongolia(蒙古)is(lies)onthenorthofChina.2.表示时间的in和after用于将来时态时，in后面接“时段”；after后面接“时点”。试比较：Hewillbebackinfivehours.Hewillbebackafterfiveo’clock.after后面也可接“时段”，但应该用在过去时态的句子中。Theycamebackafterfivedays.3.表示时间的at,in和on1)at表示“钟点时刻、黎明、正午、黄昏、夜晚、午夜、周末、节日期间”Heoftengetsupatdaybreak(dawn).TheywillbegintheirjourneyatNewYear.2)in表示“上(下)午、晚间、星期、月份、年份、世纪”Hewasbornin1988.3)on表示具体日期或具体的上（下）午，节日的当天，美国英语周末前也用on.HediedonthemorningofAugust15th,1985.但若morning,afternoon,evening等词前面有early或late等修饰语则仍然用in。如：HediedintheearlymorningofAugust15th,1985.4.表时间的since和forsince后接时点；for接时段，均常与完成时态连用。HehasbeenheresincelastFriday.Hehasbeenhereforfivedays.当表示“多少次”时不能用for;表示“第几次”位于句首时须加for，而位于句尾时for可以省略也可保留。HehasbeentoBeijingthreetimes.(不可用forthreetimes)Forthefirsttime,Ihavecomehere.Ihavecomehere(for)thefirsttime.5.表示位置的between和amongbetween表示“个与个之间”，并非只能指两者，可用“…and…”也可接复数名词。如： TheteachersatbetweenTom,Jack,Kate,JaneandMary.You’dbettereatnothingbetweenmeals.among则笼统地指“在…之中”，后接复数名词或代词。Theteachersatamongthestudents.1.except,besides,but,exceptfor,butfor,exceptthat/when1)except用作介词，意为“除了”。整个句子所表达的意思重点在except所构成的介词短语上。例如：Nobodyfeltanxiousexcepthim.（只有他才焦虑不安）2)except和besides两者都有“除去”之意，但前者指“但并不包括”，是“排除”之意；后者指“除此之外还有”，有“外加”之意。例如：TherearesixofusbesidesTom.（除汤姆外，另外我们还有6个人。）3)except和butbut用作介词时，意思是“除…外”，“别无…”，“只有…”；but多与noone，nothing，who，all，everyone等连用，它可与except互换。例如：Noonebutafoolwouldbelieveit.Whobuthewoulddosuchathing？4)exceptfor和exceptthat／when二者意为“只是”或“除…外”，表示理由或细节，修正前面所说的情况。exceptfor后面接单词，exceptthat／when后面接句子。整个句子所表达的意思重点在主句中，而except所构成的介词短语只是次要的。例如：Yourcompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.（=Yourcompositionisgoodexceptthatthereareafewspellingmistakes.）比较：AllthecompositionsaregoodexceptLiHua’s.(大家的作文都好，只有李华的除外。)5)exceptfor和butforexceptfor用于陈述语气，butfor用于虚拟语气“要不是…”。例如：Exceptforitstemples，theplaceisnotworthseeing.Butforyourhelp,Icouldn’thavefinishedtheworkontime.6)exceptbut十动词不定式（可带to或不带to，当but或except之前没有动词“do”的某种形式时，其后的不定式要带to。）例如：Theydidnothingexcept／butwatchTV.Icouldnotdoanythingexcept／burjustwaitforhimtocomeround.巩固训练1.Doyoustillrememberthefilmwesaw________theendoflastweek?A.inB.byC.atD.to2.Thathehadalotofpractice________volleyballwasthereasonwhyhedefeatedalltheotherplayers.A.inB.atC.onD.about 1.________thesoundoftheknockingonthedoor,heroseandwenttoopenit.A.AtB.OnC.ToD.Heard2.Youcanfindthestore________No.19BeijingRoad.A.onB.atC.neartoD.in3.Pleasewaitforme________thecornerofthatstreet________threeo’clock.A.in;atB.at;onC.in;forD.at;at4.Iboughtthesebooks________oneyuanacopy.A.atB.byC.onD.in5.Ican’tbuyit________suchaprice.A.ofB.forC.atD.with6.Thestudentissitting________hisdesk.A.overB.aroundC.atD.for7.whenthespaceshipleavestheearth________veryhighspeed,theastronautsfeelasiftheyarebeingcrushed________thespaceship.A.with;inB.at;onC.with;toD.at;against8.Thechildhidhimself________thedoor.A.afterB.behindC.inthefrontofD.ago9.Shelefttheparty________herheadache.A.becauseB.sinceC.inspiteofD.becauseof10.Youshouldn’teatsomuchchocolate________meals.A.exceptB.betweenC.unlessD.through11.someanimalssleep________dayandwakeup________night.A.by;byB.at;byC.by;onD.on;in12.—Whattimeisit,please?—Itisseven________mywatch.A.inB.atC.forD.by13.You’llbeabletospeakEnglish________practicingfromtimetotime.A.inB.byC.withD.for14.________theendoflastyearwehadleanedfiveEnglishsongs.A.AtB.ByC.InD.On15.Amanshouldnotbejudgedalways________whathesays.A.byB.inC.withD.to16.Theguestswillbehere________twoo’clock.A.inB.onC.forD.by17.somepeoplegotupandleftthehall________theshow.A.whileB.duringC.betweenD.through18.HowmuchmustIpayyou________thetickets________tonight.A.of;ofB.for;forC.for;aboutD.for;to19.Iamgrateful________yourhelp________me.A.to;forB.for;toC.to;toD.for;for 1.Joanisalwayspraised________hercleverness.A.ofB.inC.forD.by2.It’squitewarmtoday________January.A.forB.inC.atD.on3.Iboughtthisbook________fiftycents.A.atB.aboutC.atD.for4.Chineseisalanguage________morenativespeakersthananyoftheotherlanguages.A.withB.spokenC.whichD.has5.Pleasewrite________pencil,not________ink.A.in;withB.ina;withC.witha;inD.with;in6.________thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,ourcountryhasbecomericherandstronger.A.InB.ByC.AtD.With7.________theriseinprices,lifeisgettingharder.A.WithB.OnC.AsD.For8.Hehasnogoodpen________.A.towriteB.towritewithC.towriteonD.writing9.Marywasdisappointedwhenshefoundbuttheyhadgonetotheball________her.A.exceptB.exceptforC.forD.without10.XiaoLimastersseveralotherforeignlanguages________English.HestudiesGerman,JapaneseandRussian.A.besideB.besidesC.butD.except11.Thesoldierstoodquitestill,________hislipsmovedslightly.A.exceptthatB.exceptforC.exceptD.besides12.Yourcompositionisgood________afewspellingmistakes.A.besidesB.exceptC.exceptforD.exceptthat13.Peter’scarisexcellent________thecolor.A.exceptB.besidesC.exceptforD.onlyexcept14.Everybodywenttotheexhibition________Mary.A.notB.butC.forD.by15.Welivealongway________thefactory.A.toB.forC.fromD.in16.Thetownlies________thewestoftheriver.A.atB.inC.fromD.to17.Let’swalkover________thesunontheothersideofthestreet.A.inB.toC.underD.by18.Therearealotofnews________today’snewspaper.A.inB.onC.atD.with 1.Saysomethingaboutyourschool________English.A.inB.withC.byD.for2.Thegirl________willgiveusareport.A.onblueB.ofblueC.inblueD.atblue3.Pleaseaskhimifhewilljoinus________playingtabletennis.A.onB.atC.inD.with4.Thisvegetableisveryrich________iron.A.ofB.inC.withD.for5.Hehasbeencaught________therainandiswetthroughandthrough.A.byB.inC.atD.upwith6.Look,thereisahole________thewall.A.onB.atC.inD.of7.Whatisthedifference________pronunciation________thesetwowords?A.of;inB.in;betweenC.in;amongD.of;between8.Thedoctorwillbeback________tenminutes.A.afterB.inC.onD.at9.Thedeskstands________thecorneroftheroomnearthewindow.A.onB.atC.underD.in10.Doyoulikedressingyourself________newclothes?A.onB.inC.withD.by11.Pleasecometoseeme________twoday’stime.A.duringB.afterC.forD.inKEY:1—10.CBABDACCDB11—20.DBADBBADBB21—30.BCADACDABD31—40.BACCBCDBAA41—50.CCBBCBBDBD三、代词和数词代词一.人称代词1.主格和宾格1)通常，人称代词主格用做主语或表语；宾格用做动词或介词的宾语。句子的结构如有变化，也应能加以分析，确定选用哪种形式。例如：Itwashewhotoldalie.It’snotme(who/whom)hewants.(作宾语)Thisisasecret；it"sbetweenyouandme.（作介词宾语）2)人称代词宾格可用在比较状语从句一类的结构中代替主格。例如：Heistallerthanme/I(am).Idon"tswimsowellasher/she(does).2.两种所有格人称代词所有格称为物主代词。物主代词分为两类： ①形容词性的，如my,her,your,their等；②名词性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：1)漏用代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如：Ihavedonemyhomework.（不能说*Ihavedonehomework.）Wecleanourclassroomeveryday.（不能说*Wecleanclassroomeveryday．）2)误用代词，混淆两种类型的物主代词，因为汉语中无此区别。例如：Thatdictionaryisnotmine.（不能说*Thatdictionaryisnotmy．）Mineishere.（不能说*Myishere.）注意：形容词性的物主代词只能用作定语，必须与名词连用。例如What"shername？Iamyourfriend.名词性的物主代词则可充当名词所能充当的各种句子成分。如：Yourpenisblack；mineisblue.（作主语）Youhaven"tgotabike？Youmayusemine.（作宾语）但是its一般不能单独使用。需要时可以用itsown。如：That"sthecat"sbasket.It"sitsown.2.代词做短语动词宾语时的位置当短语动词由“动词＋副词”构成时，代词作宾语必须放在动词和副词中间，名词则不受此限制。如：Helookedupthewordinthedictionary.Helookedthewordupinthedictionary．Helookeditupinthedictionary.但如果是由“动词＋介词”构成的介词动词，代词作宾语还是要放在介词之后。例如：He"sbeenlookingforthemallthismorning.一.反身代词1.“反身”用法反身代词作句中宾语时，表示动作返回到主语本身。或者说，句子的主语和宾语是同一个人或物。例如：Hehurthimself．（作动词宾语）Dickboughthimselfanewcoat.（作间接宾语）IheardJanetalktoherself.（作介词宾语）2.强调用法反身代词用作同位语时，在句中起强调作用，其位置也比较灵活。例如：Iwenttoseethemayormyself．（强调主语）Wespoketothemayorhimself．（强调宾语）Themayorhimselfmetusatthedoor.（紧随主语之后）Themayormetusatthedoorhimself.（在句末）3.使用反身代词时的常见错误反身代词一般不可用作句子中的主语、表语或定语。如： *Ourselvescandoit.（误作主语）Wecandoitourselves.我们自己能干。*Icouldhardlyimaginethatthecarwashimself．（误作表语）Icouldhardlyimaginethatthecarwashisown.简直难以想象那汽车是他自己的。*That"smyselfproblem.（误作定语）That"saproblemofmyown.那是我自己的问题。注意：在少数习惯表达中反身代词可不受语法限制。I"mnotmyselftoday.（我今天不在状态/感觉不好。）Inofficemyself,Ihelpedhergetajob.（我帮她在我自己的办公室找了一份工作。）一.不定代词1.用some还是用any1)一般说来，some用于肯定；any用于否定，例如：Therearesomelettersforyou.Therearen"tanylettersforme．2)疑问句中，一般用any，如问话人心中已经有“数”，或认为对方会做出肯定回答时，用some。试比较：Haveyouanyapples？（Ican"tseeany.）CouldIhavesomeofthoseapples？（whichIcansee.）3)注意其它方式的否定因素也可决定应该用any，如：Idon"tthinkthereareanyletters.（主句动词否定转移，从句中用any。）Theboysolvedtheproblemwithoutanydifficulty.（介词without含否定意味。）4)any在表示“任何（人或物）”时，可用于肯定句中：Oh！Anybookwilldo；Ijustwantsomethingtoreadonthetrain.5)当说话人心中有“数”（尽管可能不是具体数字）时，否定句中也用some，如：Someboyshaven"tdonetheirhomework．（肯定有人没做，尽管不一定知道是多少人。）6)any可用条件从句中，表示情况不明或未定，如：Letmeknowifyouneedanyhelp．（不知道对方是否需要帮助。）试比较：Letmeknowifyouneedsomehelp.（知道能如何提供帮助。）2.all和both1)all和both后面的of可有可无。All/Both(of)thedesksarenew.注：Boththedesks...＝Bothofthedesks...＝Bothdesks...（the或ofthe可有可无）2)注意下列两种句子里all／both的位置：Theyall/bothagreewithme.Iagreewiththemall/both.句中all或both直接跟在代词（主格或宾格）之后作同位语；其它不定代词不能这样用。 1)all／both同频度副词一样，可位于句中（主、谓语之间或谓语动词结构之中），如：Theyall/bothcame.Theywereall/bothwaiting.（注；each也能这样用，其它不定代词都不能。）2.either与neithereither指“两者之中任何一个”，neither指“两者都不”通常与单数动词连用。但在非正式英语中也可与复数动词连用。例如：You"vegottwoanswers.Eitheriscorrect.Neitheriswrong．Therearetreesoneither／eachsideofthestreet．Neitherofthebooksisworthreading.（＝Neitherofthebooksareworthreading）3.nobody,noone,nothing和nonenobody和noone指人，作单数，后面不能接of短语,例如：Nobody／Nooneknowswhyshewaslateagain．Nobodywashurtinthematch，werethey？（反意疑问句中，可用复数代词they来代替。）nothing指物，作单数；none指人或物，作单救或复数均可。none既可用于可数名词，也可用于不可数名词,例如：Noneofthemoneyonthetableismine.Noneofhisreasonswas／weretrue.There"snothingonthetablebutabluecap.Ofallmyclassmates，nonelikesdancing．4.every与eachevery强调的是“全体”；each则强调的是具体“每一个”。例如：Onevery／eachsideofthesquarethereweresoldiers.(Thesquarehasmorethantwosides。everyside=eachside＝allsides表示“每边、各边”。）试比较：Oneither／eachsideoftheroadthereweresoldiers．(Theroadhasonlytwosides.eitherside＝eachside=bothsides，表示二者之中“每一边”。)此外，each可作名词性代词，如：Eachhastwobooks.（each作主语）Weeacharesatisfiedwithourownrooms.(each作同位语，常位于主语和谓语动词之间，谓语动词及代词等应与主语一致。)Wearesatisfiedwithourownroomseach.(each作同位语时，也可置于句末。)5.other,theother和another1)other表示“另外的（人或物）”，“其他的（人或物）”，其复数形式为others。例如：Thereareotherwaysofdoingthisexercise．LeiFengwasalwaysreadytohe1pothers.2)theother表示两者之中的“另一个（人或物）”，其复数形式为theothers，例如：Hehasapeninonehandandabookintheother.。 Onlythreeofthestudentswereintheclassroom；theotherswereallontheplayground.当other泛指“别人”时，前面不加定冠词：Wemustalwaysbereadytohelpothers.1)another表示不定数目中的“另一个或类似的下个（人或物）”，还可与数词连用，表示“再，又”的意思。例如：Howaboutanothercupoftea？Thestrikemaylastanothertwoweeks.2.one1)one只可用于指代可数名词，其复数形式是ones。例如：Ifyoucan"tfindyourpen，usetheoneonthetable.Whatniceshirts！whichone／onesshallwebuy？2)one／ones通常不能直接用在their，my，his等物主代词以及a（n），own，several和名词所有格后面。例如：Hisknifeseemssharperthanmine.（不能用myone代替mine）Theydon"tlikethistown；theywantverymuchtogobacktotheirown.（不能用*theirownone代替theirown或theirowncountry）但是，当one／ones前面还带有形容词时，则例外。如：Haveyouanyknives？Ineedasharpone.Myolddictionaryisn"tasgoodasJohn"snewone．3)the／this／thatone与that：that可以指代不可数名词，而one不能。如：TheweatherinWuhanismuchwarmerthanthatinTianjing.（that不能用theone取代）that后面常接of短语，例如：Thisdictionaryismoreexpensivethanthatone.（thatone＝thatdictionary.one一般不省略）Thewindowofyourroomismuchbiggerthanthatofmine.（that＝thewindow，它后面有of短语，一般不用theone替代）有时候theone和that可以互相取代，如：Thegoldringisinthatbox---theone（＝that）withthekeyinthelock.4)one可以泛指人，相当于you，we，people，其所有格为one"s。例如：Oneshoulddoone"s／hisduty．数词1.拼法需要当心的序数词在first，second和third之后的序数词都由基数词加-th构成，但要注意以下拼法略有变化：twentieth，thirtieth，fortieth…fiftheighthninthtwelfth..2.序号的表示 1)基数词放在名词之后，通常写作阿拉伯数，如：page4（P.4）读作pagefourRoom301读作roomthreeO[ou]oneTelNo.864412读作telephonenumbereightsixdoublefouronetwo2)序数词放在名词之前，通常前面要加定冠词．如：theEighthLesson（＝LessonEight）theFirstMiddleSchool（＝MiddleSchoolNo.1）2.数词后面的名词用单数还是用复数表示计量时，基数词后面的名词用复数形式，但是在带有数字的复合名词（常用作定语）里，名词只用单数形式。试比较：Theybabyisonlysixmothsold.Thisisasix-moth-oldbaby.Ihavefivepounds.Ihaveafive-poundnote.3.hundreds/thousands/millionsof+名词复数hundred,thousand和million后加–s与of连用，表示“数百、数千、数百万”。Hehasboughthundredsofbooksthisyear.Thousandsofseagullsarrivedtohelpthefarmerssavetheircrops.4.dozen和score用法与hundred,thousand,million基本相似dozensof和scoresof均表示“几十个”。但有以下几点区别：1)在接具体名词复数时dozen后不加of，而score常与of连用。如：twodozenbookstwoscore(of)books2)若名词被限定词限定，dozen后应加of，接宾格代词亦如此。threedozenofthose(the,my,those)booksthreedozenofthem5.表示不定数量的常用单词和词组这些单词或词组与名词的搭配关系见下表用于可数名词用于不可数名词用于可数名词和不可数名词abitof(a)few(a)littleallfewerlessplentyof(the)fewest(the)leastalotof;lotsofa(great)numberofagreatdeal(amount)ofenoughmanymuchmore;mostseveralsome;anyhundredsofdozensof1)(a)few和(a)littleafew和alittle与some的意思较接近，表示“有几个；有一点”。few和little则表示“几乎没有（＝almostnone）”的意思。试比较：Shedoesn’tseemveryfriendly；shehasfewfriends。（notmany friends）Althoughshehasbeenhereonlyashorttime,shehasmadeafewfriends.(somefriends)Ican’tmakeapiebecausethereislittlesugar.(notmuchsugar)Thereisalittlesugarforyourcoffee.(somesugar)1)用fewer还是用less从理论上讲few的比较级形式fewer用于复数名数前；little的比较级形式less用于不可数名词前，但是在现代英语中，尤其是在非正式场合下，也常用less代替fewer；例如：Ifon1ytherewerefewer／lessholesintheroof？2)many＋a＋名词单数manya后接可数名词单数形式，表示“好些；许多”，多用于书面语或演讲中。Manyayoungmanhashadsuchachance.(动词用has)manyatime则看作是固定词组，表示“多次”。That’shappenedtomemanyatime.巩固训练1.Thecoatisnotmine.Itmustbe________.A.someoneelse’sB.someone’selseC.someoneelseD.someone’selse’s2.Thequestioniswhether________willvolunteer(自愿)todotheworkunpaid.A.oneB.anyoneC.someoneD.none3.Helivesinthat________house.A.greenbigwoodenB.biggreenwoodenC.woodenbiggreenD.woodengreenbig4.Weshouldpointout________shortcomings.A.eachotherB.eachothersC.eachother’sD.each’sother5.Don’tleave________totomorrow.A.today’sworkB.todayworkC.workoftodayD.todays’work6.Theteacherasked________tohaveadialogueinEnglish.A.sheandIB.herandIC.herandmeD.sheandme7.TheParkersbroughtanewhousebut________willneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.A.theyB.itC.oneD.which8.Ithink________importanttolearnEnglishwell.A.itB.thisC.thatD.one9.Heisafriendof________.A.meB.myC.ID.mine10.Oneshouldsupport________family.A.oneB.one’sC.theirD.her11.—Whichdoyouliketohave,fishorchicken? —I’mafraid________willdo.A.eitherB.neitherC.noneD.both1.Thetwoshirtsarenice.Iwilltake________forachange.A.bothofthemB.eitherofthemC.allofthemD.theyall2.Thehomeimprovementshavetakenwhatlittlemysparetime.A.fromB.ofC.inD.at3.Theyalldon’tlikebeingtreatedlikethat.Thesentencemeans________.A.Allofthemlikebeingtreatedlikethat.B.Noneofthemlikebeingtreatedlikethat.C.Notallofthemlikebeingtreatedlikethat.D.Noonelikesbeingtreatedlikethat.4.Thesetwopairsofshoesdon’tfitme.I’dliketosee________pair.A.oneB.theotherC.eitherD.another5.Hewenttheretoseewhatwasthematterfor________.A.heB.himD.muchD.himself6.Hetoldmehecouldn’twalk________far.A.itB.thatC.moreD.any7.Areyoufeeling________better?A.someB.noC.moreD.any8.MyoldTVsetbrokedown.Ihavetobuyanew________.A.itB.thatC.oneD.this9.Theclimatehereishotterthan________ofBeijing.A.oneB.itC.thatD.those10.Weneed________fivepeopletofinishtheworkintime.A.otherB.anotherC.someD.any11.—CanIhavetheotheregg?—I’mafraidnot.Tomhashad________.A.itB.oneC.thatD.this12.Was________intheFirstWorldWarthathewaskilled?A.itB.oneC.someD.that13.Iaskedallmyclassmatesthesamequestion,andthey________gavemeadifferentanswer.A.eachB.allC.everyD.both14.________ofthestudentspassedtheexam.A.Two-thirdsB.Two-thirdC.Second-threeD.Second-threes15.MyfatherbegantolearnRussian,whenhewasalreadyin________.A.the1920,thesixtiesB.1920s,hissixtyC.the1920s,hissixtiesD.the1920’s,hissixty16.Althoughhehasfailedsixtimes,hewilltry________time.A.aseventhB.theseventhC.seventhD.seven 1.Shortlyaftertheaccident,two________policeweresenttothespottokeeporder.A.dozenofB.dozensC.dozenD.dozensof2.Theheroofthestoryisanartistinhis________.A.thirtiethB.thietyC.thirty’sC.thirties3.$2.95maybereadas________ortwoninetyfive.A.twodollaradninetyfivecentsB.twodollarsandninetyfivecentC.twodollarsandninetyfivecentsD.twodollarandninetyfivecent1—10.ABBCACBADB11—20.BABCDDBDCC21—30.BAAAACACCC四、关于倍数表达的一个问题在英语学习中涉及到倍数问题时,常见以下三种倍数表达的基本句型:(1)Thisstreetisfourtimesthe1engthofthatone.这条街是那条街的四馆长。(这条街比那条街长三倍。)(2)Thisboxisthreetimesasheavyasthatone.这个箱子是那个箱子的三倍重。(这个箱子比那个箱子重两倍。)(3)Themeetingroomisthreetimesbiggerthanouroffice.会议室比我们的办公室大三倍。(会议室是我们办公桌的四倍大。)句型(1)和句型(2)人们并不难以理解;同学们也很容易接受,因为它们很符合汉语的翻译习惯。但是,句型(3)笔者却认为汉语译文是错误的。句型(3)的译法在我国英语界的一些书刊杂志上说法都不一致,似乎没有定论。有的译为"是...的三倍大";有的译为"比...大三倍"。甚至一些语法书、工具书和词典都相互矛盾,举几例如下:Apenisthreetimesmoreexpensivethanapencil."钢笔比铅笔贵三倍"详见陈胥华的《英汉对译指导》P.366,湖北教育出版社1981年6月1版。Outputofchemicalfertilizerwasmorethan2.5timesgreater."化肥产量增长了1.5倍(以上)"详见张道真《实用英语语法》P.102,1979年8月修订2版。Ourcounty"sagriculturaloutputis11percenthigherthanthatoflastyear."我县农业总产值比去年增长百分之十一。"详见薄冰、赵德鑫合编的《英语语法手册》1978年6月修订2版(商务印书馆)。其实,句型(1)、(2)、(3)的三种表达法都属同一种译法,没有任何区别。在使用句型(3)时,产生翻译错误的原因不外乎人们认为句中含有"morethan",而根据汉语习惯去翻译,但在英语国家里绝不会出现这种混淆现象。费致德先生在《现代英语惯用法词典》(1981年7月1版,商务印书馆)中也强调句型(1)、(2)、(3)所表达的是相同的数量概念.。详见该词典第795页: 1.A比B差不多大三倍的表达方式有下列三种,其中C项有些语法学家认为不对,但现已广泛使用。a.Aisaboutthreetimesaslarge/bigasB.b.AisaboutthreetimesthesizeofB.c.AisaboutthreetimeslargerthanB.费致德先生肯定了这三种句型是同一种意思。但遗憾的是他将"A是B的三倍"也误写为"比...大三倍";如果据此对照去译,便与句型(1)和(2)相矛盾。为了进一步证明这一问题,笔者又写信给上海外国语学院,向《新编英语语法》主编章振邦教授请教了这一问题，章教授在回信中说：按照英语国家的表达习惯，fivetimesas...as/fivetimesmore/fivetimesgreaterthan所表达的是相同的数量概念,就拿你讨论的句子为例:Thisstreetisfourtimesthelengthofthatone.=Thisstreetisfourtimesaslongasthatone.=Thisstreetisfourtimeslongerthanthatone.=Thisstreetisfour-foldlongerthanthatone.=Thisstreetis300%longerthanthatone.(这条街比那条街长三倍/百分之三百。)这就是说,表达倍数若用...times或fold则不论何种句型中都表示包括基数100%在内,所以"fourtimeslongerthan/aslongas/thelengthof"都只表示"长三倍";但若在"more/greaterthan"结构中用百分比则表示净增数(见上例中最后一句)。所以:"AisthreetimesbiggerthanB"译成汉语时应该是"A是B的三倍大"或者"A比B大两倍"。据以上种种例证和专家详细的解释,我们可以得出结论,本文开头的例句(3)的汉语译句是错误的,应该改为:"会议室比我们的办公室大两倍。"或者,"会议室是我们办公室的三倍大。"同学们在学习这种句型时尤其要注意这一点。五、形容词和副词形容词可用于作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等；副词也可以作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等。一、形容词作定语时的位置大部分形容词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前面,如aredbus,abeautifulpark,coldweather等,但实际运用时须注意以下情况。1.当多个的形容词修饰一个名词时应该注意形容词的一般排列顺序。“限定词＋一般描绘性形容词＋表示大小、长短、高低的形容词＋表示形状的形容词＋表示年龄、新旧的形容词＋表示颜色的形容词＋表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词＋表示物质、材料的形容词＋表示用途、类别的形容词＋被修饰的名词”例如：hisbeautifulsmallroundoldbrownFrenchwoodenwritingtable当然，在实际运用中用如此多的形容词修饰一个名词并不多见。 1.形容词修饰everything,something,anything,nothing时,只能放在其后面。如:Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.I’vegotsomethingimportanttosay.Thereisnothinginterestingatall.2.else只能修饰疑问代词who,whom,whose,what和不定代词something,anything,nothing,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone和nobody,noone.而且只能放在其后。如:Isthereanythingelseyouwanttosay?Whatelsedoyouwant?else与上述疑问代词和不定代词构成所有格时,只能在else后加"s,而不能在疑问代词或不定代词后加"s.如说someoneelse"s,而不能说*someone’selse。whoelse的所有格有两种形式whoelse"s或whoseelse例如:—Isthishatyours?—Whoseelse(=Whoelse"s)coulditbe?3.enough和nearby作形容词时可放在所修饰的名词前,也可放在其后。如:anearbybuilding=abuildingnearbyWehaveenoughfood(=foodenough)tolastusforaweek.(foodenough…是旧用法,现在已不常用了。)二、貌似副词的形容词在英语构词法中,以-ly结尾的词并不是副词,而是形容词。常见的有:e1derly(渐老的,年龄相当大的),friendly(朋友似的,友好的),lively(活泼的,生动的),lonely(孤独的,寂寞的),lovely(可爱的,美丽的),orderly(有秩序的,整齐的)等。如:Shegaveusalivelylessonyesterday.她昨天给我们上了一节生动的课。*Shegaveusalessonlively.(误将lively用作副词,是错句)应该说:Shegaveusalessoninalivelyway.她生动地给我们上一节课。三、表语形容词形容词在句子中的主要作用是作定语、表语和宾语补足语。英语中大部分形容词都具有这些功能。但也有少数形容词通常只作表语。常见的有afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake,glad,scarce,sorry,sure,worth,unable等。例如:Thechildisasleep/sleeping.(作表语)但是:thesleepingchild,不能说*theasleepchild(作定语)注意:1)只能作表语的形容词常可作后置定语（相当省略关系代词和系动词的定语从句）如:Who"sthegreatestman(thatis)alive?Thepeople(whoare)presentatthemeetingarefamousscientists.Theboy(whois)afraidofexamsismybrother.2)若这些形容词前有修饰语时,也可放在名词前面作定语,如:afastasleepman,thewideawakechild.它们还可作宾语补足语和主语补足语,如:Peoplewhofindhibernatinganimalsasleepoftenthinktheyaredead.(作宾语补足语) Anenemyofficerwascaughtalive.(作主语补足语)一、系表结构中形容词后的宾语afraid,glad,sorry,sure,worth等形容词与系动词be,seem等一起构成的系表结构后可以带一个宾语。现分叙如下:1.beafraidtodosth.表示“不敢干某事”,而beafraidofsth.(doingsth.)则表示“害怕(干)某事”，如:Sheisafraidtogooutaloneatnight.(她不敢夜晚独自出门.)Areyouafraidofsnakes?(你害怕蛇吗?)试比较下列两个句子:Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.第一句意思是“她不敢吵醒她的丈夫.”怕她丈夫可能由此而生气。第二句的意思是“她怕吵醒了她的丈夫。”可能因为她丈夫生病了或需要睡眠。beafraid+that-clause表示一种委婉的客套话,that可以省略。如:Iamafraid(that)Ican’tgowithyou.2.beglad后可接of,不定式或that-clause.如:Iamgladofyoursuccess.Iamgladtomeetyou.Iamgladthatyouhavepassedtheexamination.3.besorry可接about或for,也可按不定式或that-clause.如:Aren"tyousorryabout(for)whatyou"vedone?I’msorryforyou.We"resorrytohearthat.4.besure可接of或about,也可接不定式或that-clause。如:We"resureofawarmwelcome.Iwasnotsureabouttwothings—thegrammarandsomeoftheidioms.Areyousurethatheishonest?5.worth,worthwhile和worthybeworth表示“价值”时,可直接接名词。如:Theusedcarisworth＄300atmost.还可接动名词的一般式,主语为动名词的逻辑宾语。如:Thisbookisworthreading.在Itisworthwhile这一结构中,it为形式主语,后面可用动名词,也可用动词不定式:Itisworthwhilevisitingtheplace.Itisworthwhiletovisittheplace.(=Theplaceisworthvisiting.)形容词worthy可作定语,修饰名词。如aworthyteam1eader.它与of连用可作后置定语。如:anenemyworthyofhissword(剑);acauseworthyofsupport作表语时,of后可接名词。如: Thisplaceisworthyofavisit.也可接动名词,常用其被动式。如:Thisplaceisworthyofbeingvisited.(=Thisplaceisworthvisiting.)如不与of连用,则可接动词不定式的被动式。如:Thisbookisworthytoberead.(=Thebookisworthreading.)一、形容词、副词前定冠词的用法说明：在形容词、副词的比较级和最高级中，我们所谈到的所谓的冠词“the”严格地说,应该是副词，但出于习惯或者是为了使语法术语简单化，这里我们姑且仍将其称为冠词。1.形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词,副词最高级前可加可不加定冠词。2.形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词或不加冠词,表示“非常”。如:Thisisamostinterestingstory.但如果这个名词短语后面带有一个表示范围的短语或从句,则要用定冠词。即:Thisisthemostinterestingstoryinthisbook(I"veeverheard).3.表示两者间“较…的一个”时,形容比较级前需加定冠词。如:Whichisthebetterofthetwopianos?Whoistheelderofthetwobrothers?4.一般说来,在same之前要加定冠词。如:Theyareexactlythesame.Weareofthesameage.又如在短语中:allthesame,atthesametime等。5.在the+比较级…the+比较级…表示“越…就越…”这个结构中,不管是形容词还是副词都必须加定冠词。如:Theneareranobjectistous,thebiggeritlooks.Themoretheytalked,themoreexcitedtheywere.6.在某些形容词前加上定冠词,则表示同类人。如:therich(富人),thepoor(穷人),theyoung(年轻人),theblind(盲人),thewounded(伤员),thedead(死去的人)，当它们作句子的主语时谓语动词通常用单数形式；但若是指一个人或抽象事物的形容词则常用单数形式。Generally,therichiscrueltothepoor.Thedeadishisfather.Thenewissuretotaketheplaceoftheold.二、某些常见副词的区别1.sometimes,sometime,sometime,sometimesSometimes是副词,意思是“有时”。如:Myfatherusuallygoestoworkbybike,butsometimesonfoot.sometime也是副词,意思是“某个时候”。如:IsawhimsometimeinOctober.用在将来时的句子里表示“某日”、“某时”。如:Hewillgotocallonhisunclesometimenextweek.sometome作为副词词组意为“某时候”,通常用于将来时;作为名词词组则是“一些时间”的意思。sometimes的意思是“数次”。如: Let"shavedinnersometimenextweek.Hehaswaitedforsometime.1.fairly和ratherfairly和rather都可以作为程度副词，都可以修饰形容词和副词；在翻译上都可以译成“挺…地，相当…地”的意思。区别如下：1)rather一般用来表示消极的含义，如否定的、坏的、不理想的概念。而fairly一般用来表示积极的、好的、合理想的概念。Let’sgobybus.It’srathercoldoutside.HerEnglishisfairlygood.2)rather可与比较级（形容词或副词）连用，也可与too连用，表示alittle（有点）、slightly（稍微）的意思，fairly则不能这样用。a)与比较级连用，“……多了”Mybrotherisratherbettertoday.Thisdictionaryisrathermoreexpensivethanthatone.b)与too连用“有点…；稍微…”Thisbookisrathertoodifficultforthejuniorsandrathertooeasyfortheseniors.Wehadafairlynicedinner,butthepriceisrathertoohigh.c)当修饰名词且有不定冠词时，冠词应该放在fairly前，rather之后。如：afairlyprettygirl/ratherabadboy2.即可作形容词又能作副词的“-ly”副词的用法1)抽象与具体a)deep和deeply一般说来，用于具体的情况时deep和deeply均可（但deep更常用）；deeply用于抽象的情况。Hediveddeep/deeplyintothewater.(具体)Iwasdeeplymovedbyhisheroicdeeds.(抽象)b)high和highlyThebirdisflyinghighinthesky.(具体)Hewashighlythoughtofbythestudents.(抽象)c)wide和widelyHeopenedhiseyeswide.(具体)Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.(抽象)2)习惯用法a)easy与easily副词easy常用于习语中goeasy(宽容)；goeasyon(节省)；takeiteasy(放松)；easydoesit(不着忙)；getoffeasy(不受严厉惩罚)；standeasy(休息)；Easycome,easygo.(来的易去的快)除习语外的情况，多用easily。例如：ThisTVsetcanbeeasilymovedabout. a)aloud,loud,loudlyaloud“大声地”，常与cry,shout连用；表示“出声地”与silently相对。Theboyinthewateriscryingaloudforhelp.Pleasereadthetextaloud.loud主要说明人的谈笑声音，常与speak,talk,laugh,say,shout连用。但如果说的是消极行为，则用loudly。loudly常含有“喧闹、嘈杂、吵闹”之意。Hewasabouttospeakloudwhenthenaughtyboybegantocryloudly.另外，loudly还可以表示“引人注目地、花哨地”如：Todaysheisveryloudlydressed.b)slow与slowly在walk,run,climb,go,speak,read,burn以及how之后常用slow,如：Howslowheclimbsupthehill!其他场合一般用slowlySheeatsmoreslowlyofallthefamily.c)quick与quickly两者意思均为“快地；迅速地”但在“as…as”结构中，quick较为多用。HeranasquickasIdidatthesportsmeeting.另外，在口语中，quick通常在词组中作副词，如在Comequick（快点来）这样的词组中，但在正式写作中，要求使用quickly2)意义相似，常可互换。这样的词常见的有：clear/clearly;direct/directly;free/freely;bad/badly;quiet/quietly等等。但值得注意的是，有些场合带-ly的副词通常表示方式，不带-y的副词通常表示结果。例如：Thedoorisclosedtight.Pleasetightlyclosethedoor.Thephotohasnotcomeoutclear.Heremembersthephotoclearly.一、频率副词常见的频率副词有always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,hardly,never等。1.频率副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、情态动词或助动词之后。如:Iusuallygetupatsixinthemorning.LiMingisoftenlateforschool.Wecouldhardyunderstandhim.在简略答语和省略句中，则常放在系动词、情态动词或助动词之前。如：Cantheyusuallyfindtimeforamusements?Yes,theyalwayscan.为了加强语气,也可放在句首。其中often,seldom,hardly,barely,never在句首时，句子要倒装。如： Sometimesweplaybasketball,sometimesweplaytabletennis.Oftendidwewarnthemnottodoso.1.其中seldom,hardly,和never常看作否定词，因此在构成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句部分常用肯定式。如：Youseldomgotoyouruncle’s,doyou?Shecanhardlyreadandwrite,canshe?二、older和elder;farther和further1.old的比较级和最高级有两种形式，即older,elder和oldest,eldest。在就年龄作比较时和修饰物时要用older,oldest。如：Iamoneyearolderthanyou.Mr.Smithistheoldestintheoffice.Mycoatisolderthanyours.elder和e1dest主要用来表示兄弟姊妹之间的长幼关系,不能修饰物。如:Myeldersisterisatcollege.Heismyeldestdaughter.Whoistheeldestofthethree(sisters或brothers)?下面一句最能说明两者之间的区别:MyelderbrotherisoneyearolderthanI.2.far的比较级和最高级也分别有两种形式，即farther和further;farthest和furthest。对距离进行比较，即表示“更远”、“较远”时，美国英语常用farther,farthest,英国英语中further较farther更常用。如：Heistootiredtogoanyfurther(farther).Theschoolisonthefurther(farther)sideofthemountain.further的主要意思是“进一步”(此时不能用farther代替)。如:Don’tmakeanychangetillfurthernotice.Pleasewaitforfurtherinformation.furthest现在已很少使用了，对距离或者是程度比较都常用farthest。如:Whoran(the)farthest?Sheisthefarthestadvancedofallmystudents.三、形容词、副词比较级前的程度状语形容词、副词的比较级前可有一个状语，表示比较的程度，常见的有：1.many,much,alot,agood(great)dea1,far(byfar)等表示“…得多”,如:Wearemakingfargreaterprogressnowthanwedidlastyear.Shelooksmuchyoungerthansheactuallyis.JoanmadealotmorepaperflowersthanMary.2.some,any表示“一些”。some用于肯定句，any用于否定句或疑问句。如:Ihavegotsomemorebooks,butnotenough.Haveyougotanymoremoneyfromhim?3.alittle,abit表示“稍许”,“一点儿”。如:MayIstayherealittlelonger?Thislessonisabitmore difficultthanthatone.1.still,even等表示“甚至更”、“还要”。如:TomstudiesharderthanJack.Peterstudieseven(still)harder.2.当副词all修饰比较级时，前面应加定冠词the，意思是“越发地…”WhenIlearnedthathewasaboyofnotmorethanten,mywonderwasallthegreater.3.在比较句型morethan的结构中应注意以下几点1)表示“弱化比较”意义的形容词无论是多音节还是单音节，一概用less。例如：Myfatherislessangrythanyesterday.(我爸爸的气较昨天消了一些。)2)no+比较级+than表示“只有”“仅”“就那么……”或“一样”。如:Mywholeschooleducationaddeduptonomorethanoneyear.Icouldseenomorethanyou.3)not+比较级+than表示“不比”,“不足”。如:Thatboyisnotmorethanfifteen,Ithink..请注意下面的句子Theydesignedadevice(装置)nobigger/notbiggerthanamatchbox.用nobiggerthan表示这一装置“仅一个火柴盒那么大”;用notbigger表示这一装置“还没有一个火柴盒大”。4)nomore…than或not…anymorethan“和…一样地不…”，意味着两者都否定，但往往着重说明前面的一个分句，其作用相当于“neither…nor”。例如：MaryisnomorediligentthanTom.=NeitherMarynorTomisdiligent.“玛丽和汤姆俩人都不勤奋。”5)notmore…than“不如…；不及于…”，语气常着重于后面的一个分句，常可与“notso/as…as”互换使用。例如：Thisstoryisnotmoreinterestingthanthatone.=Thisstoryisnotso/asinterestingthanthatone.4.用数字表示确切的量或倍数关系。如:Thereare10morestudentsinourclassthaninClass2.Mr.Johnsonisthreeyearsolderthanhiswife.二、倍数表示法英语中表示倍数的方法大致有三种,即:1.A+be(或谓语动词)+数词+times+as+形容词原级+asB.Thisplaygroundisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.2.A+be(或谓语动词)+数词+times+the+(size,weight,length,width,depth,height,number…)+of+B.Thisplaygroundisthreetimesthesizeofthatone.3.A+be(或谓语动词)+数词+times+形容词比较级+thanB.Thisplaygroundistwicelargerthanthatone. 以下句子的意思是相同的。Thisstreetisfourtimesthelengthofthatone.=Thisstreetisfourtimesaslongasthatone.=Thisstreetisfourtimeslongerthanthatone.=Thisstreetisfour-foldlongerthanthatone.注意：但若表示“比…大（长、宽、重、高、深…等）多少”，须用“数字％＋比较级＋than”来表达。上句还可转换为：Thisstreetis300%longerthanthatone.(这条街比那条街长三倍/百分之三百。或：这条街是那条街四倍长)巩固训练1.Thereis________placethanhome.A.nobetterB.nobestC.noabetterD.nogood2.TheYellowRiveris________riverinChina.A.secondlongestB.secondlongerC.thesecondlongestD.thesecondlonger3.Whichis________book,thenewoneortheoldone?A.betterB.thebetterC.bestD.thebest4.Thereare________studentsinourschoolthaninyourschool.A.muchmoreB.muchmanyC.manymoreD.moremuch5.Thepictureis________beautifulthanthatone.A.muchmoreB.verymoreC.quitemoreD.fairlymore6.Heworks________,ifnotharderthanhisbrother.A.noharderB.ashardasC.hardasD.ashard7.TheworldcupinPariswasthebiggest________footballmatchintheworld.A.aliveB.livelyC.livingD.live8.________youlearn,________itwillbecome.A.Themore;themoreB.Themore;theeasierC.More;easierD.More;easiest9.Theyliveina________villagefarawayfromthetown,buttheydon’tfeel________.A.alone;aloneB.alone;lonelyC.lonely;lonelyD.lonely;alone10.I’mtwoyears________thanmysister.A.olderB.elderC.oldestD.eldest11.Yourbrotheris________WangLin.A.asagoodboyasB.asgoodaboyasC.asbetteraboythanD.asbetteraboyas12.Whichofthefollowingiswrong?A.Thehouseistwicelargerthanthatone.B.Thehouseistwiceaslargeasthatone. C.Thehouseistwicethesizeofthatone.D.Thehouseisastwicelargeasthatone.1.Hedrivesas________ashecan.A.carefullyB.carefulC.muchcarefulD.morecarefully2.Theharderyoustudy,__________progressyou’llmake.A.greaterB.thegreaterC.thegreatestD.themoregreat3.Hemadethe__________mistakesinthedictationexercises.A.lessB.leastC.fewerD.fewest4.Whichdoyouthinktastes__________,thechickenorthefish?A.wellB.goodC.betterD.best5.Thehorseisgettingoldandcannotrun__________itdid.A.asfasterasB.sofastthanC.sofasterasD.asfastas6.Johnhasthreesisters;Maryis__________ofthethree.A.morecleverestB.mostcleverC.thecleverestD.clever7.Hehadneverspenta__________day.A.moreworryB.mostworryingC.moreworryingD.mostworried8.Ifwefollowedhisplan,wecouldhavedonethejobbetterwith__________moneyand__________people.A.less;lessB.fewer;fewerC.less;fewerD.fewer;less9.—CanIhelpyou?—Well,I’mafraidtheboxis__________heavyforyou,butthankyouallthesame.A.muchB.veryC.soD.too10.Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced,thefactoryproduced________tractorsin1988astheyearbefore.A.astwicemanyB.asmanytwiceC.twiceasmanyD.twicemanyas11.—Excuseme,isthisMr.Brown’soffice?—I’msorry,butMr.Brown________workshere.Heleftaboutthreeweeksago.A.notnowB.nomoreC.notstillD.nolonger12.Thepianointheothershopwillbe________,but________.A.cheaper;notasbetterB.morecheap;notasbetterC.cheaper;notasgoodD.morecheap;notasgood13.Hisdictionaryis________expensivebut________practical(实用的)thanmine.A.more;moreB.less;lessC.very;moreD.more;less14.—ShallIsitatthisendoftheboatortheotherend?—Ifyoukeepstill,youcansitat________end.A.neitherB.eachC.eitherD.any15.Peoplesaythatthenewfilmis________. A.worthtowatchB.wellworthytowatchC.worthyofwatchingD.worthwatching1.—Howdidyoufindyourvisittothemuseum?—Ithoroughlyenjoyedit.Itwas________interestingthanIexpected.A.farmoreB.evenmuchC.somoreD.alotmuch2.Mybrotherhasjustbought________car.A.fairlyagoodB.afairlygoodC.ratheragoodD.arathergood3.Idon’tspeak________you.A.ashalfasB.sohalfwellasC.wellashalfasD.halfsowellasKEY:1—10.ACBCABDBCA11—20.BDABDCDCCC21—30.DCDCDCDABD六、作后置定语用的形容词短语许多形容词可以与某些词(组)或结构搭配构成形容词短语。当这些短语在句子中作名词的修饰语时,应该后置,其语法功能相当于一个省略形式的定语从句(限制性或非限制性均可),也就是说后置的形容词短语相当于省去"which/who/that+be"之后保留下来的表语。这种形容词短语的构成方式大致可以分为以下几种:一、两个或两个以上的形容词可以在一起由and或but连接而构成形容词短语。这种短语作后置定语时,一般修饰具有泛指意义的名词。如:Heisamanrudebuthenpecked.他是一个粗暴而惧内的男人。childreninnocent,livelyandlovely天真而又活泼可爱的孩子(注:此类形容词短语亦可作前置定语)二、有些形容词常与某些介词短语搭配,作后置定语。如:Theleaderspresentatthemeetingtota11edeight.出席会议的领导共有八人。Thisisasubjectworthyofcarefulstudy.这是一个值得仔细研究的问题。另外,有些形容词(表语形容词除外)与介词搭配时,我们还可以把它和其后的介词拆开,即将形容词置于名词之前,将介词短语置于名词之后。如:aquestiondifferentfromthisone=adifferentquestionfromthisone一个与此不同的问题三、少数形容词后面可以直接跟逻辑宾语,用以构成后置定语来修饰名词。如:Sheownsadiamondworthfourthousandfrancs她有一颗价值四千法郎的钻石。aboyafraid(that)hecan’tpasstheexam一个怕这次考试不能及格的男孩astudentconfident(that)hewillbeabletopasstheexam一个对通过考试很有自信心的学生*有的语法书上认为形容词后面的that从句是状语从句,有的认为是宾语从句。笔者认为这两种说法均有道理,但总归是形容词和从句构成了形容词短语。如:Weareafraidthatyou"llnotgethereontime.四、有些形容词可以与后面的动词不定式一起构成可以置于名词之后的短语。如:LeiFengwasagoodcomrade,alwaysreadytohelpothers. 雷锋是个好同志,他总是乐于助人。so...todo,too...todo和...enoughtodo等不定式惯用结构也可以用于修饰前面的名词。如:questionssoeasytoanswer容易回答的问题problemstoodifficulttosolve难以解决的问题若被修饰的名词前面有不定冠词,我们还可以用分隔形式。也就是将形容词放在不定冠词前面,将不定式放在名词后面。Sheisanursecarefulenoughtotendpatients.=Sheiscarefulenoughanursetotendpatients.她是一位照料病人足够细心的护士。一、少量形容词后面可以加-ing分词构成可以后置的短语。如:peasantsbusygettingincrops忙于收割庄稼的农夫们astudentlongunderstandingtheproblem好不容易才弄懂这个问题的学生二、表示距离和时间的名词词组常与后面的形容词一起构成可以后置的形容词短语。如:a1eaningtowerabout180feethigh一座约一百八十英尺高的斜塔apoorlittleboy,notover12yearsold一个不超过十二岁的贫苦小男孩三、后置的形容词短语还可常由more...than,nomore...than和notmore...than等比较级结构或as...as结构组成。如:astudentnomorediligentthanTom一个和汤姆一样不勤奋的学生abookasinterestingasthisone一本与此书同样有趣的书这种结构同样可以采取分隔形式:SheisagirlascleverasMary.=SheisascleveragirlasMary.她是一个象玛丽一样聪明的姑娘。四、有些表语形容词(一般多为a-开头)也可以置于名词之后,其功能相当于定语从句。如:thebabyasleep那个熟睡的婴儿theboyafraidofexams那个怕考试的男孩五、单个的分词修饰名词时,可以前置,也可以后置。如:astolencar=acarstolen被盗的轿车若用分词短语修饰名词,则应后置。如:agirlinterestedinmaths一位对数学感兴趣的姑娘themanmarriedtoHelen那位与海伦结了婚的男人七、“It”的用法“It”在英语中用法非常广泛，但也容易被人误用。笔者现将其常见用法做一简要介绍。一、作为代词的it1．用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。Thefrogisnotawarm-bloodedanimal. It’sacold-bloodedone.1．用以代替提示代词this,that。—What’sthis?—It’saflag.—Whoseexercisebookisthat?—It’shere.2．起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。—Whoisknockingatthedoor?—It’sme.—Whoismakingsuchanoise?—Itmustbethechildren.3．指环境情况等。Itwasveryquiet(noisy)atthemoment.4．指时间，季节等。—Whattimeisit?—Itiseighto’clock.5．指天气或气候。Itoftenrainsinsummer.It’sverycoldtoday,isn’tit?6．指距离。Itisfivekilometersfromtheofficetomyhome.Itisalongwaytothefactory.一、作为引导词的it1.作形式主语。当动词不定式（或不定式的复合结构）、动名词或从句作主语时，通常把它们放在谓语之后，而用it作句子的形式主语。例如：Itisnoteasytofinishtheworkintwodays.Itisnotagoodhabittostayuplate.Itisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.Itisapitythatyoudidn’treadthebook.2.作形式宾语。当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句时，往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。例如：Ithinkitnousearguingwithhim.IfounditveryinterestingtostudyEnglish.Hemadeitclearthathewasnotinterestedinthissubject.3.用于强调结构。要强调句子的某一部分（通常是主语、状语、宾语），可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是“Itis(was)＋被强调部分＋that(who)+句子的其余部分.”如果被强调的部分是人，可用who,whom代替that,例如：ItisProf.Linwho/thatteachesusEnglish.（强调主语）ItisEnglishthatProf.Linteachesus.（强调宾语）ItwasinShanghaithatIsawthefilm.（强调状语）Itwasin1975thatIworkedinafactory.（强调状语） 巩固训练1.Thereisaphotoonthewall.________aphotoofLeiFeng.A.itB.It’sC.ItsD.He’s2.Thepeopletherefelt________notsodifficulttoworkwithhim.A.itB.itsC.it’sD.this3.Hefelt________toworkforhumanrightsandprogress.A.ithisdutyB.hisdutyC.thatisadutyD.thatishisduty4.Peopleinthewestmake________aruletobuyChristmaspresentsfortheirrelativesandfriends.A.thatB.itC.thisD.as5.________needsfurtherdiscussionwhetherwe’llbuildalibraryornot.A.WeB.HeC.ItD.Thething6.Wefound________impossibletotakethedefeat________down.A.that;lyingB.this;laidC.it;tolieD.it;lying7.Ithink________rightthatyoudidn’tgothere.A.youB.thatC.itD.its8.________isnogood________withoutdoinganything.A.This;talkingB.It;totalkC.It;talkingD.That;totalk9.It________MikeandMarywhohelpedtheoldmanseveraldaysago.A.wasB.areC.wereD.hadbeen10.________fouryearssinceIlefttheLaoShanfront.A.ItwasB.TherewasC.ThereisD.Itis11.Howlong________tofinishthework?A.you’lltakeB.willtakeyouC.you’lltakeitD.willittakeyou12.ItwasthroughJack________MarygottoknowBob.A.whoB.whomC.howD.that13.Itwassimplyforthatreason________Iwouldn’ttellhimthetruth.A.whyB.thatC.whichD.so14.Itwas________Iwentthere________Ibegantoknowsomethingaboutthematter.A.until;when`B.until;thatC.notuntil;thatD.notwhen;that15.ItwasonOctober1st________newChinawasfounded.A.whichB.whenC.asD.that16.It’sthethirdtime________Ihavebeenhere.A.thatB.afterC.whenD.who17.Itwastenyearslater________Mathildeknewthatthelostnecklacewasnotarealdiamondnecklace.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.but 1.Itwasinthericefields________wehadourLeaguemeeting.A.whereB.thatC.inwhichD.onwhich2.Itwasatthegate________hetoldmethenews.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.when3.Wasitbecausehewasveryill________heaskedforleave?A.that’sB.soC.thatD.and4.________willtakeyoualotoftimetofindhiminthecrowd.A.ItB.IC.WeD.They5.Itwasnotuntillastnight________hefinallymadeuphismind.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.had6.________isdifferentbetweenAandB.A.ThereB.WhereC.ItD.What7.________isnodifferencebetweenAandB.A.ThereBWhereC.ItD.What8.Hesaid“________alongwaytoschool.________alongwaytogoyetbeforewearrive.”A.Itis;ThereisB.Thereis;itisC.Itis;ItisD.Thereis;ThereisKEY:1—10.BAABCDCCAD11—20.DDBCDABBAC21—25.ACCAA八、情态动词情态动词顾名思义就是表示情感和态度的词，常见的有：can(could);may(might);must;haveto;shall(should);will(would);need;dare(dared);oughtto;情态动词没有人称和数的变化，不能单独使用，它与其后的动词原形合成谓语结构。它们的用法如下：一.can和could的用法1.表示能力或客观的可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如：Canyoufinishthisworktonight?Mancannotlivewithoutair.—CanIgonow?—Yes,youcan.注意：1)could表示语气较委婉的请求，主要用语疑问句，（用于此意义时不用在肯定句）答语用can。—CouldIcometoseeyoutomorrow?—Yes,youcan.(不能用could).（否定句常用No,I"mafraidnot.）2)can表示能力时，还可以用“beableto”代替，例如：I"llbeabletocomethisafternoon.但当我们要表示“某件事已成”时，须用“was(were)ableto”不能用could，例如： Hewasabletogotothepartyyesterdayeveningandheenjoyedhimselfverymuch.1.表示“惊异、怀疑、不相信”的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句和感叹句中）Canthisbetrue?Howcanyousaylikethat?Thiscannotbedonebyhim.2.“can(could)+have+done”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。Hecannothavebeentothattown.Canhehavegotthebook?一.may和might的用法1.表示许可，表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更加委婉一些，否定回答时可用can’t或mustn’t,表示“不可以、禁止、阻止”之意。例如：—MightIuseyourpen?—No,youmustn’t.—MayItakethisbookout?—Yes,youcan(—No,youcan’t/mustn’t.)用MayI…征询对方许可在文体上较正式，在口气上比较客气，在日常口语中，用CanI…征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。2.用于表示祝愿的句子中。例如：Mayyousuccess!Mayyoubehappy!Mayyouhaveagoodjourney!3.表示推测、可能（疑问句中不用于此意）Hemaybeverybusynow.(此句中用might语气较弱)4.“May(Might)+have+done”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。例如：Hemaynothavefinishedthework.(此句中用might语气较更弱)二.must和haveto的用法1.表示“必须、必要”。Youmustcomeontime.当must引出的问句时，若是否定的回答，不能用mustn’t，而用needn’t或don’thaveto.—Mustwehandinourexerciseourbookstoday?—Yes,youmust.(No,needn’t/youdon’thaveto.)2.“mustbe+表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问形式用can代替must。如：Hemustbeournewteacher.Canhebeournewteacher?Hecan’tbeournewteacher.※附加疑问句要和谓语动词实际时态一致。如：Hemustbeournewteacher,isn’the?3.“must+have+done”的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去或完成的情况推测，它的否定或疑问形式也用can代替must.Hemusthavefinishedhiswork.※附加疑问句也要和谓语动词实际时态一致。如：Hemusthavefinishedhisworkalready,hasn’the? Hemusthavefinishedhisworkatfouryesterday,didn’the?1.haveto的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但haveto有各种形式，随have的变化而定，must与haveto有下列几点不同：1)must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而haveto则往往强调客观需要，例如：Theplayisnotinteresting.Ireallymustgonow.IhadtoworkwhenIwasyourage.2)两者的否定意义大不相同。例如：Youmustn’tgo.(你不可以去)Youdon’thavetogo.(你不必去)3)询问对方的意见时应用must。MustIhandintheexercisebookbeforeeight?4)must表示“偏偏”Mustitraintoday?（今天怎么偏偏下雨呢？）一.dare和need的用法1.need表示“需要，必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于疑问句和否定句，在肯定句中一般用must,haveto,oughtto,或should代替。例如：Youneedn’tcomesoearly.—NeedIcleanalltheroomrightnow?—Yes,youmust.(—No,youneedn’t.)注意：needn’t+have+done表示“本来不必要做的事而实际上做了”，例如：Youneedn’thavewaitedforme.你本来没有必要等我的。2.dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句，否定句和条件句中，一般不用于肯定句，例如：Howdareyoutakemybookwithoutpermission?HedarenotspeakEnglishbeforesuchacrowd,darehe?3.need和dare作情态动词时，过去时形式与现在形式相同（美国英语中可用dared）。Hewassoangrythatnoonedaredsayaword.Theysaidthatheneedn’tstaythereanylonger.4.need和dare常用实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化。不同的是dare作实义动词时，在肯定句中通常接带to的不定式，在疑问句和否定句中，dare之后的不定式可带to或不带to。例如：Heneedstofinishtheworkbeforenightfall.Idaretoswimacrossthisriver.Hedoesnotdare(to)answertheteacher’squestion.Don’tyoudare(to)touchit?Iwonderhedaredsaythat.5.Idaresay是习惯用语，常可写为Idaresay，用法有以下几种：1)“敢于说”，通常接that或what引导的名词性从句。IdaresaythathehasstolenTom’sfootball.IdaresaywhatIthink.2)“我想；恐怕；大概；也许是”，通常作插入语用，使句子委婉。 Idaresaythereissomethingwrongwiththemachines.You’retired,Idaresay.You,Idaresay,thinkotherwise.1)Idaresay往往也作为反语使用。Oh,youmeantodefeatourfootballteam?Idaresayyouwill.（噢！你们想赢我们的足球队？也许可以吧。）一.shall和should的用法。1.shall用于第一人称疑问句。表示征求对方意见。Whatshallwedothisevening?ShallIopenthewindow?2.shall用语第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。Whenshallhebeabletoleavethehospital?3.shall用于第二、三人称的陈述句，表示说话人给对方的“命令、警告、允诺或威胁”。Youshallfailifyoudon’tworkharder.HeshallhavethebookwhenIfinishreading.Heshallbepunished.4.should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是oughtto，在疑问句中，通常用should代替oughtto.Youshouldgotoclassrightaway.ShouldIopenthewindow?5.should+have+done应该做的事实上没做；shouldn’thavedone不该做的事却已经做了，常含有责备的意思。Youshouldhavestartedearlierthismorning.Youshouldn’thavetreatedherlikethat.二.will和would的用法。1.用于疑问句表示请求、建议等，would比will的语气更加委婉。Willyoupleasegivemeahand?Wouldyoumindmysmokinghere?2.表示意志、愿望和决心。Iwillneverdothatagain.Theyaskedusifwewoulddothatagain.3.用“willbe”和“willhavedone”的结构表示推测，主要用于二、三人称，前者表示对目前的情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。Thiswillbethebookyouwant.Hewillhavearrivedbynow.4.would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向，表示过去习惯时比usedto正式，同时它没有“现在已无此习惯”的含义。Iwouldvisithimduringmyvacation.Thepatientwouldnotrecover. 1.表示料想或猜想。Hewouldbeyournewteacher.Hewouldnotcomeanymore.一.oughtto的用法。1.oughtto表示应该时意义与should基本一致，但更侧重于一种义务或责任。Yououghttotakecareofhim.Parentsoughttobringuptheirchildren.2.表示推测，注意与must表示推测时的区别。Hemustbehomebynow.Heoughttobehomebynow.Thisiswhereshemustbe.Thisiswheresheoughttobe.3.oughttohavedone的用法与shouldhavedone的用法相同注意：oughtto在美国英语中，用于否定句和疑问句时，to可以省略。如：Oughtyousmokesomuch?Yououghtn’tsmokesomuch.二.usedto;hadbetter;wouldrather的用法。1.usedto表示过去习惯动作或状态，现在已经不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变。如：Hetoldusheusedtoplayfootballwhenhewasyoung.1)在疑问句、否定句或否定疑问句中，可有两种形式。疑问句：Didyouusedto/Usedyoutogotothesameschoolasyourbrother?否定句：Iusedn’tto/didn’tusetogothere.(usedn’t也可为usen’t,发音不变)。否定句疑问句：Usedn’tyouto/Didn’tyouusedtobeinterestedintheplay?2)在附加疑问句和简略答语中，也可有两种形式。Sheusedtobeveryfat,didn’t/usedn’tshe?—Didyouusedto/Usedyoutoplaychess?—Yes,Idid/usedto.2.hadbetter意为“最好”，后接不带to不定式。Wehadbettergonow.Hadn’twebetterstopnow?IthinkI’dbetterbegoing.Youhadbetterhavedonethat.3.wouldrather意为“宁愿”，表示选择，后接不带to的不定式。I’drathernotsayanything.Wouldyouratherworkonafarm?—Wouldn’tyouratherstayhere?—No,Iwouldnot.I’drathergothere.由于wouldrather表选择，故后面可接than.IwouldratherwatchTVthangotoseethangotoseethefilm.Iwouldratherthrowitawaythanyoushouldget it.（若than后面接从句常用shoulddo）I’dratheryoudidn’ttalkaboutthistoanyone.※wouldrather还可写为wouldsooner/wouldassoon.专项训练单项选择1.—Mustwedoitnow?—No,you________.A.won’tB.needn’tC.can’tD.don’t2.You________tothemeetingthisafternoonifyouhavesomethingimportanttodo.A.needn’ttocomeB.don’tneedcomeC.don’tneedcomingD.needn’tcome3.—MayIpickaflowerinthegarden?—________.A.No,youneedn’tB.Not,pleaseC.No,youmustn’tD.No,youwon’t4.—CanIleavethisdooropenatnight?—You________betternot.A.should.B.wouldC.couldD.had5.Putonmoreclothes.You________befeelingcoldwithonlyashirton.A.canB.couldC.wouldD.must6.Ithoughtyou________likesomethingtoread,soIhavebroughtyousomebooks.A.mayB.mightC.couldD.must7.Therewasplentyoftime.She________.A.mustn’thavehurriedB.couldn’thavehurriedC.mustnothurryD.needn’thavehurried8.Whereismypen?I________it.A.mightloseB.wouldhavelostC.shouldhavelostD.musthavelost9.Ididn’thearthephone.I________asleep.A.mustbeB.musthavebeenC.shouldbeD.shouldhavebeen10.He________youmorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.A.mighthavegivenB.mightgiveC.mayhavegivenD.maygive11.Acomputer________thinkforitself;itmustbetoldwhattodo.A.can’tB.couldn’tC.maynotD.mightnot12.—Shallwegoskatingorstayathome?—Which________doyourself?A.doyouratherB.wouldyouratherC.willyouratherD.shouldyourather13.Tomoughtnotto________meyoursecret,buthemeantnoharm.A.havetoldB.tellC.istellingD.havingtold14.—Don’tforgettocometopmybirthdaypartytomorrow.—________.A.Idon’tB.Iwon’tC.Ican’tD.Ihaven’t15.Itnearlyseveno’clock.Jack________behereatanymoment. A.mustB.needC.shouldD.can1.—CanIhelpyou,sir?—Yes.Iboughtthisradiohereyesterday,butit________.A.didn’tworkB.won’tworkC.can’tworkD.doesn’twork2.Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryone________getout.A.hadtoB.wouldC.couldD.wasableto3.—WhencanIcomeforthephotos?Ineedthemtomorrowafternoon.—They________bereadyby12:00.A.canB.shouldC.mightD.need4.—Willyoustayforlunch?—Sorry,________.Mybrotheriscomingtoseeme.A.Imustn’tB.Ican’tC.Ineedn’tD.Iwon’t5.—AreyoucomingtoJeff’sparty?—I’mnotsure.I________gototheconcertinsteadA.mustB.wouldC.shouldD.might6.Iwasreallyanxiousaboutyou.You________homewithoutaword.A.mustn’tleaveB.shouldn’thaveleftC.couldn’thaveleftD.needn’tleave7.—IsJohncomingbytrain?—Heshould,buthe________not.Helikesdrivinghiscar.A.mustB.canC.needD.may8.Aleft-luggageofficeisaplacewherebags________beleftforashorttime,especiallyatarailwaystation.A.shouldB.canC.mustD.will9.I’lldoallI________helpyou.A.canB.cantoC.amabletoD.could10.Who________itbethathasleftthebookonmydesk?A.mustB.shallC.mayD.can11.Iwishtotakeawalkwithyou,________?A.willyouB.shallweC.mayID.shallI12.Robots________alotofworkinplaceofus.A.areusedtodoB.usedtodoC.areusedtodoingD.usedtodoing13.HemusthavesufferedagreatdealfromtheGreatCulturalRevolution,________he?A.mustn’tB.needn’tC.didn’tD.hasn’t14.Yououghtn’ttohavedonewrongtohim,________you?A.oughtB.willC.oughttoD.did15.It’sverylate.You________gohomenow.A.hadbetterB.wouldliketoC.wouldratherD.wouldsooner多项选择 1.Thefellow________havemadesomemistakesatschool.A.canB.mayC.mustD.might2.You________takeasmuchasyoucan.A.shouldB.canC.mayD.must3.Oldasheis,he________walkasfastastheyoungmen.A.mayB.isabletoC.canD.doesn’thaveto4.IamsorrythatI________gonow.A.mayB.havetoC.shouldD.must5.________youdomeafavourtohelpmeout?A.ShouldB.CanC.WillD.Would6.He’sgonetoWuhan.He________beintheclassroomnow.A.can’tB.mustn’tC.maynotD.might7.It’sterrible.Why________itraintoday?A.mustB.oughtC.havetoD.should8.—MayIopenthedoor?—No,you________.A.won’tB.maynotC.mustn’tD.wouldn’t9.Parents________carefortheirchildren.It’stheirduty.A.shouldB.oughttoC.mustD.haveto10.Thatwomanwithglasses________beyourteacher.A.mayB.wouldC.mustD.mightKEY:1—10.BDCDDBDDBA11—20ABABCDDBBD21—30.BDDBDCACAA1.BC32.ABCD33.BC34.BCD35.BCD36.A37.A38.BC39.ABCD40.ABCD九、Therebe句式“Therebe”表示“存在”意义。本文对其用法作一归纳，供同学们参考。一、Therebe＋n.＋现在分词/过去分词/不定式。此句式中的非谓语动词用作定语。例如：1.Thereweresomanypeoplewatchingthefirethatthefirefighterscouldnotgetclosetotheburningbuilding.2.Themineralsstayinthelake,becausethereisnoriverflowingoutofthelake.3.Thereissomeoneatthegatetoseeyou.4.Thereweremillionsofpeoplekilledinthewar.二、therebe构成的独立主格结构在句中作状语，表示原因，条件等。例如：1.Therebeingnobus,hehadtowalkhome.(=Astherewasnobus,hehadtowalkhome.)2.Therehavingbeenmuchrain,thepotatoeswentbadinthesoil. (=Sincetherehadbeenmuchrain,thepotatoeswentbadinthesoil.)一、there常与seemtobe,appeartobe,besuretobe,belikelytobe,happentobe等连用，为therebe句式增添新的含义。例如：1.Thereseemtobeseveralreasonsforchangingtheirminds.2.Thereissuretobearestaurantnearhere.3.Therearelikelytobemoredifficultiesthanweexpected.4.Therehappenedtobenobodyintheoffice.二、therebe可用于下列句式：1.Thereisnousearguingwiththeoldwoman.2.Thereisnogoodsmoking.You’dbettergiveitup.3.Thereisnoneedtoleaveamessage.4.Thereisnosense(in)makingyourparentsangry.5.Thereisnoharm(in)takingmoreexercise.6.Thereisnopoint(in)punishingsuchalittleboy.三、therebe中的be表示“存在”概念，它可以由下列表示“存在”意义的动词取代：A.there和exist,remain,live,lie,stand等静态动词连用，表示一种状态。例如：1.Oncetherelivedakingwhoonlycaredfornewclothes.2.Therestandsatowerinthecenterofthecity.3.Thereremainsnothingtobedone.B.there与come,go,occur,enter,follow,rush,run等动态动词连用，描述某事的发生或某人、某物的到达。例如：1.Thereoccurredaworld-shakingincidentthatyear.2.Therefollowedaterriblenoiseafterthesuddenburstoflight.3.Therecomesabus.4.Theregoesthebell.四、therebe可以和情态动词连用。例如：1.“Theremustbesomemistakes.”saidDr.Baker.2.Ifyouthinktheremaybeanearthquake,itisbettertobuildhousesonrock,notonsand.3.Therecan’thavebeenmuchtrafficsolatethatevening.五、there可以和be的各种时态连用。例如：1.Therewillbe/isgoingtobeanimportantexamnextweek.2.Therehavebeengreatchangesinourhometownsince1978.3.Hesaidtherewasgoingtobe/wouldbeafilmthisevening.六、主谓一致。在therebe句式中，真正的主语是其后的名词、名词短语或代词，形成倒装句式，但这种倒装句没有相应的自然语序。be动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如出现并列主语，be动词一般应与最靠近它的主语保持人称和数的一致。例如：1.Thereisapen,twopencilsandthreebooksonthedesk.2.Therearethreebooks,twopencilsandapenonthedesk. 一、如果陈序部分是由therebe句式构成，则应注意其末尾简短问句的构成。例如：1.Thereisabikeinthegarden,isn’tthere?2.Thereusedtobeawellintheyard,usedn’t/didn’tthere?3.Thereseemstobeatalltreebehindthehouse,doesn’tthere?十、谈“morethan”与“lessthan”在中学英语学习中，morethan和lessthan的使用频率相当高，用法也较为复杂。笔者在此将其做分别归类，以便同学们在学习中参考。一、morethan1.morethan可放在数词之前，表示“超过；不止；以上”，用于此意义时可与over互换使用。如：Altogethermorethan70percentofthesurfaceofourplanetiscoveredbywater.“整个说来，我们这个星球的表面有百分之七十以上为水所覆盖。”2.morethan可放在名词之前，表示“不只是；不仅仅”。Hibernationismorethansleep.“冬眠不仅仅是睡眠。”Bambooisusedformorethanbuilding.“竹子不只是用于建筑。”3.morethan可用于形容词或副词前，表示“非常；十分”，与very同义。Sheismorethancareful.“她非常细心。”Inclass,helistensmorethanattentively.“在课堂上，他听讲十分认真。”4.morethan之后接带有can的从句时，常表示“否定意义”。此时，从句中的谓语必须是及物动词，并且与句子的主语发生逻辑上的动宾关系。例如：Thissecretismorethanwecanletout.“这个秘密我们是不能泄露的。”（主语secret是letout的逻辑宾语。）比较：lessthan“不；很少；不到”，具有否定意义。a)接形容词、副词：Wewerebusyandlessthandelightedtohavecompanythatday.“那天我们很忙，不高兴有客人来。”b)Theyoungmanislessthantwentyyearsold.“这个年轻人不到20岁。”二、more…than1.“与其…不如…”；“是…而不是…”，常可与“ratherthan或notsomuch…as”互换使用。Heismorelikeaspearthananythingelse.=Heislikeaspearratherthananythingelse.=Heisnotsomuchlikeanythingelseaslikeaspear.“与其说他（指大象）像别的什么东西，不如说他像一根梭镖。”又如：Heismorepoltroonthancautious.“与其说他谨慎不如说他是怯懦。”2.more…than之后接含有can的从句同样表示否定意义。TomhasmoreinsolencethanIcanstand.=Tom’sinsolenceismorethanI canstand.“汤姆的傲慢使我难以忍受。”比较：less…than“不象…；不是…”Josephislesshonestthanhisbrother.(约瑟弗不是/象他兄弟那样诚实。)一、nomorethan或notanymorethan两者的意思均为“只有；仅仅；不过”（=only;just）。前者多用于书面语；后者常用于口语。AbramLincoln’swholeschooleducationaddeduptonomorethanoneyear.“亚伯拉罕·林肯所受的全部学校教育总共不过一年。”比较：nolessthan“不少于；不下于…之多；多达；”。Inthatbattle,wewipedoutnolessthantwentythousandenemies.“在那一次战役中，我们消灭敌人不下两万人。”二、nomore…than或not…anymorethan1.“和…一样地不…”，意味着两者都否定，但往往着重说明前面的一个分句，其作用相当于“neither…nor”。例如：MaryisnomorediligentthanTom.=NeitherMarynorTomisdiligent.“玛丽和汤姆俩人都不勤奋。”2.“不…正如…不…一样”，常用来加重说话者的语气。例如：WecannomoreleavethePartythanfishcanleavewater.“我们不能离开党，正如鱼儿离不开水一样。”比较：noless…than“（至少）和…一样”Heisnolessactivethanheusedtobe.“他和以前一样活跃。”三、notmorethan常用于数词之前，意为“至多；顶多；不超过”，其意义与at(the)most相同。Thereonsomehayonthegroundlayapeasantboyofnotmorethanseventeen.“地上的干草上躺着一个农家孩子，最多不过17岁。”比较：notlessthan“不少于”，意义同at(the)least。严格说来，nolessthan和notlessthan有所区别，但现代英语中已经混用，均相当于“asmanyas”。Ourschoolhasnotlessthan/nolessthanthreethousandstudents.“我们学校拥有学生不下三千人。”四、notmore…than“不如…；不及于…”，语气常着重于后面的一个分句，常可与“notso/as…as”互换使用。Thisstoryisnotmoreinterestingthanthatone.=Thisstoryisnoso/asinterestingthanthatone.“这个故事不如那个故事有趣。”比较：严格说来notless…than的意思是“至少不比…差”，意味着或许还要强一些，但现在基本和nolessthan混用。HisEnglishisnotlessthanyours.“他的英语至少不比你的英语差。” 十一、主谓一致三原则英语中主谓一致是指句中的谓语动词和主语在人称和数上保持一致。在做涉及主谓一致的练习时,同学们有时会觉得顾此失彼。究其原因,往往是没有把握住主语的真正内涵,考虑不周全。笔者对此问题作一总结,供同学们参考。一般来说,主谓一致要遵循以下三个原则:一、语法一致原则主谓一致是指句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致。(1)主语后面有aswellas,with,together,alongwith,but,like,except,including等非并列连接性短语时,谓语动词不受该短语中名词数的影响,仍和主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如:Nooneexcepttwoboyswaslateforschool.Therewasabillalongwiththeparce1.Theteacheraswellasthestudentslikesthispainting.(2)由and或both.…and连接的名词作复合主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:Theredroseandthewhiteroseareverybeautifu1.Bothbreadandbutterweresoldoutinthatshop.但要注意,如果连接的两个名词表示同一概念,即指同一个人或物时(其特征是and后的名词没有任何冠词),则主语表示单数意义。例如:Thesecretaryandprincipaloftheschoo1waspresentatthemeeting.ThewriterandpoethasdecidedtobeonholidayinGuilin.(3)在each.…andeach...,every...andevery...,no...and...后分别跟单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:Thereisnosoundandnovoiceinthereadingroom.InChinaeverymanandeverywomanhastherighttovoteonthisproblem.(4)either,each,neither或no+单数名词以及由no,some,any,every等构成的复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词都用单数形式。例如:Iseveryoneheretoday?Eachofushasanewbook.Neitheriscorrect.需要说明的是：在口语中,如果either,neither和none后面有"of+复数名词/代词"作主语时,动词用单数或复数形式均可。例如:Neitherofthemis/arecorrect.Noneofthedoctorshave/hasbeentotheGreatWall.但要注意"noneof+单数名词"作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。(5)动词不定式、动名词或名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:Tosayisonething,todoisanother.Seeingisbelieving.Whathehasdoneisright. 但由what引导的主语从句作主语时,如果其表语是复数形式,谓语动词通常用复数形式。例如:Whathetookwithhimwerethreebooks.(6)manya后接单数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:Manyapilotwaskilledintheairraid.(7)由alotof,lotsof,plentyof,therest/majorityof+名词,以及由"分数或百分数+名词"等构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的单、复数形式则要根据名词的单、复数而定。例如:Two-thirdsoftheprofitwasmadeonthatdeal.Therestofthestudentsareboys.Twopercentofthestudentsinourclassareboys.Thereisstilllotsofwaterinthelake.(8)在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语保持一致。例如:Onthedeskaremanydifferentbooks.Sucharethefacts.Theregoesthebell.二、就近一致原则如果句子有两个或两个以上的主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式是根据靠近它的主语的单复数来确定的。它主要用于下列情形:⑴由or,either...or...,neither...nor,notonly...butalso...,not...but...等连接并列主语时。例如:NotonlyhebutalsoIdon"tknowofthematter.NotonlyIbutalsohedoesn"tknowofthematter.EitherheorhisclassmatesaregoingtoGuilintoday.(2)在"therebe..."句型中。例如:Thereisanapple,twopearsandsomeorangesontheplate.Therearethreestudents,twoviewersandourheadmastertalkingtogether.三、逻辑意义一致原则该原则指的是:谓语动词的单复数形式不是根据语法形式而是根据主语的内在涵义(即有时主语的单数形式表达的是复数的涵义,反之亦然)确定的。(1)表示时间、重量、长度、价值等名词,尽管其形式是复数,但在概念上是一个整体,它作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework.Tenmultipliedbythreemakesthirty.Tendollarsistoodear.Twohundredmilesisagooddistance.(2)书名、影片名、格言、剧名、报刊名、国名等的复数形式往往用作单数。例如:TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry.TheArabianNightsisaninterestingstory-book.(3)family,group,class,army,government,team, enemy等集体名词表示整体概念时应看作单数,但表示组成的个体成员时,应看作复数。例如:OurfamilylivesinWuhan.MyfamilylikewatchingTVatweekend.Thefootballteamarehavinglunchnow.Hisclassisonthesecondfloor.注意:people,police,cattle等集体名词作主语时,常表示复数涵义。(4)"the+形容词/分词"结构作主语表示一类人时,常看作复数;表示抽象概念时,常看作单数。例如:Theblindareoftenlookeddownuponatpresent.Thewoundedwerestillnotwelltreated.Thebeautifullivesforever.(5)某些以"-s"或"-es"结尾的表示疾病、学科、游戏等名称的名词和means,news,works等常看作单数。例如:Diabetes(糖尿病)isaveryseriousdisease.Everymeanshasbeentriedtosavetheboy.Anironworksisfarfromhere.(6)what,who,which,more,most,all等代词作主语时,表示的是单数还是复数涵义要根据意义或上下文来确定。例如:Whichareyourbooks?Allisgoingwell.AllhavegonetoBeijing.(7)"oneandahalf+名词复数"表数量作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:Oneandahalfpearshasbeenleftonthetable.总之,在语言实践中,我们不仅要记住一般的语法规则,更要把握好有些名词的内在涵义,注意提高辨别能力,才能做好有关主谓一致的题目。巩固训练1.Allbutone__________presentatthemeetingjustnow.A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.were2.NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMary__________tiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.A.isB.areC.amD.be3.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooks________tothenationasagift.A.isofferedB.hasofferedC.areofferedD.haveoffered4.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory________yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided5.Thenumberofpeopleinvited____fifty,butanumberofthem____absentfordifferentreasons.A.were;wasB.was;wasC.was;wereD.were;were6.Atthebusstop__________asoldierandtwoyoungpeopleontheirwayto thevillage.A.wereB.wasC.isD.sits1.Iflawandorder________,neitherthecitizennorhisfamilyissafe.A.arenotpreserved(维护)B.isnotpreservedC.werenotpreservedD.haven’tbeenpreserved2.Thespeakeratthemeetingagreedthatthewaysinwhichtelevisioncaneducateaperson______almostinfinite(无限的).A.beB.areC.isD.was3.There________littlechangeinthatmiddleschool.A.haveB.hadC.havebeenD.hasbeen4.Settingfirestopublicbuildings__________verydangerous.A.areB.wereC.haveD.is5.Theteacher,aswellasalotofstudents,__________invitedtotheballyesterday.A.wasB.wereC.isD.are6.Thequalityofthebooks__________poor.A.isB.areC.haveD.has7.Oneofthedoctors__________open.A.isB.areD.haveD.were8.__________betterwagesandworkingconditions.A.WhatinteresttheworkersmostareB.WhatintereststheworkersmostareC.What’sinterestingtheworkersmostisD.Whatintereststheworkersmostis9.Manyastudentandteacher________practiceinthisfactory.A.ishavingB.haveC.arehavingD.having10.Thethiefwasbeingsearchedforbythepolicewho________runningafter.A.isB.areC.wasD.were11.Therich________fortheproposal,butthepooragainstit.A.is;isB.are;are;C.was;wasD.is;are12.Eachboyandeachgirlinourclass________toseethefilm.A.wantB.iswantingC.wantsD.waswanting13.Theclass________TVintheclassroomwhentheteachercamein.A.iswatchingB.waswatchingC.arewatchingD.werewatching14.Over70percentofthepopulationofChina________peasants.A.wasB.wereC.isD.are15.Morethanoneanswer________tothequestion.A.hadgivenB.weregivenC.hasbeengivenD.havebeengiven16.TheArabianNights________wellknowntoEnglishlovers. A.isB.areC.wereD.was1.I,who________yourgoodfriend,willshareyourjoysandsorrows.A.wasB.isC.areD.am2.Atthefootofthemountain________alotoftrees.A.aregrownB.isstandingC.growD.stands3.Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearly________agoodhabit.A.areB.isC.beD.willbe4.—________eitherheorIfitforthejob?—Neitherhenoryou________.A.Am;areB.Is;areC.Are;areD.Is;is5.Idon’tthinkthreedays________enoughforsuchatrip.A.isB.areC.isn’tD.aren’t6.Everymeans________tried.A.hasbeenB.havebeenC.areD.were7.Filmsofthiskind________notworthseeing.A.isB.areC.didD.has8.HebroughtmetwonovelsandanEnglishdictionary.Such________thegiftshegaveme.A.wasB.wereC.isD.are1—10.DBAACABBDD11—20.AAABADBCDD21—30.CADCBBAABB十二、非谓语动词所谓非谓语动词，顾名思义也就是不能单独用作谓语的动词（但与助动词结合可构成“进行时态、系表结构、完成时态、被动语态等谓语形式”），非谓语动词在英语句子结构中用法非常广泛、灵活，可充当主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、状语等。现在笔者向同学们作分类介绍：动词不定式一、不定式作主语1.一般置于句首：Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearonehundredtimes.2.常见用it代替它作形式主语，而把不定式或不定式结构移到句尾：It"sourdutytoservethepeople．3.在含有不定式作主语的疑问句或感叹句中，一般只用it作形式主语。常见：Isitagoodideatoplantsomeflowersthere？不可以说：*Istoplantsomeflowersthereagoodidea？二、不定式作表语连系动词be，seem，appear，get，remain等常用不定式作表语，如果主语部分有实义动词do时，表语常可用不带to的不定式。例如： MyideaistohaveatriponSunday．TheonlythingIcandonowiswaitathome.一、不定式作动词宾语1.动词＋不定式：Thegirlaskedtoseetheheadmaster．常见的跟带to的不定式结构作宾语的动词有：agree，aim，arrange，ask，choose，decide，demand，pretend，expect，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，wish，want，hate等。但help后的不定式常可省掉的，如：Theyhelped（to）dothecleaningthismorning.2.动词十疑问词（why除外）＋不定式：Wemustfindoutwhattodonext.常见能跟“疑问词十不定式”结构作宾语的动词有：decide，findout，forget，know，learn，remember，see，think，understand，wonder等。3.形式宾语it十宾语补足语十不定式Ifeltitmydutytoreportittotheheadmaster．有时也用：形式宾语it＋宾语补足语＋for＋名词＋不定式：Allthesenoisesmadeitimpossibleformetogoonwiththework.后接以上结构的常用动词有：feel，find，make，think，count等。二、不定式作介词宾语一般说来，不定式不用作介词宾语。但在以下两种情况则可以。1.在介词but／except之后接不定式作宾语。如果but／except前有实义动词do，but／except后的不定式通常不带to；如果but／except前没有实义动词do，but／except后的不定式—般要带to。试比较：Theycoulddonothingbutwaitfortheteachertoarrive.Heseldomcomesexcepttoaskforhelp.2.介词＋疑问词（why除外）＋带to的不定式Theyaretalkingaboutwheretospendtheirholiday.Everyonehashisownideaofhowtodoit.三、不定式作宾语补足语这类结构常见的有：1.动词＋宾语＋带to的不定式Theywarnedusnottogooutatnight.后接“宾语＋带to的不定式”的动词常见的有：advise，allow，ask，command，encourage，forbid，force，invite，require，order，persuade，cause，callon，waitfor，show,how，teach／teachhow，tell／tellhow等。2.动词十宾语＋不带to的不定式：Didyounoticeanyonetakeawaymyraincoat？后接“宾语十不带to的不定式”的动词常见的有：feel，see，hear，let，have，make，watch，listento,notice，observe等。注意：1)feel十宾语＋tobe的不定式时，to不可省略。2)let变为被动态，而后面要接to的不定式时，to可保留也可省略。3)have，notice，watch不用于被动语态。 1)see，hear，make，listento,notice，observe变为被动态时，后面须要改接带to的不定式：Thatmadeuswaitforfiveyears.＞＞＞Weweremadetowaitforfivehours.一、不定式作定语不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，往往表示将要发生的行为。Ihavenowishtobecomeasailor.1.不定式与所修饰的名词之间的逻辑关系1)动宾关系：Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay？（anything是tosay的逻辑宾语）Ihavealotofthingstodo.(todo与alotofthings之间存在逻辑动宾关系。)2)说明修饰的名词的内容：Shehasawishtogobacktoherhomevillage.（不定式说明wish的具体内容）3)主谓关系：ThenextmantocomeisMr.．Green（thenextman是tocome的逻辑主语）2.“不及物动词不定式＋介词”作后置定语如果作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，有时需要加上一个适当的介词才能同所修饰的名词发生联系：Theyhadnohousetolivein．Thereisnothing（forus）toworryabout.当不定式修饰time，place或way时，后面一般都省掉介词，例如：Theyhadnoplacetolive.（一般不加in）Thereisstillplentyoftimetofinishthework.Thisisthewaytowashmyteeth．3.不定式用在thefirst，thesecond以及thelast，theonly等后，或用在最高级后作定语。Helovesparties；Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.Shewasthelastonetohandinherpaper．二、不定式作状语1.表示目的：Hewasrunningtocatchthebus.不定式作目的状语时，前后常加inorder或soas。如：Hecamehereinordertolearnfromyou.Iwentearlysoasnottomissthetrain.注意：to或inorderto引起的状语可放在句首或句尾：而soasto引起的状语只能放在句中或句尾。2.表示结果：Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet. 不定式作结果状语时，常与以下结构搭配：1)so…asto“如此…以致……”Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourdictionary？2)such…asto“如此……以致¨…·”Heissuchafoolastothinkthathe"llbeaking.3)enoughto“足以……”Thisseafishlooksalmostgoodenoughtoeat.Hedidn"tjumphighenoughtowinaprize.4)too…to…“太…而不（以致不）…”Hewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.但要注意，在以下句子中的too…to并无否定意义：不定式也不表示结果：Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome．（onlytoo=very）Theyweretooanxioustoleave.（too＝very）It"stookindofyoutohavetoldmethat.（不定式作主语）Youaretooreadytoquarrelwithothers.（不定式作ready的状语）5)不定式前用only表示不愿得到的或出乎意料的结果。试比较HewenttotheInternetbartoseehisfriend.（表目的）HewenttotheInternetbaronlytoseehisteacher.（表结果）1.表示原因：Wejumpedwithjoytohearthenews.从上可看出，表示目的、结果、原因的不定式结构形式相似，区别在于词汇意思不同，试比较：Thewomanwepttoobtainsympathy.（目的：为获得同情）Thewomanwepttobecomealltears.（结果：泪流满面）Thewomanwepttohearthebadnews.（原因：因闻此坏消息）一、不定式的复合结构1.for＋名词或代词宾格＋带to的不定式如果不定式结构的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，可以用for引起的短语来表示：Itwillbeamistakeforusnottohelpthem。We"dbetterfindsomeworkforthestudentstodo．2.of＋名词或代词＋带to的不定式在it作先行词的句中，如果表语是形容词，而这个形容词又用来表不定式逻辑主语的人或动物的性格特征或行为表现等，这时，不定式的逻辑主语常用of引起的短语表示：It"skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.（=Youaresokindtothinksomuchofus.）常见能用于这类结构的形容词有：brave，clever，cruel，foolish，good，honest，horrible，kind，Lazy，nice，polite，rude，selfish，silly，stupid，wise等。二、不定式的否定式 在不定式前面加not，never等构成其否定式，如果该不定式前不带to，则直接在动词原形前面加not，never等。例如：TheygotupearlysoasnottomisstheearlybusTheydecidednottoaccepttheirinvitation.You"dbetternotgotothepartytonight.Theyarebelievednottohavedonesuchathing.一、不定式的完成式1.形式：（以do为例）tohavedone（主动形式），tohavebeendone（被动形式）；2.用法：不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，常用不定式的完成式：HeissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutEurope.不定式的完成式主要用于以下几种情况：1)和seem，happen，appear，besaid，bebelieved，bethought等连用，构成复合谓语：Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready．2)用在作表语的形容词glad，sorry，lucky等后面作状语：3)用在pretend，expect，mean，wouldlike等动词后面作宾语：Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit，butIforgottodoso.二、不定式的进行式1.形式：（以do为例）tobedoing2.用法：如果谓语动词表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式：Heseemstobeenjoyinghimself.不定式的进行式主要可以用于：1)构成复合谓语：Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver．2)在某些动词后构成复合宾语：Wedidn"texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.3)在某些动词后作宾语：Youdon"tneedtobeworryingabouther.Sheissafeathome.三、不定式的被动式1.形式：（以do为例）tobedone（一般式），tohavebeendone（完成式）；2.用法：当不定式的逻辑主语是用不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式：Sheaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountry．这种形式可以用来做主语、宾语、定语、状语，并可构成复合宾语或复合谓语。但须注意的是，在某些结构中不定式虽然表示被动的含义，用的却是主动形式：Westillhavemanydifficultiestosmoothaway．Theyfoundthesentencehardtounderstand. 在以上句子中，虽然不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，但与句子中另一个名词（代词）却可能有主谓关系，运或许是用主动形式的原因。如果不存在这种主谓关系，这不定式仍常用被动式：Letmeshowyoutheroomtobeusedasteachers’readingroom.巩固训练1.Thegirlseemedveryinterestedinwatchingme________theexperiment.A.todoB.doC.indoingD.fordoing2.Wewishyou________howdisappointedwewerewhenweheardthenews..A.realizeB.realizingC.torealizeD.willrealize3.What________youtomakesuchadecision?A.madeB.letC.hadD.caused4.Bob’spar4entswantBob________alltherulesatschool.A.obeyB.toobeyC.obeyingD.willobey5.manyparentsclosedtheirchildren________owndecisions.A.tomaketheirB.makingtheC.madetheirD.willmaketheir6.Willyouattendthemeeting________nextmonth?A.toholdB.beingheldC.tobeheldD.willbeheld7.Wewon’t________himbetreatedinthatway.A.makeB.permitC.haveD.let8.Wedidn’texpectctyou________forushere.A.waitingB.tobewaitingC.tohavewaitedD.waited9.Heisbelieved________anewbook.A.havingalreadywrittenB.alreadywritingC.towritealreadyD.tohavealreadywritten10.Mostoftheofficialsthinkthebestman________thepositionisProfessorJohnson.A.holdingB.toholdC.havingheldD.willhold11.Itisimportant________toturnoffthelightwhenyouleavetheroom.A.rememberB.torememberC.ofrememberingD.remembering12.Itisgreathonor________presentatthismeeting.A.forustobeB.forustoC.ofustobeD.foryourbeing13.It’skind________somuchofus.A.foryoutothinkB.foryouthinkingC.ofyoutothinkD.ofyouthinking14.WhatIwouldsuggestis________thejobrightaway.A.tostartB.startsC.ofstaringD.forstaring15.It’sanewdictionary,heseems________thisbooktheotherday.A.tobuyB.buyingC.tohaveboughtD.tohavebeenboughtKEY:BCDBACDCDBBACAC 动名词一、动名词作主语1.一般置于句首：ReadingEnglishiseasierthanspeakingit.2.有时也可以用it作形式主语，而把动名词放在谓语动词之后。Itwillbeniceseeingthemagain.这类句子结构常见的还有：1)It’snouse…；Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.2)It"snogood…；Itisnogoodfeelingself——satisfiedoveryourfirstsuccess．3)Isitanygood…？Isitanygoodtryingtoexp1ain？4)It"sawasteoftime…；It"sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.3.动名词还可以在Thereisno…句子结构中做主语：Thereisnoaskinghimtocomenow．Heisbusy．这种句子中的动名词常带有宾语，其句型含义相当于Itisimpossibletodo…二、动名词作表语连系动词常与动名词连用，一起构成复合谓语：OurtaskisbuildingChinaintoapowerfu1modernsocialistcountry.三、动名词作宾语1.作动词宾语：Thisfactoryhasstoppedproducingtheoldtypeofengine.必须接动名词作宾语的动词常见的有：consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，excuse，finish，giveup，cannothelp（禁不住），imagine，mind，miss，practise，putoff，resist，suggest，pardon，stop，allow，permit，forbid，appreciate等。2.作介词宾语：在介词后面，常常用动名词作宾语，这样构成的介词短语常用作定语或状语Thereareseveralwaysofdoingit.（定语）Afterfinishingtheexperiments，wewrotedowntheresults.（状语）这样的介词短语间或作表语：Iamforputtingthemeetingoff.须接动名词做介词宾语的成语很多，最常见的有：Insiston,thinkofdreamofhearofprevent…from,keep…from,stop…from,beengagedin,lookforwardto，dependon，thank…for,feellike，excuse…for,aimat,devote…to,setabout,spend…（in），waste…(in),get／beusedto，befondofbeafraidof,betiredofsucceedin,beinterestedin,feel／beashamedof,beproudof等。四、动名词的逻辑主语：动名词之前可以加上一个物主代词、名词的所有格、人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格，来表示这个动名词的逻辑主语。 1.物主代词＋动名词这种结构可置于句首，也可放在句中或句末，常可用作主语、表语、宾语或介词宾语：Hisgoingtherewon"tdoanyharm（主语）Doyouthinkhisgoingtherewillbeofanyhelp？（主语）What"stroublingthemistheirnothavingenoughfood．（表语）Theyinsistedonmystayingtherefordinner.（宾语）2.名词的所有格＋动名词其用法与“物主代词＋动名词”相同：WeallthoughtTom"sgoingthereagreatmistake.3.人称代词宾格＋动名词（不能放在句首用作主语）Hewasangryaboutmenothavingtoleaveearly.4.名词的普通格＋动名词（不能放在句首用作主语）Idon"tlikeyoungpeoplesmoking.其它情况下的动名词的逻辑主语形式1)如果动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的东西，就只能用普通格。Isthereanyhopeofyourfactorywinningthegame？2)如果动名词的逻辑主语是一个较长的名词词组，也只能用普通格：Didyoueverhearofamanofgoodsenserefusingsuchanorder？3)当动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词、指示代词或指时间的it时，常用其宾格：Thereisnochanceofthatbeingsettled.I’msorry.Ihavenoideaofitbeingmidnight.二、动名词的否定式1.一般式：notdoing（主动形式）：notbeingdone（被动形式）2.完成式：nothavingdone（主动形式）；nothavingbeendone（被动形式）注意：当动名词带有逻辑主语时，not应放在逻辑主语后面。如：hisnotseeingthefilm.三、动名词的完成式其形式为：（以do为例）havingdone（主动形式）；havingbeendone（被动形式）。如果动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，常用其完成式：Hewaspraisedforhavingcompletedthirtyyearsofteach.但是在forget，remember，regret等动词和apologizefor，excuse…for，thank…for等成语后，经常可用动名词的一般式来代替其完成式：Irememberposting（＝havingposted）theletter．Excusemeforcoming（＝havingcome）late四、动名词的被动式其形式为：（以do为例）beingdone（一般式）；havingbeendone（完成式）当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象；当句中的主语逻辑上是动名词所表示的动作的对象时，动名词一般要用被动式（多数情况下用一般被动式代替完成被动式）： Theyinsistedontheirbeingtreatedasordinaryworkers.Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.巩固训练1.Peoplecallthat________twobirdswithonestone.A.killB.killedC.killingD.beingkilled2.It’snogoodhis________intheseconditions.A.workB.toworkC.workingD.works3.Wemissed________thefilmwhenitwasshownlastweek.A.seeingB.toseeC.thatwesawD.havingbeenseen4.hethoughtthathisfearsof________hadbeenprovedtrue.A.foolingB.tofoolC.beingfooledD.tobefooled5.AfterthatheexpectedPetertodotheeworkwithout________how.A.tellB.totellC.tellingD.beingtold6.Henevertoldmeabouthis________theexperimentmanytimes.A.todoB.doingC.havingdoneD.havingbeendone7.Thereisno________whatwillhappen.A.tellB.totellC.tellingD.told8.Paulisangryabout________totheparty.A.notinvitingB.nothavinginvitedC.havingnotbeeninvitedD.notbeinginvited9.Sorry,wedon’tallow________here.A.smokingB.tosmokeC.foranyonesmokingD.tobesmoking10.Ihadahardtime________withtheproblem.A.todealB.dealingC.dealtD.tobedealt11.Duringtheholidaypartofhistimewasspent________.A.toswimB.toaswimC.toswimmingD.swimming12.Iwasafraidofthe________downduringthenight.A.housebeingfallenB.housesbeingfallenC.housefallingD.house’sfalling13.Thispreventedtheletter________.A.nottosendB.nottobesendC.fromsendingD.frombeingsent14.Theteacherinsistedon________alittlelouder.A.atthebackthestudent’sspeakingB.thestudent’satthebackspeakingC.thestudentatthebackspeakingD.forthestudentspeakingattheback 1.Thereisachanceof________here.A.severalcomingB.several’scomingC.severals’comingD.forseveralcomingKEY:CCACDCCDABDCDCA分词一、分词的基本概念分词有现在分词和过去分词两种，主要在句中要起形容词和副词的作用。它们可以带有自己的宾语、表语、状语等。现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间关系上:1.在语态上，现在分词表示主动的意思，而及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思：themovingbody（运动着的物体）：themovedbody（被移动的物体）。2.在时间关系上，一般来说，现在分词表示正在进行的动作或动作的进展过程，即它所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的动作几乎是同时发生的；而过去分词表示已完成的动作或己存在的状态，即它所表示的动作一般先于句中谓语动词所表示的动作：Isawsomeoneopeningthedoor.Isawthedooropened.二、分词作定语分词或分词短语作定语，通常是说明句子中名词的，但有时也说明代词one（ones），that(those)，some，others，anything，something等：Thegirlinthenextroomishissister.Today"scomputersareofmuchgreaterdifferencethoseusedinthepast（说明those）1.现在分词作定语1)表示正在进行的动作（变为定语从句时常用进行时态）：Themanstanding（＝Whoisstanding）atthedoorisournewmathsteacher．2)表示经常性动作或现在（或当时）的状态（变为定语从句时常用一般时态）：Theyvisitedthemuseumlying（＝whichlies）nearby.3)动词wish，want，hope，know，think，believe，expect的现在分词短语常可用作定语。例如：Peoplewishing（＝whowished）toseethefilmstarhadwaitedtwohoursoutsidethecinema.4)除以上情况外，用定语从句比用现在分词短语作定语更好。例如：Thestudentswhohadattendedthelecturewerediscussingit.2.过去分词短语作定语1)意指过去分词所表示的动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生：Isthisbookwrittenbytheyoungman？Aletterpostedthismorningwillprobablyreachhertomorrow.2)没有一定的时间性： Idon"tliketoseeletterswritteninpencil.1.作定语时的位置1)单个分词作定语，常置于被说明的词之前，不强调动作而强调某种性质或特征：Thecoldwindwasblowingthroughabrokenwindow.2)单个分词作定语，有时放在被说明的词之后，用来强调动作：Wehavehadgoodharvestsformanyyearsrunning.（我们连续多年获得丰收。）3)分词短语作定语时，通常位于被说明的词之后一、分词作状语分词及分词短语作状语，通常用来说明句中谓语动词。其位置可在句首、句子中间或句末，一般用逗号分开。放在句首的常表示时间、原因、条件；放在句末的常表示结果、方式或伴随情况等。1.现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语应该和句子的主语是一致的。1)作时间状语，相当子when等引起的从句：Seeingthosepictures（＝Whenhesawthosepictures），hecouldn’thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaysinhishometown.Havingdonetheirhomework（＝Aftertheyhaddone／didtheirhomework），theywentswimminginthelake．如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，也常用when或while加分词这种结构：Whenleavingthestation，theywavedagainandagaintous．HegottoknowthemwhileattendingameetinginLondon.2)作原因状语，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：Beingsopoorinthosedays（＝Astheyweresopoor），theycouldn"taffordtosendthechildrentoschool.Nothavingreceivedananswer（＝Asshehadn’treceivedananswer），shewroteanother1ettertoherparents.必须注意：being短语作状语时，通常表示原因，意为“由于某某是…”，不能理解为“当…的时候”。3)作结果状语：Theyopenedfire，killingoneofourvillagers．2.过去分词短语作状语，句中的主语往往是过去分词的逻辑宾语。1)作时间状语，相当于一个表示时间的状语从句：Seenfromthehill（＝Whenitisseenfromthehill），ourtownlooks1ikeabeautifulgarden.2)作原因状语，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：Bornintoapoorfamily（＝Ashewasborninapoorfamily），hegotonlytwoyearsofschooleducation.3)说明谓语所表示的动作发生的背景或情况：Builtin1891，thebuildingisover100yearsOld.二、分词作宾语补足语 1.see／hear／watch／notice√smell／feel／observe／listento／lookat＋宾语＋现在分词：Wewatchedthegirlgoingthroughsomeofthemovementstheyhadjustleaned.Atthismomenthenoticedtheteachercomingin.2.catch／find＋宾语＋现在分词：IcaughtTomreadingmydiaryandhemadeanapologytomeforit.Wefoundatreelyingacrosstheroad.3.have／get／keep／leave＋宾语＋现在分词：I"llhavethecarwaitingatthegate.Willthatbeallright？Doyouthinkyoucangettheradioworking？4.have＋宾语＋过去分词：其中have有三个不同的含义：1)“使…被完成”（常可用get代替have）：I"dliketohave（get）myradiorepaired2)“遭受”、“经历”（不能用get代替）：Hehadhiswatchstolenyesterday.3)“有、拥有”：Hefeltinhispockettoseeifhehadanymoneyleft.5.make＋oneself＋known／understood／heard等过去分词：Herepeatedexplanations，buthecouldn"tmakehimselfunderstood.6.with＋介词宾语＋现在分词或过去分词：Theysatintheroomwiththecurtainsdrawn.Withthetreegrowingtall，wegetmoreandmoreshade.7.like／want／wish／order/＋宾语＋过去分词Hewon"tlikesuchquestionsdiscussedinhishouse.8.find或think、feel等＋宾语＋changed／lost／gone／broken／come等过去分词（说明宾语所处的状态）：Wefoundhimgreatlychanged.Whentheyenteredthehall，theyfoundtheguestsgone.以上有些结构可变为被动语态，其补语形式依然不变，起主语补语的作用。二、现在分词的完成式其形式为：havingdone（主动形式），表示这动作发生在谓语所表示的动作之前：Havingarrivedatadecision,theyimmediatelysettowork.三、现在分词的被动式其形式为：（以do为例）beingdone（一般式），havingbeendone（完成式）。在表示一个被动动作时，如果这动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的，常用现在分词的被动式。这种形式可以用来：1.作定语：Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarried(=whicharebeingcarried)oninourlab. 1.作状语：Beingaskedtosingasong，hecouldn"tverywellrefuse.间或用完成被动式：Thedecisionhavingbeenmade，thenextproblemwashowtoputitintopractice.(分词本身带逻辑主语thedecision而构成独立主格结构充当状语)2.作宾语补足语：You"llfindthenewsbeingtalkedabouteverywhere.一、不及物动词的过去分词不及物动词的过去分词没有被动意义，而是表示主动的完成的意义：Gonearethedayswhenweuseforeignoil.（此句是倒装句结构，gone作表语，表示己“一去不复返了”。）Youcanseesomefallenleavesatthecorner.这类过去分词常见的有：fallen，come，gone,risen,grownup，returned等.二、容易混淆的现在分词和过去分词象interesting和interested一类的“使役动词”的分词在意义和用法上很容易混淆，一般可作如下区分：1.一部分表示“情感”，“心情”等意义的动词的现在分词有“令人/使人…的”意思，常用来说明人或事物的特征：Thepresidentmadeaninspiringspeechatthemeetingyesterday.2.它们的过去分词有“感到／觉得…”的意思，用来指人的感觉：这类容易混淆的分词常见的有：encouraging—encouraged；exciting—excited；interesting—interested；astonishing—astonished；disappointing—disappointed；inspiring—inspired；puzzling—puzzled；surprising—surprised；shocking—shocked；discouraging—discouraged；pleasing—pleased；tiring－tired；worrying—worried；satisfying—satisfied；moving—moved；巩固训练1.Youcouldseefromthe________lookonhisfacethathehadnotexpectedthat.A.surpriseB.surprisingC.surprisedD.beingsurprised2.Thetrees________lastspringgrowwellnow.A.plantedB.plantingC.beingplantedD.havingbeenplanted3.________to100ºC,waterwillfromsteamandbecomeagas.A.HeatingB.BeingheatedC.HavingheatedD.Heated4.At9pm.alltheprisonersremained________in.A.lockingB.lockedC.tolockD.tobelocked5.Shesaidshehadheardthedoor________amomentbefore.A.openingB.openedC.toopenedD.havebeen opened1.Agroupofchildrenwereseen________aroundthelake.A.runningB.runC.ranD.berunning2.________hishomework,theboywentoutforawalking.A.FinishedB.TofinishC.HavingfinishedD.Havingbeenfinished3.While________inNewYork,hemadealotfr4iends.A.liveB.toliveC.livedD.living4.________anothergoodchance,hewilldoitmuchbetter.A.HavinggivenB.GivenC.GivingD.Beinggiven5.________,weweretakentoseethelibrary.A.showingthelabB.HavingshownthelabC.HavingbeenshownthelabD.Beingshownthelab6.Ican’tremembersomeoftheEnglishwords________lastweek.A.learningB.havinglearnedC.havingbeenlearnedD.learned7.Icouldnotmakemyself________thoughItriedtoexplainmyselfalot.A.understandB.understandingC.understoodD.beunderstood8.Thephysicistsatatthedesk,________intothenewbook.A.dippedB.dippingC.tobedippedD.havingdipped9.Acoldrainwasfalling________withsnow.A.mixedB.mixingC.havingmixedD.tobemixed10.Evenif________,Iwon’tgo.A.beeninvitedB.beinginvitedC.tobeinvitedD.invitedKEY:CADBBACDBCDCBAD非谓语动词用法比较一、不定式与动名词作主语时的比较不定式和动名词在作主语时常常可以互换：Crying／Tocrywillnothelpyououtofdifficulty但是要注意以下的几点：1.动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作，而不定式作主语通常表示抽象动作，而不定式做主语通常表示具体动作。试比较：LivinginBeijingmustbewonderful.（泛指行为）Herealizedthattolivewithheranylongerwaswrong（具体行为）2.当主语被否定时，通常用不定式：Nottohavehopeisthepoorestofallconditions3.在Itisimportant／necessary…的结构中，主语只能用不定式，不用动名词：Itisimportanttograspthespiritofaforeignlanguageinordertouseitfeely．Itbecamenecessarytobuildnewfactoriesforproductsneverbeforeproduced 1.在Ittakes＋时间等＋。¨的结构中，主语常用不定式：Howmuchclothwillittaketomakeashirt？2.在Thereisno…和Itisnogood…结构中，通常用动名词一、不定式与动名词作表语时的比较不定式和动名词在作表语时常常可以互换：Hisjobisbringing／tobringmilkeveryday但是，当不定式作主语时，表语用不定式；动名词作主语时，表语也用动名词。Toseeistobelieve.Seeingisbelieving.此外，还应注意以下两点：1.主语是it，this，that等指示代词时，表语通常用动名词：Thatwasplayingwithfire.2.主语是名词时，表语较短时通常用动名词，表语较长时通常用不定式：Myfavoritesportisswimming.WhatIlikeistoswimintheseaandthentolieonthesand二、不定式与动名词作宾语时的比较1.接不定式或动名词作宾语意义区别不大的动词常见的有：begin，start，continue，love，like，propose等：Almostalltheboysliketoplay／playingfootball.但以上的动词中有一部分在下列情况下通常用不定式作宾语：1)在wouldlike／love／hate等的后面：I"dlike（love）tohaveadrink．2)当这部分动词是进行时态时：I"mstartingtotalkaboutit.3)当begin后接某些感觉或状态动词时：Shebegantoseewhathemeant.2.接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义不同的动词或词组常见的有：1)remember／forget／regret＋doing或todosthImustremembertoaskhim（指记住要做的事）Ishallalwaysrememberseeingthefamousscientist（指记住己经发生过的事）Don’tforgettobringyourdictionary．（不要忘记要做的事）Iwillneverforgetmeetingyouhere（不会忘记曾发生过的事）Iregrettellingyousomuch（懊悔己经作过的事＝I"msorrytoldyousomuch。）Iregrettotellyouthatyouhavefailedyourexam（regret发生在totell之前，＝I’msorrytotellyou…）可见，上述用法中，动名词指己经发生的事，不定式指发生在renumber,forget或regret以后的事。要注意：可以用动名词的完成式替代一般式；通常不用*Iforgotdoingit而说：IforgotthatIhaddoneit或Iforgotaboutdoingit. 1)stop／goon／leaveof＋doing或todosth.Theystoppedsmoking（停止吸烟）Theystoppedtosmoke（停下所做的事，开始吸烟）Hewentonreading（继续读）Hewentontoread．（放下原来做的事，转而读书）Heleftoffplayingtennis（停止打网球）Theyleftofftoplaytennis（离开某处去打网球）以上stop，leaveoff或goon后面的不定式都不是其宾语，而是作目的状语。2)try＋todo或doingsth.He"lltrytofinishtheworkassoonaspossible.Pleasetryputtingsomemoresalt－thatmightmakeittasteabitbetter.trytodosth.中，try是不及物动词，意思是“没法、努力、尽力”，todosth作目的状语；trydoingsth中，try是及物动词，意思是“尝试、试一试”，看会发生什么情况，动名词作宾语。3)mean＋todo／doingsth.接不定式时，意思是“有…的意图、打算。ImeanttotelephoneyoulastFridaybutIdidn’thavetimeto.接动名词时，意为“意味着”，“就是…Thiskindofillnessmeansgoingtohospital.4)need／want／require＋doing（＝tobedone）。接动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，此处也能用不定式的被动形式代换，但用动名词较为常见：Theroomwantsrepairing（＝toberepaired）Theradioneedsfixing（＝tobefixed）5)beafraid＋todosth。或ofdoingsth.接带to的不定式时，意为“不敢”做某事，“害怕”做某事：Shewasafraidtoseeyouagain.接“of＋动名词”时，意为“担心”或“害怕”发生某种情况：I"mafraidofmakingmistakeswhenIspeakEnglish.6)beinterested＋todosth。／indoingsth。Mysisterisinterestedinbecomingadoctor．(指她想当医生，动名词表示将要发生的事。)Mysisterisinterestedtobeadoctor。(指她当医生后感到有意思，不定式表示已经发生的事。)1.除了一部分既可接不定式、也可按动名词作宾语的动词外，还有一部分动词后面只能接不定式作宾语；另有一部分动词和成语后只能接动名词作宾语。关于这两点可以参看前面讲到的不定式和动名词条款。一、tobedone，beingdone或done（作定语） 不定式被动式、现在分词一般被动式与过去分词作定语时，存在时间关系上的区别。例如：ThepowerstationtobebuiltnextyearwillbeofgreatbenefittotheindustryandagricultureofourProvince.（tobebuilt指将来＝whichwillbebui1t）ThepowerstationbeingbuiltnowwillbeoneofthelargestinAsia.（beingbuilt＝whichisbeingbuilt.Thepowerstationbuiltontheriverlastyearhasbeenlefttoourmanagement.(builtontheriver指己完成＝whichwasbui1tontheriver）一、不定式和分词作宾语补足语时的比较1.在see，hear，find等一类表示感觉的动词后：1)不带to不定式作宾语补足语，表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，并强调动作发生的全过程或事实：Wesawthecomputeroperatewell2)现在分词作宾语补足语，表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，强调正在进行：Wesawthecomputeroperatingverywell3)过去分词则往往表示动作完成的状态：Wefoundtheworkofthecomputerdone2.表示心理状态的动词：consider，declare，find，prove，think，know，believe，discover，imagine，judge，suppose，understand的宾语补足语一般，用tobe：Wefoundhimtobecruel.Yousurelycan’tconsiderhimtobeselfishman.巩固训练1.Generallyspeaking,it’snogood________thiskindofgame.A.toplayB.playingC.playD.played2.Itisimportant________thework.A.forustodoB.forusdoingC.usdoingD.ourdoing3.Howlongdidittake________there.A.youtogetB.foryougettingC.yourtogetD.yougetthere4.Whathesaidrequires________.`A.consideringB.toconsiderC.beingconsideredD.ofconsidering5.Wedecided________anewbridgeacrosstheriver.A.buildB.buildingC.tobuildD.aboutbuilding6.Please________theletterforme,forIforgot________theletterthismorning.A.posting;postingB.post;postingC.posting;topostD.post;topost 1.Idon’tknowhowtogettotherailwaystation,soIstopped________apoliceman.A.askingB.froaskingC.toaskingD.toask2.Thebestwaytolearnaforeignlanguageistopractice________itasoftenaspossible.A.speakB.tospeakC.speakingD.havingspoken3.Theproblemof________awayallthedifficultiespuzzledmanypeople.A.howsmoothB.howsmoothingC.howtosmoothD.thatweshouldsmooth4.Iadvise________offthemeetingstillsomeothertime.A.putB.toputC.puttingD.havingputting5.Weareconsidering________himourfootballcaptain.A.electB.electingC.toelectD.toselect6.Hepretended________me.A.nottoknowB.tonotknowC.notknowingD.noknowing7.Ican’thelp________anxiousabouthishealthbecauseIhaven’theardfromhimforalongtime.A.tofeelB.feelingC.feltD.tobefelt8.Ifyoucan’topenthedoor,whynottry________thekeytheotherway?A.turnB.turningC.toturnD.turned9.Newideashavetowaitforyearsbefore________.A.beingfullyacceptingB.fullyacceptingC.havingfullyacceptedD.beingfullyacceptedKEY:BAAACCDDCCBABBD历届高考非谓语动词试题1.LastsummerItookacourseon________.A.howtomakedressesB.howdressesbemadeC.howtobemadedressesD.howdressestobemade2.Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident________losthisjob.A.sonotastoB.soasnottoc.soastonotD.notsoasto3.Mostoftheartists________tothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinvitedC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited4.________moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.A.GivenB.togiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven 1.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped________onabigrockbythesideofthepath.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest2.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands________behindhisback.A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied3.—Wehaven’theardfromJaneforalongtime.—Whatdoyousuppose________toher?A.washappeningB.tohappenC.hadhappenedD.havinghappened4.Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter________afterdrinking.A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC.neverdrivingD.neverdriving5.OnSaturdayafternoon,Mrs.Greenwenttothemarket,____somebananasandvisitedhercousin.A.boughtB.buyingC.tobuyD.buy6.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,________alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepareBpreparingCprepareD.wasprepare7.—Thelightintheofficeisstillon.—Oh,Iforgot________.A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff8.Johnwasmade________thetruckforaweekasapunishment.A.towashB.washingC.washD.tobewashing9.LittleJimshouldlove________tothetheaterthisevening.A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking10.—Iusuallygotherebytrain.—Whynot________byboatforachange?A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing11.Iwouldappreciate________backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.you’recalling12.Johnwassosleepythathecouldhardlykeephiseyes________.A.openB.tobeopenedC.toopenD.opening13.________areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.havingnotreceived14.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid________tothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing15.Howaboutthetwoofus________awalkdownthegarden?A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking 1.________downtheradio—thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn2.Thecomputercenter,________lastyear,isverypoplaramongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingc.havingopenedD.opened3.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered________thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented4.Shesetoutsoonafterdark________homeandhourlater.A.arrivingB.toarriveC.havingarrivedD.andarrived5.—Imustapologizefor________aheadoftime.—That’sallright.A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow6.Ratherthan________onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers________abicycle.A.ride;rideB.riding;rideC.ride;torideD.toride;riding7.Themissingboyswerelastseen________neartheriver.A.playingB.tobeplayingC.playD.toplay8.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks,________thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added9.Thefirsttextbooks________forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenc.beingwrittenD.written10.Weagreed________herebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet11.—Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionatthemeeting.—Well,nowIregret________that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone12.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim________.A.nottoB.nottodoc.notdoitD.donotto13.Thepatientwaswarned________oilyfoodaftertheoperation.A.toeatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating14.________inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose15.Iwouldlove________tothep-artylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone 1.TheOlympicGames,________in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1921.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying2.________itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando.A.ToleaveB.TohaveleftC.LeavingD.Leave3.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,________itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomake4.Robertissaid________abroad,butIdon’t’knowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying5.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,________itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.tocarryout6.Mycousincametoseemefromthecountry,meafullbasketoffreshfruits．A．broughtB．bringingC．tobringD．hadbrought7.Themanagerdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee________thenextyear.A.carriedoutB.carryingoutC.carryoutD.tocarryout8.________suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Sufferer9.一Iwaswonderingifwecouldgoskatingontheweekend.一_________good.A.SoundB.SoundedC.SoundingD.Sounds10.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce________nothingcanbedonetochangeit.A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun11.Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfound________inthekitchen.A.smokeB.smokingD.tosmokeD.smokedKEY:1—10.ABAACDCAAB11—20.CAADCACACD21—30.DCBBCACDC(DC)31—40.ACCBCDAABB41—45.AAADB十三、句子的种类一.简单句 一个简单句里只有一个主谓结构（有时可能会有并列的主语或谓语），而谓语又一定是需要限定动词的，因此，通过对限定动词的识别，可以帮助我们判断一个句子是不是简单句，找出其基本结构中缺少或多余的成分。请看以下例句：Isawhimwalkingtotheofficethismorningandlookingeagertogetthereandstartwork.（saw是限定动词；walking，looking，toget，start都是非限定性动词，即非谓语动词。）Whilecuttingtrees，onemanwasnearlykilledbyafallingtree.（was是限定动词；cutting，killed，falling是非限定动词。）Youcaneitherstayhereorcomewithus.（stay，come都是非限定动词；can是情态动词，canstayorcome作谓语。）一.并列句1.并列连词及其使用1)常用的并列连词（或称等立连词）有：and，or，but，for，notonly...but（also），either...or，nether...nor，both...and.2)除for以外的并列连词都可以用来连接一个单句里的两个并列成分，例如：JennyandIaregoodfriends。Werun，jumpandshoutforjoytogether.（当有两个以上的并列成分时，一般只在最后两者之间用连词。）WegoforawalkorwatchTVaftersupper.。Thebikeisquiteoldbutinexcellentcondition．Eitheryouranswerormineiswrong．3)除both...and以外的并列连词还可用来连接两个简单句（或称并列分句），构成并列句。Shewasoftenlateandeverybodyknew，butnooneaskedwhy.Theoldladydoesn"tgooutinthewinter，forshefeelsthecoldagreatdeal.Notonlyistheteacherhimselfinterestedhthesubjectbuta11hisstudentsarebeginningtoshowaninterestinit.2.连接并列分句的其它手段1)when／where偶尔也可作并列连词；如：IwaswalkingdownthestreetwhenIrememberedthatIhadforgottenmyumbrella.（when＝andthen）LastnightIwenttothetheatrewhereIsawTom"sparents，（where=andthere）2)副词yet，的和then可以连接并列分句：Thetongueisnotsteel，yetitcuts.I’mbusytoday，socanyoucometomorrow？Gointothecave，thentheywon"tseeyou.3)还可用分号“；”。如：Itmaybepossibleornot；however，weshallunderstand.I’veneverbeentoBerlin；thereforeIdon"tknowmuchaboutit. 1.并列分句的排列顺序必须考虑各分句之间的逻辑关系及其时间上的先后顺序，具体情况具体分析。1)有些并列的分句可以相互颠倒，并不影响所表达的句意，如：Everyonewasintheclassroomandthedoorswereclosed.（＝Thedoorswerec1osedandeveryonewasintheclassroom.）2)多数并列句里的分句不能相互颠倒。如：Mostofuswereintheclassroom，thedoorswereclosedandthelatecomershadtowaitOutside．（为说明门关之后，迟到者只好在外等着，后两个分句的顺序不能颠倒。）Wewerecomingtoseeyou，butitrained（sowedidn’t）。（考虑到两个分句所谈事实的时间先后与逻辑关系，它们的位置不能颠倒。）一.复合句1.复合句由一个主句和一个（或一个以上的）从句组成。用来连接从句的连词是从属连词。从句附属于主句的方式有三种：1)相当另一个句子里的某个名词或名词词组的作用，作名词从句。Everyonecouldseethetruth/(that)itwastrue.2)修饰句子里的某个名词或代词，作定语从句。如：IoftenseeMyoldfriends/myschoolfriendswhowereatschoolwithme.3)相当另一个句子里的某个状语的作用，作状语从句。如：Imetyourbrothertenyearsago/whenIcametothisschool.2.两类连词的区分与使用并列连词与从属连词的作用不同，注意不可混用。如：不能说：*AlthoughIwasgoodatmaths，butIwasnevergivenfullmarks．（although与but不能连用）应说：AlthoughIwasgoodatmaths，（yet）Iwasnevergivenfullmarks．或：Iwasgoodatmaths，but／yetIwasnevergivenfullmarks.不能说：*Unlessyouworkharder，oryouwillfailtopassthetest.（unless与or不能连用）应说：Unlessyouworkharder，youwillfailtopassthetest.或：Workharder／youmustworkharder,oryouwillfailtopassthetest.二.陈述句的肯定与否定1.not及其它否定词的使用1)否定句一般可以由否定词not及必要的助词来构成，例如：Theseexercisesarenotdifficult.Idon"tlikesweets.2)除not以外，还有以下这些否定词，也能构成否定句：a）never，hardly，seldom一类含否定意义的副词。如：Ihavenot/never/hardly(ever)/seldomspokentoMr.George.b）no，none以及其它由no-构成的复合词（nothing，nobody，no one，nowhere等）。Ihavenotsaidanythingtoanybodyaboutit.Ihavespokentonobody/nooneaboutit.Ihavesaidnothingtoanybodyaboutit.Ihaven"tanymoney/Ihavenomoney.Ihaven"tany./Ihavenone.a）neither和nor，主要在以下句式中：---Ihaven"tspokentoMr.George.---Neither／NorhaveI.当用作连词时，neither要在nor之前。如：NeitherBobnorIbrokethewindow.Weneitherwantnorneedanyhelpfromyou,thankyou.2.肯定变否定时的其它相应变化肯定与否定句的区别，除了看有无否定词之外，还可能体现在其它方面，试比较：Ihavefoundsomemistakesalready.Ihaven"tfoundanyyet？（some>>>any；already>>>yet）Ihavefoundsomemistakes，too.Ihaven"tfoundanyeither.（too>>>either）一.疑问句1.否定问句1)否定问句可由否定句变来，例如：Hedoesn"teatmeat.>>>Doesn"theeatmeat？Ihaven"tseenhim.>>>Haven"tyouseenhim？2)否定问句的开头一般都用not的缩写形式；如分开，则须将not放到主语之后，但这类结构相当正规，如：Doeshenoteatmeat？（不能说*Doesnothe...？）Haveyounotseenhim？（不能说*Havenotyou...？）3)否定问句的回答要“前后如一”，不可受汉语影响犯以下这类错误：—Doesn"theeatmeat？一Yes，hedoes.／No，hedoesn"t.（不能说Yes，hedoesn"t.／No，hedoes.）2.反意疑问句的一般构成1)反意疑问句的一般构成是：肯定陈述，否定尾句；否定陈述，肯定尾句。要注意反问尾句中的助词（或系动词、情态动词等）与人称代词应与陈述部分中的语法动词与主语取得一致。例如：Janeisyourcousin，isn’tshe？Thereisnodoubt，isthere？Weneedtoaskfirst，don’twe？Weneedn’taskfirst，needwe？2)要注意陈述部分主语后面的缩写形式"s或 "d的真实意义，以决定尾句应该选用的助动词或系动词等。如：He’snevermetyoubefore，hashe？（He"s＝Hehas）He’sgoingtotellyouthetruth，isn"the？（He"s＝Heis）You"dbettergo，hadn"tyou？（you"d＝youhad）You"dratherstay，wouldn"tyou？（you"d＝youwould）1)要注意“否定陈述＋肯定尾句”的回答必须前后一致。Youseldomgoswimminginthemorning，doyou？Yes，Ido，／No，Idon"t．1.比较特殊的反意疑问句有些反意疑问句的尾句构成比较特殊，应当引起注意:Fewpeopleknewtheanswer，didthey？（few为否定含义，后接肯定尾句。）I"molderthanyou，aren"tI？（Iam后面的否定尾句常用aren"tI？）Passmethenewspaper，willyou？（肯定祈使句用willyou？）Don"tbelatenexttime，willyou？（否定祈使句后也用willyou？）Remembertolockthedoor，won"tyou？（用won"tyou表示请求或恳求。）Useyourhead，can"tyou？（can"tyou表示不耐烦或不满的斥责。）Let"sdoitbyourselves，shallwe？（第一人称祈使句，we包括说话人与听话人双方。）Letusdoitbyourselves，willyou？（第二人称祈使句，we只指说话人一方。）Everybodyhasbeentoldwhattodo，haven"tthey？（尽管hasn"the似乎更合语法；习惯常用haven"tthey。）Noneofusknewtheway，didwe？（noneofus作主语,尾句中用we）SomeofyouarelearningRussian，aren"tyou？（同上句理解。）2.特殊疑问句1)两种语序：a）当疑问词为主语或主语的定语时，语序与陈述句相同，如：Somebodybrokethewindow.>>>Whobrokethewindow？Somethingbrokethewindow.>>>Whatbrokethewindow？Somebody"swindowwasbroken.>>>Whosewindowwasbroken？b）当疑问词为其它成分时，则疑问词后面的语序与一般疑问句相同，如：HewasreadingChinaDaily.>>>Whatpaperwashereading？Isawthefilmyesterday.>>>Whendidyouseethefilm？2)要注意选择恰当的疑问词以及与之搭配的其他词语，如：IboughtabikemadeinTianjing.>>>Whatbikedidyoubuy？Thenewbikeunderthetreeismine.>>>Whichbikeisyours？Hedidhisworkcarefully.>>>Howdidhedohiswork？Igotothelibrarytwiceaweek．>>>Howoftendoyougotothelibrary？Hepaintedthedeskwhite．>>>Whatcolordidhepaintthedesk？3.两类选择疑问句 1)一类是以一般疑问句为基础的。如：DoyouspeakFrenchorGerman？Willtheycometoseeusorsha11wegotoseethem？HasHenryfinishedhisbreakfastorhasn"the？2)另一类是以特殊疑问句为基础的，可以看成是由一个Wh-问句加上并列起来供人选择的两个（或两个以上的）答案构成的。如：Howdoyougotoschooleveryday，bybusoronfoot？Whenshallwesetoff，atsixor（at）sixthirty？一.祈使句1.祈使句的主语1)主语应为第二人称时，通常不表示出来，如：Readafterme，please.Becarefulwithyourpronunciation.Havethisseat，willyou？（可加反意疑问句）2)行为动作的主语为第一、三人称时，祈使句通带以Let开头：Letmehaveatry.Lethimtryagain.All／Everybodybehereattwoo"clock。（也可不用Let）2.祈使句的强调与否定1)祈使句的强调结构是在句首加Do：Docomeearlynexttime.Dobecareful！2)祈使句的否定是在句首加Don"t：Don"taskmewhy.Don"tbelate.Don"t1ettherebetoomuchnoise.Neverbuywhatyoucannotpayfor.（也可用Never）3.祈使句＋and／or结构这类结构常可与含if从句的复合句相互转换：Giveh1maninch，andhe"lltakeayard.（＝lfyougivehimaninch,he"lltakeayard.）Wearyourcoat，oryou"llcatchcold.（Ifyoudon"twearyourcoat，you"llcatchcold.）二.感叹句1.What＋（a／an）＋adj.＋n．＋主谓Whatabeautifuldayitis！Whatwonderfulweatherwearehaving！1)What之后是否用a／an要看后面的名词是否可数；是单数还是复数：Whatbeautifulmusictheboyisplaying！（music不可数，前面不可加a／an．）Whatfoolstheywere！（fools，复数，不可加a／an）2)在上下文清楚的情况下，感叹句中的主谓结构甚至形容词都可省略。如：Whatabeautifulday！Whatfools！2.How＋adj.／adv.＋主谓！ Howhappyweare！Howhardyou"vebeenworking！How也可修饰句中动词，如：HowImissyou，myfriend！Howtimeflies！1.How＋adj.＋a/an＋单数名词…：Howfoolishaboyheis！（=Whatafoolishboyheis！）巩固训练1.Didn’tyounoticehim________thehouse?A.Leaves.B.leaveC.hasleftD.wasleaving2.Who’sthatgirl________ajaronherhead?A.hasB.carriesC.withD.iscarrying3.Wemustgetupearlytomorrow,________we’llmissthefirstbustotheGreatWall.A.soB.orC.butD.however4.________hecomes,wewon’tbeabletogo.A.WithoutB.UnlessC.ExceptD.Even5.Nomatterhowhardheworked,________.A.hecouldnotdoanybetterB.andhecouldnotdoanybetterC.sohecouldnotdoanybetterD.buthecouldnotdoanybetter6.Studyharder,________you________catchupwiththeothersbeforelong.A.Or;willB.and;willC.then;XD.X;will7.—________haveyoubeenawayfromhome?—Ihavebeenawayfromhomeforfivemonths.A.HowmuchB.WhattimeC.HowlongD.When8.________writerisbetterknowninChina,CharlesDickensorMarkTwain?A.WhichB.WhatC.EitherD.Whether9.He’scomealready,________?A.doesn’theB.isn’theC.hasn’theD.ishe10.shenevertellsalie,________?A.doessheB.doesn’tsheC.doesnotsheD.isn’tshe11.OnSaturdayafternoon,Mrs.Greenwenttothemarket,________somebananasandvisitedhercousin.A.boughtB.buyingC.tobuyD.buy12.It’safineday,let’sgofishing,________?A.won’tweB.willweC.don’tweD.shallwe13.—Isn’tyouruncleanengineer?—________.A.NO,heisn’tB.No,heisC.Yes,heisn’tD.Yes,hedoes14.________carelessheis!A.WhatB.HowC.SomuchD.Howmuch 1.Oh,John,________yougaveup!A.howapleasantsurpriseB.howpleasantsurpriseC.whatapleasantsurpriseD.whatpleasantsurprise2.Itwasclearthattheheadmasterdidnotlikeus,________heseldomgaveusanypraise.A.andB.soC.becauseD.but3.Althoughheisconsideredagreatwriter,________.A.hisworksarenotwidelyreadB.buthisworksarenotwidelyreadC.howeverhisworksarenotwidelyreadD.stillhisworksarenotwidelyread4.Answerthefollowingquestion,________yourownwords.A.useB.youshoulduseC.usingD.andusing5.________apologizeforwhatyouhavesaid________itisalloverbetweenus.A.You;orB.Ifyou;XC.Eitheryou;orD.When;you6.Theclassrooms________openbutthelibrary________.A.are;isB.aren’t;isC.aren’t;isn’tD.are;doesn’t7.IsawTomwalkingtoschoolthismorningand________eagertogetthereand________work.A.looking;startingB.looked;startingC.looking;startD.look;started8.Ifthiscoatisn’tyours,________canitbe?A.whoelseB.whoseelseC.whatelseD.who’selse9.—DoyoumindifIbringafriend?—________butIdon’tthinkthey’lllethimin.A.Yes,ofcourseB.NotatallC.Surelyyoushouldn’tD.Unfortunatelyit’simpossible10.—Doyouwantabathatonce,________?—Oh,Idon’tmind,really.A.andIshallhaveminefirstB.soshallIhaveminefirstC.thenIshallhaveminefirstD.orshallIhaveminefirst11.—Didn’tanyonerecognizethepresident?—________.A.Yes,noonedid.B.No,noonedidn’tC.Yes,somedidD.No,everyonedid12.Don’t’smokeinthemeetingroom,________?A.doyouB.willyouC.canyouD.couldyou13.Letmehavealook,________?A.don’tyouB.shallIC.wont’youD.canI14.________storyyou’vetoldus.A.WhatfunnyB.WhatafunnyC.HowfunnyD.Howafunny 1.________IwishIcouldhavemoretime!A.IfB.OnlyC.WhatD.How2.Hurry,________youwont’makethetrain!A.orB.butC.andD.ifKEY:1—10.BCBBABCACA11—20.ADABCCACCB21—30.CBBDCBCBDA十四、时态和语态一.动词的时态时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常用的只有9种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去将来时，现在完成进行时。下面分别进行介绍。1.一般现在时的用法1)表示经常性，习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征或真理而不表示具体的特定行为。句子中常用often，usually，everyday等时间状语。例如：Hegoestoschooleveryday。（经常性动作）Heisveryhappy.（现在的状态）Theearthmovesaroundthesun.〈真理〉2)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时态的形式表示将来。Ifyoucomethisafternoon，we"llhaveameeting.WhenIgraduate，I"llgotothecountryside.3)有时这个时态表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，（句中都带有时间状语）但限于少数动词如begin，come，leave，go，arrive,start，stop，return，open，close等。Themeetingbeginsatseven.Thetrainstartsatnineinthemorning．4)表示状态和感觉的动词，如be，like，hate．think,remember,find，sound等常用一般现在时。例如：IlikeEnglishverymuch.Thestorysoundsveryinteresting.5)书报的标题。小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。2.一般过去时的用法1)表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。HesawMr.Wangyesterday.Heworkedinafactoryin1988.2)表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“usedto”和“would＋动词原形”。例如：Iusedtosmoke.DuringthevacationIwouldswiminthesea．注意：usedto表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“tobeusedto＋名词（动名词）”表示“习惯于……’’。例如：Iamusedtotheclimatehere．Heisusedtoswimminginwinter.3.一般将来时的用法 一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了“will或shall+动词原形”外，还有以下几种形式。1)“tobegoingto＋动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如：Itisgoingtorain.Wearegoingtohaveameetingtoday.2)go,come,start,move,leave,arrive,stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。I’mleavingforBeijing.NextweekI’mstayinginthecountryfordays.3)“beto+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。Arewetogoonwiththiswork?Theboyistogotoschooltomorrow.4)“beaboutto＋动词原形”表示即刻发生的动作，意为：bereadytodosth．后面一般不跟时间状语。例如：Weareabouttoleave.I’mabouttostartout.5)某些词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start，get，stay等的一般现在时也可表示将来。Themeetingstartsatfiveo"clock．Hegetsoffatthenextstop.1.现在进行时1)现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“tobe＋现在分词”构成，另外“系动词十介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。例如：Whatareyoudoing?Thebridgeisunderconstruction.2)表示感觉，愿望和状态的某些动词如：have,be,hear,see,like等词一般不用进行时。3)非持续性动词一般不用进行时态，但当用于进行时态时所表达的意义是：a)逐渐地。b)反复进行的动作。例如：a)I’mbeginningtounderstandit.(我慢慢开始明白了。)b)Themonkeyisjumpingupanddownthere.(那只猴子在那一直上上下下跳个不停。)4)有的句子用一般现在时态和进行时态均可，但用进行时态往往带有感情色彩。比较：TheChangjiangRiverflowstotheeast.(长江向东流。客观现实)TheChangjiangRiverisflowingtotheeast.(长江滚滚东流。赞叹)Tomoftenliestoourteachers.(“汤姆经常对老师撒谎。”表汤姆的习惯)Tomisalwayslyingtoourteacher.(“汤姆老是对老师撒谎。”表说话者厌恶的态度)2.过去进行时的用法1)过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was（were）十现在分词”构成。例如：In1980hewasstudyinginauniversity.HewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein. 1)用一般过去时态和过去进行时态有行为完成与否的差别。比较：Yesterdaymysisterwrotealetter.(写了一封信)Yesterdaymysisterwaswritingaletter.(这封信或许还没有写完)1.现在完成时的用法现在完成时由“have＋过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况：1)现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。HehasgonetoWuhan.（说话人认为他不在该地）HehasbeentoWuhan.（说话人认为他在该地）2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用for和since表示一段时间的状语或sofar，now，today，thisweek（month，year）等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。例如：HehasstudiedEnglishfor5years.HehasstudiedEnglishsince1985.NowIhavefinishedthework．注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如：come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。3)现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。例如：I’llgotoyourhomewhenIhavefinishedmyhomework.Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorning，we"llgotothepark．2.过去完成时的用法1)过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作状态。句中常用by，before，until，when等词引导的时间状语。例如：Bytheendoflastyearwehadbui1tfivenewhouses.Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredtheuniversity.2)过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。例如：Beforeheslept，hehadworkedfor12hours.3.过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“should或would+动词原形”构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。例如：Theyweresurethattheywouldsucceed.4.现在完成进行时的用法现在完成进行时由“have（has）+been＋现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如work，study，live，teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。例如：Ihaveworkedhereforthreeyears.Ihavebeenworkinghereforthreeyears.但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如： Ihavewrittenaletter．（己写完）Ihavebeenwringaletter.（还在写）注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如finish，marry，getup，come，go等不能用这种时态。一.动词的语态1.当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be＋过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。例如：1)一般现在时：Youarerequiredtodothis．2)一般过去时：Thestorywastoldbyher.3)—般将来时：Theproblemwillbediscussedtomorrow．4)现在进行时：Theroadisbeingwidened.5)过去进行时：Thenewtoolwasbeingmade.6)现在完成时：Thenovelhasbeenread.7)过去完成时：Hesaidthattheworkhadbeenfinished．8)过去将来时：Hesaidthatthetreeswouldbeplantedsoon.2.一些特殊的被动语态结构：1)带情态动词的被动结构：Theproblemmustbesolvedsoon.2)带不定式的被动结构：Theroomisgoingtobepainted.Thehomeworkneedstobedonewithcare．3)短语动词的被动结构：例l）Thebabyislookedaftercarefully．用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待，即要把它们看作单字及物动词。这类结构有以下几种：a)（不及物）动词＋介词：agreeto，askfor，callfor，laughat，listento，lookafter，operateon，sendfor，talkabout．thinkof等。b)（及物）动词＋副词：bringabout，carryout，findout，giveup，handin，makeout，passon，pointout，putaway，putoff，takeup,thinkover，turndown，turnout，wipeout，workout等。c)动词＋副词＋介词：doawaywith，faceupto，giveinto，lookdownupon,makeupfor,putupwith等。例２）Theywillbetaken(good)careof.Attentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation.用于这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是“动词＋名词＋介词”这一结构。如：catchsightof，keepaneyeon，makeuseof，makeafoolof，payattentionto，putanendto，setfire/lightto，takecareof,takeholdof，takenoticeof等。例2)与例1) 的不同点在于，它们用于被动态时能有两种形式。第一种形式是把“动词十名词＋介词”作为整体看待。第二种形式是把其中的“动词＋名词”作为“动词＋宾语”的结构处理。1)带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如：Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean．(比较：Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.）2)汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，例如：据说……Itissaidthat…希望……Itishopedthat…据推测说……Itissupposedthat…必须承认……Itmustbeadmittedthat…必须指出……Itmustbepointedoutthat…众所周知……Itiswellknownthat…有人会说……Itwillbesaidthat…大家认为……Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…有人相信……Itisbelievedthat…1.表示被动含义的主动动词1)系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有look,taste,sound,smell,prove,feel等,例如:　　Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.Goodmedicinetastesbittertothemouth.2)一些与can’t或won’t连用的动词。常用的有:lock,shut,open,act等,例如:　　Thedoorwon’topen.　　Itcan’tmove.3)一些与well,easily,perfectly等连用的动词,如:sell,wash,clean,burn,cook等,例如:　　Thebooksellswell.Theseclotheswasheasily.4)用在“主语+不及物动词+主语补语”句型中的一些不及物动词,例如:　　Thismaterialhaswornthin.Thedusthasblownintothehouse.2.表示被动含义的主动结构1)在动名词结构中beworth,want(=need),need,require后所用的动名词,必须用主动结构表被动意义。　　Theseyoungseedlingswillrequire/needlookingafter(=needtobelookedafter)carefully.　　Yourhairwants/needscutting(needstobecut).2)在不定式结构中a)作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系,即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这种情形最常出现在“There+be+主语+修饰主语的不定式”和“及物动词+宾语(或双宾语)+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中,特别是“主语+have+宾语+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中。　　Givehimsomebookstoread.Hehasafamilytosupport. Thereisalotofworktodo.　　当然,这里的不定式在个别情形下也可用被动形式,含义区别不大,例如:　　Thereissomuchworktodo/tobedone.　　Givemethenamesofthepeopletocontact/tobecontacted.a)在“主语+be+形容词+不定式”句型中,有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语,这是应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多,最常用的有amusing,cheap,dangerous,difficult,easy,important,nice,pleasant等,例如:Thatquestionisdifficulttoanswer.Chicken’slegsarenicetoeat.b)在beto结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:　　Whoistoblameforstartingthefire？Thehouseistolet.Alotremainstodo.1)在特殊结构中a)“be+under+名词”结构:这种结构表示某事“在进行中”。例如:　　Thebuildingisunderconstruction.　　Thewholematterisunderdiscussion(=isbeingdiscussed).　　经常这样用的名词还有repair(修理),treatment(治疗),question(质问)等。b)“beworthyof+名词”结构:在这一结构中,名词和句子的主语有被动含义,如:　　amanworthyofsupportnothingworthyofpraise此结构后通常用表示行为的名词,而不用动名词的被动形式。巩固训练【历届高考题选】1.Myaunt________toseeus.She’llbeheresoon.A.comesB.iscomingC.hadcomeD.hascome2.WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesun________.A.wasshiningB.shoneC.hasshoneD.willshine3.I__________XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.A.knewB.knowC.haveknownD.amknowing4.I____________youwerehere.A.don’tknowB.notknowC.didn’tknowD.wasn’tknow5.BecauseofmypoorEnglish,I’mafraidIcan’tmakemyself____________.A.understandB.tounderstandC.understandingD.understood6.Tom___________alettertohisparentslastnight.A.writesB.wroteC.writeD.haswritten7.I________myhomeworknow. A.finishB.finishedC.havefinishedD.hadfinished1.Youmayleavetheclassroomwhenyou_______writing.A.willfinishB.arefinishedC.havefinishedD.hadfinished2.Theyhaven’tseeeachother________atleastthreemonths.A.sinceB.duringC.forD.in3.Theforeignguests_________herealmostaweek.A.havearrivedB.havebeenC.havereachedD.havegot4.Hesuddenlyrememberedthathe______hiskeyathome.A.hadforgottenB.hasleftC.hasforgottenD.hadleft5.Hewasmade_______.A.goB.goneC.goingD.togo6.By11o’clockyesterday,we_______attheairport.A.hadarrivedB.havearrivedC.shallarriveD.arrive7.Hewastooexcited___________.A.speakB.tospeakC.nottospeakD.speaking8.Heoften________toseehisgrandfather.A.goingB.togoC.hasgoneD.goes9.Let’sgetinthewheatbeforethesun____________.A.willsetB.wassetC.setD.sets10.Coalcan_______toproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.A.haveusedB.beusedC.useD.used11.I________Englishforfiveyearsnow.A.wasstudyingB.havebeenstudyingC.studiedD.amstudied12.Heoften_____hisclothesonSunday.A.washingB.washesC.haswashedD.wash13.I________atthestationlastnight.A.gotB.arrivesC.arrivedD.reach14.Wewillstartassoonasourteamleader_____.A.comesB.willcomeC.comeD.iscoming15.Youcanseethehouse_______foryears.A.isn’tpaintedB.hasn’tpaintedC.hasn’tbeenpaintedD.hadn’tpainted16.It____________whentheyleftthestation.A.hasrainedB.israiningC.rainsD.wasraining17.Somenewoilfields________since1976.A.wereopenedupB.hasopenedupC.havebeenopenedupD.hadbeenopenedup18.Thearticle_______ChinesebycomradeLi.A.isgoingtotranslateintoB.isgoingtobetranslatedinto C.wasgoingtobetranslatedwithD.willtranslatein1.Bythetimehewastwelve,Edison_________tomakealivingbyhimself.A.wouldbeginB.hasbegunC.hadbegunD.wasbegun2.I’llbeginthedictationwhenyou_____ready.A.shallbeB.willbeC.areD.havebeen3.Don’tgetoffthebusuntilit_____________.A.hasstoppedB.stoppedC.willstopD.shallstop4.“Wouldyouliketoplaychesswithme?”“Sorry,Ihavetofinishmyhomeworkbeforemymother____back.A.comesB.willcomeC.shallcomeD.hascome5.Thethingstalkedaboutinthisreport_______overayearago.A.hadtakenplaceB.tookplaceC.havetakenplaceD.weretakenplace6.“WhydoesLinglinglooksounhappy?”“Shehas__________byherclassmates.”A.laughedB.laughedatC.beenlaughedD.beenlaughedat7.—“Willyougotothemuseumtomorrow?”—“IwillifI______novisitors.”A.haveB.willhaveC.shallhaveD.amhaving8.I’llgowithyouassoonasI______mywork.A.willfinishB.shallfinishC.finishD.finished9.Thisisaphotoofthepowerstationthat______inmyhometown.A.hassetupB.hasbeensetupC.wassetupD.issetup10.Bothmybrothersworkatthepowerstationthat_______inmyhometown.A.hassetupB.hasbeensetupC.wassetupD.issetup11.Doctors_____ineverypartoftheworld.A.needB.areneedingC.areneededD.willneed12.Greatchanges_____inthecity,andalotoffactories_______.A.havebeentakenplace;havebeensetupB.havetakenplace;havebeensetupC.havetakenplace;havesetupD.weretakenplace;weresetup13.DoyouthinkSamwillcallhisoldteacherassoonashe_____intown?A.willbearrivedB.isarrivedC.arrivesD.willarrive14.Ipromisethatthematterwill________.A.betakencareB.betakencareofC.takecareD.takecareof15.Thatdinnerwasthemostexpensivemealwe________.A.wouldhaveB.havehadC.hadneverhadD.hadeverhad16.He_____hislegwhenhe_____inafootballmatchagainstanotherschool.A.broke;playedB.wasbreaking;wasplayingC.broke;wasplayingD.wasbreaking; played1.Nopermissionhas______foranybodytoenterthebuilding.A.beengivenB.givenC.togiveD.begiving2.—Where_______therecorder?Ican’tseeitanywhere.—I______itrighthere.Butnowit’sgone.A.didyouput;haveputB.haveyouput;putC.hadyouput;wasputtingD.wereputting;haveput3.Hello!I______you_____inLondon.Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?A.don"tknow;wereB.hadn’tknown;areC.haven’tknown;areD.didn’tknow;were4.—When______again?—Whenhe_______,I’llletyouknow.A.hecomes;comesB.willhecome;willcomeC.hecomes;willcomeD.willhecome;comes5.Theyaskedmetohaveadrinkwiththem.IsaidthatitwasatleasttenyearssinceI______agooddrink.A.hadenjoyedB.wasenjoyingC.enjoyedD.hadbeenenjoying6.Thatsuit______over60dollars.A.hadcostedB.costedC.iscostedD.cost7.I_______tenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.A.gaveB.wasgivenC.wasgivingD.hadgiven8.Mybrother_____whilehe_____hisbicycleandhurthimself.A.fell;wasridingB.fell;wereridingC.hadfallen;rodeD.hadfallen;wasriding9.Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguests______whenhe_____attheparty.A.left;hadarrivedB.left;arrivedC.hadleft;hadarrivedD.hadleft;arrived10.Thenewsecretaryissupposedtoreporttothemanagerassoonasshe______.A.willarriveB.arrivesC.isgoingtoarriveD.isarriving11.—Comeonin,Peter.Iwanttoshowyousomething.—Oh,howniceofyou!I______you______tobringmeagift.A.neverthink;aregoingB.neverthought;weregoing]C.didn’tthink;weregoingD.hadn’tthought;weregoing12.Thepolicefoundthathouse______andalotofthings______.A.hasbrokeninto;hasbeenstolenB.hadbrokeninto;hadbeenstolen C.hasbeenbrokeninto;stolenD.hadbeenbrokeninto;stolen1.WhenIwasatcollegeI______threeforeignlanguages,butI______allexceptafewwordsofeach.A.spoke;hadforgottenB.spoke;haveforgottenC.hadspoken;hadforgottenD.hadspoken;haveforgotten2.—Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse?—Notyet,Theroom_______.A.arebeingpaintedB.arepaintingC.arepaintedD.arebeingpainted3.Thestudents______busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe_____intheoffice.A.hadwritten;leftB.werewriting;hasleftC.hadwritten;hadleftD.werewriting;hadleft4.WhenJackarrivedhelearnedMary_____foralmostanhour.A.hadgoneB.hadsetoffC.hadleftD.hadbeenaway5.—Doyouknowourtownatall?—No,thisisthefirsttimeI______here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming6.—Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation;itwassonear.—Yes.Ataxi______atallnecessary.A.wasn’tB.hadn’tbeenC.wouldn’tbeenD.won’tbe7.Ifcitynoises_____fromincreasing,people______shouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.A.arenotkept;willhavetoB.arenotkept;haveC.donotkeep;willhavetoD.donotkeep;haveto8.Tom_____intothehousewhennoone_______A.slipped;waslookingB.hadslipped;lookedC.slipped;hadlookedD.wasslipping;looked9.Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe_____officesoon.A.leavesB.wouldleaveC.leftD.hadleft10.Insomepartsoftheworld,tea____withmilkandsugar.A.isseveringB.isservedC.servesD.served11.ThepenI______I_______isonmydesk,rightundermynose.A.think;lostB.thought;hadlost C.think;hadlostD.thought;havelost1.—CanIjoinyourclub,Dad?—Youcanwhenyou_____abitolder.A.getB.willgetC.aregettingD.willhavegot2.—Doyoulikethematerial?—Yes,it_______verysoft.A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt3.Idon’treallyworkhere;I_____untilthenewsecretaryarrives.A.justhelpoutB.havejusthelpedC.amjusthelpingoutD.willjusthelpout4.—I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.—Oh,notatall.I______hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe5.Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollection_______.A.hadcompletedB.completesC.hasbeencompletedD.iscompleted6.—Yourphonenumberagain?I______quitecatchit.—It’s9568442.A.didn’tB.couldn’tC.don’tD.can’tKey:1—10.BACCDBCCCB11-20.DDABDDBBBC21—30.ACDCBCCAAB31—40.DACBBCBCBD41—50.CABDDADBAD51—60.BBDBADDBAA61—70.ABBBACCADA十五、名词性从句名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。其关联词有连接词that，if，whether；疑问代词who，what，which和疑问副词when，where，how，why等。1.主语从句主语从句在句中做主语。它可以放在主句谓语动词之前，但多数情况由it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句之后。例如：Whodidthatisknowntoall.Itisinterestingthatyoushouldlikehim.2.表语从句表语从句在句中作表语，位于主句中的系动词之后。如：Thequestioniswhocancompletethedifficulttask.表语从句不能用if引导，但可用asif引导。例如：Helookedasifhewasgoingtocry． 1.同位语从句同位语从句跟在名词后面，进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有fact，news，promise，idea，truth等。连接词用that（不用which），及连接副词how，when，where，why等。例如：Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway．Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.Sheaskedthereasonwhytherewasadelay．2.宾语从句1.宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。例如：Wecanlearnwhatwedidnotknow．HewilltalktousaboutwhathesawintheU.S.如果主句的谓语动词是及物动词make，find，see，hear等，则把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后，用it作为形式宾语。如：Wefinditnecessarythatwepractisespoken-Englisheveryday．另外，某些作表语的形容词，如sure，happy，glad,certain等之后也可带宾语从句。如：Iamsurethathewillsucceed.注意：1)关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下：a)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如：Thequestioniswhetherthefilmisworthseeing.Thenewswhetherourteamhaswonthematchisunknown.Answermyquestionwhetheryouarecoming.b)在主语从句中，只有用it作形式主语时，whether和if都能引导主语从句，否则，也只能用whether。例如：Whetherweshallattendthemeetinghasn"tbeendecidedyet.Ithasn"tbeendecidedwhether(if)weshallattendthemeeting.c)在介词之后。（介词往往可以省略）例如：Italldepends（on）whethertheywillsupportus．d)后面直接跟动词不定式时。例如：Hedoesn"tknowwhethertostayornot.e)后面紧接ornot时。例如：Wedidn"tknowwhetherornotshewasready．f)引导让步状语从句，只能用whether。例如：Whetheryoulikeitornot，youmustdoitwell.g)用if会引起歧义时。例如：Please1etmeknowifyoulikeit.该句有两个意思：“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。或“如果你喜欢，请告诉我。”用了whether就可以避免。2)关联词if，whether均可使用的情况如下： a)引导宾语从句。例如：Iwonderif（whether）thenewsistrueornot．b)在“be十形容词”之后。例如：Hewasnotsurewhether(if)itisrightorwrong.2)关联词只能用whether或if，不能用that的情况如下：若doubt一词作“怀疑”解接宾语从句时，主句为肯定句用whether或if，主句为否定句或疑问句用that。例如：Idoubtwhetherhewillcomesoon.Idonotdoubtthathewillcomesoon.Doyoudoubtthathewillcomesoon？注意：下面这个例句中doubt的含义为“认为未必可能”。Idoubtthathewillcome.1.直接引语和间接引语。引述别人的原话叫直接引语，用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。这两种引语都是宾语从句，但直接引语放在引号内，不用连词连接；间接引语不用引号，通常用连接词连接于主句。1)陈述句变为以that引导的宾语从句。例如：Hesaid，“I"mveryglad.”Hesaidthathewasveryglad.2)一般疑问句变为if（whether）引导的宾语从句。例如：Hesaid，“Canyoucomethisafternoon,John？”HeaskedwhetherJohncouldcomethatafternoon.3)特殊疑问句变为由who，what,when等疑问词引导的宾语从句。例：Hesaid，“WhereisMr.Wang？”HeaskedwhereMr.Wangwas.注意上述例句中时态，人称代词，时间状语的变化。主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词变化如下：一般现在时变为一般对去时；现在进行时变为过去进行时；一股将来时变为过去将来时；现在完成时变为过去完成时；一般过去时变为过去完成时；过去完成时仍为过去完成时。如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一律不变。例如：Hesays，”Icleanedthef1oor.”Hesayshecleanedthefloor.巩固训练1.________thenewplancanbecarriedoutwillbediscussedatthemeetingtomorrow.A.WhichB.WhatC.ThatD.Whether2.Youmustthinkof________youcandomoreforothers.A.thatB.howC.whatD.which 1.Theyaskedthecaptainif________thedestinationsafely.A.theshipcanreachB.theshipcouldreachC.didtheshipreachD.theshipreached2.________thatnotallthebooksarehelpfultome.A.ItseemstomeB.InmyopinionC.IthinkinmymindD.Iseem3.Thereareacrowdofpeoplethere.Whatdoyousuppose________.A.hadhappenedB.hashappenedC.ishappenedD.happened4.________oneofmyldfriendswasontheflighttoNewYork.A.IthappenedthatB.ItwashappenedthatC.ThathappenedD.Ithappenedto5.Chinaisnolonger________.A.sheusedtobeB.thatsheusedtobeC.whatsheusedtobeD.whatsheusedtolike6.Thethought________hemightbeputinprisonworriedhimalot.A.whenB.whichC.whatD.that7.________the29thOlympicGameswillbeholdinBeijing,ChinamadealltheChineseexcited.A.WhatB.WhenC.ThatD.Whether8.Itisimpossible________heforgot________hehadsaid.A.that;whatB.what;thatC.what;thatD.that;that9.Thetruthis________thetaxidriverbrokethetrafficrule.A.whyB.whatC.thatD.which10.________wewanttoknowis________theaccidenthappened.A.That;whenandwhatB.What;whatandwhenC.That;whichandwhereD.What;whenandwhere.11.Iwonderhowmuch________.A.doesthecomputercostB.didthecomputercostC.thecomputercostD.thecomputercosts12.Ihaveallkindsofbooksthere,youmaytake________youlikemost.A.inwhichB.fromwhichC.whicheverD.that13.—Doyouremember________hecame?—Yes,Ido,hecamebycar.A.howB.whenC.thatD.if14.Therecanbenodoubt________heisqualifiedforthejob.A.ifB.whetherC.thatD.which15.Ihavenoinformationabout________hewillcomeornot.A.ifB.eitherC.whetherD.what16.Nowwehavelittleidea________lifetheywerethenliving. A.whichB.thatC.whatD.how1.It’swidelybelieved________milkandeggsarenutritious.A.thatB.whatC.ifD.whether2.It’sdoubtful________weshallbeabletocome.A.thatB.whetherC.ifD.when3.Theofficialaskedme________tobuildthisplant.A.howlongitwastakenB.howlongithadtakenC.howmuchtimedidittakeD.howmuchtimeitwastaken4.Hemadeapromise________hewouldhelpme.A.whatB.whenC.thatD.which5.Thisis________theSaltLakeCitylies.A.whichB.whatC.whereD.when6.Itlooked________itwasgoingtorain.A.asifB.ifC.asD.whether7.Itdependson________hewasenoughmoney.A.ifB.ifornotC.whetherornotD.whether8.________getshomefirstistocookthesupper.A.WhoB.WhomC.ThosewhoD.Whoever9.________WangFenglookedaftertheoldwomanawholeyearmovedusall.A.ThatB.WhatC.WhenD.Why10.________Ican’tunderstandis________hedoesn’twanttogo.A.What;whyB.That;thatC.Which;forD.Why;because11.Idon’tdoubt________hewillattendthemeeting.A.thatB.ifC.whatD.whether12.Itworriedherabit________herhairwasturninggray.A.whileB.thatC.ifD.whether13.Theteacherasked________withme.A.whatwasthewrongB.whatthematterwasC.whatmatterwasD.whatwasthematter14.________wedomustbeintheinterestsofthepeople.A.WhatthatB.WhicheverC.NomatterD.Whatever15.Tellme________yourbrotherlookslike.A.howB.whatC.allthatD.that16.Wordcame________thepresidentwouldcometovisitourcity.A.whetherB.thatC.whyD.which17.Thetroubleis________weareshortofmoney.A.whatB.thatC.howD.why18.Noonecanbesure________inamillionyears.A.WhatmanwilllooklikeB.whatwillmanlooklike C.manwilllooklikewhatD.whatlookwillmanlike1.–Hurryup,orwe’llbelateforthemeeting.--Therearestillafewminutesleft,Idon’t’thinkit________until7:30.A.willbeginB.istobeginC.isbeginningD.wastobegin2.AreyousuggestingthatI________unfitforthejob?A.amB.wereC.shallbeD.be3.________thatthe70yearsoldmancanpassthecollegeentranceexaminationthistime?A.ThatishopedB.ItishopedC.PeoplearehopedD.Ithoped4.Wethink_____necessary_____acollegestudentshouldmasteratleastoneforeignlanguage.A.that;thatB.that;thatC.it;thatD.that;it5.________doyouthinkisthebestplayeronournationalwomenvolleyballteam?A.WhomB.WhatC.OfwhomD.Who6.________wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan________wehave.A.what;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.That;what7.Iwouldratheryou________tomorrowthantoday.A.comeB.willcomeC.cameD.iscoming8.Whodoyouimagine________atthemeetingtomorrow?A.tospeakB.speakingC.spokenD.willspeak9.—DoyoubelieveMarywillcometothepartytonight?—________.A.No,IbelievenotsoB.No,Idon’tbelieveC.No,Idon’tbelievesoD.Ofcourseshewon’tKEY:1—10.DBBABACDCA11—20.CDDCACCCAB21—30.BCCADDAAAB31—40.DDBBBAAABC41—45.DACDC十六、英语中的省略现象在英语中，为了避免重复，句子中的某些部分经常省略，给同学的理解增加了困难。现对省略现象总结如下:一、并列复合句中某些相同成分的省略。1.Thisbeeperworkswell，butthatonedoesn’t(workwell).这个寻呼机工作正常，但那个就不行。2.Alluraniumatomsdonothavethesameatomicweight.Someofthemweigh234units，some(ofthem)(weigh)235units，andsome(ofthem)(weigh)238 units.所有的铀原子并非都有相同的原子量。其中有的重234，有的重235，而有的重238。二、在when，while，if，asif，though(或although)，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等连词连接的状语从句中，常省略跟主句相同的主语和be动词。1.When(wateris)pure，waterisacolorlessliquid.水纯净时，是无色的液体。2.When(Iam)introubleIalwaysturntoherforhelp.我困难时总是找她帮助。3.Errors，ifany，shouldbecorrected.如果有什么错误，就应当改正。(if后省略了thereare)4.Woodgivesmuchsmokewhile(woodis)burning.木头燃烧时，它放出很多烟。5.Theletteristobelefthereuntil(itis)calledfor.这封信留在这里待领。6.Henrylookedaboutasif(hewere)insearchofsomething.亨利向四周环视，似乎在寻找什么。7.Shestudiesveryhardthough(sheis)stillratherweak.她尽管体弱，但学习仍十分努力。三、当见到“when(或if，where，wherever，whenever，assoonas，asfastas，than等)+possible/necessary等”时，可理解中间省略了itis(或was)。1.Answerthesequestions，if(itis)possiblewithoutreferringtothebook.如果有可能，请不看书回答这些问题。2.When(itis)necessaryyoucanhelpustodosomething.必要时你可以帮助我们做些事。四、有形式主语it的主语从句可省略that。1.Itseems(或appears)(that)Joeisout，notJack.外出不在的似乎是乔，不是杰克。2.Itisanhonor(that)Iwasinvitedtoyourbirthdayparty.我很荣幸被邀请参加你的生日聚会。3.It’sapity(that)youcan’toperateacomputer.很遗憾，你不会操作计算机。4.Itisthethirdtime(that)IhavecometoChina.这是我第三次来中国。五、在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词whom，which，that。Thatisthenaughtyboy(whom/that)wetalkedaboutlastweek.那就是我们上周议论的淘气男孩。六、在direction(方向)，way(方式)，distance(距离)，time(时间)，times(倍数)等后面所接的定语从句中常省略that，which，inwhich。1.Thedirection(inwhich)wemoveabodycanbechanged.我们移动物体的方向是可以改变的。2.Thedistance(which或that)lighttravelsinonesecondis300，000kilometers.光每秒走的距离是30万公里。七、以therebe开头的句子，其主语的定语从句常可省略关联词，而there be结构作定语从句时，省略作主语的关系代词。1.ThereisachanceDr.LiwillbeabletobebackforMayDay.李博士也许有机会能回来过“五一节”。2.Wehavetomakealistofallthebooksthereareonthesubject.我们必须把所有关于这个题目的书列出一个单子。八、命令句、惊叹句、部分第一人称的陈述句、部分问句和答句中省略最为常见。1.Openthedoor!开门!2.Whynot?为什么不?3.Whyso?为什么这样?4.Anybodywishingtogo?谁愿意去啊?九、用so，not或其它手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句义，是NMET的常考项目。1.—CanEmilydothiswork?埃米莉能做这件工作吗?　—Ithinkso.我想她行。　—Ithinknot(或Idon’tthinkso).我想她不行。2.—Didyouknowanythingaboutit?这件事你以前知道吗?—Notuntilyoutoldme.你告诉了我，才知道。3.Hehasgone.Nooneknowswhere(hehasgone).他走了，谁也不知道他去什么地方了。4.Jennyknowswhat(istobedone)!詹妮有办法!十、当用强调句型强调疑问词时，常省略强调句型中的that。1.Whenwasit(that)youreceivedhise-mail?你收到他的电子邮件是什么时候?2.Wedon’tknowwhoitwas(that)calledthedoctor?我们不知道是谁请了医生?十一、某些形容词要求后面接一固定的介词短语，若接一从句，则只用that或疑问词直接引出从句，从而省略原有的介词。1.Wearecertain(省去of)thatairisamixture.我们可以肯定，空气是混合物。2.Sheisdoubtful(省去about)whethershecancompleteitintime.她怀疑她能否按时完成。十二、用to表示前述动词(包括谓语或非谓语动词)及其短语。1.Youmaygoonlineifyoulike(to)(goonline).你如果想上网就可以上网。2.Nothingcanstoptheboyfromplayingvideogameswhenhewantsto(play).当这男孩想玩电子游戏时，没有东西可阻碍他玩。十三、在某些动词后含有宾语补语或主语补语的复合结构中省略tobe或being的情况。1.Theyfoundtheanswer(tobe)correct.他们发现答案正确。2.Thisconclusionproved(tobe)correct.这个结论原来是正确的。十四、新闻标题要求简练醒目，需根据上下文的语境推敲其省略部分。1.Boy14，rescuedfromcliffface.从峭壁上救下14岁的男孩(Aboyof14hasbeenrescuedfromcliffface.)。2.AmericanPresidenttoflytoLondon.美国总统将飞往伦敦(AmericanPresidentistoflytoLondon.)。十五、注意在一些固定短语中某些介词的省略。 　　havetrouble(in)sleeping难于入睡。　　spendone’sevenings(in)readingnovels把晚上的时间花费在看小说上。　　bebusy(in)doingsth.(他)忙于做某事。　　Theyare(of)thesameage.他们年龄相同。　　Thereisnouse(in)explainingittoheranymore.这件事再向她解释是无用的。　　Heiscarryingoutthisexperiment(in)thesamewayasIdidyesterday.他使用我昨天采用的方法在做他的实验。十七、英语插入语及插入句的用法在英语学习中，插入语屡见不鲜，由于插入语通常与句中其它成分没有语法上的关系，因此给考生的理解带来一定困难。插入语多半用逗号与句子隔开，用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度。插入语可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。　　一、常用做插入语的副词　　indeed的确，surely无疑，however然而，obviously显然，frankly坦率地说，naturally自然，luckily(或happily)forsb.算某人幸运，fortunately幸好，strangely奇怪，honestly真的，briefly简单地说等。　　1.Surely，shewon’tgotoChinaTelecomwithyou.　　当然她不会和你一起去中国电信。　　2.Strangely，hehasnotbeentoChinaUnicom.Stillmorestrangely，hehasnotcalledme.　　奇怪，他未来过中国联通。更奇怪，他没给我打电话。　　3.Fortunately，IfoundthebookthatI’dlost.　　幸亏我找到了已丢失的那本书。　　二、常见的作插入语的形容词或其短语　　true真的，funny真可笑，strangetosay说也奇怪，needlesstosay不用说，mostimportantofall最为重要，worsestill更糟糕的等。　　1.Strangetosay(或True)，heshouldhavedonesuchathing.　　说也奇怪(或真的)，他竟然做出这样的事。　　2.Mostimportantofall，youeachoverfulfilledyourowntask.　　更为重要的，你们各自超额完成了自己的任务。　　三、常用作插入语的介词短语　　inafewwords(或insum，inshort)简而言之，inotherwords换句话说，inasense在某种意义上，ingeneral一般说来，inmyview在我看来，inhisopinion(judgment)按照他的意见(判断)，inconclusion总之，insummary概括地说，infact事实上，inthefirstplace首先，inaddition此外，ofcourse当然，toourknowledge据我们所知，tomyjoy(delight，satisfaction)使我欣慰(高兴、满意)的，totheirsurprise(astonishment，amazement)使他们惊奇的，toherregret(disappointment)使她遗憾(失望)的，forinstance(或example)例如，asamatterof fact事实上等。　　1.Ofcourse，hedidnotsucceedforthelackofexperience.　　当然，他由于缺乏经验而未成功。　　2.Sheknowsmuchmoreaboutcomputersciencethantheotherstudentsdo，forinstance.　　例如，她在计算机科学方面就比其他同学懂得多。　　四、常用作插入语的分词短语　　strictlyspeaking严格地说，generallyspeaking一般地说，judgingfrom…根据……判断等。　　Judgingfromhisletter，acampaignagainst”whitepollution”hasbeenundertakeninhishometown.　　根据他的来信做出判断，一场抵制“白色污染”的运动已经在他的故乡展开了。　　注意:不要理解为现在分词短语作状语，因为上两句中speaking和judging的动作不是句中主语发出的。　　五、常用作插入语的不定式短语　　tobesure无疑地，tosumup概括地说，totellthetruth老实说等。　　1.Tobesure，communityservicecanaidreemployment.　　毫无疑问，社区服务能有助于再就业。　　2.Tostartwith，Chinaisreadystrengthenscientificandtechnologicalcooperationwithmanycountries.　　首先，中国准备和许多国家加强科学技术合作。　　六、插入句　　Iamsure我可以肯定地说，Ibelieve我相信，Iwonder我不知道，youknow你知道，yousee你明白，thatis也就是说，itseems看来是，asIseeit照我看来，whatisimportant(serious)重要(严重)的是，I’mafraid恐怕，itissaid据说等。　　1.Itwillresultinsuccess，Isuppose.　　我想，这件事终于会成功的。　　2.Oneday，itissaid，Newtonsawanapplefallfromatree.　　据说，有一天牛顿见到一个苹果从树上掉下来。　　3.Whatismoreimportant，informationsuperhighwayscancarrygreatamountsofinformationaroundthecountryquicklyandcheaply.　　更重要的是，信息高速公路能把大量信息迅速、便宜地传遍全国。十八、状语从句状语从句在句中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句放在主句之前时，常用逗号分开：放在主句之后，一般不用逗号。状语从句按其意文和作用可分为时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等九种。时间状语从句时间状语从句常用连词有when，as，while，before，after，since，till（until），assoonas，hardly…when…，nosooner…than，the moment等。时间状语从句一般不用将来时，因此，主句若为将来时，时间状语从句要用一般现在时。如：I"llgoonwiththeworkwhenIcomebacktomorrow.一、when,while与as的异同作为从属连词，三者的意思都是“当…时候”，在用法上有如下异同点。1.在主句的谓语动词表示短暂动作，而从句说的是一段时间发生的动作时，三个连词都可以。如：Imethimas／when／whileIwasdoingsomeshopping.2.从句动作发生的时间如果是某一点，而且主句动作同时或几乎同时发生时，不能用while，而只能用when或as。如：Imethimas/whenIwasgettingoffthebus.3.当从句动作发生在主句动作之前时，只能用when，如：IwillringyouupwhenIreturn.4.主句用进行时态，从句动作发生的时间如果是某一点，只能用when。如：MymotherwascookingthesupperwhenIgothome.5.如果主句和从句的动作都在一段时间发生，可用as或while，只不过as强调主句和从句中的动作同时发生，而while强调主句的动作延续于while所指的整个时间。AsIputonmycoat，somethingfelloutofthepocketontothefloor.Whilehewasinprison，JoeHillcontinuedtowritesongstokeepuptheworker"sfight．二、when的从属连词用法when作为从属连词引导时间状语从句，既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后。如：Whenwegothome，itwasalreadyeighto"clock.Comeagainwhenyouhavetime．但在下面这组句子中，when引导的不是时间状语从句，通常不译成“当…的时候”。1)OneeveningsomeofNapoleon"ssoldiersweredrinkingtogetherwhenayoungFrenchmanbroughtafiendtotheirtable.2)Hehadjustgotintobedabouthalfpastelevenwhenhefeltthefloorshakingunderhim.3)AnArabwaswalkingalonethroughthedesertwhenhemettwomen.4)Iwasjustgoingtoexplainwhenthebellrang．在以上例子中，各句的中心不在前面，而在when引导的分句上。而且when引导的句子说明的情况是事先未曾预料到的，有一定的突然性。when的意思为andatthatmoment或andsuddenly。when引导的这种句子不能放在句首。翻译时常常译成并列句。三、till（until）表示“一直到…”时，主句用持续性动词的肯定式，从句也用肯定式：表示“直到…才…”，主句用非持续性动词的否定式，从句用肯定式。例如：Hedidnotgetuptillhismothercamein.Heworkeduntilitwasdark.四、assoonas，和themoment引导的从句表示“—…就…”用nosooner。…than和hardly…when 引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时；而且主句一般倒装，把助动词had提到前面。例如：AssoonasIfinishthework，I’llgotoseeyou．HardlyhadIenteredtheroomwhenIheardaloudnoise．让步状语从句让步状语从句由although（though），as，evenif，．however,whatever，nomatter＋when／how／what／who／where等词引导。一、though和although1.although是较正式语体，语气化（even）though强，且一般用在句首。（even）though比较通俗，较常用。下列情况只能用though：2.在部分倒装的从句中，如：Youngthoughhewas，hewasburdenedwithabigfamily.3.在asthough，eventhough等短语中though不能用although代替。值得注意的是，不管though还是although，都不能与but连用。二、由as引导的让步状语从句由as连词引导的让步从句是一种部分倒装句，其结构通常是：adj.(adv,n或v)＋as＋主语＋谓语＋其他成分＋（主句）。注意，名词前不用冠词。如：Tallasheis，hecannotreachthetopshelf．（前面是形容词）Fastasheran，hemissedthefirstbus．（前面是副词）Heroassheis，sheismodest。（前面是名词）TryasImight，Icouldn"tliftthestone．〔前面是动词原形〕上述句子中的as都可以用though代替。下面三种结构意思相同：Thoughhewasachild(Childashewas/Childthoughhewas)，hehaswonthreegoldmedalsinsports．原因状语从句一、for，because，since，as表示原因for和because，since，as一样，都可作“因为”讲。但它不表示产生某种结果的必然因果关系，它们之间用逗号分隔开。because表示产生某种结果的必然因果关系，是全句的中心，主句反而成了次要的部分，有时主句甚至可以省略。回答why的问题只能用because．比较：Itmusthaverainedlastnight，forthegroundiswet．Thegroundiswetbecauseitrainedlastnight．二、since和as表示原因的份量不如because那么重，而且通常放在句首。如：Sinceyousayso，Isupposeit"strue.Asitisraining，Iwillnotgoout.三、for是个并列连词，只能放在另一个并列分句前面，表示一种推理或解释，或用作附加说明，而不是指理由或原因，语气最弱，一般不放在句首，常译成“因为”，“其理由是”。例如：Thedaybreaks，forthebirdsaresinging。for表示因果关系时，可以同because交替使用，但for前须用逗号，而because则不必。 一、because用于否定句中时，有没有逗号意义是不相同的。I"mnotinterestedinhim，becauseheispoor．（否定主句）我对他不惑兴趣是因为他很穷。I"mnotinterestedinhimbecauseheispoor．（没有逗号时，否定转移到从句）我不是因为他很穷才对他感兴趣。条件状语从句条件状语从句用if,unless（if...not），as（so）longas（只要）等词引导，如果主句是将来时，条件状语从句用一般现在时表示：AslongasIlive，Ishallworkhard。IshallnotgotoschoolunlessIfinishmyhomework.※unless与ifunless和if都可引导条件状语从句，但意义不同。unless的意思是ifnot，两者常可互换。如：I"llgoifmywifeisinvitedtoo。＝Iwon"tgounlessmywifeisinvitedtoo，有时虽没有not，而反义词语也可互换。如：Igoforawalkeverydayifweatherpermits．＝Igoforawalkunlessbadweatherstopsme．地点状语从句地点状语从句常用where，wherever等连词引导。Whereveryougo，I"llfollowyou.注意where引导的地点状语从句不要和定语从句相混淆。Weshallgowhereworkingconditionsaredifficult．（状语从句）Weshallgototheplacewhereworkingconditionsaredifficult.（定语从句）结果状语从句结果状语从句一般由so，sothat，的…that，such…that引导，放在主句之后。例如：Theboxissoheavythatnobodycanmoveit.Itissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanmoveit.Soheavytheboxisthatnobodycanmoveit．（可用倒装结构）注意不要和定语从句混淆：Zhangjiajieissuchamarvelousplacethateveryonewantstovisitit.（that引导状语从句）张家界是如此神奇的地方，人人都想去游玩。Zhangjiajieissuchamarvelousplaceaseveryonewantstovisit.（as引导状语从句并作宾语）张家界是如此一个人人都想去游玩的神奇的地方。目的状语从句目的状语从句常由sothat，inorderthat，lest／forfearthat等引导，放在主句之后。 一、sothat，inorderthatTheystartedearlysothattheymightarriveintime．＝Theystartedearlysoasto／inordertoarriveintime.Heworkshardinorderthathecanservehecountrywell.注意：1)sothat和soasto均不能位于句首.2)与sothat作结果状语的区别。如：Hehurriedtothestationsothathecouldcatchtheearlybus.（表目的）=Hegottothestationhurriedlysothathecouldcatchtheearlybus．他匆匆忙忙赶到车站，为的是能搭上早班车。Hehurriedtothestationsothathecaughttheearlybus.（表结果）=Hegottothestationhurriedlysothathecaughttheearlybus.=Hegottothestationsohurriedlythathecaughttheearlybus.二、lest和forfearthat所连接的状语从句里常用should或原形动词以免；生怕；唯恐（that用于fearworry等词之后起连接作用，无实际意义）Theystartedoutearlyforfearthatthey(should)missthetrain.Becarefullestyoufallfromthattree。要当心，以免从树上摔下来。Iwasafraidlesthemightcometoolate。我怕他来得太晚。方式状语从句方式状语从句放在主句之后，用as，justas，asif,asthough等引导。asif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。例如：Theoldmanrunsveryfastasifhewereayoungman.Youmaydoasyouplease.比较状语从句比较状语从句常由as。…as，than，notso。…as…，themore．…themore等词引导。比较从句部分常是省略句。例如：Iknowyoubetterthanhedoes.Themorewecandoforyou，thehappierwewillbe.巩固训练1.Ithinkthatyouareyounger________.A.thanyouarelookedB.thanyoulooklikeC.thanyoulookD.thanyouarelike2.Itwas________thatIcouldn’tfinishitbymyself.A.sodifficultaworkB.suchadifficultworkC.sodifficultworkD.suchdifficultwork3.Thebusiertheworkersare,________theyfeel.A.themorehappinessB.themorehappyC.thehappierD.themuchhappier 1.________yougo,youshouldbearyourmotherlandinyourmind.A.WhereB.WhereverC.HoweverD.Whatever2.________hadwehurriedhome________itbegantopourdown.A.Nosooner;whenB.Hardly;whenC.Hardly;thatD.Assoonas;when3.Mr.Wuseldomcomeshere.________hecomes,I’llletyouknow.A.OnceB.AsC.UnlessD.while4.Thoughheisveryyoung.________heknowsthreeforeignlanguages.A.butB.andC.howeverD.yet5.________youarehere,youshouldgoandsayhellotoyourteacher.A.AsB.BecauseC.ForD.Nowthat6.Mr.Smithhasbeenill________hecametoChinafromFrancelastyear.A.asB.becauseC.sinceD.when7.Thereisnotmuchchanceofwinningthecompetition.________,youcanhaveatry.A.CompletelyB.ThereforeC.AlthoughD.Anyhow8.Thespeakerraisedhisvoice________hemightbeheardclearly.A.soastoB.inordertoC.incaseD.sothat9.Howtimeflies!Threemonthshaspassed________weknow.A.sinceB.beforeC.whenD.after10.—ShallIputthebookaway?—No.leaveit________itis.Ihaven’tfinishedit.A.intheplaceB.thereC.whereD.here11.Itisseveryears________IleftParis.A.whenB.afterC.beforeD.since12.—Theairispollutedseriously.—It’llbegetworse________somethingisdoneaboutpollution.A.butB.unlessC.besidesD.if13.Youcanusemycar________youcomebackbeforeFirday.A.unlessthatB.onconditionthatC.wheneverD.asif14.________theletter,tearskeptcomingdownfromhereyes.A.ToreadB.ReadingC.ShewasreadingD.Whileshewasreading15.Mr.Brownisawarm-heartedperson,hehelpsme________Iaskhimto.A.whateverB.wheneverC.onlyD.however16.________whatmayhappen,Iwon’tchangemymind.A.EvenifB.AlthoughC.SinceD.Nomatter17.Itwon’tbelong________wemeetagain.A.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.when18.You’llsurelymakeprogress________youworkwithastrongwill.A.unlessB.untilC.aslongasD.aswellas 1.Hewaswalkingalongthestreet________heheardsomeonecrying“help”.A.whileB.whenC.asD.which2.________theyvisitedtheGreatWall,theyshowedgreatinterestinit.A.ThefirsttimeB.ForthefirsttimeC.AtfirstD.Until3.Ididn’tmanagetodoit________youhadexplainedhow.A.untilB.unlessC.afterD.when4.—Whatwasthepartylike?—Wonderful,it’syears________Iengagedmyselfsomuch.A.afterB.whenC.beforeD.since5.________strongthetemptation,don’tstayinanyjoblong.A.ThoughB.EvenifC.WhateverD.However6.Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild________heorshewants.A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever7.Afterliberation,anewschoolbuildingwasputup________therehadoncebeenatemple.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.there8.Iwonderifhe________us,andIthinkifhe________uswe’llbeabletocompletethetaskaheadoftime.A.willhelp;willhelpB.helps;willhelpC.willhelp;helpsD.helps;helps9.________wefail,we________trying.A.Evenalthough;shallneverstopB.Even;willnotstopC.Eventhough;won’tstop.D.Evenif;don’tstop10.________telephone,tellhimI’mout.A.AnyoneB.WhoeverC.WhoD.Nomatter11.Theydidnotstopfighting________therewasnoenemyleft.A.sinceB.whenC.afterD.until12.Iwasabouttoleavemyhouse________thephonerang.A.afterB.whenC.asD.while13.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,________,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmine.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.while14.________ayoungman,hewasfondofhunting.A.WhenB.WhileC.AsD.Like15.Healwaysgetsupearly________hecanfindsometimetoreadEnglishinthemorning.A.thatB.whetherC.whenD.for16.Shelovesthelittlegirl________shewereherown.A.evenifB.asifC.ifD.because 1.Thelittlegirlisgoingtostaywithheraunt________.A.untilhermothercomesbackB.untilhermotherwillcomebackC.whenhermothercomesbackD.beforehermotherwillcomeback2.LinTaoissuretocometohelpyou________hishomework.A.assoonashewillfinishB.themomenthehasfinishedC.assoonashefinishedD.themomenthehadfinished3.Hecanmakecakes________hismotherdoes.A.sothatB.lestC.justasD.inorderthat4.Theyusecomputerssothatthephysicalexamination________bespedup.A.wouldB.couldC.shallD.can5.Youwillhavetobuythebook________youlikeitornot.A.asB.whetherC.ifD.though6.Shecontinuedtowrite________shehadalwaysdone.A.asifB.beforeC.asD.when7.Idon’tthinkshe’llbeupset,butI’llseeher________sheis.A.unlessB.incaseC.untilD.though8.ShehadgivenRobertallhersaving,________they________abletobuytheirownhouse.A.sothat;wereB.sothat;mightbeC.inorderthat;wereD.suchthat;wereKey:1—10.CDCBBADDCD11—20.DBCDBBDBDB21—30.CBAADDBBCC31—45.BDBDCABABCDBCBA十九、“sothat”,”so…that”和“such…that”在学习sothat和so…that从句时，有相当一部分同学认为：sothat是用来构成目的状语从句的，而so…that则是用来构成结果状语从句的。其实，情况并不是这样。一、sothat同样可以用来引导结果状语从句，无论是否有副词作状语或形容词作表语，这就要得从意义上和sothat从句的结构上来考虑，表目的的sothat状语从句中通常情况下都含有一个情态动词。试比较：Hehurriedtothestationsothathecouldcatchtheearlybus.（表目的）=Hegottothestationhurriedlysothathecouldcatchtheearlybus.他匆匆忙忙赶到车站，为的是能搭上早班车。Hehurriedtothestationsothathecaughttheearlybus.（表结果）=Hegottothestationhurriedlysothathecaughttheearlybus.=Hegottothestationsohurriedlythathecaughttheearlybus.他匆匆忙忙赶到车站，结果搭上了早班车。※但若副词或形容词是放在so …that之间，就算that从句中含有情态动词也只能表示结果。Theboywassostupidthathecouldn’tworkoutthemathsproblem.这个男孩很笨，所以他解不出这道数学题。注：①表目的的sothat从句可以用inorderthat替换；若主句和从句的主语一致的时候还可以用soasto或inorderto将其转换为简单句。如：IgotupearlysothatIcouldbeintimeforthemorningexercises.→IgotupearlyinorderthatIcouldbeintimeforthemorningexercises.→Igotupearlysoasto/inordertobeintimeforthemorningexercises.②有时为了加强语气，inorderthat从句或inorderto短语还可以放到句首，但sothat和soasto却不行。如：InorderthatIcouldbeintimeforthemorningexercises,Igotupearly.Inordertobeintimeforthemorningexercises,Igotupearly.③当so…that（或sothat）结构的主句中有副词作状语或形容词作表语时，必须用so+adv./adj.+asto才可以将其转换为简单句来表示结果，否则是表示目的。试比较：Ispokesoloudastobeheardbyeveryone.（表结果）我讲得声音很大，结果大家都听清楚了。Ispokeloudsoastobeheardbyeveryone.（表目的）我很大声地讲，是为了大家能都听清楚④在so+adv./adj.+that所构成的结果状语从句中，人们常常把so+adv./adj.移到句首并将谓语动词倒装来表示强调。例如：Soharddidtheboystudythathepassedtheexam.Socleveristheboythathecananswerthequestion.⑤人们在口语中常省去so…that的that，也有人省去so而保留that。如：Shewassoexcited(that)shecouldhardlyfallasleep.Shewas(so)excitedthatshecouldhardlyfallasleep.在书写中省去that时，最好加上逗号，把句子的两个部分隔开。例如：Shewassoexcited,shecouldhardlyfallasleep.一、so…that和such…that都可以构成结果从句，所不同的是so…that之间接形容词或副词，而such…that之间接名词。一般情况下，即使名词前有形容词修饰也不能换用so…that。例如：Theboyissocleverthateveryonelikeshim.Theboyissuchafoolthathecan’tunderstandit.Titanicissuchamovingfilmthatallofuswanttoseeit.Theteachergavethechildrensuchwonderfulpicturebooksthattheygotwildwithjoy.注：①当such…that之间用“不定冠词+形容词+ 单数名词”时，可以用so…that替换，但得将不定冠词和形容词颠倒位置。例如：ThatwassuchanimportantpartythatIhadtotakepartinit.→ThatwassoimportantapartythatIhadtotakepartinit.②当such…that之间的可数名词前用many或few修饰，不可数名词前用much或little修饰时，只能用so…that构成结果从句。例如：I’vegotsofewapplesthatIcannotdividethemamongthechildren.IhavesomuchhomeworktodothatIcan’tgotothecinemawithyou.③当little表示“小”而不是“少”的意思时，仍然用such…that.试比较：Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthattheycannotdotheworkwell.这些孩子太小，他们做不好这项工作。IhavesolittlemoneythatIcan’tbuythecomputer.我的钱太少买不起这部电脑。一、such…that万不可与such…as混用。such…that中的that是连词，用来引导状语从句，在从句中不充当任何成分；而such…as中的as是关系代词，用来引导定语从句并在从句中担当主语、宾语或表语。试比较：Zhangjiajieissuchamarvelousplacethateveryonewantstovisitit.（that引导状语从句）张家界是如此神奇的地方，人人都想去游玩。Zhangjiajieissuchamarvelousplaceaseveryonewantstovisit.（as引导定语从句并作宾语）张家界是如此一个人人都想去游玩的神奇的地方。二十、“Since”时间从句中的谓语形式和意义首先请同学们看1993年的一道高考题：—Whatwasthepartylike?─Wonderful.It’syears________Ienjoyedmyselfsomuch.A.afterB.beforeC.whenD.since正确选项为D。意为：“你觉得这次聚会怎么样？”“棒极了，我好多年都没有这么痛痛快快地玩了。”这里的It’syearssinceIenjoyedmyselfsomuch=Ihaven’tenjoyedmyselfsomuchforyears.为什么“enjoy”的意义在这里变成了否定的呢？这是因为enjoy是持续性动词。当持续性动词用在since从句中时，其意义不同于非持续性动词。下面做一下分类解释：一、在since时间从句中用非持续性动词时，时间的计算应从该动作发生之时开始；若是用持续性动词，时间的计算则应从该动作结束之时开始。例如：①Ihaven’tseenhimsinceheleftWuhan.自从他离开武汉以来，我一直没见过他。（这里的left为非持续性动词，时间的计算应从left的动作发生之时开始。）②Ihaven’tseenhimsincehelivedinWuhan.自从他不住在武汉以来，我一直没见过他。（这里的lived为持续性动词，时间的计算应从lived的动作结束之时开始。） 以上的句①和句②的意思基本相同。句②since从句中的谓语lived的意义是否定的，而又不能将其改为didn’tlive，这是英语的一种表达习惯。又如:Shehasstayedatheruncle’ssinceshewasill.她自病愈以来就一直住在她叔叔家里。（这里wasill是持续性的“状态”，用在since从句中同样表示这种“状态”的结束，也就是“不生病”或“病愈了”）二、任何语法都不是绝对的，例外情况总是存在的。有时候，since从句中的持续性动词同样可以表示动作或状态延续到现在，时间的起点可以从动作或状态的发生之时开始，但通常在since之前加上“ever”以加强since的语意。例如：I’veknownhereversinceIwasachild.我自孩提时代起就认识她了。Ihaven’tbeentothecinemaeversinceIownedtheTVset.自从我拥有了这台电视机，我就没有去电影院看过电影。另外，也可以将since从句中的谓语改为完成时态来加强语意而使持续性动作或状态延续到现在，但值得注意的是在since从句中用完成时态并不是很常见的。Hehasbeenlookingforajobsincehehasbeenlaidoff.自从他下岗以来就一直在找工作。Ihaven’theardfromhimsincehehaslivedabroad.自从他在国外居住以来我一直没有收到他的来信。注意：since从句中如果是用的非持续性动词，则无论在since前加ever还是将since从句中的谓语改为完成时态来加强语意，从句中谓语动词的动作都没有什么持续性。例如：Mygrannyhasbeencatnappingeversincethefilmbegansincethefilmhasbegun.自电影一开始，我奶奶就一直在打瞌睡。三、在“Itis+时间+since-从句”的结构中，情况则不一样。它表示从过去某一时刻起到现在（说话时刻）为止的一段持续时间的总和，从句中通常都用一般过去时，但无论用持续性还是非持续性动词都表示动作或状态的完成，时间的起点应该是在动作或状态完成的那一刻开始算起。例如：①ItissixyearssinceIjoinedtheParty.我入党已经有六年了。②ItissixyearssinceIwasinBeijing.我不在（离开）北京已经有六年了。在句②中，无论在since从句前加ever还是在从句中用havebeen都无法表达“我已经在北京呆了六年”的意思。又如:Itisaboutfiveyearssincemyfather(has)smoked.我父亲不吸烟已经约五年了。(=Itisaboutfiveyearssincemyfathergaveupsmoking.)所以，本文开头的那道高考题“It’syearssinceIenjoyedmyselfsomuch.”应译为“我好多年都没有这么痛痛快快地玩了。”这样才与上下文逻辑上一致。四、但是，如需要since从句表示某一持续性的动作或状态从发生之时起一直延续到现在的时刻，那么可将since改为that，并且谓语必须用完成时态。试比较：①Itisaboutsevenyearssincewe(have)livedinthecountryside.我们约7年不住在乡下了。②Itisaboutsevenyearsthatwehavelivedinthecountryside.我们住在乡下约有7年了。 =Wehavelivedinthecountryside(for)aboutsevenyears.其实，句②就是一个“Itis+time+that”所构成的强调句型。注意：强调句中的谓语绝不可用非持续性动词的肯定式，但可用其否定式。因为否定式表示该动作没有发生，是一种状况，这种状况是可以持续的。比较：（正）(1)Itisthreeweeksthathehasn’tcomehere.（正）(2)Hehasn’tcomehereforthreeweeks.（误）(1)Itisthreeweeksthathehascomehere.（误）(2)Hehascomehereforthreeweeks.(但句若(2)理解成“他到这儿来了，打算呆三个星期”则是正确，那么forthreeweeks作“目的状语”而非“时间状语”了。)二十一、倒装句英语的基本语序是“主语＋谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序叫做“倒装”。倒装的原因，一是语法结构的需要（如某些疑问句）；一是为了强调。英语中常见的倒装句，除了某些疑问句和以引导词there开头的固定倒装句型外，还有下列一些情况：1．在以here,there或out,in,up,down,over,away,off,upstairs/downstairs等副词开头的句子里，表示强调。在这种情况下只需将动词直接提前而并不需要用助动词的帮助来构成倒装。1)Theregoesthebell.2)Herecomesthebus.3)Outrushedthechildren.4)Awaywenttheboy.※但在这样的结构中，若主语是人称代词时，只需将被强调的副词提前，而主语和谓语的语序是不变的。如：1)Hereitis.(不能说Hereisit.)2)Awayhewent.(不能说Awaywenthe.)2．直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，有时也用倒装。1)“Whatthechildsaidistrue,”saidthefather.2)“Whatdoesitmean?”askedtheboy.3．only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句子开头时。1)OnlythendidIrealizethatIwaswrong.2)Onlyinthiswaycanyoulearnfromyourmistake.3)Onlywhenthewarwasoverin1918washeabletogethappilybacktowork.※当only之后所接的不是状语时不可以用倒装。如：OnlyComradeZhangknowsaboutit.4．含有否定意义的副词或连词，如hardly,never,not,notonly,little,seldom, scarcely,barely,nosooner,notonce等放在句首时。1)NevershallIforgetit.2)Notasinglemistakedidhemake.3)HardlyhadIreachedthebusstopwhenthebusstarted.(=NosoonerhadIreachedthebusstopthanthebusstarted.)4)Notonlywaseverythinghehadtakenawayfromhim,buthisGermancitizenship.※另外，当含有否定意义的状语提前时，谓语也要倒装。5)Bynomeans(=never)didhegotothecountrysidewithyou.6)Withoutanymoneyonhimdidhegototown.7)Notuntilhismothercamebackdidhewenttobed.8)Atnotime(=never)willIgiveup.1．当句首状语或表语为表示地点的介词短语时，也常常引起全部倒装。1)Southofthecityliesabigsteelfactory.2)Underthedeskisyourpen.3)Fromthevalleycameafrighteningsound.4)Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.2．当表语位于句首时，倒装结构为“表语＋连系动词＋主语”。1)PresentatthemeetingwereProfessorSmithandmanyotherguests.2)GonearethedayswhentheycoulddowhattheylikedtotheChinesepeople.3)AmongthegoodsareChristmastrees,flowers,candiesandtoys.3．用于so,nor,neither,nomore开头的句子，表示重复前句的部分内容。原句的谓语应与前句的谓语的时态、形式相一致1)Sheisatailor.Soishermother.2)Youcanrideacar.SocanI.3)Thefirstoneisnotgood,noristhesecond.4)Hedoesn’tlikefootball,neitherdoI.5)Ifyoudon’tgothere,nomorewillI.(=Youwillnotgothere.Iwon’t,either.4．表示结果so…that或such…that也可以构成倒装。6)Socleverishethathecandotheworkwell.7)Insuchahurrydidhecomerunningthathewasoutofbreath.※sothat表示目的时，不能用倒装。5．当虚拟语气的条件句省略if时可将were,should和had提至句首构成倒装。1)Werehehere,hewouldhelpyou.(=Ifhewas/werehere,…)2)Shouldhecometomorrow,whatwouldyoudo?(=Ifheshouldcome,…)3)Hadyoumethimyesterday,youcouldhavelearntmorefromhim.(=Ifyouhadmethimyesterday,…)6．Although/Though构成的让步状语从句可以用局部倒装。 1)Prettyassheis,sheisnotclever.(=Although/Thoughsheispretty,…)2)Hardasheworked,hecouldn’tsupporthisfamily.(Thoughheworkedhard,…)3)Tryashewould,hemightfailagain.(=Thoughhewouldtryagain,…)4)Childasheis,heknowsalot.(Thoughheisachild,…)注意：若表语是名词，其名词前不加任何冠词。以上各句中的as均可用though,但as更常用。※在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句较长，也可实行全部倒装。5)Difficultaswasthechemistryhomework,itwasfinishedintime.1．当often,manyatime等状语位于句首时也常用倒装。1)Oftendoeshecometovisitme.2)ManyatimehaveIbeentoBeijing.2．表示祝愿、祈祷的句子常用倒装。1)LongliveourCommunistParty!2)Mayyoubehappy!3．有时要强调宾语，可以将宾语提至句首，但谓语无须倒装。Thatbookhekeptforhimself.巩固训练第一部分：历届高考题选1.Ilikesportsand__________mybrother.A.sodoesB.soisC.soD.solike2.Hecan’tdriveacar,__________.A.socanIB.can’tIeitherC.Ican’ttooD.neithercanI3.Sheisnotfondofcooking,__________I.A.soamB.noramC.neitherdoD.nordo4.Nosoonerhadhefinishedhistalk__________hewassurroundedbytheworkers.A.asB.thenC.thanD.when5.Helendoesn"tlikemilkand__________.A.soIdon’tB.sodon’tIC.eitherIdoD.neitherdoI6.Onlyinthisway__________progressinyourEnglish.A.youmakeB.canyoumakeC.youbeabletomakeD.willyouabletomake7.__________,hedoesn’tstudywell.A.AsheiscleverB.HeisascleverC.CleverasheisD.Ascleverheis8.—Idon’tthinkIcanwalkanyfurther.—__________.Let’sstophereforarest. A.NeitheramIB.NeithercanIC.Idon’tthinksoD.Ithinkso1.—Didyouenjoythattrip?—I’mafraidnot.And__________.A.myclassmatesdon’teitherB.myclassmatesdon’ttooC.neitherdomyclassmatesD.neitherdidmyclassmates2.—Johnwonfirstprizeinthecontest.—__________.A.SohedidB.SodidheC.Sohedid,tooD.Sodidhe,too3.Afterthatweneversawheragain,nor__________fromher.A.didwehearB.weheardC.hadweheardD.wehaveheard4.Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcentury__________whatheatis.A.mandidknowB.manknewC.didn’tmanknowD.didmanknow5.NotuntilIbegantowork__________howmuchtimeIhadwasted.A.didn"trealizeB.didIrealizeC.Ididn’trealizeD.Irealize6.Notuntilallthefishdiedintheriver__________howseriousthepollutionwas.A.didthevillagersrealizeB.thevillagersrealizeC.thevillagersdidrealizeD.didn’tthevillagersrealize第二部分：补充练习1.Look,__________.A.herethebuscomesB.hereisthebuscomingC.herecomesthebusD.herethebusiscoming2.—WhereisKate?—Look,__________.Sheisattheschoolgate.A.theresheisB.thereissheC.hereyouareD.hereitis3.Whichofthefollowingsentencesiscorrect.A.Intheteachercame.B.Indidcometheteacher.C.Indidtheteachercome.D.Incametheteacher.4.Out__________,withastickinhishand.A.didherushB.rushedheC.herushedD.hedidrush5.__________,heishonest.A.AsheispoorB.PoorisheC.PoorasheisD.Poorasishe6.__________,heknowsalotofthings.A.AchildasheisB.ChildasheisC.AchildasisheD.Childasishe7.__________,youcan’tliftyourselfup. A.Evenyou’restrongB.StrongasyouareC.HowstrongyouareD.Inspiteyou’restrong1.Socarelessly__________thathealmostkilledhimself.A.hedrivesB.hedroveC.doeshedriveD.didhedrive2.Earlyintheday__________thenews__________theenemyweregone.A.come;thatB.came;thatC.comes;thatD.came;what3.Onlywhenyourealizetheimportanceofforeignlanguages__________themwell.A.youcanlearnB.canyoulearnC.youlearnedD.didyoulearn4.Onlyafterliberation,__________tobetreatedashumanbeings.A.didtheybeginB.theyhadbegunC.theydidbeginD.hadtheybegun5.Notonly__________tostayathome,buthewasalsoforbiddentoseehisfriends.A.hewasforcingB.hewasforcedC.washeforcingD.washeforced6.Notuntilhisfatherwasoutofprison__________toschool.A.canJohngoB.JohncangoC.couldJohngoD.Johncouldgo7.Neverbefore__________seensuchastupidman.A.amIB.wasIC.haveID.shallI8.Rarely__________suchasillything.A.haveIheardofB.IhaveheardofC.IhavebeenhearingofD.haveIheardfrom9.Little__________abouthisownhealththoughhewasveryill.A.hecaredB.didhecareC.doeshecareD.hecares10.Seldom_________himrecently.A.ImetB.IhavemetC.haveImetD.didn’tmeet11.Hardly__________down__________hesteppedin.A.hadIsat;thanB.Ihadsat;whenC.hadIsat;thenD.hadIsat;when12.Nosooner__________asleepthansheheardaknockatthedoor.A.shehadfallenB.hadshefallenC.shehadfellD.hadshefell13.HedidnotseeSmith.__________.A.NeitherdidIB.Nordidn’tIC.NeitherIdidD.Sodidn’tI14.Idon"tknowhowtoswim,__________.A.andmysisterdoesn’tneitherB.normysistercanC.nordoesmysisterD.andmysister doeseither1.—Yououghttohavegiventhemsomeadvice.—__________,butwhocaredwhatIsaid.A.SooughtyouB.SoIoughtC.SodidyouD.SoIdid2.—Itwashotyesterday.—__________.A.ItwassoB.SowasitC.SoitwasD.Soitdid3.She’spassedthetest.__________.A.SoamIB.SohaveIC.SoIhaveD.AlsoIhave4.—Youlikefootballverymuch.—__________.A.SodoIB.ItisthesamewithmeC.IdotooD.SoIdoKEY:1—10.ADBCDBCBDA11—14.ADBA1—10.CADCCBBDBB11—20.ADCCABCDBA21—25.CDCBD二十二、定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词Ⅰ.定语从句的特点定语从句修饰前面的名词或代词，它由“关系代词或副词＋从句”构成，它所修饰的名词或代词称作先行词。定语从句通常置于先行词之后。例如：Mybrotherworksinthefactorywhichisnotfarfromyourhouse.注意：关系代词或副词在定语从句中，一定充当一个成分。Ⅱ.用于限定性定语从句的关系代词who,whom,which,that,whose等关系代词在定语从句中所指对象是人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语、介词宾语或定语。它们的形式变化如下：指代对象人事物人+事物主格who/thatwhich/thatthat宾格who(m)/thatwhich/thatthat所有格whosewhose/ofwhichⅢ.who,whom,that代表人A.who,that作主格，不能省略。例如：Themanwho/thatspokeatthemeetingthismorningisafamouslawyer.作主格时，who较that更常用。B.who,whom,that,作动词的宾语。口语中常用who或that代替whom。经常可以省略。例如：Thegirlwho(m)/thatyousawjustnowisJane.ThegirlyousawjustnowisJane. A.当先行词是all,nobody,noone,somebody,someone,anybody等词或者名词有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，指人时who和that都可以用。例如：Allwho/thatheardthenewswereexcited.B.介词+whom引导定语从句时，whom不能由who或that代替,也不能省略。例如：Idon’tknowthepersontowhomyoutalked.但在口语中，通常把介词放在从句后面。此时，可以用who或that代替whom;经常省略关系代词。例如：Idon’tknowtheman(who/that)youtalkedto.Thehero(who/that)youoftenhearofwillcometoourschooltomorrow.Ⅳ.which,that代表事物A.which,that作主格。不能省略。例如：Thisisthebookwhich/thatwaswrittenineasyEnglishbyourEnglishteacher.B.which/that作动词的宾语可以省略。例如：Thepicture(which/that)hedrewinthe1980sareonshow.C.介词＋which＋从句1)此结构中，which不能用that代替，也不能省略。但是口语中，当介词放在从句后面时，可that代替which，也可省略。如：Thechaironwhichsheissittingismadeofplastics.Thechair(which/that)sheissittingonismadeofplastics.2)可用when代替表示时间的at/inwhich:I’llalwaysrememberthedayonwhich/whenIvisitedProfessorWang.3)可用where代替表示地点的at/inwhich:Ihaven’teverbeentothehouseinwhich/wheremyunclelives.4)可用why表示原因的forwhich:Thereasonforwhich/whyherefusedtogothepartywasthattheyhadnotinvitedhimto.D.当先行词是all,much,little,everything,none或是由no构成的词组时，通常用that,很少用which。例如：Alltheorangesthatshebroughtmewereeatenbymylittlebrother.Ⅴ.whose用作所有格A.whose指人，表示所修饰的“某（些）人的”：Idon’twanttohiretheboywhosefatherisnowinprison.OncetherewasawisekingwhosenamewasAlfred.B.whose也指事物，表示所修饰的“某物的”：Lookatthehousewhoseroofisred.用于这中场合的“whose＋从句”结构常可以用“…ofwhich+从句”或“ofwhich…＋从句”或“with＋短语”代替。例如： Lookatthehouse,theroofofwhichisred.Lookatthehouse,ofwhichtheroofisred.Lookatthehousewitharedroof.Ⅵ.通常只用who代表人的场合1)当先行词是one,ones,anyone,或those等：Anyonewhodoesthatmustbemad.Thosewhoaretobreakthelawwillbepunished.2)在therebe结构中可用that,但who较多用。Thereisayoungmanwho/thatwantstoseeyou.3)当先行词是人而后面有较长的修饰语时：ImetafriendofmineintheparkyesterdaywhohadgotthreegoldmedalsintheAsianGames.4)为了避免重复或引起歧义：ThemanthatspokeatthemeetingisournewheadmasterwhohasjustcomefromShanghai.5)当先行词是、I,you,he,they等时（常用语谚语中）Hewhoplayswithfiregetsburned.(玩火者必自焚)Ⅶ.通常只用that的场合1)当先行词是人＋事物时Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyhadvisited.2)当the＋形容词最高级/last/next/only/very＋（名词）作先行词时：ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.ThatistheveryfilmthatIwanttosee.3)当先行词中含有序数词时：ThisisthefirstletterthatIhavereceivedfromhersincesheleft.4)当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时：Chinaisnotthecountrythatitusedtobe.5)当先行词是anything/something/nothing/everything等不定代词时，经常用that:I’lltellyoueverythingthatIknowaboutthemeeting.6)为了避免重复：Whichisthecarthathittheboy?Whowasthemanthatshedancedwith?7)当先行词是疑问代词who时：Whothathassuchahousedoesnotloveit?Ⅷ.关系代词which的其它用法1)代表主句中谓语的整个概念：HecanwritealetterinEnglish,whichIcannotdo.2)代表整个主句： Isaidnothing,whichmadehimstillangrier.1)当先行词本身是that，表示事物时，关系代词通常用which：Hehasfoundthatwhichhewaslookingfor.Ⅸ.when,where,why作关系副词A.when代替at/in/on/duringwhich,在定语从句中作状语。如：Tellmethetimewhen(=atwhich)thetrainleaves.July,when(=inwhich)wecangohomeforarest,iscomingsoon.Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen(=onwhich)IreachedthetopoftheHuangshanMountain.Youwillhavesomesparetimewhen(=duringwhich)youcanlearnFrenchathome.有时候when可以用that代替或省略，如：Iknowthetimewhen/thatJohnleft.或IknowthetimeJohnleft.注意：当表示时间的先行词time,morning,afternoon,day,night,moment,childhood等充当从句的主语、动词或介词的宾语时，不能够when。如：HisuncleisgoingtoBeijinginOctober,whichisthebestseasonthere.(这里的which指October,作主语)Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichIspentwithyourfamily.(which指days,作宾语)在Itisthefirst/lasttimethat…句型中，that是习惯用法，不能用when替代。如：ItisthefirsttimethatIhavebeentotheGreatWall.B.where代替at/in/towhich,在定语从句中作地点状语。例如：Thisistheschoolwhere(=atwhich)Iusedtostudy.Whatisthenameofthetownwhere(=inwhich)westayedlastnight?Thinkofaplacewhere(=towhich)wecangofordinner.在口语中偶尔用that代替where,如：Thisistheveryspotwhere/thattheaccidenthappened.C.where有时作关系代词，经常用在fromwhere＋从句之中。例如：Hisheadsoonappearedoutofthewindowfromwhere/whichhecouldseenothingbuttrees.注意：where不能用作从句的主语或动词的宾语。例如：Themuseumwhich/thatwevisitedyesterdayhasahistoryof200years.(不能说*TheMuseumwherewevisitedyesterdayhasahistoryof200years.)请注意观察和比较以下两例中的关系词：TheMuseumwhere/inwhichheworkshasalonghistory.TheMuseum(which/that)hevisitedhasalonghistory.D.why代替forwhich用作reason的定语从句。如：Idon’tknowthereasonwhy(=forwhich)helefthere. 同样在口语中,why可以省略。That’sthereason(why)helefthome.注意观察下例：Thereasonwhyhissisterislateisthathishusbandisdangerouslyillinhospital.句中why不用that代替，以避免重复；that不能够用because或why代替，陈述主语reason的表语从句只用that引导，that不作从句的某一成分，试比较：Ididn’tknowthereasonwhyhewaslate.Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathiswifewasill.Hiswifewasveryill.That’swhyhewaslate.It’sbecausehiswifewasillinbed.A.in/bywhich或that用在theway之后，在定语从句中作方式状语，例如：Iadmiredtheway(inwhich/that)youansweredhisquestion.Thisistheway(bywhich/that)wecamelasttime.Ⅹ.非限定性定语从句A.与限定性定语从句的区别限定性定语从句不能用逗号与主句隔开，它限制所修饰的先行词的意义；非限定性定语从句前面需用逗号与主句分开，它只是先行词的附加说明，省去后不会影响主句的意思。例如：MybrotherwholivesinNewYorkhassixchildren.我住在纽约的那个兄弟有六个孩子。（不止一个兄弟）Mybrother,wholivesinNewYork,hassixchildren.我的兄弟有六个孩子，他住在纽约。（只有这一个兄弟）由以上例句可见：非限定性定语从句表达的意义含“唯一性”，翻译时通常译成一个并列句，其形式往往可用and…替换。又如：Imetaboatman,who(=andhe)tookmeacrosstheriver.TheywillflytoKunming,where(=andthere)theywillstayforseveraldays.B.非限定性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法1)在任何情况下都不能省略；2)who（主格），whom（宾格），which（主、宾格）不能用that代替，也不能互相替换；3)介词＋which/whom＋从句结构中，介词不能移到从句的后面；4)when,where可用于非限定性定语从句。Ⅺ.关系代词作主语时数的判定A.who,which,that本身并没有数和性的变化，它们的数和性应以先行词的数和性而定，从句中的动词谓语形式应与其数保持一致。例如：Italkedwiththeboywhoswimsthefastestinyourschool.(注意：…theboywhoswims)AlltheboyswhoarenowswimmingintheriverarefromWuhan,(注意：…the boyswhoarenowswimming)A.oneof…和theone/theonlyoneof…1)HeisoneoftheteacherswhoknowEnglishwell.2)HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsEnglishwell.句1中who指theteachers,作复数，意指：精通英语的教师之一；句2中who指theonlyone,作单数，意指：教师中唯一精通英语的。B.根据具体情况而定。例如：1)Pleaselookatthewomanwithtwochildrenwhoissittingunderthetree.2)Pleaselookatthewomanwithtwochildrenwhoareplayingunderthetree.句1中who代表thewoman:那位带着两个孩子坐在数下树下的妇女；句2中的who代表twochildren:那位带着两个在树下玩的孩子的妇女Ⅻ.as作关系代词A.as代表整个主句或主句中的某一成分，常可用which取代。例如：Sheisverycareful,as(=which)herworkshows.Itislikeasnake,as(=which)anybodycansee.但要注意，当as从句位于句首时，as不能用which取代。例如：Asshehadhoped,hesawtheplay.B.使用as的几个惯用结构1)thesame…as;Theyarestudyingthesamesubjectasweare.2)suchas;ThebookisnotsuchasIexpect.3)such…as;Suchbooksasthisaretoodifficulttobeginners.4)asmany…as;HehadasmanybooksonphysicsasIhad.5)asmuch…as;Thereisaplentyofhotwater.Youcanuseasmuchasyouneed.6)as…as;IranasfastasIcould.7)notso/as…as;Heisnotsostrongasheusedtobe.C.一些使用as的惯用语1)asanybodycansee(正如人人都能看到的那样)2)asweallknow(正如我们大家所知道的那样)3)asiswell-known(众所周知)4)aswehadexpected(正如我们所预料的那样)5)asoftenhappens(正如经常发生的那样)6)ashasbeensaidbefore(如上所述)D.thesame…as和thesame…thatthesame…as指“同类”；thesamethat指“同一样”。试比较：1)ThisisthesamebagasIlostyesterday.2)ThisisthesamebagthatIlostyesterday.句1：与我昨天丢的包是同样的；句2；就是我昨天丢的那个包（=Thisisthevery bagthatIlostyesterday.）XIII.but作关系代词but有时用在否定结构后，相当于who/that…not的意思。例如：InChinathereisnoonebutknowsLeiFeng.(=…thereisnoonewhodoesnotknowLeiFeng.)Thereisnorulebuthassomeexceptions.(=Thereisnorulethatdoesnothavesomeexceptions.)巩固训练单项选择：1.TheSwededidnotunderstandthequestions______wereaskedinFrench.A.whereB.whoC.inwhichD.which2.Whenyoureadthebook,you’dbettermakeamark______youhaveanyquestions.A.atwhichB.atwhereC.theplacewhereD.where3.Finally,thethiefhandedeverything_______hehadstolentothepolice.A.afterB.whatC.whateverD.that4.Wasitinthispalace_______thelastemperordied?A.thatB.inwhichC.inwhereD.which5.Thatdinnerwasthemostexpensivemealwe________.A.wouldhaveB.havehadC.hadneverhadD.hadeverha6.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone_______familywaspoor.A.ofwhomB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose7.All______isneededisasupplyofoil.A.thethingB.thatC.whatD.which8.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof_______hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.which9.Didyoushowthemaroundtheroom________PremierZhouonceworkedandlived?A.whatB.whenC.whereD.which10.Themountainvillage___youvisitedtwentyyearsagohasdevelopedintoabigtown.A.whatB.whereC.inwhichD.that11.Mygrandmalikedtoliveinaroom______windowopenstothesouth.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.whose12.Sheheardaterriblenoise,______broughtherheartintohermouth.A.itB.whichC.thisD.that 13.Mybrother,_____youmetlastnight,isaPLAman.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.whom14.Ishallbesurprisedifhedoesthisthesameway_____Ido.A.asB.likeC.whichD.what15.Don’ttalkaboutsuchthings______youdonotunderstand.A.thatB.whichC.asD.those16.He______doesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.those17.Idon’tthinkit’sagoodway______hechosetothesmallvillage.A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.bywhich18.Whoisit______cametovisityourfatherlastSunday?A.whoB.whichC.thatD.he19.HewasbornintheUnitedStatesin1980,______,sevenyearslater,hebeganhisschool.A.whereB.whenC.thereD.which20.Thisisthesamebook______Ilostlastweek.Couldyoupleasegiveitbacktome?A.asB.thatC.whichD.whatKey:1---10.DDDADDBDCD11---20.DBDACAACAB多项选择1.Robinsonhasbecomeapoliceman_______Iverymuchwanttobe.A.whoB.thatC.不填D.whom2.Thereisafamousman______livesinthistown.A.whoB.thatC.不填D.whom3.Isthisvillage______youhaveevervisited?A.thatB.whichC.theoneD.theonethat4.Doyourememberthemanandtheplace______Itoldyou?A.whereB.whoC.thatD.不填5.Pleaseshowme______youboughttheotherday.A.allthatB.allC.whatD.thatwhich6.Idon’tliketheway______hetreatshiswife.A.inwhichB.thatC.不填D.how7.Thehouse______facessouthismyhome.A.ofwhichthedoorB.whosedoorC.thedoorofwhichD.ofwhosedoor8.Thehouse_____heboughtin1997,and_____hesoldtwoyearslater,isagainonthemarket.A.which;whichB.不填;whichC.不填;不填D.which;不填9.Hetoldmethesamestory______youhadtoldmebefore. A.asB.whichC.thatD.what1.Thisistheplace______hestayed______whenhewasinLondon.A.inwhich;不填B.where;不填C.which;inD.that;in2.Thereason_____herefusedtogotothepartywasunknown.A.whyB.thatC.forwhichD.不填3.Itisthefirsttime______I’vebeentotheGreatWall.A.thatB.whenC.whichD.inwhich4.Itrainedallnightandallday,______theshipbrokeinpieces.A.duringwhichB.whenC.duringwhichtimeD.which5.Thisisthehotel____weoncestayed_______.A.不填;不填B.不填;inC.不填;atD.where;in6.Istillrememberthetime______Ifirstbecameacollegestudent.A.whenB.asC.thatD.whichKey:1.BC2.AB3.CD4.CD5.ABCD6.ABC7.ABC8.AB9.AC10.ABCD11.ACD12.A13.ABC14.BC15.AC二十三、虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中：一、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法1．表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：条件从句主句动词过去式（be的过去式一般用were）would(should,could,might)＋动词原形1)IfIwereyou,Ishouldn’tdothat.2)Wewouldgowithyouifwehadtime.3)Wecouldaskhimifhewerehere.4)IfIknewhistelephonenumber,Iwouldringhimup.2．表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：条件从句主句had＋过去分词would(should,could,might)＋have＋过去分词1)Ifhehadseenyouyesterday,hewouldhaveaskedyouaboutit.2)Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwould(might)havemethim.3)Ishould(would)havecalledyouifIhadknownyourtelephonenumber.3．表示与将来事实可能相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：条件从句主句 动词过去式或should＋动词原形或wereto＋动词原形would(should,could,might)＋动词原形1)Ifitshouldrain,thecropswouldbesaved.2)Ifitweretosnowtomorrow,theywouldnotgoout.※在实际运用中，主句中的谓语和条件从句中的谓语动词所发生的时间往往不一致，这时应作相应的调整：1)Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,hewouldbeallrightnow.2)Ifitshouldbefinetomorrow,weshouldhaveboughttheticketyesterday.※有时条件从句可用介词短语或分词短语所替代，如：1）WithoutourParty,wecouldnotliveahappylife.2）Theboywouldhavediedbutforthedoctor.3）Givenmoretime,Icouldhavefinishedtheworkremarkably.※虚拟条件句往往可以省略if,采取将had,should,were提到句首的倒装句式表达。如：1)Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpyou.>>>Werehehere,hewouldhelpyou.2)Ifyouhadaskedhimforit,hewouldhavegivenittoyou.>>>Hadyouaskedhimforit,hewouldhavegivenittoyou.3)Ifyoushouldgotheretomorrow,youcouldhaveagoodtime.>>>Shouldyougotheretomorrow,youcouldhaveagoodtime.二、一些“should＋动词原形”虚拟语气的用法1．在动词suggest,order,demand,propose(建议),prefer,request,urge(力劝、竭力主张),desire(愿望),insist,decide,require,advise,command(命令、指挥),arrange等后面的宾语从句中，一般用“should＋动词原形”（should往往可以省略）。如：1)Isuggestthatwe(should)holdameetingtonight.2)Heorderedthatall(should)takepartinthework.3)Theyinsistedthatwe(should)begintheworkatonce.※当insist作“坚持（认为）、坚持（应该）”解时才用虚拟语气，而作“力言、强调”解时不用虚拟语气；当suggest作“建议”解时才用虚拟语气，而作“暗示、表明”解时不用虚拟语气。这两个动词比较特殊。试比较：Mikeinsistedthatwe(should)gowithhim.Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenthebike.Hesuggestedthatwe(should)haveanothertry.Hissmilingfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithmyanswer.2．在名词suggestion,order,proposal,plan,desire,request,decision,idea,advice等之后接表语从句或同位语从句时，也应该用“should＋动词原形”。如：1)Thedecisionthatweshouldbuildanothernewschoolmadeusvery happy.1)MysuggestionisthatweshouldgooutingnextSunday.4．在Itissuggested,ordered,decided,proposed,requested等的被动语态句式后所接的主语从句中，谓语同样用“should＋动词原形”。1)Itisorderedthatweshouldstartedoutbeforeeighto’clocktomorrowmorning.2)Itissuggestedthatweshoulddelaythesportsmeet.5．在It’sapity,ashame,nowonder(不足为奇),strange,surprising,natural,remarkable,important,necessary,anxious等之后所接的从句中谓语动词通常用“should＋动词原形”。1)It’sashame(apity,nowonder)thatyoushouldbesocareless.2)It’snecessary(important,natural…)thatweshouldcleantheroomeveryday.3)I’manxiousthatheshouldcomeheretomorrow.这里的should意为“应该”，“竟然”，指说话人对事实表示出惊奇的感情，可以省略。但不可换用would。※若不表示惊奇的感情，that从句也可用陈述语气。1)Itisstrangethathedidnotcomeyesterday.2)Itisapitythatyoucan’tswim.6．在forfearthat(以免),lest(以免;惟恐)，等所引导的状语从句中常用“should＋动词原形”。You’dgetupearlytomorrowmorninglest/forfearthatyoushouldmisstheearlybus.三、虚拟语气的一些其它用法1.“wish＋宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，汉语可译为“可惜…”，“…就好了”，“悔不该…”,“但愿…”等。itwerespringalltheyearround.IcouldvisittheUnitedStatesnextyear.Iwishthatyouhadarrivedtheretwohoursearlier.Iwas/werestudyinginBeijingUniversitynow.Ihadalreadyfinishedmiddleschool.2.在Itis(high)time(that)…句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或“should＋动词原形”（should不能省略，be用were）It’stime(that)Iwenttoschool.It’stime(that)Ishouldgotoschool.3.在wouldrather/sooner/assoon(that)从句中应用虚拟语气。Iwouldrather(that)ComradeZhanghelpedmewithmyEnglish.4.虚拟语气在asif(asthough),evenif(eventhough)等引导的表语从句或状语从句中的应用。1)Helooksasifhewereanartist. 1)Shetreatshimasifhewereherhusband.2)Evenifhewerehere,hecouldn’tsolvetheproblem.1.虚拟语气用在ifonly所构成的感叹句中表示一种遗憾。1)IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice!(要是我听他的话就好了。)2)IfonlyIwereabird!(我要是一只小鸟就好了。)2.用“may＋动词原形”表示“祝愿”，“但愿”。Mayyoubehappy.Mayyousucceed.3.情态动词的过去时用于现在时态，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。1)Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.2)Wouldyoubekindenoughtoopenthedoor?3)Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee?4)Youhadbettergonow.巩固练习1.Theteacherdemandedthattheexam__________beforeeleven.A.mustfinishB.wouldbefinishedC.befinishedD.mustbefinished2.Shemadethedemandthatshe__________atonce.A.leaveB.leavesC.leftD.tobeleft3.HeistalkingsomuchaboutAmericaasifhe__________there.A.hadbeenB.hasbeenC.wasD.been4.Motherinsistedthatthechild’shands__________beforedinner.A.shouldwashB.bewashedC.wouldwashD.hadwashed5.Theyoungmaninsistedthathe__________nothingwrongand__________free.A.did;setB.haddone;shouldbesetC.do;besetD.haddone;mustbeset6.MothersuggestedthatI__________myhomeworkfirstbeforewatchingTV.A.didB.doC.shalldoD.havedone7.Mysuggestionwasthatthemeeting__________offtillnextweek.A.toputB.beputC.shouldputD.beputting8.Thesuggestionhasbeenmade__________thebasketballgame__________putoff.A.for;toB.that;beC.which;shouldbeD.to;being9.Thecommanderorderedthatthewounded__________tohospitalrightaway.A.tobesentB.besentC.sendD.shouldsend10.Theordercamethatthemedicalsupplies__________tothevillagewithoutdelay.A.wouldbesentB.shouldsendC.besentD.mustbesent11.Theyrequestedthathe__________ontheradio.A.spokeB.speaksC.speakD.wouldspeak 1.Itisimportantthatwe__________wildanimals.A.willprotectB.shouldprotectC.shallprotectD.areprotecting2.Itisnecessarythattheproblem__________atonce.A.solvesB.shouldsolveC.shouldbesolvedD.willbesolved3.Itisstrangethathe__________interestinmuchofhisresearch.A.shouldhavelostB.wouldloseC.hadlostD.willlost4.Hadyoulistenedtothedoctor,you__________allrightnow.A.areB.wereC.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen5.__________Ibefreetomorrow,Icouldgowithyou.A.CouldB.ShouldC.MightD.Must6.__________todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherway.A.IfwereIB.IwereC.WereID.WasI7.__________today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves8.__________yourletter,Iwouldhavewrittenbacktwodaysago.A.IfIreceivedB.ShouldIreceivedC.HadIreceivedD.IfIhavereceived9.Ifitwerenotforthefactthatyou__________ill,Iwouldaskyoutodothisrightnow.A.wereB.hadbeenC.careD.be10.Shoulditrain,thecrops__________.A.wouldbesavedB.wouldhavebeensavedC.willbesavedD.hadbeensaved11.You__________earlier.Thebusleftamomentago.A.wouldcomeB.shouldhavecomeC.maycomeD.havecome12.Hetreatedmeasthough__________hisownson.A.IamB.IwouldbeC.IwasD.Iwere13.Hesmiledasifhe__________mythought.A.readB.wasreadingC.hadreadD.hasread14.I__________yousomemoney,butIhadn’tanyonmethen.A.wouldlendB.wouldhavelentC.couldlendD.mayhavelent15.Afewminutesearlierandwe__________thetrain.A.havecaughtB.hadcaughtC.couldhavecaughtD.weretocaught16.—HaveyouevenbeentoBeijing?—No,butIwishI__________.A.haveB.willC.doD.had17.WhereisMr.Smith?IwishI__________himatonce.A.canfindB.willfindC.couldfindD.couldhavefound 1.I’mgladIwentoverallmynotes,otherwise__________.A.ImayhavefailedB.I’dfailC.I’dhavefailedD.I’llhavefailed2.It’stimewe__________tobed.A.mustgoB.willgoC.wentD.havegone3.IfI__________you,Iwouldtryagain.A.amB.wasC.wereD.be4.IfonlyI__________asyoungasyouare!A.beingB.amC.beD.were5.You__________suchaseriousmistakeifyouhadfollowedhisadvice.A.maynotmakeB.mighthavenotmadeC.shouldn’thavemadeD.mightnothavemade1—10.CAABBBBBBC11—20.CBCACBCCCC21—30.ABDCBCDCCC31—33.CDD英语语法分类练习I名词和冠词1.Beyond________stars,theastronautsawnothingbut________space.A.the;XB.X;XC.X;theD.the;the2.AlexanderGrahamBellinvented________telephonein1876.A.XB.aC.theD.one3.________terribleweatherwe’rehavingthesedays!A.HowaB.WhataC.HowD.What4.—Where’sJack?—Ithinkhe’sstillin________bed,buthemightjustbein________bathroom.A.X;XB.the;theC.the;XD.X;the5.Wehaveworkedouttheplanandnowwemustputitinto________.A.factB.realityC.practiceD.deed6.Manypeoplearestillin________habitofwritingsillythingsin________publicplaces.A.the;theB.X;XC.the;XD.X;the7.Hedroppedthe________andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.coffee’scupC.cupforcoffeeD.coffeecup8.—Howdidthebosspayyou?—Asarule,wewerepaid________.A.bythehourB.byhourC.byanhourD.byhours9.Iamveryobligedtohim,forhehasdoneme________.A.manykindnessB.lotsofkindnessC.manykindnessesD.muchkindness10.—Couldyouleavemeyourdictionary?—Certainly,butitisn’treally________. A.ofmuchuseB.ofgreatusefulC.muchusefulD.formuchuse1.________isneededbadlyinthestrickenareas.A.AlotofclothesB.ManyaclothC.MuchclothingD.Plentyofclothes2.Lastyeartheoldwomanfiredtwo________inherhouse.A.womanservant’sB.womenservantC.womanservantD.womenservants3.________aresoldinWuhanCommercialMarket.A.Men’sandchildren’sshoesB.MenandchildrenshoesC.Manandchild’sshoesD.Men’sandchild’sshoes4.Theyaresuchdiligent________thattheyhavealreadymade________.A.students;somuchprogressB.student;greatprogressesC.students;suchmuchprogressD.students;sogreatprogress5.Like________oftheperiod,hedidn’tseeanyjetplane.A.anotherChineseB.someGermenC.manyJapanesesD.otherIndians6.Thehousewithmanyguestsinitwassuddenly________.A.infireB.onafireC.onfireD.inafire7.Mr.Smithgaveus________howtolearnEnglishwell.A.agoodadviceonB.somegoodadviceonC.twogoodadvice4onD.somepieceofgoodadviceon8.I’mfullnow,wouldyoulike________bread?A.onemoreB.somemoreC.anymoreD.anotherpiece9.Scientistsaretryingtofind________thattheycanpreventpollution.A.meanB.meansC.waysD.method10.Hedidn’tknowiftherewas________onthelinebuttherewassomethingheavy.A.fishB.afishC.fishsD.fishes11.Wouldyoufetchme________here?A.3chalksB.3boxofchalkC.3piecesofchalksD.3boxesofchalk12.Theworkerscancompleteournewlibraryin________.A.2andhalfamonthB.2monthsandhalfC.2andahalfmonthsD.2monthesandahalf13.Thispainting________hasinterestedmanyvisitors.A.inwatercolorsB.withwatercolorC.inwatercolorD.bywatercolors14.Canyoushowmethe________takenbythose________students?A.photos;boyB.photoes;boyC.photos;boysD.photoes;boys15.Hebought________eggsforfouryuan. A.2dozenB.2dozensC.2dozenofD.2dozensof1.________intheforestliketoeat________certainkindofwildrose.A.Deer;theB.Deer;aC.Deers;someD.Deers;a2.Heisworriedabouttomorrow’sdrivingtest,wouldyoupleasehave________withhim?A.wordsB.awordC.talkD.talks3.Thereisabottleof________inthehandofthe________teacher.A.chemical;chemicalB.chemistry;chemistryC.chemicals;chemistryD.chemicals;chemist4.It’sgood________towaitinline.A.habitB.wayC.mannerD.manners5.Ifyouwanttoreduceyourweight,you’dbettertake________.A.restB.theadvicesC.moreexerciseD.morningexercise6.In1980Mr.Liwasmade________ofourschool.A.headmasterB.aheadmasterC.theheadmasterD.ofheadmaster7.Hewantsthree________atthesametime.A.cupsofcoffeeB.cupofcoffeeC.coffeeD.cupsofcoffees8.Youcan’tfilluptheformin________.A.thepencilB.apencilc.pencilsD.pencil9.________shehasgot!A.WhatgoodknowledgeofEnglishB.WhatgoodaknowledgeofEnglishC.HowgoodknowledgeofEnglishD.HowgoodaknowledgeofEnglish10.Mr.Stockwellruns________smallbusiness,whoisinMexicoon________.A.a;businessB.X;businessC.a;thebusinessD.X;businesses11.Theoldfarmerraisesalotof________onhisfarm.A.cowsandsheepsB.cowsandsheepC.cowandsheepsD.cowandsheep12.Shebrokea________whileshewaswashingup.A.glasswineB.wineglassC.glassofwineD.glassofthewine13.Threeyearsisthe________toasoldierinourcountry.A.usualservicelengthsB.usuallengthofserviceC.lengthyserviceusuallyD.serviceoflengthsusually14.—WhatdidTomdo?—Heturnedon________.A.televisionB.thetelevisionC.atelevisionD.televisions 1.Hehadtheboyfinishwriting________articlelastnight.A.a800-wordsB.a800-wordC.an800-wordsD.an800-word2.Thegrammarof________Chineselanguageisquitedifferentfromthatof________Japanese.A.X;XB.the;XC.the;theD.X;the3.________ducksIboughtlastSundayhavealldiedfromeating________wormsinthefields.A.The;theB.X;theC.The;XD.X;X4.Sheisin________hospitalandwillhave________operation________nextFriday.A.a;X;XB.the;an;theC.X;an;XD.a;X;the5.Nowonder________morepeoplegoto________evening,________betteritwillbe.A.the;X;theB.the;the;theC.X;an;XD.X;X;X6.Thetwo________bought________beforemovingintothenewhouse.A.Germans;severalpiecesoffurnitureB.Germen;afewpiecesoffurnitureC.Germans;somefurnitureD.Germen;justtwofurniture7.________isred.Thisis________.A.Her;hersister-in-lawB.Her;sister-in-law’sC.Hers;hersister-in-law’sD.her’s;hersister’s-in-law8.Itissaidthattheywillgetin________goodharvestthisyear.A.theB.aC.veryD.X9.Iordered________booksometimeago.________bookhasarrivednow.A.the;AB.a;TheC.a;AD.X;The10.________Chinesemanagedtokeepthemethod________secret.A.The;aB.The;theC.X;aD.X;the11.It’s________mostinterestingstory.Butitisn’t________mostinterestingone.A.the;theB;a;theC.the;aD.X;the12.Thereis________“m”intheword“mother”.A.aB.anC.theD.X13.Theygottotheisland________.A.inaboatB.byashipC.bytheairD.bytheway14.________dinnerisonthetablenow.Theywillhave________gooddinner.A.The;theB.The;aC.A;theD.A;a15.Shetookherdaughterby________hand.A.herB.aC.bothD.the16.Theoldmanenteredtheyard,________. A.stickinhandB.astickinthehandC.stickinhishandD.withastickinhand1.Heisgoingtomake________withthatgirl.A.thefriendB.afriendC.friendsD.thefriends2.________brothersaretwohonestshoe-makers.A.SmithB.TheSmithC.TheSmithsD.ThatSmith3.Whenwewere________,weoftenwrotecompositions________.A.atschool;inclassB.inschool;intheclassC.atschools;inclassD.inschool;inclasses4.Hehaspooreyesight.sotheteacheraskedhimtositin________theroom.A.frontofB.thefrontofC.firstrowofD.therowoneof5.________Atlanticis________secondlargestoceanintheworld.A.X;theB.The;XC.X;aD.The;the1—10.ACDDCCDACA11—20.CDAADCBBCB21—30.DCAAABBCDC31—40.AADDABBBBD41—50.BACBACBBAB51—60.BABDACBABDII代词和数词1.—Is________here?—No,BobandTimhaveaskedforleave.A.anybodyB.everybodyC.somebodyD.nobody2.Mr.Zhanggavethetextbookstoallthepupilsexcept________whohadalreadytakenthem.A.theonesB.onesC.someD.theothers3.Wecouldn’teatinarestaurantbecause________ofushad________moneyonus.A.all;noB.any;noC.none;anyD.noone;any4.Hiscameraismoreexpensivethan________.A.hersB.herC.itD.its5.Two________diedofcoldlastwinter.A.hundredsoldpeopleB.hundredoldpeopleC.hundredsoldpeoplesD.hundredoldpeoples6.Shortlyaftertheaccident,two________policeweresenttothespottokeeptheorder.A.dozenofB.dozensC.dozenD.dozensof7.Theheroofthestoryisanartistinhis________.A.thirtiethB.thirtyC.thirty’sD.thirties8.Helentmetwobooks,but________ofthemaretoodifficultforme.A.allB.bothC.neitherD.none9.________oftheclassroomscanseat60students. A.EveryB.EachC.EveryoneD.Anyone1.Only________ofthemarepleasedwiththeresult.A.afewB.fewC.littleD.alittle2.JohnandJackhavegonetothemeeting,but________studentsintheclassarestillintheclassroom.A.otherB.othersC.theotherD.theothers3.Therearemanyapplesonthetable;MarytookoneandJane________.A.theotherB.anotheroneC.theotheroneD.another4.________ofthemwereingoodhealth,butbothinsistedonbeinggivenmorework.A.NeitherB.NoneC.EitherD.Each5.Ifound________pleasanttowalkthroughthewoods.A.usB.itC.thatD.ourselves6.Ileftmyumbrellaintheroomandtook________bymistake.A.hisB.herC.itD.myown7.Myshoesarewornout.I’llhavetobuy________.A.anewoneB.somenewonesC.somenewD.anewpair8.You’llhavetoborrow________dictionary.I’msuing________.A.somebodyelse’s;myB.somebody’s;myC.somebodyelse’s;mineD.somebody’s;mine9.—Howmanybirdsdoyouseeinthetree?—________.A.NoneB.nooneC.NomanyD.Notmanyones10.ThepopulationoftheUSAislargerthan________ofCanada.A.thoseB.thatC.theoneD.X11.Thehouse________isallright.Onlythefurnitureistooold.A.itselfB.ofitselfC.byitselfD.ofitsown12.Wouldyoulike________morebread?A.someB.anyC.otherD.another13.—Wherearemyglasses?—Ihaven’tfound________.A.itB.themC.theyD.those14.________comeswillbewelcome.A.HeB.WhoC.WhoeverD.Nomatterwho15.________peopletrytoimprovetheirEnglishathomewithbooksortapes;________useradiosorTVprograms;________gotoeveningclasses.A.Some;some;othersB.Many;others;othersC.Some;some;someD.Many;some;others16.Sitdownandmake________athome. A.youB.himC.itD.yourself1.________isgood________youtothinklikethat.A.it;forB.It;ofC.That;ofD.This;for2.Someoneturnedthelightoff,________?A.didheB.didn’tsheC.didtheyD.didn’tthey3.Suchagirlas________shouldnotbelookeddownupon.A.hersB.sheC.herD.herself4.________doyouthinkisthebeststudentinyourclass?A.WhoB.WhomC.OfwhomD.Why5.Iwenttoseeafriendyesterday________lentmethisbook.A.whoB.andwhoC.thatheD.andhe6.Hehadabadcold.________whyhedidn’tcome.A.It’sB.That’sC.Thisisd.So7.Heknows________aboutthecomputer,buthedoesn’tknowexactly________itcosts.A.alittle;whatB.alittle;howmanyC.little;howmuchD.little;themoney8.—Doyouwantthisnotebook?—Yes,Iwant________.A.oneB.soC.itD.verymuch9.Don’ttell________.itisstrictlybetweenyouand________.A.someoneelse;meB.anyone;themC.anyoneelse;meD.them;we10.________beingelectedPresidentcame________asurprisetous.A.He;toB.Him;likeC.His;likeD.His;as11.MissPackaskedustofinishtheexercisesintimeand________.A.wedidsoB.sowedidC.sodidweD.wedid12.Thereisaknockatthedoor.Yougotoanswer.Youask“________”A.WhoisitB.WhoareyouC.What’syournameD.thesametoyou13.—I’mgladtomeetyou.—________.A.ThankyouB.AllthesameC.Me,tooD.Thesametoyou14.Hedoesn’tliveintheschool;hehasahouseof________.A.hisB.himselfC.hisownD.hisownone15.Isthebook________youarelookingfor?A.thatB.whichC.theoneD.X16.“Onemustdo________duty.”mean“Everyonemustdo________duty.”A.one’s;hisB.his;hisC.his;one’sD.one’s;one’s17.Theshoesaretwosizestoobig.Willyoupleaseshowme________?A.otherpairB.othershoeC.anotherpairD.theotherone 1.________doesn’tmattermuch________dressyouaregoingtowear.A.This;whichB.It;whichC.that;whatD.It;who2.Theytalkedaboutthethingsandthepeople________theysawonthewaytothestation.A.whoB.thatC.allD.whom3.Thecoverofthebookisred,________anybodycansee.A.asB.itC.thatD.what4.Hehastwopencils,________wasgivenbyhisbrotherasabirthdaygift.A.thelongeroneB.oneofthemC.thelongestD.Thelongerofwhich5.FromthenewsprogramonTVwecanlearn________isgoingonintheworld.A.thatB.allwhatC.whatD.which6.________brokeoutin1914.A.FirstWorldWarB.TheFirstWorldWarC.TheWorldWarOneD.OneWorldWar7.Wehaveproduced________steelthisyearaswedidin1978.A.twiceasmuchB.twiceasmanyC.astwicemanyD.astwicemuch8.Some________houseswerewashedawaybyfloods.A.thousandsB.thousandC.thousandsofD.thousandof9.About________ofthefieldsinthecountrywerefloods.A.twothirdB.twothirdsC.twoofthirdsD.second-third10.TheCommunistPartyofChinawasfoundedon________.A.July,1,1921B.1921,July1C.1921,7,1D.July1,192111.Hisworkisbetterthan________.A.anyoneB.anyoneelseC.anyoneelse’sD.anyone’selse12.—Havethepeoplegotthemoneynow?—Yes,thepolicegave________.A.themtothemB.ittoitC.ittothemD.themtoit13.Hehasboughtseveral________.A.20-centstampsB.20-cents-stampC.20-centsstampD.20-cnetsstamps14.________,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinWuhan.A.Inthe1990B.Inthe1990’sC.In1990D.,In1990’s15.Aftercuttingtheapple________,hefound________ofitwasrotten.A.inhalf;halfB.intohalves;ahalfC.inhalf;ahalfD.into2halves;ahalf16.Thecomputerhasordered________carsthisyear.A.moretwoB.twomoreC.twoothersD.theotherstwo17.Atthattimehewasjusta________.A.boyof16B.16yearoldboyC.16yearsoldboyD.16-years-oldboy 1.________wereatthetopofthemountain,wehadagoodtime.A.ThreeofminebrothersB.ThreeofusbrotherC.ThethreeofourbrotherD.Thethreeofusbrothers1—10.BACABCDBBA11—20.CDABADCABA21—30.ABCADBDBAD31—40.BACCDAACCC41—50.ACBBADCBAC51—60.BDCCABABADIII形容词和副词1.Tonyisgoingcampingwith________boys.A.littletwootherB.twolittleotherC.twootherlittleD.littleothertwo2.—Mum,IthinkI’m________togetbacktoschool.—Notreally,mydear,you’dbetterstayathomeforanotherdayortwo.A.sowellB.sogoodC.wellenoughD.goodenough3.—ShallIsitatthisendoftheboatortheotherend?—Ifyoukeepstill,youcansitat________end.A.neitherB.eachC.eitherD.any4.Itisimpossibleforso________peopletodoso________workinasingleday.A.few;muchB.few;manyC.little;muchD.little;many5.Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced,thefactoryproduced________tractorsin1988astheyearbefore.A.astwicemanyB.asmanyC.twiceasmanyD.twicemanyas6.Whichis________country,CanadaorAustralia?A.alargeB.largerC.alargerD.thelarger7.—WillyoutakethisdictionarytoMr.Anderson,please?—Sorry,Ican’t,he________.A.doesn’tanymorestudyhereB.doesn’tanylongertherestudyC.doesn’tstudyanymorethereD.doesn’tstudythereanylonger8.—Ihavetopay100dollarsforthistoycar.—It’sprobably________.A.worthythemB.worthyitC.worththemD.worthit9.ThecolorTVsetintheYellowCraneCommercialBuildingwillbe________,but________.A.cheaper;notasgoodB.cheaper;notasbetterC.morecheap;notasbetterD.morecheap;notasgood10.Hervoicesounds________.A.sweetlyB.sweetC.tobesweetlyD.tobesweet11.MayIhave________morewater-melons(西瓜)?A.anyB.everyC.someD.each12.Heisnotplanningtogo________.A.anywhereB.somewhereC.nowhereD.everywhere 1.Idon’tlikethisink,Ilike________ink.A.someothersB.anotherC.anotherD.someother2.Theworkpleasedtheoldman;thiswork________.A.pleasedB.waspleasedC.pleasingD.waspleasing3.Eatinganappleadayisconsidered________tohealth.A.useB.uselyC.usefulD.useless4.Doyouknowthenameofthat________?A.funny,little,redmosquito-likeinsectB.little,funny,mosquito-likeinsectC.red,little,funny,mosquito-likeinsectD.little,mosquito-like,funny,redinsect.5.Wecanfinishourlecture________quicklyifyoukeepquietforafewminutes.A.fairlyB.wellC.tooD.soon6.—Let’sgototheseashorethismorning.—Weareplanningto;infactwehavethepicnicbasketpacked________.A.howeverB.stillC.yetD.already7.Sheis________toooldtotravellong.A.quiteB.veryC.farD.many8.—IwishMubblewoulddriveustotheairport.—Hehas________totakeusall.A.toosmallacarB.verysmallacarC.atoosmallcarD.suchsmallacar9.Piddy’splanwas________.A.sogoodas,ifnobetterthanoursB.asgoodas,ifnotbetterthanoursC.asgoodlike,ifnobetterthanour’sD.aswellas,ifnotbetterthanours10.Themorewelookedatthemountain,________.A.thelesswelikeditB.welikeitlessC.betterwelikeitD.itlookedbetter11.Wholives________here?A.farthestawayB.furthestawayC.thefarthestfromD.thefurtheraway12.—Howwastheparty?—Fineexceptthatwearrived________.A.terriblylateB.terriblylatelyC.terriblelateD.terriblelately13.—HowaboutJoeHill?—Hearrivedhome________andsound.A.safeB.safelyC.withsafetyD.insafe 1.—Whatdoyouthinkofthatjob,Tonny?—Wefeel________thatthejobshouldn’thavebeendonesocarelessly.A.strongB.stronglyC.beingstrongD.tobestrong2.Becauseshewaslateagainforschool,theteacherbecame________.A.veryangrilyB.muchangryC.veryangryD.muchangrily3.Canyougiveme________changeforthisten-dollarnote?A.littleB.shortC.smallD.tiny4.Janeswims________thanI,butshedoesn’tswim________mysister.A.better;aswellasB.better;betterC.aswellas;betterD.better;than5.Theywentbytrain________Beijing,andtheretookship________France.A.sofaras;forB.asfaras;toC.to;sofarasD.for;asfaras6.Thefoodtastes________andsellswell.A.niceB.wellC.saltD.muchbetter7.Theresultproved________.A.correctB.thathiswordsrightC.beingcorrectD.whathesaidisright8.The________spiderlivesinthehot,thickrainforestsofSouthAmerica.A.bird-eatenB.eaten-birdC.bird-eatingD.eating-bird9.HethoughttheEnglishmanwas________thatAmerican.A.socleverasB.lesscleverthanC.asclevererasD.moreclevererthan10.I’dlikehimtogoandsee________thecoatwouldbeready.A.howsoonB.howlongC.whetherD.that11.Speak________,please,Ican’thearyou.A.loudlyB.louderC.alouderD.moreloudly12.Itiscertainthathehas________hearttrouble.A.littleB.noC.notD.big13.Inthesportsmeethejumped________,sohewas________spokenof.A.highly;highB.thehigher;highlyC.highest;highlyD.morehighly;veryhigh14.HeisnotgoodatFrench,________goodatGerman.A.heisB.nordoesheC.neitherheisD.neitherishe15.Lookout!Here________.A.comesthebusB.isthebuscomingC.thebuscomesD.thebusiscoming16.Yourcoatiswet.Whynottake________?A.offitB.itoffC.itdownD.outit17.Thishallis________thatroom.A.twicebigthanB.twiceasbiggerasC.notbigasD. twiceasbigas1.You’dbetterkeepyourmouth________andyoureyes________.A.close;openB.closed;openC.closed;openedD.close;opened2.Ellawasa________shygirlbutherclassmatesseldomthoughtofherasshy.A.quiteB.ratherC.tooD.so3.Thelittleboywas________frightened________move.A.both;andB.too;toC.either;orD.not;until4.Thechildrenwere________excitedtosee________manystrangethingsinthemuseum.A.very;thatB.much;soC.too;suchD.too;so5.________meetingwillbeginisstillunknown.A.IftheB.ThattheC.WhentheD.The6.Onlywhenairmoves________.A.itcanbefeltB.canwefeelitC.canitfeelD.wecanfeelit7.Thecollegestudentsinsistedonbeingsenttowork________theyweremostneeded________theygraduated.A.where;whenB.if;unlessC.because;whileD.though;as8.—________doyougotoseeyourgrandfather?—Twiceamonth.A.HowsoonB.HowlongC.HowoftenD.Whattime9.Thegirlworeacoat________longforher.A.toomuchB.muchtooC.verymuchD.abitof10.Tom’smotherlay________,soTomsat________.A.ill,silenceB.sick;silentC.withillness;stillD.sickly;worried11.Hewas________kind________showmethewaytothestadium.A.enough;toB.so;thatC.very;inordertoD.so;asto12.It’s________nineo’clock.Youare________atbreakfast!A.yet;stillB.still;alreadyC.already;yetD.already;still13.Hewassodeeplymovedbyhiswordsthathecouldn’tfall________deepintothenight.A.sleepB.asleepC.sleepingD.sleepy14.Ihardlyeverhearhimsing________song.A.anyB.manyC.suchD.latest15.Shewashalfanhour________fortheclass.A.lateB.laterC.latterD.latest16.Mr.Scottis________respectedbyhisstudents.A.veryB.extremeC.ratherD.much17.Ithink________tolearnEnglishfromearlychildhood.A.itbestB.itisthebestC.itthebestD.itwillbebest 1.Ican’trememberwhereIputthepen,itis________tobefound.A.nowhereB.somewherec.anywhereD.however1—10.CCCACDDDAB11—20.CADDCAADCA21—30.BACAABCCAB31—40.AACBABBCDA41—50.BDBBBDCBAC51—60.BBDDBAADAAIV时态1.Mydictionary________,Ihavelookedforiteverywherebutstill________it.A.haslost;don’tfindB.ismissing;don’tfindC.haslost;haven’tfoundD.ismissing;haven’tfound2.Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe________officesoon.A.leavesB.wouldleaveC.leftD.hadleft3.—Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation;itwassonear.—Yes,ataxi________atallnecessary.A.wasn’tB.hadn’tbeenC.wouldn’tbeD.won’tbe4.Ifcitynoises________fromincreasing,people________shouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.A.arenotkept;willhavetoB.arenotkept;havetoC.donotkeep;willhavetoD.donotkeep;haveto5.Tom________intothehousewhennoone________.A.slipped;waslookingB.hadslipped;lookedC.slipped;hadlookedD.wasslipping;looked6.Thestudents________busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe________intheoffice.A.hadwritten;leftB.werewriting;hasleftC.hadwritten;hadleftD.werewriting;hadleft7.Weareproudoftheachievementswe________sinceliberation.A.madeB.havemadeC.makeD.willmake8.Hesayshe________thebookseveraltimesinthepastfewyears.A.hasreadB.hadreadC.readD.reads9.Theeggmustbebad.It________offaterriblesmell.A.wasgivingB.gaveC.isgivingD.isgiven10.Thetelephone________fortwominutesbeforeitwasanswered.A.hasrungB.hasbeenringingC.hadbeenringingD.rings11.I________toBeijingonlyoncebefore.A.wentB.havegoneC.havebeenD.was12.—Whenareyougoingtomeethim?—AssoonasI________mydinner.A.willfinishB.finishC.amgoingtofinishD.finishes13.Bytheendoflastweekwe________thetaskaheadoftime. A.completedB.havecompletedC.wascompletingD.hadcompleted1.ThistimetomorrowI________toShanghai.A.willflyB.wouldflyC.amgoingtoflyD.willbeflying2.Ican’tgoswimmingbecauseI________myleg.A.brokeB.hadbrokenC.havebrokenD.havebeenbroken3.I’msorrybutI________thatyou________adiary.A.don’tnotice;arewritingB.don’tnotice;havewritingC.didn’tnotice;wroteD.didn’tnotice;werewriting4.Ididn’tknowyou________yourraincoatherewhenyou________toseemetheotherday.A.hadleft;hadcomeB.hadleft;cameC.left;cameD.left;werecoming5.________becarefulwhen________yourhomework.A.Do;doingB.Do;doC.To;doingD.To;do6.—Areyougoingtothemeeting?—No,themeeting________untilnextMonday.A.willbeputoffB.hasbeenputoffC.willputoffD.hasputoff7.Heinsistedthathe________ingoodhealth.A.wasB.beC.isD.wasbeing8.Ifthedoctor________anhourearlier,theboywouldhavebeensaved.A.cameB.couldcomeC.shouldcomeD.hadcome9.—Whatdoyouthink________toher?—Shemusthavelosttheticket.A.happenedB.hadhappenedC.willhappenD.happens10.Don’tbeangry,________you?A.willB.won’tC.doD.don’t11.Idon’tknowwhereheis.Imightknownowwherehe________hadIarrivedherealittleearlier.A.wasB.isC.shouldbeD.mustbe12.Hewrotetome________thathe________toseemeinJuly.A.said;wouldcomeB.said;willcomeC.saying;wouldcomeD.saying;willcome13.I’llwritetoyouassoonasI________.A.arriveB.willarriveC.amgoingtoarriveD.amarriving14.Nosooner________down________thedoorbellrang.A.hadIsat;whenB.didIsat;thanC.Ihadsat;beforeD.hadIsat;than15.________thisStreetandyou________there. A.Followed;willgetB.Following;getC.Follow;willgetD.Follow;get1.Ifshedoesn’tvisitthedoctor,________.A.neitherwillheB.neitherwon’theC.nordoesheD.nordoesn’the2.Noone________outthecauseofthetroubleinthemachinesuntilyesterday.A.hasfoundB.wasfindingC.hadfoundD.wouldfind3.Iwon’tbelieveyouuntilI________yousingthesongwithmyowneyes.A.heardB.willhearC.haveheardD.hadheard4.I________acoldforseveraldays.canyouhelpmegetridofit?A.haveB.havehadC.hadhadD.amhaving5.He________.Thepaintingwillbefinishedsoon.A.haspaintedB.paintedC.waspaintingD.hasbeenpainting6.Shesaidthathe________toChengdu.A.hasneverbeenB.hadneverbeenC.willgoD.wouldsend7.Look!Theboyyou________intheparktheotherday________towardsus.A.met;isrunningB.hadworkedC.meet;willrunD.hasmet;runs8.Youmustbeverytired;you________forquitealongtime.A.workedB.hadworkedC.hasworkedD.areworking9.—Havetheystartedbuildingahouseforyou?—Yes,it________now.A.isbuildingB.hasbuildC.hasstartedD.isbeingbuilt10.Mayfifthismybirthday.I________asmallparty.A.willplanB.amtoplanC.plannedD.amplanning11.Tom________thatmostoftheguests________whenhearrivedattheparty.A.disappointed;hadleftB.hadbeendisappointed;leftC.wasdisappointed;hadleftD.haddisappointed;left12.Hemusthavewashedtheshirt,________he?A.didn’tB.haven’tC.mustn’tD.can13.Idon’tknowwhenhe________,butwhenhe________Ishallletyouknow.A.comes;willcomeB.willcome;comesC.comes;comesD.willcome;came14.I________totheseasideuntilIwenttoHainan.A.wouldnevergoB.haveneverbeenC.didnevergoD.hadneverbeen15.You’dbesorryifyou________anaccidentonthejourney.A.haveB.hadC.hadhadD.wouldhave16.Canyouseethesignoverthere,which________:“Keepoffthegrass”A.readsB.isreadC.readingD.hasread17.WhenI________downthestreettheotherday,Ihappenedtonoticealeatherwalletlyingontheground. A.walkingB.waswalkingC.walkedD.wastowalk1.AtthistimetomorrowGrandpa________atthetablewithus.A.sitB.sitsC.issittingD.willbesitting2.Whathappenedwhenthey________TV？A.watchedB.willwatchC.arewatchingD.werewatching3.LookOut!________thedog.A.OutrushesB.OutrushedC.OutisrushingD.Rushedout4.Iwanttotryonthecoatyouboughtyesterday,where________?A.wasitB.isitC.hasitbeenD.didyouput5.HeisnowinAmerica.It________3yearssincehe________Wuhan.A.is;leftB.is;hasbeenawayfromC.was;hadleftD.hasbeen;hasleft6.________whenitbegantorain.A.HardlydidhearriveB.HardlyhehadarrivedC.HardlyhearrivedD.Hardlyhadhearrived7.________asifhehadbeenillforalongtime.A.HeseemedB.HelookedC.ItlookedD.Itseems8.He________togointohospitalifhisillnessgetsworse.A.hadB.musthaveC.willhaveD.has9.TheteachersaidtheYellowRiver________thesecondlongestriverinChina.A.isB.wasC.willbeD.hasbeen10.Somebody________mypen,forit________onmydesk.A.musttake;isn’tB.musthavetaken;isn’tC.took;hadbeenD.mighthavetaken;wasn’t11.WouldyoumindifI________ontheradio?A.turnB.turnedC.willturnD.shouldturn12.Sheishappy________thewatchshelost.A.tofoundB.tofindC.tohavefoundD.finding13.Idon’tthinkhe________abletopickoutmyfriendsinsuchabigcrowd.A.isB.canbeC.willbeD.shouldbe14.Ihappened________whenMissLicameforavisit.A.toreadB.tohavereadC.tobereadingD.thatIwasreadingabook15.I’dratheryou________tomorrow.A.comeB.cameC.willcomeD.wouldcome1—10.DBAAADBACC11—20.CBDDCDCABA21—30.DAABCADCAC31—40.CBDBACDDCA41—50.BDBABDDABA51—60.DBCABACCCBV主谓一致 1.Allbutone________herejustnow.A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.were2.NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMary________tiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.A.isB.areC.amD.be3.Alibrarywillfivethousandbooks________tothenationasagift.A.isofferedB.hasofferedC.areofferedD.haveoffered4.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory________yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided5.Thetrousers________tome.A.belongB.belongsC.isbelongedD.arebelonged6.Thebreadandbutter________onthetable.A.isB.areC.wereD.puts7.Hisfamily________alwaysquarrelingamong________.A.is;itselfB.are;themselvesC.is;themselvesD.are;itself8.Somefolk________never________withthepresentsituation.A.is;satisfyingB.are;satisfiedC.are;satisfyingD.are;itself9.There________somefish________intheboat.A.is;lyingB.are;layingC.is;laidD.are;lying10.Allpossiblemeans________.A.hasbeentriedB.havebeentriedC.istobetriedD.aretrying11.Southofthevillage________alargeworks.A.isB.areC.standD.isbuilt12.Thefirsttwoproblemsareverydifficult,________easy.A.andtherestisB.yettherestareC.hasbeensoldD.buttherestare13.Everypictureexceptthesetwo________.A.hassoldB.havesoldC.hasbeensoldD.havebeensold14.ItisIwho________thedictionarytoyou.A.haslentB.havelentC.isgoingtolendD.aregoingtolend15.Mr.Green,alongwithhischildren,________toAmerican.A.goB.hasgoneC.aregoingD.havebeengone16.Penandink________bytheballpen.A.hasreplacedB.havereplacedC.hasbeenreplaceD.havebeenreplaced17.EitheryouorI________abletoattendthelecture.A.isB.amC.hasbeenD.aretobe18.Thewounded________after. A.iswelllookedB.hasbeenwelllookedC.aregoodlookedD.havebeenwelllooked1.NeitherMarynorherbrother________theconcert.A.isgoingtoB.aregoingtoC.isallowedintoD.areallowedto2.Onethirdofthepopulationhere________workers.A.isB.areC.hasD.be3.Iaswellasthey________helpyou.A.arereadytoB.isreadyforC.amreadyforD.arereadyfor4.Agreatnumberofstudents________swimming.A.isfondofB.arefondofC.willbefondofD.werefondof5.Nothisfather,buthisbrothers________inWuhan.A.hasbeenB.havecomeC.livesD.live6.Whethershe’scomingornot________toomuch.A.matterB.doesn’tmatterC.don’tmatterD.mattersabout7.Iwishshe________heretoshareinmyjoynow.A.isB.wereC.hadbeenD.cancome8.—Wouldyoulikesomemoreoranges?—No,thanks,Ithinkthere________enoughforme.A.isB.areC.hadbeenD.hasbeen9.Thepriceofthetwobikes________low.A.isB.areC.hasD.have10.TheworksofLuXun,ofcourse,________worthstudying.A.isB.areC.hasD.have11.Anybodywho________anythingcanseethatthiselephantislikeasnake.A.knewB.knowsC.knowD.hasknown12.Howtogetthosebooks________tous.A.isunknownB.areunknownsC.hasunknownD.haveunknown13.Themurdererhasrunaway.Thepolice________him.A.isrunningafterB.islookingforC.arerunningafterD.issearching14.Thenumberofthecollegestudents________everyyear.A.risesB.riseC.raiseD.areraised15.Ithinkheistheonlyoneofthosewho________fortheposition.A.fitB.fitsC.arefitD.isfit16.Sheisoneofthe________writerswho________storiesforchildren.A.woman;writeB.women;writeC.woman;writesD.women;writes17.There________agroupofchildren________loudlyoutsidetheroom.A.was;talkingB.were;totalkC.was;totalkD.were;weretalking18.Theprofessorandwriter________togiveusareport. A.isB.isaboutgoingC.aregoingD.havecome1.Mymaths________allright.what________memostisEnglish.A.are;worriedB.seem;isworryingC.is;worriesD.seems;worry2.Noneofthem________agooddancer.A.isB.areC.becomeD.were3.________haveanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.A.EachofusB.NooneofusC.EveryoneofusD.Weeach4.NobodybutMaryandI________intheroomatthetime.A.amB.wasC.wereD.hadbeen5.Thenewsatsixo’clock________true.A.isB.areC.soundD.issounded6.Hesaidhisfamily________allverywell.A.isB.areC.wereD.willbe7.Morethanoneperson________intheaccident.A.wereinjuredB.werehurtC.wasinjuredD.washurted8.Singinganddancing________twoofthethingsthathelikes________.A.is;bestB.are;bestC.is;betterD.are;better9.Eightydollarsamonth________ofhisincome.A.isthepriceB.arethenumberC.isthetotalD.aretheamount10.Another3days________necessaryforyoutogooverthelessonsA.isB.areC.meansD.seem11.Somebodyiswaitingforyou,________?A.isitB.isn’tthereC.aren’ttheyD.ishe12.TheGreens________atthetableandhaving________lunch.A.issitting;theB.aresitting;hisC.issitting;herD.aresitting;their13.Thispairofshoes________you.A.fitB.wereforC.fitsD.wereboughtfor14.Whattherevolutionaries________doing________goodtotheworkingpeople.A.is;areB.are;areC.was;isD.were;is15.Fivetimesfour________twenty.A.isB.areC.makeD.has16.Halfofthestory________interesting.A.readsB.soundC.isD.are17.Who________thegirlhe________justnoddedto?A.was;hasB.is;haveC.is;XD.are;had18.Noboyandnogirl________tosmoke.A.isallowedB.areallowedC.haveD.arewelcomed19.Athirdofhistime________doingexperiments.A.isspentonB.arespentonC.arespentonD.isspentin 1.Betweenthetwobuildings________abighotel.A.standsB.standC.laidD.lies2.Awoman,ratherthanthosemen,________thedesignofthebridge.A.areinchargeofB.isinchargeofC.areinchargeD.isinthechargein3.Thehousewillfalldown,few________init.A.isB.hasbeenC.liveD.lives4.TheChinesepeople________abraveandhardworkingone.A.isB.areC.arethoughtasD.isconsidered5.Largequantitiesoffood________onthetableatthetime.A.isB.areC.waslaidD.were1—10.DBAAAABBDB11—20.ADCBBCBDAB21—30.CBDBBBABBA31—40.CADBAACADB41—50.ACCBCACDCD51—60.ACCADABCBDVI状语从句1.—Whatwasthepartylike?—Wonderful,it’syears________Ienjoyedmyselfsomuch.A.afterB.whenC.beforeD.since2.Whenyoureadthebook,you’dbettermakeamark________youhaveanyquestions.A.atwhichB.atwhereC.theplacewhereD.where3.Ididn’tmanagetodoit________youhadexplainedhow.A.untilB.unlessC.whenD.before4.________hecomes,wewon’tbeabletogo.A.WithoutB.UnlessC.ExceptD.Even5.________thedaywenton,theweathergotworse.A.WithB.SinceC.WhileD.As6.Itis________fineweatherthatwedecidetogoforanhour.A.suchB.suchaC.soD.soas7.Itisfiveyears________hecametoourschool.A.afterB.beforeC.whenD.since8.Pleasestayatthestationuntil________.A.hereturnedB.hewillreturnC.heisreturningD.hereturns9.________thereisawill,thereisaway.A.ForB.AsC.SinceD.Where10.________Iread,themoreIunderstand.A.ThemoreB.SomuchC.HowmuchD.Muchmore11.Hewillsendhischildrenabroadforthesummer________he________enoughmoney.A.if;hasB.unless;hasC.unless;hadD.evenif;had12.________youunderstandthisrule,youwillhavenofurtherdifficulty. A.SoB.UnlessC.OnceD.Though1.Joneshasboughtthebook________shecanfollowtheTVlessons.A.inordertoB.inorderthatC.soasthatD.suchthat2.Pleasekeepquiet________othersaretalking.A.asB.afterC.thatD.while3.________theclockstruckhalfpasteleven,allthestudentsleftthetheatre.A.WhenB.WhileC.AsD.Though4.Youmayleavetheclassroomwhenyou________writing.A.willfinishB.arefinishingC.havefinishedD.hadfinished5.________hadhegonetobed________hefellasleep.A.Nosooner;whenB.Nosooner;thanC.Hardly;thanD.Hard;when6.________hesaidhewasn’thungry,heatethebigbreakfast.A.EvenB.UnlessC.SinceD.Although7.________tohishomemanytimes,butshestilldoesn’trememberthenameofthestreetandthenumberofthehouse.A.HavingbeenB.ThoughhehasbeenC.ShehasbeenD.Thoughhewent8.Tomismoreclever________anyotherstudentinhisclass.A.amongB.ofC.asD.than9.Nomatterhowhardheworked,________.A.hecouldnotdoanybetterB.andhecouldnotdoanybetterC.sohecouldnotdoanybetterD.buthecouldnotdoanybetter10.TheItalianboywasregardedasahero________hegavehislifeforhiscountry.A.accordingtoB.becauseofC.onaccountofD.because11.Hewasabouttoleavemyhouse________itbegantorain.A.whileB.asC.whenD.since12.Tenminutesearlier,________wecouldhavecaughtthelasttrain.A.orB.butC.andD.so13.________youdo,tryyourbest.A.WheneverB.WhereverC.WhateverD.However14.________,hehasbeendeadfortwomonths.A.BelieveitornotB.IfyoubelieveitornotC.WhetherbelieveornotD.Youbelieveitornot15.________therewerenobuses,theyhadtowalktothecinema.A.WhileB.ForC.UnlessD.As16.________heiseasytogetalongwith,Idecidetosharetheroomwithhim.A.NowthatB.SincethatC.BecauseofD.Forwhich 1.Chinahasalargerpopulation________.A.thanthatAmericaB.asAmericaC.thanAmericaD.thanthatofAmerica2.Hesucceededingettingthegoldmedal________.A.asexpectingB.thanexpectedC.thanexpectingD.asexpected3.Hetalks________hekneweverythingintheworld.A.becauseB.sinceC.asifD.sothat4.Shenolongersanganddanced________sheusedto.A.likeB.asC.asthoughD.asif5.Theparkreaches________theairport.A.sofarasB.asfarasC.sofartherasD.asfartheras6.________Iknow,thebookisveryusefultoyou.A.SofarasB.SofarC.SolongasD.Soas7.Stay________youareandkeepsilent.A.inwhichB.theplaceC.atwhichD.where8.Doyoumind________?A.IsittinghereforawhileB.ifIshallsithereforawhileC.ifmysittinghereforawhileD.ifIsithereforawhile9.Althoughheisconsideredagreatwriter,________.A.hisworksarenotwidelyreadB.buthisworksarenotwidelyreadC.sohisworksarenotwidelyreadD.stillhisworksarenotwidelyread10.________,agroupofsoldierswasadvancingtowardsthepositionoftheenemy.A.BecauseitwasdangerousB.UnlessitwasdangerousC.IfitwasdangerousD.Dangerousasitwas11.Itwasn’tlong________hefinishedhisspeech.A.thatB.untilC.asD.before12.________youhavepassedthetest,youhavenoreasontobeproudofyourself.A.EventhoughB.AsthoughC.NowthatD.Nomatterhow13.Unlesshe________thejobontimenextweek,Ican’ttellhimwhenhe________anotherjob.A.finishes;isgivenB.willfinish;willbegivenC.willfinish;willgiveD.finishes;willbegiven 1.—Willyouhelpyourmotherwiththehousework?—________.A.OnlyifIwillB.OnlythatImayC.OnlywhenIwantD.OnlyifImay2.Wesatinthefrontrow________wecouldseeitbetter.A.forB.becauseC.sothatD.nowthat3.________,sothetriptotheMiddleEasthastobecalledoff.A.IthasbeenrainingfordaysB.AsthebadweatherC.BecauseofthebadweatherD.Becauseithasbeenrainingfordays4.Itwasevening,________shecouldn’tfeelherwayhome..A.forB.sinceC.whichD.while5.Ourprofessorfoundhisglasses________hehadleftthem.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.X6.Didthetwogirlslooksomuchalike________noonecouldtellthemapart?A.butB.asC.sothatD.that7.Nomatter________harditmaybe,wemustcarryitout.A.whateverB.whatC.howD.X8.Soapyisnot________asSusie.A.goodasastudentB.asgoodstudentC.asagoodstudentD.anasgoodstudent9.Theworkerhungtheportraitonthewall________couldbeseenwell.A.whereB.whereitC.thatitD.sothat10.Itisnotsoimportantwhatyousay________.A.buthowdoyousayitB.ashowyousayitC.ashowdoyousayitD.buthowyousayit11.Iusuallywatchtelevisionintheevening________Ihavetostudyforanexamination.A.unlessB.ifC.whileD.when12.—IsMr.Whiteathome?—Ofcourse,________hehasbrokenhisleg,hemustbeinbedthesedays.A.whetherB.sinceC.ifD.so13.Theyare________abroadastheywereathome.A.almostashappyB.almosthappyasC.ashappyalmostD.asalmosthappy14.Youcanhaveyourturn________thebarberfinishescuttingmyhair.A.themomentB.unlessC.becauseD.until15.Howevermuch________,itwillbeworthit.A.doesthehousecostB.coststhehouseC.thehousewillcostD.thehousecosts16.Goouttonight________it’sdark. A.whichB.whatC.whyD.while1.Theywon’tcare________theyseeit.A.whatifB.asifC.evenifD.sothat2.________thesearepeople,theyfind________thereiswaste.A.Where;thatB.When;thatC.What;XD.Whether;X3.________youwork,________progressyou’llmake.A.Thehard;thegreaterB.Harder;greaterC.Theharder;thegreaterD.Harder;thegreater1—10.DDABDADDDA11—20.ACBDACBDCD21—30.ADCCCADACD31—40.CBBADDADDA41—50.DDCAAADCCB51—60.BABAADDCACVII名词从句1.Iremember________thisusedtobeaquietvillage.A.whenB.howc.whereD.what2.________hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeverybodypresent.A.WhatB.ThatC.ThefactD.Thematter3.________leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who4.Thephotographswillshowyou________.A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howdoesourvillagelookslikeD.howourvillagelookslike5.Canyoumakesure________thegoldring?A.whereAlicehadputB.wherehadAliceputC.whereAlicehasputD.wherehasAliceput6.Pleaseread________youlike.A.whateverB.nomatterwhatC.thatallD.allwhat7.Askher________comewithus.A.ifshewillB.ifwillsheC.whethersheD.whetherwillshe8.________weneedmoneyisquiteclear.A.IfB.WhatC.ThatD.X9.________thecarcanbeusedhasnotbeenknownyet.A.IfB.WhatC.ThatD.Whether10.________willtakepartinthisEnglishspeechcontestwillbeannouncedovertheradio.A.WhoeverB.ThoseC.EveryoneD.Anyone11.________knowsthesecretwillcomehere.A.WhoeverB.ThoseC.EveryoneD.Anyone12.________hewillgiveusalecture.A.WearetoldthatB.ItistoldthatC.WearetoldwhichD.Itistold13.________happened________hewasunfitfortheoffice. A.This;thatB.That;thatC.It;thatD.He;that1.________stillneedstobediscussed.A.HowistheplantobecarriedoutB.HowtheplanistobecarriedoutC.WhyistheplancarriedoutD.Whenistheplancarriedout2.That’s________thePartyrequiresustodo.A.thatB.whyC.howD.what3.Energyis________whichmakesthingswork.A.whatB.somethingC.anythingD.everything4.________wecan’tunderstandis________hedidn’tjoinusinourdiscussion.A.That;whyB.Which;howC.What;whatD.What;why5.Thefact________heisamodelteacheriswell-known.A.whatB.whichC.whyD.that6.Ihavenoidea________.A.howfastdoeslighttravelB.howfastlighttravelsC.thatfastdoeslighttravelD.thatfastlighttravels7.Wewerewarned________theexperimentwouldbedangerous.A.ifB.whetherC.howD.that8.Iwonder________hemadesuchacarelessmistake.A.howB.thatC.whatD.why9.Weallknow________heisgettingalongwellwithhisstudies.A.thatB.howC.whatD.which10.________doyouthinkwilljoinusinthework?A.WhomB.WhoC.ThatD.How11.Iwillgivethebookto________wantstoreadit.A.whoeverB.whomeverC.whomD.that12.Sheoftenthinksof________shecandomoreforhermotherland.A.whatB.howc.thatD.which13.Wetook________forgrantedthattheywouldacceptouradvice.A.thatB.thisC.itD.them14.Hecamebacktotheclassroomtosee________he________anythinginit.A.that;hadforgottenB.that;hadleftC.if;hadleftD.if;hadforgotten15.Theteacherasked________hisstudents.A.whatthematterwaswithB.whichmatterwaswithC.whatwasthematterwithD.whatwasmatterwith16.Idon’tknow________.A.whoofthemshouldweelectB.whoofthemweshouldelectC.whichofthemIshouldelectD.whichofthemshouldIelect17.Theyexpressedthehope________theywouldcomeovertoChinaagain.A.whichB.whomC.whatD.that 1.________thatthescientistwillgiveusatalknextmonth?A.IstrueB.IsittrueC.It’strueD.it’struly2.—________youdid?—No,asamatteroffactIdidn’tneedto.A.IsthatwhatB.IswhatthatC.WhatisthatD.Isthatwhich3.________youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.WhoC.ThatD.Whether4.IknownothingaboutJim________heisanAmerican.A.exceptB.besidesC.exceptforD.exceptthat5.Myideais________weshouldgetmorepeopletodothework.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.all6.Itworriedherabit________herhairwasturninggrey.A.whileB.thatC.ifD.for7.Itisclear________themotionofarocketdependsnotonairbutonreaction.A.whenB.whetherC.ifD.that8.________doesn’tmattermuch________dressyouaregoingtowear.A.This;thatB.That;whoC.It;whichD.It;who9.________wedomustbeintheinterestsofthepeople.A.ThingsB.ThatC.WhateverD.Nomatterwhat10.Thereason________wewerelateis________wemissedthetrain.A.why;becauseB.why;thatC.why;whyD.that;that11.________isunfitfortheoffice.A.itseemstomethatB.ItseemstomethatheC.ThatseemsheD.Thatseemstohimthat12.Itlooks________weshallhavetodotheworkourselves.A.thatB.likeC.seemingD.asthough13.Thathehasn’tcomeis________heisbusywritingthepapers.A.thatB.whyC.becauseD.thereason14.Thequestionis________thebookisworthreading.A.ifB.whetherC.howD.that15.________isnotknownyet.A.WhenshehasgoneB.WhereshehasgoneC.HowdidsheleaveD.Whydidshego16.Whenandwherewe________themeeting________stillaproblem.A.have;areB.shallhave;isC.had;isD.willhave;are17.Hissuggestion________toseetheexhibitioninterestedeveryoneofus.A.thatwegoB.whichweshouldgoC.thatwewouldgoD.whenweshouldgo 1.Wordcame________hispoemwonthefirstprize.A.thatB.whetherC.asD.because2.Chinaisn’t________sheusedtobe.A.thatB.whichC.likeD.what3.I’lltellhim________withthecoat.A.howpleasedIamB.howeverIampleasedC.whatIampleasedD.howeverpleasedIam4.Haveyouanyidea________shedidit?A.whatB.whyC.withwhoD.aboutthat5.Canyoutellme________yougototheeveningschoolperweek?A.howsoonB.howmanytimesC.howlongD.howoften6.________themanwasathief,theboywatchedhimclosely.A.TothinkthatB.ThinkingthatC.TothinkaboutthatD.thinkingitthat7.ATVreporterwantedtoknow________people________thefilm.A.how;thoughtB.what;thoughtC.how;likedD.what;liked8.________isgoingtoAmericaforfurtherstudy.A.HeissaidthatB.PeoplesaidthatheC.ItwassaidheD.Itissaidthathe9.I’vegottomake________hetoldalie.A.thatclearB.itclearthatC.quiteclearD.thisclearthat10.Couldyoutellme________.A.whathernameisb.whathernamewasC.WhatishernameD.whatwashername11.Thatis________papercameintouseinchina.A.howB.thatC.whatD.which12.Itmakesnodifference________we’llsharetheofficewith.A.ifB.whetherC.whoD.that13.Idon’tknow________theywilldowiththisoldmachine.A.howB.whatC.thatD.when1—10.AACBCAACDA11—20.AACBDBDDBD21—30.DABABCCCCD31—40.BACDCBDCCB41—50.BDCBBBAADA51—60.BBBCDBAACBVIII定语从句1.Finally,thethiefhandedeverything________hehadstolentothepolice.A.afterB.whatC.whateverD.that2.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone________familywaspoor.A.ofwhomB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose3.All________isneededisasupplyofoil.A.thethingB.thatC.whatD.which 1.Sheheardaterriblenoise,________broughtherheartintohermouth.A.itB.whichC.thisD.that2.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson________shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom3.Whoistheman________isstandingoverthere?A.whomB.whichC.thatD.he4.Whoistheman________youjusttalkedto?A.XB.whichC.whoeverD.whose5.WangHaiisthestudent________homecaughtfirelastnight.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.whose6.Isthisthepen________youwerewriting?A.withthatB.withwhichC.tothatD.towhich7.Herbag,________sheputallherbooks,hasnotbeenfound.A.whereB.inwhichC.whichD.that8.Thesoliderrantothebuilding,________flewaflag.A.onthetopofwhichB.onthetopofthatC.onthetopofitD.which9.Istillremembertheday________wegotmarried.A.thatB.whichC.inwhichD.when10.Thefactory________hismotherworksisintheeastofthecity.A.thatB.whichC.onwhichD.where11.Thehouse________windowsopentothesouthisZhangShan’s.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.its12.Theshopisn’tfaraway,________Iboughtthreepairsofcompasses.A.whichB.whereC.attheplaceD.attheplacewhere13.Hetriedtofindahammer________hecouldrepairthedesk.A.throughwhichB.withwhichC.bywhichD.usingwhich14.Hecametothecity,________thereisafamoustowercalledYellowCarneTower.A.onwhichB.inwhereC.whichD.where15.Theytalkedforaboutanhourofthingsandpersons________theyrememberedintheschool.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.whom16.Thatistheonlydictionary________heoftenturnstoforhelp.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.one17.Allthepencils________shehadboughtatachappricebroke.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.those18.Isoxygentheonlygas________helpsfireburn? A.thatB.XC.whichD.it1.—Whataboutthephoto?—It’smuchbetterthan________shetooklastweek.A.thatB.whichC.theoneD.one2.Hehasdroppedthenecklacetothedrawer________themoneyiskept.A.inwhereB.inwhichC.underwhichD.which3.It’sthefifthtime________latethisterm.A.thatyou’vearrivedB.thatyouarrivedC.whenyou’vearrivedD.whenyouarrived4.Eachtime________shecametoseemeshewouldadvisemetogiveupsmoking.A.asB.duringC.whileD.X5.Itistheplayground________Ipickedupthisjacket.A.inwhichB.thatC.fromthereD.where6.WearegoingtospendtheSpringFestivalinBeijing,________livemyuncleandsomerelatives.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.inwhich7.Shemustfailtheexam,________canbeseenfromhereyes.A.thatB.asC.whoD.what8.Thestadiums,________werealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyalotoffootballfanswhohadnotickets.A.mostofthatB.mostofwhichC.whichmostD.thatmost9.Mr.Frank,________everybodyloves,hasgonetotheUK.A.whomB.thatC.whichD.X10.Hisglasses,________hewaslikeablindman,weremissing.A.withwhichB.withitC.withoutwhichD.withoutit11.I,________yourhusband,willstandbyyou.A.whoisB.thatisC.whoamD.thatam12.Ourteacherisamanofgreatexperience,________muchcanbelearned.A.whoB.howC.fromwhichD.fromwhom13.Hemakesgooduseofthetime________hecanspare.A.whenB.thatC.onwhichD.who14.Suchpeople________yourefertoarerarenowadays.A.asB.thatC.whichD.who15.We’llneverforgetthedays________wespenttogetherlastsummer.A.whenB.thatC.howD.onwhich16.Thefivestoreyedbuildingoverthere,________wassetupthreeyearsago,isourteachingbuilding.A.itB.thatC.whereD.which17.Itisthebestfilm________I’veseenthisyear.A.thatB.whichC.sinceD.and 1.Ioftenhearfrommybrother,________worksasadoctor.A.thatB.whoC.heD.whom2.LastyearIvisitedthehouse________Iusedtoliveinmythirties.A.whichB.thatC.inthatD.where3.Theoldwoman________wasn’thermother.A.afterwhomshelookedB.whoshelookedafterC.afterwhoshelookedD.whoseshelookedafter4.Theday________Iwastostartarrivedatlast.A.thatB.whichC.onwhichD.inthat5.Theoldmanhastwodaughters,________arenurses.A.twoofwhomB.bothofwhomC.allofthemD.neitherofthem6.Canyoulendme________dictionary________wasusedyesterday?A.such;whichB.same;asC.sucha;thatD.thesame;as7.Thelab________isonthesecondfloor.A.wedidtheexperimentB.wedidtheexperimentinC.wherewedidtheexperimentinD.whichwedidtheexperiment8.Isthatthereason________youdon’t’agreewithme?A.whatB.whichC.whyD.making9.Hejoinedthearmyintheyear________theAnti-JapaneseWarbrokeout.A.whenB.whichC.inthatD.duringwhich10.Isthisbook________youborrowedfromthelibrary?A.whichB.thatC.whatD.theone11.Thatisthecar________theygothere.A.bywhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.fromwhich12.ThereissomethingwrongwiththeTVset________lastmonth.A.IboughtB.whichIboughtitC.IboughtitD.whatIbought13.Canyoutellmetheman________houseyoulivedforyears?A.inhisB.whoseC.inwhoseD.ofwhich14.Thestoriesaboutthefamousscientist,________thisisoneexample,arewellwritten.A.inwhichB.aboutwhichC.onwhichD.ofwhich15.She________hasagoodearformusicoftentakespartinconcerts.A.XB.thatC.whoD.which16.Herhandwasstuckoutofthesecondstorywindow,________shecouldpicktheappleonthetree.A.thereB.fromwhereC.inwhichD.fromwhich17.Whichsentenceiswrong?A.DoyouknowthemanthatistalkingwithMr.Li?B.Hedidallhecouldtohelpme. C.Thisistheroomthatweoftenholdmeetingsin.D.Ifapersonwhodoesnotdohisduty,hewillnotsucceed.1.Mr.Wangwasgivenamedal________madehisfamilyveryhappy.A.,whichB.whichC.,thatD.it2.________,theGreatWallcameintobeinginQinDynasty.A.It’sclearB.WeallknowC.AsweallknowD.Itseemed3.Lastnightwewatchedtheplay“LeiFeng”,________wasverymoving.A.whoB.whoseC.thatD.which4.Air,________webreatheeveryday,isnecessarytolife.A.XB.whichC.whatD.that5.Abook________alotofpicturesinitisveryusefultochildren.A.withwhichB.whichhavingC.withthatD.with1—10.DDBBDCADBB11—20.ADDCBBDBBB21—30.ACBADDCBBA31—40.CCDBABDABD41—50.BCBDBCADBA51—60.CDCBDACDBDIX被动语态和短语动词1.You________onthephone.A.wantB.arewantedC.arewantingD.arebeingwanted2.The11thPartyCongress________inAugust1977.A.washeldB.heldC.isheldD.holds3.________toattendthememorialmeeting?A.ShallweaskB.ShallwebeaskingC.shallwebeaskedD.Shallbeweasked4.Themachineis________intheschoolfactory.A.beenrepairedB.beenrepairedC.beingrepairingD.beingrepaired5.ChairmanMao’sworks________intoscoresoflanguagessince1958.A.havetranslatedB.weretranslatedC.havebeentranslatedD.hasbeentranslated6.Ihaven’tseenhimforaweek.He________thatday.A.mustbewoundedB.musthavebeenwoundedC.mustwoundD.musthavewounded7.Anotherbuildingisgoing________rightbesidetheofficebuilding.A.tobuildB.tobebuildingC.tobeingbuiltD.tobebuilt8.Inasense,badthings________intogoodthings.A.canbeturnedB.canhaveturnedC.canturnD.canbeturning9.Thequestion________in.A.needn’tbroughtB.needn’tbebroughtC.needn’ttobebroughtD.needn’tbring10.Theseblooddebtswillhave________inblood.A.beenpaidB.topayC.paidD.tobepaid 1.Thesecriminalsaresure________.A.topunishB.tobepunishingC.topunishedD.tobepunished2.Thesebroken-downcarsare________nextmonthA.repairedB.repairingC.beingrepairedD.toberepaired3.Havethedoctors________?A.beensentforB.sentforC.beensendingforD.beingsentfor4.Thequestionhasbeenmuch________recently?A.talkingaboutB.talkedaboutC.talkingD.talked5.Forthishehasbeen________twice.A.operatingonB.operatedonC.operateD.operated6.Sofarnoconclusion________.A.wasarrivedB.wasarrivedatC.hasbeenarrivedD.hasbeenarrivedat7.TheEnglisheveninghas________tillFriday.A.putoffB.calledoffC.beenputoffD.beencalledoff8.Lotsofnewwordshave________.A.tobelookedB.tobelookedupC.tolookupD.lookedup9.Women________intheolddays.A.werelookeddownuponB.werelookeddownC.hadbeenlookeddownuponD.hadbeenlookeddown10.Whichofthefollowingisnotcorrect?A.Theyweregivenawarmsendoffattheairport.B.Awarmsendoffwasgiventothemattheairport.C.Awarmsendoffwasgiventhemattheairport.D.Theyweregiventoawarmsendoffattheairport.11.Manycitiesbecame________inthefollowingmonths.A.liberationB.liberatingC.liberateD.liberated12.Thebook________.Wealllikeitverymuch.A.waswellwrittenB.wellwrittenwriteC.iswellwrittenD.wellwrote13.He________togoingtobedearly.A.hasgotusedB.hasusedC.hasbeenusingD.hasusing14.Aquarrel________betweenXiaoHongandXiaoFanglastnight.AwasbrokenoutB.brokenoutC.brokeout.D.isbrokenout15.Thiskindofcloth________verywell.A.washesB.iswashedC.washedD.isbeingwashed16.It________thatthemeatcookswell.A.seemsB.isseemedC.wasseemedD.seemed17.Sheisaveryniceperson________. A.tobeworkedwithB.tobeworkingwithC.toworkwithD.workingwith1.Theboy________stealingapocket-radiofromtheshop.A.caughtB.wascaughtC.caughtinD.wascatchingin2.Brookeissolazythathe________verysoon.A.issaidtobefiredB.issaidthathewasfiredC.saystobefiredD.issaidtofire3.Heinsistedon________toworkinthepoorcountryside.A.sendingB.beingsendingC.tobesentD.beingsent4.Thehousewas________lastnightandthecolorTVsetwasstolen.A.brokenoutB.brokenintoC.brokendownD.brokenaway5.Thoughhe________,hestill________histheory.A.haslaughed;stucktoB.waslaughedat;wasstucktoC.waslaughed;wasstucktoD.waslaughedat;stuckto6.Frankisthekindofpersonwhompeopleliketo________.A.makefriendwithB.makefriendsofC.makefriendsbyD.makefriendswith7.I________playtheviolinthanthepiano.A.wouldratherB.hadrathertoC.wouldbetterD.preferto8.Wouldyoumind________yourradioalittle,please?A.turnoverB.turnoffC.toturnonD.turningdown9.WhenyoucometoWuhan,Ican________thenight.A.putyouuptoB.putyoudownforC.putyoutoD.putyoufor10.She________Robertforayear.A.hasbeenmarriedwithB.marriedwithC.marriedtoD.hasbeenmarriedto11.She________seeingadeaddog.A.wasterrifiedatB.wasterrifiedinC.wasterrifiedforD.wasterrifiedwith12.Iwas________asaworkerinanotherfactory.A.takenforB.takentoC.takenoutD.takenon13.Whenhefirst________storytelling,heusedtoaskmanychildrentocomeandlisten.A.tookdownB.tookoverC.tookupD.tooktroublein14.He________abusslowingdownbeforetheshop.A.caughtsightofB.caughtthesightofC.caughtsightforD.caughthissight15.Thenthey________home. A.setoutB.setoutforC.setoffD.setaboutto1.Inorderto________thegunitisnecessarytotakenupthegun.A.getoutofB.getalongwithC.getdownforD.getridof2.Theguide________tousalltheobjectsofinterest.A.pointedoutB.pointedatC.pointedoffD.pointeddown3.We________withthatfactory________200machines.A.madeanorder;forB.placedanorder;forC.madeanorder;onD.placedanorder;on4.Ourclassis________fortyboysandtwentytwogirls.A.madeupforB.madeuseforC.madebestofD.madeupof5.Shewill________mytroublesaswellasmyjoys.A.spendinB.spareC.sharewithD.share6.Thelivingconditionsheredon’t________me.A.agreetoB.fitforC.agreewithD.fitwith7.Sometimesthey________referees(调解员).A.actedasB.actedoutC.actedforD.actedon8.Shegavemanyexcuses,butwhatthey________wasthatshedidn’twanttocome.A.addedupB.addedtoC.addeduptoD.addupwith9.TheRedArmy________afterthedefeatofthefirstgreatrevolution.A.cameintobeingB.cameintoforceC.cameintoofficeD.comeintouse10.Luckily,he________thesepeopleyearsago.A.brokeintoB.brokeoutC.brokeawayfromD.brokedownfrom11.Wouldyou________acupofcoffee?A.carewithB.careforC.careaboutD.careof12.MaoZedong________fightingforthebrightfutureofChina.A.wasdevotedtoB.devotedtoC.wasdevotedforD.devotedhimselffor13.LedbyFangZhimin,we________northernJiangxi.A.madeourwaystoB.madeourwaytoC.gotourwaytoD.maderoomfor14.ZhuDewasapersonwhoalways________.A.kepthiswordB.keptupC.gotinawordD.keptinmind15.Wemustlearnto________abadjob.A.madebestofB.makethebestofC.makesureD.makefunof16.Whenthewarbrokeoutthey________atonce.A.werecalledforB.werecalledoffC.werecalledupD.werecalledout17.Theplan________morecarefulworkatpreventingforestfires.A.calledinB.calledonC.calledupD.calledfor 1.Theworkerswould________thestruggleforfreedomandhappiness.A.callonB.carryoffC.calltoD.carryon1—10.BACDCBDABD11—20.DDABBDCBAD21—30.DCACAACBAD31—40.BDDADADADC41—50.ABDABDDCAC51—60.ACBABABCDDX情态动词1.Peter________comewithustonight,butheisn’tverysureyet.A.mustB.canC.mayD.will2.—Couldyouborrowyourdictionary?—Yes,ofcourseyou________.A.mightB.willC.canD.should3.Acomputer________thinkforitself,itmustbetoldwhattodo.A.can’tB.couldn’tC.maynotD.mightnot4.Ididn’thearthephone,I________asleep.A.mustbeB.musthavebeenC.shouldbeD.shouldhavebeen5.Therewasplentyoftime,she________.A.mustn’thavehurriedB.couldn’thavehurriedC.mustnothurryD.needn’thavehurried6.Theplantisdead.I________itmorewater.A.willgiveB.wouldhavegivenC.mustgiveD.shouldhavegiven7.Veryloudnoises________makepeopleill,hurttheirears,orevendrivethemmad.A.mustB.needC.canD.should8.Heaskedmeforthedictionarymanytimes;pleasetellhimthathe________haveittomorrow.A.mustB.needC.mayD.dare9.—Whyisshestillstandingthere?—She________bewaitingforherboyfriend.A.canB.mustC.dareD.need10.Twoeyes________seemorethanone.A.canB.mustC.mightD.shall11.What________hemean?________youtellme?A.can;MayB.can;CanC.may;MayD.must;Should12.How________hesaythathisteacherwasunfair?A.mustB.mightC.couldD.need13.It________beverycoldinthispart.A.canB.oughtC.shallD.dare14.I’dliketoaskaquestionifI________.A.mustB.willC.mayD.might 1.Eveninsummerthetemperature________suddenlydropbelowfreezing.A.mightB.oughtC.mustD.need2.Hedecidedtojointhearmysothathe________defendthecountry.A.mayhelpB.mighthelpC.helpsD.helped3.You________alwaysbetalkinglikethat.A.mightn’tB.mayn’tC.can’tD.mustn’t4.Thecar________havebrokedownjustwhenwewereabouttostartoff.A.mustB.couldC.mightD.should5.You________seehimwhileheisinhospital.A.havebetterB.hadbetterC.wouldratherD.hadto6.Thereisafinesunset;it________tobeafinedaytomorrow.A.oughtB.shouldC.hastoD.hasbetter7.Youarehisfather,you________takecareofhim.A.mightB.oughtC.oughttoD.areableto8.That’sall.It________betalkedaboutanymore.A.needn’tB.mightn’tC.darn’ttoD.needn’tto9.Thequestion________discussing.A.needsB.needC.canbeD.mustbe10.He________evenlookoutofthewindow.A.daren’tB.daresn’tC.darednottoD.daresnot11.I’msohungrythatI________findsomethingtoeat.A.havetoB.wouldC.mayD.can12.Allthestudents________dotheirbestforthemodernizationofourcountry.A.canB.shouldC.mayD.might13.You________becarefulwithyourhomework.A.mustB.havetoC.mayD.areusedto14.Itisgettingdarker.You________notgohome.A.hadbetterB.havebetterC.wouldratherD.wouldlike15.I________whathappenedtoourschool.A.wouldlikeknowB.wouldliketoknowC.wouldlikeknowingD.wouldlikethatIknow16.—Wouldyoumindmychangingtheplan?—________.A.Oh,no,pleaseB.Yes,ImindnotC.No,IwouldD.Yes,Iwill17.—It________beJackwhoisinthelibrary.—I’msureit________behim,Isawhimoffattherailwaystationjusttwodaysago.A.can’t;can’teB.must;mustn’tC.must;can’tD.can’t;mustn’t18.I________tellherthetruthabouthismarriage. A.can’thelpB.can’tbutC.maynothelpD.mustn’tbut1.Sincesheisangry,we________.A.hadbettertoleaveheralongB.shouldleaveheraloneC.wouldrathertoleaveheraloneD.mustleaveheralone2.Look!Whatyou’vedonetome.You________morecareful.A.maybeB.hadtoC.shouldhavebeenD.wouldbe3.________readtheletterforyou?A.WouldyoulikemeB.DoyouwantmeC.WillyoumindmeD.ShallI4.Hepromisedhe________notmakesuchsillymistakes.A.wouldB.shouldC.mightD.could5.________itbetruethathisfatherwillgoabroad?A.CanB.MayC.NeedD.Should6.Thosestreamsaresosmallthatthey________beshowninthemaps.A.mustn’tB.maynotC.can’tD.may7.—MayIuseyourbike?—________.A.No,youmaynotB.No,youmustn’tC.No,youwon’tD.Sorry,I’mafraidnot8.—MustIwritetoher?—No,you________.A.mustn’tB.shouldn’tC.can’tD.don’thaveto9.—NeedIstarttonight?—Yes,you________.A.doB.needC.mustD.may10.Theoldman________sitforhourswatchingtheships.A.wouldB.shouldC.wasusedtoD.wouldratherto11.Ifthetelephone________ring,pleasewakemeup.A.wouldB.shouldC.willD.might12.Iwishthey________stopmakingremarksaboutme.A.wouldB.willC.shouldD.shall13.You’rethirsty,aren’tyou?________hegetsomecoffee?A.DoesB.ShallC.WouldD.Let14.Whichofthefollowingiswrong?A.Thatmaybetrue.B.Thatmightbetrue.C.Thatcanbetrue.D.Thatcouldbetrue.15.—Wouldyoulendmesomemoney?—Yes,I________.A.wouldB.willC.canD.may16.He________swimmingwhenhewasyoung. A.wasusedtogoB.gotusedtogoC.usedtogoingD.usedtogo1.Yousayyou________notdoit,butIsayyou________doit.A.will;shallB.shall;shallC.shall;willD.will;will2.You________outyesterdaywithoutacoat.Nowonderyoucaughtcold.A.shouldhavegoneB.shouldn’thavegoneC.couldnothavegoneD.mighthavegone3.He________the8:30trainbecausehedidn’tleavehomeuntil9:00.A.can’tcatchB.couldn’tcatchC.maynotD.can’thavecaught4.You________usthisbecausewehadmorethanenough.A.needn’tbringB.needn’thavebroughtC.mustn’tbringD.couldn’thavebrought5.—Helearntthelanguageinthreemonths.—He________veryhard.A.mustworkB.mighthaveworkedC.musthaveworkedD.mightwork6.—Whotoldyoumytelephonenumber?—Idon’tremember.It________Mary.—Itcan’tbeMary,shedoesn’tknowit.A.mayhavebeenB.canhavebeenC.mustbeD.canbe7.You________him,whydidn’tyou?A.oughttothankB.oughthavethankedC.oughttohavethankedD.oughtthank8.I________havearrivedalittleearlier,butmycarbrokedown.A.shouldB.couldC.canD.can’t9.—________wegooutforawalk?—Great.Let’sgoA.ShallB.WillC.MayD.Should10.Thoughshewasseriouslyill,she________completetheworkintime.A.wouldB.wasabletoC.waspossibletoD.might11.—Wouldyouliketoplaychesswithme?—Yes,________.A.I’dB.IwouldC.I’dlikeD.I’dliketo12.Tomislate.He________thewrongbus.A.musttakeB.musthavetakenC.mighttakeD.couldtake1—10.CCABDDCCBA11—20.BCACABDDBA21—30.CAAAABAABA31—40.CBBCDAACDD41—50.CABABCBDAB51—60.DBCACBABDBXI动词不定试1.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered________thefirstcomputer.A.tohaveinventedB.inventingC.toinventD.havinginvented2.LittleJimshouldlove________tothetheatrethisevening. A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking1.—Iusuallygotherebytrain.—Whynot________byboatforachange?A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing2.Johnwasmade________thetruckforaweekasapunishment.A.towashB.washingC.washD.tobewashing3.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped________onabigrockbythesideofthepath.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest4.Shepretended________mewhenIpassedby.A.nottoseeB.notseeingC.tonotseeD.havingnotseen5.Thoughhehadoftenmadehissister________,todayhewasmade________byhissister.A.cry;tocryB.crying;cryingC.cry;cryingD.tocry;cry6.Tellhim________thewindow.A.toshutnotB.nottoshutC.tonotshutD.don’t’shut7.________hersicktothinkofthematter.A.ThatmadeB.ThatcausedC.ItmadeD.Itcaused8.Thewoman’sjobis________afterthedisablechildren.A.lookB.looksC.lookedD.tolook9.She________to________everything.A.demanded;tellB.demanded;betoldC.required;tellD.required;betold10.It’stime________ourleaguemeeting.A.tobeginB.beginningC.thatwebeginD.thatwe’llbegin11.ThatdayIwasthelastone________theexperiment.A.madeB.makingC.tomakeD.havingmade12.I’mhungry.Getmesomething________.A.tobeeatenB.toeatC.eatingD.tobeeating13.Wouldyou________metoshowyouaroundtheplace?A.letB.likeC.mindD.care14.Sheissaid________thenecklace.A.thatshelostB.thatshehaslostC.toloseD.tohavelost15.Whatdoyouthinkisthebestway________theproblem?A.tosettlingB.inwhichsettlingC.tosettleD.settling16.Youare________retellthestory.A.oughtB.oughttoC.expectingD.expectedto17.Ididn’twanttheproblem________again.A.toraiseB.toberaisedC.beingraisedD.beraised18.Haveyouhadthenurse________yourson’stemperature? A.totakeB.takingC.takeD.taken1.Firstweshouldfindahotel________forthenight.A.toputupatitB.inordertoputupatC.atwheretoputupD.atwhichtoputup2.________wakemeupwhenyoucomein.A.You’dbetternottoB.You’dbetternotC.Youhadn’tbettertoD.Youhadn’tbetter3.Idon’tthinkyouneed________today.A.toleaveB.tobeleavingC.leavingD.beingleft4.Wehavebeenlookingforthegirlallthemorning,butsheisnowhere________.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.beingseenD.seen5.Heshould________forwhathehasdone.A.praiseB.bepraisedC.havepraisedD.tobepraised6.Hefeltastone________hisback.A.hittingB.tohitC.hittedD.hit7.Ihurriedtoschool,only________outitwasSunday.A.findB.tofindC.foundD.wouldfind8.Herearesomeexercisesthatneed________afterclass.A.doneB.tobedoneC.beingdoneD.todo9.I’vebeenwaitingforhalfanhour________methephonecall.A.togiveB.foryougivingC.ofyoutogiveD.foryoutogive10.Everything________smoothly.A.seemsgoingB.seemstobegoingC.isseemingtogoD.isseemingtobegoing11.Itwasthoughtful________usthemapofthecity.A.ofyoutosendB.foryoutosendC.ofyousendingD.foryousending12.Youarefortunate________asamemberoftheclub.A.beingacceptedB.toacceptC.TohaveacceptedD.tohavebeenaccepted13.________wasn’tpleasant________upsoearly.A.He;towakeB.He;tobewakenC.It;ofhimtowakeD.It;tobewoken14.Ifindtheseproblemsareeasy________.A.toworkoutB.tobeworkedoutC.inworkingoutD.tobeworkedthemout15.Howrude________him________achildlikethat.A.of;totreatB.for;totreatC.of;istotreatD.for;istotreat16.Itwasstupid________him________attendthelecture. A.of;tonotB.of;nottoC.for;tonotD.for;notto1.Itwasimpossible________losttimeto________.A.for;makeupB.of;makeupC.for;bemadeupD.of;bemadeup2.Theshoesaretoolarge________.A.tometowearB.formetowearC.tometobewornD.formetobeworn3.________wassorry________madesuchasillymistake.A.It;tohaveB.It;havingC.I;tohaveD.I;having4.I’llbedelighted________.A.whenI’llseeyouagainB.toseeyouagainC.thatIseeyouagainD.tohaveseenyouagain5.Hewas________tired________anyfurther.A.too;walkingB.too;towalkC.so;walkingD.so;towalk6.Willyoube________kind________maketeaforme?A.so;toB.fairly;toC.so;astoD.fairly;asto7.Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto________.A.sitB.sitonC.besatD.besaton8.I________howtoanswerthequestion.A.puzzleB.ampuzzlingC.havepuzzledD.ampuzzled9.Haveyoudecided________theparty?A.whetheryouholdB.whytoholdC.whethertoholdD.iftohold10.Hedoesn’tknow________tostayornot.A.ifB.eitherC.neitherD.whetherheought11.LastsummerItookacourseon________.A.howtomakedressesB.howdressesbemadeC.howtobemadedressesD.howdressestobemade12.Hehesitated________themedicine.A.takingB.abouttotakeC.whetherhetakeD.whethertotake13.Howdothebirdsknowexactly________direction________?A.which,flyingB.which;toflytoC.inwhich;toflyD.X;flyingto14.—Idon’tknow________withtheproblem.—Whynot________yourteacherforadvise?A.whattodo;toaskB.howtodo;toaskC.whattodo;askD.howtodo;ask15.Ithinkheshouldgetajob,butyoucan’tforcehim________ifhe’snotready________. A.toget;toB.toget;XC.to;XD;to;todo1.—Wouldyouliketogototheball?—Yes,________.A.I’dB.I’dlikeC.I’dliketoD.I’dliketogo2.—Aren’tyouinchargeofthis?—No,andI________.A.don’twantB.don’twanttoC.don’twanttobeDamnot3.________thetruth,Idon’twanttogo.A.TotellB.TellC.TellingD.Inordertotell4.I’dratherreadsomethingathomethan________totheparkinsuchweather.A.goB.togoC.goingD.went5.Wecoulddonothingbut________Fatherforhelp.A.askB.askingC.toaskD.asked6.Hewantednothingbut________inthecorner.A.seatB.beseatedC.beseatD.tobeseated7.It________abouttwoyears________suchabigdam.A.takes;inbuildingB.takes;tobuildC.needs;inbuildingD.needs;tobuild8.Howmuchdid________cost________thehouse?A.it;inrebuildingB.he;inrebuildingC.it;torebuildD.he;torebuild9.________requirespatience________agoodnurse.A.She;tobeB.she;ifsheisC.It;tobeD.It;ifsheis1—10.AADACAABCD11—20.BACBBDCDBC21—30.DBABBDBBDB31—40.ADDAABCBCB41—50.BCBDCDADCC51—60.CCCAAADBCCXII分词1.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid________tothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointed2.________areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived3.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands________behindhisback.A.beingtiedB.havingtieC.tobetiedD.tied4._______moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven5.Doyouknowtheboy________underthebigtree?A.layB.lainC.layingD.lying6.Therewasaterriblenoise________thesuddenburstoflight. A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed1.Mostoftheartists________tothepartywerefromJapan.A.invitedB.toinviteC.wereinvitedD.havingbeeninvited2.Hetoldmeaboutthedifferencebetween________Englishand________English.A.speaking;writingB.spoken;writtenC.speaking;heardD.spoken;writing3.________louderandmakeyourself________.A.Speaking;hearingB.Speaking;heardC.Speak;heardD.Speak;hearing4.Isthistheplace________byyoutheotherday?A.referringB.referringtoC.referredD.referredto5.Thenewsseems________.Allofthemfelt________atthenews.A.discouraged;discouragingB.discouraged;discouragedC.discouraging;discouragedD.discouraging;discouraging6.I’m________toyouforyourhelp.A.obligingB.obligedC.toobligeD.oblige7.The________workerscried,“It’sunfair!”A.affectingB.affectedC.havingaffectedD.havingbeenaffected8.Ourmonitormade________speechattheclassmeeting.A.aninspiringB.aninspiredC.amuchinspiredD.amuchinspiring9.Therearesomestudents________.A.waitedtoexamineB.waitedtogetexaminedC.waitingtoexamineD.waitingtogetexamined10.Inthepicture,Iseesomeboysandgirls________onthelake.A.skatingB.skateC.skatedD.toskate11.Whenheenteredthekitchen,hefoundthegas________andthewindow________.A.burning;shuttingB.burning;shutC.burnt;shuttingD.burnt;shut12.Thepolicefoundthe________child,didn’tthey?A.havinglostB.losingC.havingmissedD.missing13.Ifyouwaveyourbookinfrontofyourface,youcanfeeltheair________againstyourface.A.movedB.movingC.movesD.tomove14.I’dlikethisdress________and________. A.washed;ironedB.washing;ironingC.washing;ironedD.washed;ironing1.Ineverheardhim________suchathingbefore.A.sayingB.tosayC.havingsaidD.say2.Thestudents________intheexercisebooksmaygonow.A.handedB.havinghandedC.tobehandingD.whohavehanded3.Helookedatmewitha________expression,maybetheproblemwasquite________.A.puzzled;puzzlingB.puzzling;puzzledC.puzzled;puzzledD.puzzling;puzzling4.Ineedmybike________.A.repairedB.repairingC.tohaverepairedD.beingrepaired5.Couldyousmellsomething________?A.burnB.burntC.burningd.beingburn6.Heenteredthehouseandleftme________outside.A.standB.tostandC.standingD.tobestanding7.Themeeting________tomorrowisveryimportant.A.heldB.holdingC.beingheldD.tobeheld8.What________weather!Thelakewas________over.A.freezing;frozenB.frozen;freezingC.freezing;freezingD.frozen;frozen9.Don’thavethewater________allthetime.A.runB.torunC.runningD.beingrunning10.Stoprunningandyouwillfeelyourheart________fasterthanever.A.beatB.beatingC.beatsD.wasbeating11.Enteringtheclassroom,Ifoundourheadmaster________bythewindow.A.seatingB.seatedC.sitD.siting12.OurheadteachercaughtZhangMing________inthecorner.A.smokeB.tosmokeC.smokingD.beingsmoked13.Thephonecall________himhurryingtoParis.A.madeB.letC.causedD.sent14.Matteristhename________toeverythingthathasweightandtakesupspace.A.givingB.togiveC.havingbeengivenD.given15.Hefelthisarm________.A.pullingB.pulledC.beingpulledD.tobepulled16.Thetextbookcanbeusedin________countries.A.speakingEnglishB.EnglishspokenC.spokenEnglishD.Englishspeaking17.________theoffice,hefoundnobodyinit.A.EnteringB.EnteredC.HavingenteringD.Toenter18.When________intotheclassroom,theicesoonchangedintowater. A.ittookB.ittakenC.takingD.taken1.________thereforseveraltimes,heofferedtoactasaguide.A.BeingB.WasC.HasbeenD.Havingbeen2.________tolook________sheclosedhereyes.A.Pretending;frighteningB.Pretending;frightenedC.Pretended;frighteningD.Pretended;frightened3.The________day,________toseethemagain,heshuthimselfinhisroom.A.followed;wantingnotB.followed;notwantingC.following;wantingnotD.following;notwanting4.________thework,hedidn’tnoticethatitwasgettingdark.A.AbsorbedbyB.AbsorbedinC.AbsorbingD.Absorbingin5.Peoplealwaysshakehandswhen________eachother.A.introducingtoB.introducedtoC.introducingwithD.introducedwith6.Acoldrainwas________,________withsnow.A.fallen;missingB.fallen;mixedC.falling;mixingD.falling;mixed7.________manytimes,buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit.A.HavingbeentoldB.ToldC.HewastoldD.Thoughhehadbeentold8.________,theletterwasposted.A.WroteitB.HavingwrittenC.WritingD.Havingbeenwritten9.________himbefore,Ididn’trecognizehim.A.NotseeingB.HavingnotseenC.NeverhavingseenD.Havingneverseen10.Once________,itwillneverbeforgotten.A.seeB.seenC.youseeD.tobeseen11.Hewillnotcomeunless________.A.invitedB.invitingC.isn’tinvitedD.hewillbeinvited12.Shewalkedasfastasshecould,________tocatchthe9:30train.A.tohopeB.hopingC.shehopedD.forhoping13.IwrotetoJim,________himforhelp.A.thankedB.tothankC.thankingD.andthanking14.Hewascaughtintherain,thus________himselfcatchcold.A.makeB.makingC.madeD.havingmake15.________howtogettotheairport,heaskedmetheway.A.HavinglosthiswayandhavingnotknownB.HavingbeenlosthiswayandnotknowingC.HavinglosthiswayandnotknowingD.Losinghiswayanddoingnowknow.16.________nobuses,wehavetowalkhome. A.TherebeingB.ItwereC.TherewereD.Itbeing1.Shewentonexplainingtome,________myface.A.neverleftB.hereyesneverleftC.hereyesneverleavingD.neverleaving2.Hewalkedrapidly,hishead________,________neithertotherightortheleft.A.bent;lookedB.bent;lookingC.bending;lookedD.bending;looking3.Thedirtyclothes________,thegirlhungthemupoutside.A.waswashedB.washedC.werewashedD.havingwashed4.________,themeetingbegan.A.HavingtakentheirseatsB.HavingtakentheirplacesC.ThestudentshavingtakentheirseatsD.Thestudentstooktheirplaces.5.Theboyhidhimselfunderthebed,withthisfeet________out.A.werestuckB.werestickingC.stickingd.stick6.Strictly________,heisnotfitforthejob.A.speakingB.spokenC.tospeakD.tobespoken1—10.ACDADBABCD11—20.CBBADABDBA21—30.DDAACCDACB31—40.BCDDBDADDB41—50.DBBDCDDBAB51—60.CBCACBBCCAXIII动名词1.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed________.A.catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatch2.Shedidn’tremember________himbefore.A.havingmetB.havemetC.tomeetD.tohavemet3.—Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?—Oh,excellent.It’sworth________asecondtime.A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.beingread4.IcanhardlyimaginePeter________acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.A.sailB.tosailC.sailingD.tohavesailed5.Iwouldappreciate________backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.you’recalling6.Weareconsidering________theplan.A.beingchangedB.changingC.tochangeD.tobechanging7.Weadvise________anotherexperiment.A.tomakeB.we’llmakeC.makingD.ourmaking8.“Keepsilent!”themonitortoldtheboystostop________.A.totalkB.talkC.talkingD.beingtalked9.Peoplecouldn’thelp________foolishemperorintheprocession.A.tolaughB.tolaughatC.laughingatD.laughing 1.Hearingtheexcitingnews,Icouldn’t________withjoy.A.stopjumpingB.resistjumpC.buttojumpD.helpjumping2.Canyouimagine________inwinter?A.toswimB.beingswumC.swimmingD.tobeswimming3.Idon’tthinkyourhairneeds________now.A.cuttingB.beingcutC.tocutD.cut4.Hesaidthetablewanted________.A.torepairB.repairingC.repairedD.beingrepaired5.Hewants________thetable________.A.having;repairingB.tohave;repairingC.having;repairedD.tohave;repaired6.Theyforbid________intheoffice.A.tosmokeB.smokingC.tobesmokingD.smoke7.Haveyoufinished________theTVset?A.torepairB.yourrepairingC.havingrepairingD.repairing8.NowitiscleartomethatheishonestandIdoregret________hewasacheat.A.tosayB.sayC.thatD.havingsaid9.Iregret________youthatIcan’tgotoyourbirthdayparty.A.totellB.tellingC.oftellingD.havingtold10.Let’stry________theworkanotherway,forweshouldtry________everythingdoneintime.A.todo;togetB.doing;gettingC.doing;togetD.todo;getting11.Oh,bytheway,doyoumind________aletterforme?A.postingB.topostC.yourpostingD.ifyoucanpost12.It’sagoodhabit________aloudearlyinthemorning.A.practicetoreadB.topracticereadingC.practicingtoreadD.topracticeandread13.Asyouknow,studyingmeans________hard.A.workB.toworkC.workingD.thatwework14.Thefloorrequires________,sothestudentsarerequired________thework.A.washing;todoB.towash;doingC.washing;doingD.towash;todo15.Thelakeispolluted.Wedon’tallowed________here.A.swimmingB.toswimC.anyoneswimD.foranyonetoswim16.Whyhavetheydelayed________thesportsmeet?A.holdB.holdingC.toholdD.havingheld17.Thedoctoradvisedtheoldmantogive________drinking.A.inB.offC.outD.up18.Hewenton________untileveryonewasbored. A.totalkB.talkingC.withtalkD.thetalk1.OnthewayhomeBill________on________hisfathersuchalotofquestions.A.kept;toaskB.continued;toaskC.kept;askingD.continued;asking2.Haveyoudecidedtoputoff________toShanghai?A.togoB.toleaveC.goingD.leaving3.—Whatareyougoingtodothisafternoon?—I’mthinkingof________tovisitmyaunt.A.goB.goingC.havinggoneD.mygoing4.Thenaughtyboywasafraid________byhisteacher.A.toscoldB.tobescoldingC.ofscoldingD.ofbeingscolded5.Heinsisted________apictureforthewallnewspaper.A.IwoulddrawB.metodrawC.mydrawingD.onmydrawing6.Thereisstillhope________theticket.A.ourbuyingB.ofourbuyingC.tousbuyingD.forbuying7.Haveyoumadeanyplanfor________theday?A.congratulatingB.youcongratulatingC.celebratingD.youcelebrating8.Modernizationisthekey________upouragriculturaldevelopment.A.tospeedB.ofspeedingC.forspeedingD.tospeeding9.________home,hewenttobed.A.ToreachB.AssoonasreachedC.OnreachingD.Inreaching10.Theyhurriedonforfear________.A.tocatchtherainB.ofcatchingtherainC.tobecaughtintherainD.ofbeingcaughtintherain11.Themanwilldie________atonce.A.nottooperateB.withoutoperateonhimC.ifdon’toperateD.withoutbeingoperatedon12.Ithinkthebookworthy________.A.readingB.toreadC.ofbeingreadD.ofreading13.Heusedto________cardswithhisfriends,butnowheisusedto________awalkaftersupper.A.play;takingB.playing;takeC.play;takeD.playing;taking14.Welookforwardto________atriptoHangzhou.A.makeB.makingC.beonD.goon15.Hedoesn’tfeellike________totheexhibitiontoday.A.togoB.goingC.comeD.thatheis 1.Aftercooking,Mother________makingtea.A.setoutB.setaboutC.setoffD.startoff2.She’sgotused________Englishinthemorning.A.toreadB.readingC.toreadingD.tobereading3.Shetakesgreatpleasure________other.A.tohelpB.inhelpingC.byhelpingD.withhelping4.It’scold;doyoumind________thewindow?A.formetocloseB.ifIcloseC.whetherIcloseD.yourclosing5.________intheexaminationmadeherparentsveryangry.A.SuefailingB.Sue’sfailC.Sue’sfailingd.Suetohavefailed6.________stayingupsolateisbadforhishealth.A.He’sB.HisC.HeD.Him7.Idon’tlikestrangers________toourtalk.A.listeningB.listenC.hearingD.hear8.Fathersuggested________anumbrella.A.metotakeb.formetotakeC.mytakingD.Imusttake9.Shewasafraidof________toseeher.A.Peter’snotgoingB.notPeter’sgoingC.Peter’sdoingnotgoD.Petergoingnot10.Iunderstand________togotothemeeting.A.whoB.whenC.yournotwantingD.notyourwanting11.________tohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.A.TheycomingB.TheycomeC.TheircomeD.Theircoming12.Ican’texcuseher________likethat.A.talkingB.totalkC.talkD.beingtalked13.Behindthe________thereisabig________.A.writingdesk;lookingglassB.writtendesk;lookingglassC.writingdesk;lookedglassD.writtendesk;lookedglass14.Wemustdosomethingtopreventthelake________.A.tobepollutedB.frompollutingC.offbeingpollutedD.beingpolluted15.Theywouldratherspendtime________than________inthestreet.A.studying;wanderingB.studying;wanderC.tostudy;wanderingD.tostudy;wander16.Thereisnouse________itanyfurthernow.A.ourdiscussingB.forustodiscussC.wediscussingD.ofustodiscuss17.________newspaperseverydaycanaddtoone’scommonsense. A.ReadingB.ReadC.ByreadingD.Ifreading1.—Whatmadeyousoworried?—________theplane.A.BecauseImissedB.BecauseofmissingC.ImissedD.Missing1—10.CACCCBCCCD11—20.CABDBDDACA21—30.BCAABDBCCB31—40.DDBCDCDDCA41—50.BBBCBBCBAC51—60.ACDAADBAADXIV虚拟语气1.—Ifhe________,he________thatfood.—Luckilyhewassenttohospitalimmediately.A.waswarned;wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned;hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnottaken2.—Theexperimenthasfailed!—Isuggestyou________again.A.tryB.tryingC.willtryD.wouldtry3.IwishI________youyesterday.A.seenB.didseeC.hadseenD.weretosee4.Ifmylawyer________herelastSaturday,he________mefromgoing.A.hadbeen;wouldhavepreventedB.hadbeen;wouldhavepreventC.was;wouldhavepreventedD.were;wouldhaveprevented5.He________youmorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.A.mighthavegivenB.mightgiveC.mayhavegivenD.maygive6.Withoutelectricityhumanlife________quitedifferenttoday.A.isb.willbeC.wouldhavebeenD.wouldbe7.IfEinstein________alivenow,I________himaletteraskinghimabouthistheory.A.is;willwriteB.is;wouldwriteC.were;willwriteD.were;wouldwrite8.IfI________inPrincetonin1940,perhaps,I________withthefamousscientistAlbertEinstein.A.lived;couldmeetB.lived;couldhavemetC.hadlived;couldmeetD.hadlived;couldhavemet9.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English________mucheasier.A.willbeB.wouldhavebeenC.couldhavebeenD.wouldbe10.Whatwouldyoudo________you________ahouseonfire?A.evenif;seeB.evenif;sawC.if;sawD.if;see 1.Woulditbenice________it________summeralltheyearround/A.when;isb.if;isC.when;wasD.if;were2.Iwouldn’tbuythedictionary________affordit.A.ifIcouldB.ifIcanC.evenifIcouldD.evenifIcan3.________youwereill,shewouldhavecometoseeyou.A.hadsheknownB.DidsheknowC.IfsheknowD.ifsheshouldknow4.________she________needourhelp,justgiveusaring.A.If;willB.if;XC.Should;XD.Did;X5.________notforyourhelp,tomwouldneverhavegotthejob.A.WasitB.WereitC.WasheD.werehe6.Ifhe________thepolicemanhonestly,hewouldnothavebeenarrested.A.wouldhaveanswersB.answerC.shouldanswerD.hadanswered7.IfI________money,I________carfirst.A.had;wouldhaveboughtB.hadhad;shouldbuyC.had;shouldbuyD.has;wouldbuy8.________,Fabolewouldnothavehurthimself.A.IfhelistenedtomeB.AssoonashelistenedtomeC.ifhehaslistenedtomeD.hadhelistenedtome9.Ifthecountryhadbuiltmorehousesforpoorpeoplein197-,thehousingproblemsnowinsomepartsofthecountry________soserious.A.wouldn’tbeB.willnothavebeenC.wouldn’thavebeenD.hadbeen10.Ifyou________befree,gotoseehim.A.shouldB.willC.aretoD.may11.—Hashegainedweight?—Hewouldgainweight,buthe________much.A.didn’teatB.doesn’teatC.couldn’teatD.hadn’teaten12.WearesureJohnsonwillsucceedifhe________ouradvice.A.followsB.shouldfollowC.wouldfollowD.hasfollowed13.________hepassedthecontest,givehimarewardasanencouragement.A.ShouldB.HadC.WouldD.Did14.Hadthefirstbusnotbrokendown,they________theplane.A.wouldhavecaughtB.mightcatchC.couldcatchD.hadcaught15.—Whyareyoulate?—Igotcaughtintraffic;________Iwouldhavebeenhereontime.A.howeverB.althoughC.otherwiseD.anyway 1.Haditnotbeenforyourhelp,I________exam.A.couldn’tpassB.can’tpassC.wouldn’tpassD.couldn’thavepassed2.Wewouldn’thavesucceeded________yourhelp.A.unlessB.withoutC.ifnotgettingd.notunder3.________heavyindustry,wewouldhavenobusestoridein.A.WithB.WithoutC.IfthereisnoD.Werethere4.Butforhishelp,they________overthemountaininsuchashorttime.A.couldn’thaverunB.hadnotranC.havenotrunD.couldhaverun5.________youwereleftaloneonanisland,what________youhavetodotokeepalive?A.Supposing;wouldB.Tosuppose;wouldC.supposing;willD.tosuppose;will6.Theboyisdead.We________himmoretreatments.A.willgiveB.wouldhavegivenC.mustgiveD.shouldhavegiven7.—Whathappenedtothetreesplantedlastspring?—Thetrees________well,buttheydidn’ttakegoodcareofthem.A.wouldhavegrownB.wouldgrowC.shouldhavegrownD.mightgrow8.I________liketohaveatalkwithyou.A.hadB.shouldC.wanttoD.will9.________youlike________us?A.Would;joiningB.Should;joiningC.should;tojoinD.Would;tojoin10.Wouldyou________givinghimamessageforme?A.mindB.careC.liked.bewilling11.Wouldyoube________tostepthisway,please?A.tookindB.sokindC.sokindasD.askindas12.I________playfootballthanbaseball.A.wouldratherB.wouldrathertoC.likebetterD.hadbetter13.—I’dliketogetajob.—I________muchratheryou________athomeand________careofthechildren.A.want;wouldstay;takeB.want;stayed;tookC.would;wouldstay;takeD.would;stayed;took14.IwishI________what________wrongwiththemachine.A.know;isB.knew;wasC.knew;isD.know;was 1.Thereisnothingleft.Iwish________somuchmoneyonclothes.A.Ihaven’tspentB.IhadnotspentC.couldn’t’havespendD.Inotspend2.Well,itishightimeyou________thetrain.A.hadcaughtB.caughtC.willcatchD.catch3.Hetalksasthougheh________alltheworkhimself,butinfactJimandJohndidmostofit.A.didB.hasdoneC.doesD.haddone4.Hespokeasthoughhe________inspaceatthatmoment.A.walkedB.wouldwalkC.werewalkingD.wouldhavewalked5.Helooked________hehadjustwoken.A.thatB.ifthoughC.asifD.like6.Ifonlywe________arecorderofourown.A.hadB.haveC.willhaveD.wouldhave7.Mothertoldmetoputonmycoat________Ishouldcatchcold.A.ifB.unlessC.inorderthatD.forfearthat8.Sheinsistedthatwe________thereforanothertwodays.A.stayB.wouldstayC.stayedD.muststay9.Irequestedthathe________ussomeadviceonhowtodoit.A.mustgiveB.giveC.weretogiveD.gave10.Itwasrequestedthattheplay________again.A.shouldputonB.wouldputonC.beputon`D.puton11.itwassuggestedthathe________givenaspecialcare.A.shouldbenotB.notbeC.mustn’tbeD.benot12.—WhydidGoligetangry?—HeaskedthatJane________forHolland,butshewouldn’tlistentohim.A.leftB.leaveC.mustleaveD.wouldleave13.Heinsistedthatshe________fitforthejob.A.benotB.wouldn’tbeC.wasn’tD.didn’t14.Herpalefacesuggeststhatshe________inpoorhealth.A.shouldbeB.wasC.wereD.is15.Itisourideathatshe________toEnglandforfurtherstudy.A.goesB.willgoC.wentD.go16.—Whatdoyouthinkofit?—Ithinkitisathingofimportancethatit________donesoon.A.isB.wasC.beD.were17.Ineverexpectedthattheproblem________socomplicated.A.isB.tobeC.wereD.shouldbe18.Iwassurprisedthepoliceman________intheimpostor. A.shouldbelieveB.wouldbelieveC.believedD.wasbelieved1.GivemeacalltomorrowinorderthatI________tocometoyourdiscussion.A.mayrememberB.rememberedC.weretorememberD.shouldremember2.Whateverdifficultieswe________meetwith,we________loseheart.A.may;wouldn’tB.should;wouldn’tC.should;won’tD.may;won’t3.We________aswellsendhimatelegram.A.mayB.hadC.wouldD.can1—10.BACAADDDDC11—20.DCACBDCDAA21—30.BAAACDBBAA31—40.DCBDACADCB41—50.BDCCADABCB51—60.BCDDCDAADAXV倒装与“it”1.—Johnwonthefirstprizeinthecontest.—________.A.sohedidB.SodidheC.SohedidtooD.Sodidhe;too2.Afterthatweneversawheragain,nor________fromher.A.didwehearB.weheardC.hadweheardD.wehaveheard3.NotuntilIbegantowork________howmuchtimeIhadwasted.A.didn’tIrealizeB.didIrealizeC.Ididn’trealizeD.Irealized4.—DoyouknowJimquarreledwithhisbrother?—Idon’tknow,________.A.nordon’tIcareB.nordoIcareC.Idon’tcareeitherD.Idon’tcarealso5.Thesecretary________outthesecretatacertainmeeting.A.doesletB.didletc.letsD.letted6.Whichofthefollowingiswrong?A.Downwenttheteachers.B.HereitisC.AwaywentthechildrenD.Outrushedthey7.Not________everyboy________thismathsproblem.A.X;cansolveB.does;solveC.cansolve;XD.do;solve8.OnlyafterIreadthetextoveragain________itsmainidea.A.IcouldunderstandB.IcancatchC.didIknow`D.wasIfollowed9.Here________.A.MarycomesB.iscomingMaryC.comesMaryD.isMarycoming10.—Didyouenjoythantrip?—I’mafraidnot,and________.A.myclassmatesdon’teitherB.myclassmatesdon’ttooC.neitherdomyclassmatesD.neitherdidmyclassmates11.IfyougotoHainantotrychancesnextmonth,________.A.sodoessheB.nordoessheC.sowillsheD.norwillshe 1.Notfarfromtheschool________quietly.A.istheYellowCraneTowerstandingB.theyellowCranetowerstandsC.doestheYellowCraneTowerstandD.theYellowCraneTowerisstanding2.Ineachclassroom________.A.fiftystudentsareB.arefiftystudentsC.aretherefiftystudentsD.fiftystudentsthereare3.________thatIcouldn’tsupportmyselfatthemoment.A.IwasweakenoughB.IwastooweakC.SoweakIwasD.SoweakwasI4.So________thatMarydarednotmakeasound.A.didheabsorbB.heabsorbC.absorbedwasheD.hewasabsorbed5.________hadhegonetobed________hefellasleep.A.Sooner;thanB.Sooner;whenC.Nosooner;thanD.Nosooner;when6.________Ihadanewproblemtodealwith.A.hardlyhaveIarrivedwhenB.hardlydidIarrivethanC.HardlyhadIarrivedwhenD.HardlyhadIarrivedthan7.Atnotime________they________usfree.A.did;setB.set;XC.X;setD.did;setting8.________ofgoingfishing,butIneverhadachance.A.OftenIthinkB.OftendoIthinkC.oftenhaveIthoughtD.OftendidIthink9.________doeshemissanicefilm.A.SeldomB.AlwaysC.CertainlyD.sometimes10.Nowhereelseintheworld________cheaperticketsthaninBeijing.A.atouristwillfindB.atouristhasfoundC.canatouristfindD.atouristcanfind11.Notforamoment________thetruthofyourstory.A.doubtedheB.hedoubtsC.didhedoubtD.hediddoubt12.Notonly________thebus,but________repairit.A.hecandrive;hecanB.canhedrive;canheC.hecandrive;canheD.canhedrive;hecan13.________,hewalkedon.A.HewasverytiredB.TiredashewasC.ThoughtiredhewasD.Eveniftired14.________fromthe11thfloorwhenthepolicemenpointedhisgunathim.A.downjumpedthemurdererB.downthemurdererjumpedC.DownjumpedheD.Jumpeddownhe 1.________youtellme________?A.Can;wheredoesMr.LiloveB.Could;whereMr.LilivesC.Would;wheredidMr.LiliveD.did;whereMr.Lilived2.—Whereismypen,daddy?—There________.A.itisb.isitC.hasoneD.youare3.________Ihadachance,IwouldhaverunaroundtheWestLake.A.ifB.UnlessC.hadD.When4.________busytomorrow,sheshouldcometohelpme.A.IfsheisnotB.ifshewillnotbeC.WereshenotD.Wasshenot5.Henrywaslateandmissedthelecture,andso________.A.wasIB.didIC.formeD.itwaswithme6.Itwasinthefields________wefoundararejar.A.thereB.whereC.thatD.which7.Shewantstoknowifitwasbetween1906and1908________thenewspaperwasborn.A.howB.when`C.thatD.which8.Itis________who________reasonable.A.me;amB.me;isC.I;amD.I;is9.Itwasthetraining________hehadasayoungman________madehimsuchafamouswriter.A.when;thatB.that;whenC.that;who`D.that;that10.Itwas________theWuhanBridgewascompleted.A.in1957,notin1958thenB.1957,not1958thenC.in1957,notin1958D.1957,not1958then11.Itwaswithgreatjoy________hereceivedthenews________hislonglostsonwouldsoonreturnhome.A.because;thatB.that;thatC.because;XD.that;X12.________thatyoumissedsuchafinefilm?A.HowitwasB.HowwasitC.WasithowD.Howdidit13.________thatwe’llhavethetalk?A.WillitbeinwhichclassroomB.isitinwhichclassroomC.InwhichclassroomisitD.Inwhichclassroomwillitbe14.It________JohnandBobwhohelpedmetheotherday.A.hadbeenB.areC.wasD.were15.Itwasnot________shetookoffherdarkglasses________Irealizedshewasafamousfilmstar. A.when;thatB.until;thatC.until;whenD.when;then1.Itwas________lateintheeveningthattheyfinishedtheexperiment.A.beforeB.afterC.tillD.notuntil2.________lateintheevening________theexperiment.A.until;theyfinishedB.until;didtheyfinishC.Notuntil;theyfinishedD.Notuntil;didtheyfinish3.Is________necessarytotellhisfathereverything?A.itB.thatC.whatD.he4.________afraid________willbewindytomorrow.A.I’m;theweatherB.I’m;itC.It’s;theweatherD.It’s;it5.________turnis________tocleanthebedroom?A.Which;itB.Whose;itC.Which;thatD.Whose;that6.itis________toseeyou.A.pleasedB.gladC.delightedD.pleasant7.Ifound________torefuseheroffer.A.itisimpossibleB.hewasimpossibleC.itimpossibleforhimD.heisimpossible8.Ithink________greathonortohaveatalkwithyou.A.ofitB.ofitaC.itD.ita9.Itisfoolish________him________takeheradvice.A.of;nottoB.of;notC.for;nottoD.for;not10.It’simportant________thefactorytomakethewastewaterclean.A.ofb.withC.forD.to11.Itwas________thattheten-year-oldboywasabletousethecomputer.A.insurpriseB.surprisingC.surpriseD.surprised12.Don’t________forgrantedthathewillkeephispromise.A.takethatB.takeitC.makethatD.makeit13.________tohavepaidoffhisdebts.A.itwassaidB.hewassaidC.ItwassaidforhimD.Hesaid14.It________thattheemperorhadnothingon.A.washeardB.wastoldC.toldD.waswhispered15.________thathewasthinkingaboutthematter.A.ItseemedB.heseemedC.itwasseemingD.Hewasseeming16.Itdoesn’tmaketoomuch________youwillbebacktonight.A.matterifB.differenceifC.matterwhetherD.differencewhether17.He________todomorningexercisesinthepark.A.tookaruleB.madearuleC.tookitaruleD.madeitarule 1.Hesoon________whyhehaddoneit.A.explainedusB.toldC.madeitclearD.saiditclear2.It’sno________quarrelling________himanylonger.A.goodness;toB.goodness;withC.good;toD.good;with3.—Wasthatthenewcomerwhowalkedby?—________.A.ItmustbethatB.ItmusthavebeenC.HemustbeD.Thismusthavebeen1—10.AABBBDACCD11—20.CBBDCCCADA21—30.CCDBABACCD31—40.CCCDCBBCCB41—50.DDABBDCDAC51—60.BBBDADDCDB