英语语法大全(句法部分) 31页

感谢你来百度英语聊聊吧，欢迎以后再来：http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%D3%A2%D3%EF%C1%C4%C1%C4Steven630句法第18章名词性从句一.概念名词性从句共有四种:主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句二.相关知识点精讲1．主语从句：主语从句在整个句子中作主语。(1)不同于其它的连词，它不充当句子的成分，只是单纯的连接词，通常不可以省略。分句置于句首时，that绝对不可以省略。Thatthedrivercouldnotcontrolhiswarwasobvious.Itwasobviousthatthedrivercouldnotcontrolhiscar.(2)if不能用在主语从句中，而是用whetherWhetherheleft(ornot)isunknown(3)当主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用第三人称单数，下面这个句型例外。Whatweneedismoretimeandmoney.Whatweneedaremanymorebooks.2.表语从句：表语从句出现在系动词后，充当表语。Thetroubleisthatweareshortofmoney.Goandgetyourcoat.It’swhereyouleftit.(1)引导表语从句除了上述三类词外还有because,asif/asthough等等Thereason(why/forwhich…..)isthat……It/This/Thatisbecause……(2)连系动词“appear,look,seem”的两个常用句型Itseems/appearsthat….Itlooks/seemsasif/asthough……(与事实相符用陈述语气，与事实相反用虚拟语气)(3)as也可以引导表语从句Thingsarenotalwaysastheyseemtobe3.宾语从句：及物动词，形容词和介词后加宾语从句作其宾语。(1)宾语从句时态与主句相呼应，但宾语从句表示的是客观真理或普遍现象除外Theteachertoldusthattheearthmovesaroundthesun(2)连词whether和if可以互换，但注意下列情况连词后紧跟ornot时用whetherIwanttoknowwhetherornottheywillcome.作介词宾语是用whether引导宾语从句Hewasinterestedinwhetherhesawherthere.连接词后直接加不定式，不能用if只能用whetherHedoesn’tknowwhethertostayornot. 如果宾语从句是否定时，一般用if引导Icareifhewillnotattendthemeeting.(1)当宾语从句后带宾补时，要用“主语+谓语+it+宾补+that-clause,that不可省略Ithinkitcertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.(2)当主语是I,we，主句用think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine五个动词时，用否定转移Idon’tthinkhewillwinthegame,willhe?(3)that在宾语从句常可以省略，但由and或but连接两个或多个宾语从句时，仅可以省略第一个连词thatHesaid(that)hehadeatennothingbutthathewasn’thungry.(4)注意区别if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句Idon’tknowifhewillcome.Ifhecomes,I’llletyouknow.4.同位语从句，在句中作某些名词的同位语，对前面的名词进一步说明。用在下列名词fact,news,idea,hope,believe,hope,thought,doubt.truth,order,suggestion,wordetc.(1)Thereisnodoubtthathewillcome.Thereisdoubtwhetherhewillcome.WordcamethatNapoleonwouldcometoinspectthem.Thereisnopossibilitythat….(2)that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：在同位语从句中：that不可以省略，不作成分;定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句作成分，作宾语时可以省略Weareinterestedinthenewsthatsomeforeignerswouldvisitourschool.Weareinterestedinthenewsthathetoldus.when,where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：在定语从句中，when,where前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词；而在同位语从句中无此对应关系Theyhavenoideaatallwherehehasgone.(同位语从句)Goandgetyourcoat.It’sintheplacewhereyouleftit.(定语从句)5.疑问词-ever既可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导让步状语从句，而nomatter+疑问词只能引导让步状语从句NomatterwhereIgo,myheartistowardsChina.Ibelieverwhateverhesays.Whateverhesays,Iwillneverbelievehim.who与whoever的区别who是“谁”的意思，表示具有疑问，who相当于anyonewho“无论谁”Whoeverleavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.Canyoutellmewhothatgentlemanis?6．当名词性从句缺少主语、宾语或表语时，引导词通常用what，它相当于。另外，有时具有感叹意义allthat,anythingthat或thething(s)thatWhatwecan’tgetseemsbetterthanwhatwehave.TomthoughtwhatabeautifulgirlMarywas.7.注意区分it作形式主语的主语从句与强调句强调句句型Itis/was+被强调部分+that,去掉Itis/was,that，句子仍然成立。Itisnaturalthattheyshouldhavedifferentviews.主语从句 Itisonlylatelythathehadhadafamilyhimself.强调句Whatwasitthathewanted?Idon’tknowwhatitwasthathewanted.Itwasinthehotelwherehestayedthatwediscussedtheseriousproblem8.注意it作形式主语的主语从句和as引导非限制性定语从句引导的不同Itisknowntoallthattheearthisround.Asisknowntoall.theearthisround.三.巩固练习1．____hedoeshasnothingtodowithme.A.whateverB.NomatterwhatC.ThatD.If2.Themanagercameoverandaskedthecustomerhow____A.didthequarrelcameaboutB.thequarrelhadcomeaboutC.hadthequarrelcomeaboutD.hadthequarrelcomeabout3.Energyis____makesthingwork..A.whatB.somethingC.anythingD.that4.Informationhasbeenputforward____moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as5.Thisis___theshenzhouVSpaceshiplanded.A.thereB.inwhichC.whereD.when6.Theyhavenoideaatall____.A.wherehehasgoneB.wheredidhegoC.whichplacehashegoneD.wherehashegone7.Thedoctordidalottoreducethepatient’sfear____hewoulddieofthedisease.A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.ofthat8.Theordercame___thesoldiers____thesmallvillagethenextmorning.A.that;hadtoleaveB.that;shouldleaveC./;mustleaveD.when;shouldleave9.___isnopossibility____Bobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.A.There;thatB.It;thatC.there;whetherD.It;whether10.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting_____wehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.A.thatB.whichC.whetherD.if11.Is_____hesaidreallytrue?A.thatB.whatC.whyD.whether12.____themeetingshouldlasttwodaysorthreedaysdoesn’tmatter.A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Where13.Itworriedherabit_____herhairwasturninggray.A.whileB.ifC.thatD.for14._____morecountriescanusenaturalenergyinthefutureremainstobeseen.A.WhetherB.ThisC.whoD.If15.____hewillgotoworkinamountainvillagesurprisesallofus.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhetherD.If16.____youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoD.How 17.____alltheinventionshaveincommonis____theyhavesucceeded.A.What;whatB.That;thatC.what;thatD.That;what18.____appearedtomethatheenjoyedthefoodverymuch.A.WhatB.ItC.AllthatD.That19.Itiswidely______thatsmokingcancausecancer.A.believedB.thinkC.sayD.hoped20.____causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.A.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.Where21.____healwaysservesthepeopleverywellisknown.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhichD.Who22.____haspassedthetestwillgetaprize.A.WhoeverB.NomaterwhoC.WhomeverD.Who23.Is____truethatthefamousscientistwillgiveusalecturenextweek?AthatBitChisDhe24.Ithasnotbeendecided___theywillleaveforNewYork.A.whenBwhyCthatDwhat25.Obviously___wedomorningexerciseseveryday___usgood.A.thatdoB.if;doCwhat;doesD.that;dose26Itissaid________wasall___hesaid.Athat;that;thatBwhat;what;whatCthat;which;whatDthat;that;which27___getshomefirstistocookthesupper.A.WhoBWhomC.ThosewhoD.Whoever28___movedusmostwas___helikedaftertheoldmanformorethantwentyyears.A.That;thatB.What;thatCWhat;whatD.That;what29.___youdiditisnotknowntoall.A.WhoB.WhatC.HowD.Which30.___youdoshouldbewelldone.AHowB.ThatC.WhateverDWhy31.ThereasonIplantogois___shewillbedisappointedifIdon’t.A.becauseB.thatC.thankstoD.what32.Whattimedoyouthink__?A.willTomcomebackB.TomwillcomebackC.isTomcomingbackD.canTomgethere33.Theteachersaidthatlight___fasterthansound.A.HastraveledB.traveledC.hadtraveledD.travels34..___isstillaquestion___willwin.A.It;thatB.It;whoC.That;whoD.This;that35.Ifyouknow___itwasthatwriteATaleofTwoCities,raiseyourhand.A.whomB.whichC.whoD.that36.Insomecountries,___arecalled“publicschools”arenotownedbythestate.A.thatB.whichC.asD.what37.Thinking___youknow___infactyoudon’tisaterriblemistake.A.that;thatB.what;whatC.that;whatD.whatthat38.Whetherwayswillbefoundtostoppollutionornotisjust___worriesthepublic. A.whyB.whichC.thatD.what39.Whydon’tyoubring___tohisattentionthatyouaretoobusytodoit?A.thatB.whatC.thatD.it40.___DavidsayssoundsrighttoHelen.That’swhyshehasmadeuphermindtoleavewithhim___happens.A.whatever;whateverB.Nomatterwhat;whateverC.Nomatterwhat;NomatterwhatD.Whatever;however41.Thatis___Iwasbornandgrewup.A.ThereB.inwhichC.whereD.theplace42.___shewasinvitedtotheballmadeherveryhappy.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhenD.Because43.___wearedoinghasneverbeendonebefore.A.ThatB.WhatC.WhichD.Whether44.---Haveyoufoundyourbookyet?---No,I’mnotsure___Icouldhaveleftit.A.whetherB.whereC.whenD.why45.Thedoctorcouldn’tanswerthequestion___thepatientcouldsurvivethatnight.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.what46.Ifirmlybelieve___hesaidatthemeetingwasright.A.thatB.whichC.thatwhatD.whatthat47.---Whatwereyoutryingtoprovetothepolice?---___Iwaslastnight.A.ThatB.WhenC.WhereD.What48.Ithink,thoughIcouldbemistaken,__helikedme.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.what49.Atthemeeting,wediscussed___weshouldemploymoreworkers.A.ifB.whetherC.thatD./50.After___seemedlikehourshecameoutwithabittersmile.A.whichB.itC.whatD.that四.答案1—5ABABC6—10AABAC11—15BBCAB16—20BCBAA21—25BABAD26—30ADBCC31—35BBDBC36—40DCDDA41—45CBBBC46—50CCCBC第19章定语从句一.概念在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句,称为定语从句,也叫形容词性从句二.相关知识点精讲1.关系代词引导的定语从句　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that　 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：　 Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）　 Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2）whose用来指人或物，（只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换）。例如：　 Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.　那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。　 Pleasepassmethebookwhose（ofwhich）coverisgreen.　请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：　　Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语）　　Thepackage（which/that）youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了。（which/that在句中作宾语） 2.关系副词引导的定语从句　关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构，因此常常和"介词+which"结构交替使用。例如：　 Thereareoccasionswhen（onwhich）onemustyield.　任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。　 Beijingistheplacewhere（inwhich）Iwasborn.　北京是我的出生地。　 Isthisthereasonwhy（forwhich）herefusedouroffer?　这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和"介词+which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：　 Hisfatherdiedtheyear（that/when/inwhich）hewasborn.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。　 Heisunlikelytofindtheplace（that/where/inwhich）helivedfortyyearsago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 3.判断关系代词与关系副词　 方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：　 ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.这是我去年呆过的山村。　 I"llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。　　习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。　 方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。　　关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who,whom,that,which,whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语）。4.限制性和非限制性定语从句1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如： 　　　Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）　　　Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：　　　CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。　　　Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.　我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。　　　Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：　　　HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。　　　Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 5.介词+关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。例如：　ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.这是我两年前住过的房子。　ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.　Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？　Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?6.as,which非限定性定语从句　　由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：　　Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。　　Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（1）as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。（2）as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。7.先行词和关系词二合一　1）Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.（Whoever可以用anyonewho代替）　2）Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.（what 可以用allthat代替）8.what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever 1）what=thethingwhich；whatever=anything。例如：　　　Whatyouwanthasbeensenthere.你要的动词都送来了。　　　Whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。2）who=thepersonthat　whoever=anyonewho。例如：3）that和what　　　当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：　　Ithink（that）youwilllikethestamps.我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。　　Whatweneedismorepractice.我们需要的是更多的实践。9.关系代词that的用法1）不用that的情况　　a）引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：　　　（错）Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.　　b）介词后不能用。例如：　　　　Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.我们依赖土地获得食物。　　　　Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.2）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况　　a）　在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which。　　b）　在不定代词，如：anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。　　c）　先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时，只用that。　　　d）　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.　　e）　先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：　   Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.所需的只是供油问题。　 　   Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。三.巩固练习1.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone______familywaspoor.A.ofwhom　B.whom　C.ofwhose　D.whose　2.Sheheardaterriblenoise,_______broughtherheartintohermouth.A.it　　B.which　C.thisD.that　　3.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp.A.that　　B.who　C.fromwhom　D.towhom　4.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,____wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.what　B.which　　C.that　D.it　5.AfterlivinginPairsforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown____hegrewupasachild.　A.which　B.whereC.that　D.when　　6．CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,＿＿＿＿＿personallyIdoubtverymuch.　A.it　B.that　C.whenD.which　 7．Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,________,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.A．who　B．which　C．this　D．what　8.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,_____wasveryreasonable.A.whichprice　B.thepriceofwhich　C.itsprice　D.thepriceofwhose9._____hasalreadybeenpointedout,grammarisnotasetofdeadrules.A.As　　　B.It　　　C.That　D.Which10.HelivedinLondonfor3months,during____timehelearnedsomeEnglish.A.this　　B.which　C.that　　D.same11.Ohthewallhungapicture,_____colorisblue.A.whose　B.ofwhich　C.which　D.its12.WheneverImethim,____wasfairlyoften,Ilikehissweetandhopefulsmile.　A.what　B.which　C.thatD.when13.Thevisitoraskedtheguidetotakehispicture_____standsthefamoustower.A.that　B.where　　C.which　D.there14.Theboss____departmentMsKingworkedtenyearsagolookdownuponwomen.　A.inwhich　B.inthat　C.inwhoseD.whose15.Idon’tlike_____youspeaktoher.A.thewayB.thewayinthat　C.thewaywhich　　D.thewayofwhich16.Ihadneitheraraincoatnoranumbrella._______Igotwetthrough.A.It’sthereason　B.That’swhy　C.There’swhy　D.It’show17.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,____ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitisC.whichIthinkit　D.Ithinkwhichis18.Hewasveryrudetothecustomsofficer,____ofcoursemadethingsevenworse.A.who　B.whom　C.what　　D.which19.a)Heisaninterestingspeaker,and,_______ismoreimportant,heknowshissubjectthoroughly.b)Hewenttothemeeting,and,_______wasworse,insistedonspeaking.A.what　B.which　C.thatD.when20.Thefarmeruseswoodtobuildahouse________tostoregrain.A.inwhichB.whereC.whichD.withwhich21.Iwillinvite_______mydaughterloves.A.whoeverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whatever22.Youcanbuyasmanycopiesofthisbook________youwants.A.thatB.whichC.asD.forwhich23.Tomatemorefood_______wasgoodforhishealth.A.thatB.asC.thanD.which24.Hewashidingbehindthedoor_________hecouldseewhatwashappening.A.whichB.fromwhereCfromwhichD.where25.Shewore,_______wasveryuncommoninthecountry,aredgarment.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.it=Sheworearedgarment,_______wasveryuncommoninthecountry.26.TheEnglishplay____mystudentsactedattheNewYear"spartywasagreat success.A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich27.______isreportedinthenewspapers,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What28.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,_____thesailingtimewas226days.A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhich29.Iworkinabusinessalmosteveryoneiswaitingforagreatchance.A.howB.whichC.whereD.that30.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers______shehadwipedherhands.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that31.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which32.________isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.A.WhichB.WhenC.WhatD.As33.Anyway,thatevening,____I’lltellyoumoreaboutlater,IendedupstayingatRachel’splace.A.whenB.whereC.whatD.which34.Astorygoes______ElizabethIofEnglandlikednothingmorethatbeingsurroundedbycleverandqualifiednoblemenatcourt.A.whenB.whereC.whatD.that35.Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%aresoldabroad.A．ofwhichB．whichofC．ofthemD．ofthat36.TherewastimeIhatedtogotoschool.A．a;thatB．a;whenC．the;thatD．the;when37.Therearetwobuildings,standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.A．thelargerB．thelargerofthemC．thelargeronethatD．thelargerofwhich38.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuthesaidit.A．thewayB．inthewaythatC．inthewayD．thewaywhich39.Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeone_____theycantalkfrequently.A.whoB.asC.aboutwhichD.withwhom40.GeorgeOrwell,_______wasEricArthur,wrotemanypoliticalnovelsandessays.A.therealnameB.whathisrealnameC.hisrealnameD.whoserealname四.答案1-5DBDBB6-10DBBAB11-15ABBCA16-20BADAA21-25BCCBC26-30CBACA31-35DDDDA36-40BDADD第20章状语从句一.概念 状语从句修饰主句中的动词,形容词,副词等,在复合句中作状语.引导状语从句的关联词是从属连词.状语从句用陈述句语序,一般位于复合句的句首或句末.当从句在句首时,从句后常用逗号和主句相隔.状语从句根据其在句中的不同作用分别表示时间,地点,原因,目的,结果,条件,比较,让步,行为方式等.二.相关知识点精讲1.地点状语从句　　地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。例如：　　WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.我住的地方树很多。　　WhereverIamIwillbethinkingofyou.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。2.方式状语从句　　方式状语从句通常由as,（just）as…so…,asif,asthough引导。1）as,（just）as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just）as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体。例如：　Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。　　Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。　Justaswesweepourrooms,soweshouldsweepbackwardideasfromourminds.　正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2）asif,asthough　两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。例如：　Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif（asthough）theyneverexisted.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）　　Helooksasif（asthough）hehadbeenhitbylighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）　Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）　说明：asif/asthough也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如：　Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。　Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。　Thewavesdashedontherocksasifinanger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒 3.原因状语从句比较because,since,as和for：1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。例如：　Ididn"tgo,becauseIwasafraid.我不去是因为我怕。　Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如：　Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.他今天缺席，因为他病了。 　Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.他一定病了，所以今天缺席。4.目的状语从句　表示目的状语的从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导。例如：　Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.你必须大点声，别人就能听见了。　Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat（lest）heshouldforgetit.他写下了这个名字以免以后忘记。　Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.最好多穿点衣服，以防天发冷。5.结果状语从句　结果状语从句常由so…that或such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如：　　Theboyissoyoungthathecan"tgotoschool.这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。　Heissuchayoungboythathecan"tgotoschool6.条件状语从句　连接词主要有if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat等。if引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。　unless=ifnot.　例如：　Let"sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.如果不太累，我们去散散步。　Ifyouarenottootied,let"sgooutforawalk.典型例题Youwillbelate___youleaveimmediately.　A.unless　B.until　C.if　　D.or　答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为Ifyoudongleaveimmediately,youwillbelate。B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为Youleaveimmediatelyoryouwillbelate.7.让步状语从句1）though,although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是though和yet可连用。例如：Althoughit"sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.　虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。　　Heisveryold,buthestillworksveryhard.虽然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。Thoughthesorebehealed,yetascarmayremain.伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）2）as,though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。例如：　　　Childas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.虽然是个小孩，该做什么不做什么，他全知道。3）everif,eventhough　即使。例如：　　We"llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。4）whether…or…　不管……都。例如：　　Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.信不信由你，这确实是真的。 5）　"nomatter+疑问词"或"疑问词+后缀ever"。例如：　　Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.=Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.不管发生什么，他不在意。　　　替换：nomatterwhat=whatever　　　　nomatterwho=whoever　　　　nomatterwhen=whenever　　　　nomatterwhere=wherever　　　　nomatterwhich=whichever　　　　nomatterhow=however　注意：nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。8.比较while,when,as1）as,when引导短暂性动作的动词。例如：　　　Justas/Justwhen/WhenIstoppedmycar,amancameuptome.我一刹车，有一个人向我走来。2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while。例如：　　　Whenyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmayhavearest.赶完活后，你可以休息一下。3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when或while。例如：　　　Asthedaywenton,theweathergotworse.　日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。9.比较until和till　　此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句：Isleptuntilmidnight.我一直睡到半夜时醒了。　　WaittillIcallyou.等着我叫你。（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如Let"sgetinthewheatbeforethesunsets.）　否定句：Shedidn"tarriveuntil6o"clock.她直到6点才到。　Don"tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.公共汽车停稳后再下车。Ididn"tmanagetodoituntilyouhadexplainedhow.直到你教我后，我才会做。区别：1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如：　　Untilyoutoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhathappened.直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。　　2）untilwhen疑问句中，until要放在句首。例如：　---Untilwhenareyoustaying?　你呆到什么时候？---UntilnextMonday.　呆到下周一。　注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。1）Notuntil…在句首，主句用倒装。例如：　Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcenturydidmanknowwhatheatis.直到19世纪初，人类才知道热为何物。　NotuntilIbegantoworkdidIrealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasted.直到工作，才认识到我已蹉跎了几多岁月。2）Itisnotuntil…that…。例如：ItwasnotuntilIbegantoworkthatIrealizedhowmuchtimeIhadwasted. 10.表示"一…就…"的结构　hardly/scarcely…when/before,nosooner…than　和assoonas都可以表示"一…就…"的意思。例如：　Ihadhardly/scarcelygothomewhenitbegantorain.刚回家，就下起雨来了。　Ihadnosoonergothomethanitbegantorain.　AssoonasIgothome,itbegantorain.　注意：如果hardly,scarcely或nosooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。例如：　Hardly/ScarcelyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.　NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.三.巩固练习1.Thesephotographswillshowyou_____.A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howdoesourvillagelooklikeD.howourvillagelookslike2.Canyoumakesure______thegoldring?A.whereAlicehadputB.wheredidAliceputC.whereAlicehasputD.wherehasAliceput3.Noonecanbesure_____inamillionyears.A.whatmanwilllooklikeB.whatwillmanlooklikeC.manwilllooklikewhatD.whatlookwillmanlike4.—-Wehaven’theardfromJanealongtime.--Whatdoyousuppose_____toher?A.washappeningB.hashappenedC.tohappenD.havinghappened5.Goandgetyourcoat.It’s_____youleftit.A.thereB.whereC.therewhereD.wherethere6._____the2000OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijingisnotknownyet.A.WheneverB.IfC.WhetherD.That7._____hesaidatthemeetingastionishedeveryonepresent.A.WhatB.ThatC.ThatfactD.Thematter8.—-Doyouremember_____hecame?--Yes,Ido.Hecamebycar.A.howB.whenC.thatD.it9._____wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan______wehave.A.What,whatB.What,thatC.That,thatD.That,what10.Afterthewar,anewschoolbuildingwasputup________therehadoncebeenatheatre.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when11.Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.A.HoweverlateisheB.HoweverheislateC.HoweverishelateD.Howeverlateheis12.Dr,BlackcomesfromeitherOxfordorCambridge,Ican"tremember_____.A.whereB.thereC.whichD.that 13.Whydoyouwantanewjob_____you"vegotsuchagoodonealready?A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when14.－－I’mgoingtothepostoffice.　－－＿＿＿＿＿you"rethere.canyougetmesomestamps?　　A.As　　B.While　　　　　C.Because　　　　D.If15.＿＿＿＿＿you"vegotachance.youmightaswellmakefulluseofit.　A.Nowthat　　B.After　　　　C.Although　　D.ASsoonas16．－－IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.　　－－Isthat＿＿＿＿＿youhadafewdaysoff?　A.why　　　B.when　　　　 C.what　　　D.where17.Youshouldmakeitaruletoleavethings＿＿＿＿＿youcanfindthemagain　　A.when　　B.where　　　C.then　　　　D.there18.We"llhavetofinishthejob.＿＿＿＿＿.　A.longittakeshowever　　　　B.ittakeshoweverlongC.longhoweverittakes　　　D.howeverlongittakes19.______shecouldn’tunderstandwas_______fewerandfewerstudentsshowedinterestinherlesson.A.What,whyB.That,whatC.What,becauseD.Why,that20.Someoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee___________.A.whoisheB.whoheisC.whoisitD.whoitis四.答案1-5BCABB6-10CAAAB11-15DCDBA16-20ABDAD第21章句子的种类概说1.按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1）陈述句（DeclarativeSentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：　Lighttravelsfasterthansound.　光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）　Thefilmisratherboring.　这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）2）疑问句（InterrogativeSentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：　a.一般疑问句（GeneralQuestions）：　　　Canyoufinishtheworkintime?你能按时完成工作吗？　b.特殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）：　　　Wheredoyoulive?　你住那儿？　c.选择疑问句（AlternativeQuestions）：　　　Doyouwantteaorcoffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡？　d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：　　　Hedoesn"tknowher,doeshe?他不认识她，对不对？　3）祈使句（ImperativeSentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如：　　Don"tbenervous!　别紧张！4）感叹句（ExclamatorySentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如：　　Whatgoodnewsitis!　多好的消息啊！2.句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：1）简单句（SimpleSentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：Sheisfondofcollectingstamps.　她喜欢集邮。2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：　Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。　3）复合句（ComplexSentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如：　Thefilmhadbegunwhenwegottothecinema.我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。3.基本句型：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：1）主+动（SV）例如：Iwork.　我工作。　2）主+动+表（SVP）例如：Johnisbusy.　约翰忙。3）主+动+宾（SVO）例如：ShestudiesEnglish.　她学英语。4）主+动+宾+补（SVOC）例如：Timewouldprovemeright.时间会证明我是对的。5）主+动+间宾+直宾（SVOiOd）例如：Mymothermademeanewdress.　我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。第22章简单句和并列句一.概念(一)简单句由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)所构成的句子叫简单句，其结构是主语+谓语。(二)并列句由并列连词把两个或两个以上的互相关连而又互相独立的独句(即简单句)连在一起而构成的句子叫并列句。其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句常用的连词有and,but,ornotonly...butalso,neither...nor,either...or二.相关知识点精讲(一)简单句1.主语、谓语在人称与数上的一致性。and连接两个并列主语时为复数，谓语动词也相应地使用复数形式，但：(1)如果and连接的两个名词是不可数名词且前面都没有冠词，若两个词表示一个事物或一个概念，谓语动词要用单数；如果两个词表示的是两个事物或两个概念，谓语动词则要用复数。(2)如果and连接的是两个可数单数名词，前一个有冠词，后一个没有冠词，意味着一个人或事物，谓语动词要用单数。(3)当and连接的两个名词前都有each，every，manya，no等单数概念的限定词修饰时(第二个名词前的修饰词有时可以省略)，谓语动词要用单数。2.陈述句与疑问句的转换。3.选择疑问句。4.反意疑问句。(1)陈述句+省略问句(2)祈使句+附加疑问句(1)反意疑问句的回答(二)并列句并列句分为:联合并列句,转折并列句,选择并列句和因果并列句1.联合并列句常由并列词and,notonly…butalso…..等连接如:Useyourhand,andyou’llfindaway. 1.转折并列句常由并列连词but,while,yet,whereas,nevertheless等连接如:Iwouldlovetohavegonetothe注:2,3,4点内容不在这里介绍,讲参阅相关章节partylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.2.选择疑问句常由并列连词or,otherwise,either…or…,等连接如:EitheryouleavethishouseorI’llcallthepolice3.因果并列句由并列连词so,for,therefore等连接.如:itwaslate,sowewenthome.4.在”祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中,当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or.可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句,但必须将and或or去掉.如:Hurryup,andwe’llbethereintime.=Ifwehurryup,we’llbethereintime.5.because和so;although,though和but不能连用三.巩固练习1.Idon’tsupposeanyonewillvolunteer,＿＿＿?A.doIB.don’tIC.willtheyD.won’tthey2.＿＿＿helpifyoucan,andourcountrywillimprovemorequicklyandbetter.A.GivingB.GiveC.GivenD.Togive3.——Lucy,youwashthedishes,＿＿＿?——Mom,can’tLilydoit?It’sherturntodoit.A.don’tyouB.canyouC.shallyouD.willyou4.——Iwillnottakeanumbrellawithmetoday.—＿＿＿＿＿itrainslateronintheday?A.HowB.WhatC.HowaboutD.Whatif5.——Yououghttostayuplatetonight,＿＿＿＿you?——Yes.I’vegottoomuchhomework.A.can’tB.shouldn’tC.mustn’tD.won’t6.Nothingcanstopusfromservingthepeopleheartandsoul,＿＿＿＿?A.canitB.can’titC.cantheyD.can’tthey7.Thereusedtobeachurchinthesmalltown,＿＿＿＿＿?A.usedthereB.usedn’tthereC.useditD.usedn’tit8.——Sheisn’tyourneighbour,isshe?——＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.A.Yes,sheisn’tB.No,sheisC.Yes,sheis D.No,isn’tshe9.——＿＿＿＿＿＿tobeaPLAsoldierwhenIwasyoung.——Andnowyouare.A.HowIwantedB.HowdidIwantC.WhatIwantedD.WhatdidIwant10.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,＿＿＿＿wasveryreasonable.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itspriceD.thepriceofthat 11.Aftertenyears,shechangedalotandlookeddifferentfrom＿＿＿sheusedtobe.A.thatB.whomC.whatD.who12.＿＿＿＿isknowntoeveryone,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What13.He’sgothimselfintoadangeroussituation＿＿＿heislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.A.whereB.whichC.whileD.why14.Informationhasbeenputforward＿＿＿moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as15.Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtis＿＿＿＿mymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon.A.whenB.howC.whetherD.what16.Thestudentsofthemusicschoolstudy＿＿＿＿.A.musicbutalsosomeothersubjectsB.someothersubjectsaswellasmusicC.musicaswellassomeothersubjectsD.someothersubjectsandmusic17.＿＿＿airistoman,soiswatertofish.A.SinceB.JustC.LikeD.As18.Thereisplentyofraininthesouth＿＿thereislittleinthenorth.A.whileB.asC.whenD.so19.＿＿＿severaltimesaboutit,buthecouldnotgivethecorrectanswer.A.BeingaskedB.HavingbeenaskedC.HewouldaskD.Hehadbeenasked20.——Idon’tlikechicken＿＿＿fish.——Idon’tlikechicken,＿＿＿Ilikefishverymuch.A.and；andB.and；butC.or；butD.or；and21.＿＿＿thedayswenton,thesituationtheregotworse.A.WithB.SinceC.WhileD.As22.＿＿＿everybodyishere,let’ssetoutrightaway.A.NowthatB.BecauseC.ForD.After23.Thescienceofmedicine,＿＿＿progresshasbeenveryrapidlately,isperhapsthemostimportantofallthesciences.A.towhichB.inwhichC.whichD.withwhich24.Wemustdotheexperimentcarefully＿＿＿MissLiutoldus.A.whatB.sinceC.asD.while25.Tonywillneverforgetthesedays＿＿＿shelivedinChinawithhermother,＿＿＿hasagreateffectonherlife.A.that；whichB.when；whichC.which；thatD.when；that26.＿＿＿Iknow,theywillgotoBeijingtowatchtheOlympicGamesin2008. A.SinceB.SofarasC.IncaseD.Asif27.Whodoyouthinkthedoctorwillhave＿＿＿first,JohnorKate?A.examineB.toexamineC.examiningD.examined28.——Whatareyouanxiousabout?——＿＿＿＿＿.A.WhetherwecansucceedB.IfwesucceedC.DowesucceedD.Thatwecansucceed29.Youshouldputthedictionary＿＿＿youcanfinditeasily.A.whereB.theplaceC.theplaceonwhichD.what30.Shesaidtome,“I’lltellyoutheresultofthetest＿＿＿Iknowit.”A.becauseB.themomentC.afterD.though31.Grandpausedtotellussomethingaboutthe“CulturalRevolution”＿＿＿hehadtimetospare.A.assoonasB.asC.sothatD.whenever32.LiFangisverybusy,＿＿＿she’salwayshelpingotherswiththeirlessons.A.butB.althoughC.soD.for33.Gettingarightjobcanbedifficult＿＿＿thestudents＿＿＿preparedtodealwiththejobinterview.A.if；won’tB.unless；willC.unless；areD.if；are34.Everythingdependson＿＿theywillsupportyouaboutit.A.ifB.whichC.whetherD.that35.Shewonthefirstprizeinthespeechcontestand＿＿＿surprizedus.A.whichB.itC.asD.who36.TheOscarisoneofthefilmprizes＿＿offeredtoanyChineseactororactresssofar.A.whichisnotB.thathavenotbeenC.thathasnotD.thathasnotbeen37.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,＿＿＿ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitisC.whichIthinkitD.Ithinkis38.It’sreallyverydangerous.Onemorestep,＿＿＿thebabywillfallintothewell.A.orB.soC.butD.and39.SheisAmerican,＿＿＿sheknowslittleaboutAmericanhistory.A.soB.yetC.andD.therefore40.Informationtechnologyistaughtinmostschools,＿＿＿wehaveenteredtheinformationsociety.A.soB.whileC.stillD.for41.——Helenmustobeyherparents.——Oh,shemust,＿＿?A.mustsheB.mustn’tshe C.shouldn’tsheD.shouldshe42.Johnmustbeinthechemistrylab,＿＿＿?A.mustn’theB.needn’theC.isn’theD.shouldn’the43.Itwasquitealongtime＿＿＿Imadeitoutwhathadhappened.A.afterB.beforeC.whenD.since44.＿＿thetextasecondtime,themeaningwillbecomeclearertoyou.A.ReadB.ReadingC.IfreadingD.Whenyouread45.＿＿＿doeshedohisworkwell,＿＿＿hehelpsotherswiththeirwork.A.Notonly；butalsoB.Neither；norC.Either；orD.Both；and46.＿＿,sohedidn’tcometoschoollastweek.A.Thoughhewasill      B.BeingillC.HavingbeenillD.Hewasill47.Shetriedeveryway＿＿＿shecouldfindtosolvetheproblem.A.howB.inwhichC.thatD.which48.Lilyhassomeidea＿＿＿she’sgoingtobewhenshegrowsup.A.whatB.thatC.asD.which49.Toplayfairisasimportantas＿＿＿＿,Ithink.A.toplaywell B.playwellC.weplaywellD.playingwell50.＿＿＿yougo,youshouldbearthemotherlandinmind.A.WhereB.WheneverC.HoweverD.Wherever四.答案1-10CBDDBABCAB11-20CBABCBDADC21-30DABCBBDAAB31-40DACCBBADBD41-50ACBDADCAAD第23章祈使句一.概念祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。二.相关知识点精讲1.祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do（但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子）。例如：　　　Takethisseat.坐这儿。　　　Dobecareful.务必小心。　否定结构：例如：　　　Don"tmove.不准动。　　　Don"tbelate.不要迟到。2.以let开头的祈使句　　Let的反意疑问句：　a.Let"s包括说话者。例如：　　　Let"shaveanothertry,shallwe/shan"twe?=Shallwehaveanothertry?我们再试一次，如何？ 　　b.Letus不包括说话者。例如：　　Letushaveanothertry，willyou/won"tyou?=Willyoupleaseletushaveanothertry?你让我们再试一次，好吗？　否定结构：例如：　Let"snottalkofthatmatter.不要谈这件事。　Letusnottalkofthatmatter.你不要让我们谈这件事。第24章感叹句一.概念感叹句通常有what,how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情二.相关知识点精讲1.How+形容词+a+名词+陈述语序。例如：Howcleveraboyheis!他是多聪明的孩子！2.How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如：Howlovelythebabyis!小毛头真可爱！3.What+名词+陈述语序。例如：Whatnoisetheyaremaking!他们真吵！4.What+a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如：Whatacleverboyheis!他是多聪明的孩子！5.What+形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如：Whatwonderfulideas（wehave）!我们的主意真棒！6.What+形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如：Whatcoldweatheritis!多冷的天！7.Whatacleverboyheis!的省略形式为：Whatacleverboy!第25章否定句一.概念否定句指否定陈述句的句子.二.相关知识点精讲1.用not构成的否定句：主语+助动词/be+not+…例句：Heisnotbackyet.Itisnottrue.Wehaven’tforgottenyou.Youshouldn’tbesosilly.Wehaven’tbeeninvitedyet.Hewon’tgo,buttheywill.Moneycouldnotbuyhappiness.Ilikethesalad,butIdon’tlikethissoup.Hewantsagirlfriend,buthedoesn’twanttogetmarried.Youdidn’tunderstandwhatIsaid,didyou?Youneedn’ttrytoexplain.Ididn’tusetolikeopera,butnowI’mgettinginterested.Iusedn’ttolikeopera,butnowI’mgettinginterested.2.祈使句的否定句：Don’t+动词原形…。例句：Don’tworry.I’lllookafteryou.Don’tbelieveawordhesays.Don’tbesorude. 3.非谓语动词（不定式，分词，动名词）的否定式：把not放在todo;doing;的前面。It’simportantnottoworry.Hesaidhedeeplyregrettednotbeingabletohelp.Notknowingwhattodo,Shellyaskedadviceofherfriend.Hereproachedmefornothavingtoldittohim.4.not与除谓语以外的其他句子成分连用：Comeearly,butnotbeforesix.It’sworking,butnotproperly.Ibelievehewillsucceed,thoughnotwithoutsomedifficulty.not用在Ihope;Ibelieve;I’mafraid;Iguess;Isuppose;Iexpect之后，构成省略句。—Willitsnowtoday?—Ihopenot.5.用no构成否定句：no+名词（单，复数，不可数）相当于not+a+名词/not+any+名词Nomachinewouldworkforlongifitwerenotproperlylubricated.ThenationsofEuropeandAmericahavefoundthatnocountrycanproduceallitsneedswithouttrading.Takethattowel,Ihavenoother.Icanwalknofarther.Thereisnoknowingwhatwillhappen.6.某些否定副词或代词：seldom;never;hardly;rarely;little;few;none;nowhere;neither等在句中构成否定句：Icanseldomfindtimeforreading.Mirrortellsonlythefacts,neverthepoetry.Therumorcamefromnowhere.Nonebutfoolshaveeverbelievedit.7.否定转移：当think;believe;suppose;imagine等动词引导否定意义的宾语从句时，把从句中的not提到主句这些动词前面，是主句变成否定句：Idon’tthinkshe’sathome,butI’llgoandsee.Idon’timaginethathe’llenjoyit.8.否定式疑问句：Doesn’tsheunderstand?Haven’tyoubookedyourholidayyet?部分否定：注意部分否定的结构：Notall…=All…not…Notboth…=Both…not…Notevery…=Every…not…Idon’trememberallthenames.Allisnotgoldthatglitters.Itisnotfoundeverywhere.Noteveryonelikesthisfilm.9.用否定形式表示肯定的意义： 注意这些句型：cannot…too../cannot…more:越…就越好；再…不过了。Youcannotbetoocareful.Amancanneverhavetoomanyfriends.三.巩固练习1.—Suchasuddenturnintheroadistoodifficultforthenewdriver,isn’tit? —_____.He’sdealtwithallkindsoftroublesomesituationsbefore.A.No,itisn’tB.Yes,itisC.No,heisn’tD.Yes,heis2.—Aren’tyoufeelingtired?  —______,Iamrather.A.YesB.NoC.NotatallD.Never3.—Sheisn’tadancingteacher,isshe? —______.A.Yes,sheisn’tB.No,sheisC.Yes,shewasn’tD.No,butshewas.4.—Willyougoshoppingwithusthisafternoon? —_____butI’vegotquitealotofhomeworktodo.A.ofcourseB.I’dliketoC.That’sallrightD.No,Iwon’t5.—Ifourparentswouldlistenmoretous,theywouldunderstandusbetter. —_____.Theyjustexpectustolisten.A.IbelievenotB.NoproblemC.GoodideaD.Ican’tagreemore6.—Didyouenjoythetrip? —I’mafraidnot.And_____.A.myclassmatescan’teither.B.myclassmatesdon’ttoo.C.neitherdomyclassmatesD.neitherdidmyclassmates7.Trytoretellthestoryinyourownwords.______afraidtomakemistakes.A.NottobeB.Don’tC.NobeD.Don’tbe四.答案AADBDDD第26章反意疑问句一.概念反意疑问句是附加在陈述句之后,对陈述句所表示的事实或观点提出疑问的句子.附加疑问实际上是一种简略的一般疑问句.二.相关知识点精讲1.反意疑问句的结构：陈述句（主语+谓语……），+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语（代词形式）？说明：陈述句部分如果是肯定句，反意疑问句，疑问句部分的助动词/情态动词/be动词+not（否定提问）；如果陈述句部分是否定句，反意疑问句，疑问句部分用肯定式提问。例句：Heisyourteacher,isn’the?Peopleshouldn’tdroplitteronthepavements,shouldthey? Youfoundthekeyinthebedroom,didn’tyou?Theyhaveahouseintown,haven’tthey?/don’tthey?Theboyhastocleanhisroom,doesn’the?Iamright,aren’tI?They’drathergobybus,wouldn’tthey?You’dbetterchangeyourwetskirt,hadn’tyou?He’dliketojoinourdiscussion,wouldn’the?Sheoughttoseeadoctoratonce,shouldn’tshe?/oughtn’tshe?Iwishtosayafewwords,mayI?That’snice,isn’tit?Thisistheplace,isn’tit?Everybodyknowstheanswer,don’tthey?Nothingisserious,isn’tit?Therewasn’tenoughtimeatthatmoment,wasthere?Thereusedtoatowerhere,usedn’tthere?/didn’tthere?Whatyouneedismorepractice,isn’tit?2.某些特殊句型的反意疑问句：1)祈使句的反意疑问句：表示肯定意义的祈使句，即表示“请求，提示”它的反意疑问句用willyou表达：有时也可以用won’tyou表示。Gohomenow,willyou?Closethewindow,please,willyou?否定祈使句：以Don’t开始的祈使句：表示“不要……”，用willyou提问：Don’tbelateagain,willyou?Don’tforgettopayyourincometax,willyou?Let’s引导的祈使句表示“建议”，反意疑问句部分是：shallwe?Let’sgoforawalk,shallwe?Let’shavearestnow,shallwe?Letme或Letus引导的祈使句表示“请求”，反意疑问句部分为willyou：Letmehaveatry,willyou?Letushelp,willyou?2)感叹句的反意疑问句：一律用否定式提问。Whatacleverboy,isn’the?Whatalovelyday,isn’tit?3)陈述句含有情态动词must有两种情况：must表示“必须”，反意疑问句部分为mustn’t…?/needn’t…?HemuststudyhardatEnglish,mustn’the?/needn’the?Youmustgohomenow,needn’tyou?/mustn’tyou?Wemustn’tbelate,mustwe?Must表示推测：“一定，肯定”反意疑问句部分与must后面的动词呼应Youmustbejoking,aren’tyou?Hemustbeill,isn’the?注意：用must对过去的动作推测时，反意疑问句部分的助动词用did或have,而对过去的状态推测，反意疑问句部分的be动词用was: Shemusthavefinishedherwork,hasn’tshe?/didn’tshe?Jackmusthavearrivedhereyesterday,didn’the?Hemusthavebeenapoliceman,wasn’the?4)陈述句中有否定副词：hardly;never;seldom;little;few;nowhere;nothing等词，反意疑问句部分用肯定提问：Frankhardlygoestoparties,doeshe?Hehasfewfriends,hashe?5)复合句的反意疑问句：大多数复合句的反意疑问句都对主句提问：Hewaspunishedbecauseheviolatedtheregulation,wasn’the?Younevertoldmethatyouhadbeenill,didyou?注意：Idon’tthink/suppose/believe/imagine引导的宾语从句，这种宾语从句的反意疑问句应与从句的主语，谓语部分一致，而且用肯定式的提问。Idon’tsupposeanyonewillvolunteer,willthey?Idon’tbelieveshehasdoneit,hasshe?Ithinkhewillcome.won’the?三.巩固练习1.It’safineday,Let’sgofishing,_____?A.won’tweB.willweC.don’tweD.shallwe2.Frankisworkinglateagain.Thisisthefirsttimethisweekhe’shadtostudylate,____?A.isn’theB.hasn’titC.hasn’theD.isn’tit3.—Daddy’sforgottoposttheletteragain,____? —I’mafraidhe___.A.has;hasB.isn’t;isC.hasn’t;hasD.has;hasn’t4.—Sorry,I’mnotfeelingwellandIdon’tthinkIcanfinish.—Don’tworry.Letusdoitforyou,____?A.willyouB.shallweC.shan’tweD.shallyou5.Idon’tthinkhecouldhavedonesuchastupidthinglastnight,____?A.doIB.couldheC.didheD.hashe6.—Thegroundiswet. —Itmusthaverainedlastnight,____?A.hasn’titB.didn’titC.mustn’titD.isn’tit7.—Jennydoesn’tthinkthatRobertishonest,___? —I’mafraidnot.A.isheB.isn’theC.doessheD.doesn’tshe8.—Thenewwindowsneedwashing. —Well,let’swashthemtogether,____?A.shallweB.willyouC.shouldweD.wouldyou9.Thereislittlewecandoaboutit,____?A.isthereB.can’tweC.isn’tthereD.canwe10.—Theproblemwasn’tdifficultforhim,wasit? —______.Heshouldhavebeengivenamoredifficultone.A.No,itwasB.Yes,itwasC.Yes,itwasn’tD.No,itwasn’t 四.答案DDCACBCAAD第27章倒装句一.概念:英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓误在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序二.相关知识点精讲按“主语+谓语”这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语（或谓语一部分）+主语”，就是倒装。倒装句分为：完全倒装：整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。部分倒装：只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装。1.当以there,here,out,in,up,down,away等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。Ourteachercamein.Incameourteacher.这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变。Hereitis.Awayhewent.这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。Herecomesthebus.Outrushedtheboys.2.how,then,just,often表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。Thencame8yearsoftheAntiJapaneseWar.3.表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调。这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did,does或do.Underabigtree________,halfasleep.A.didsatafatmanB.afatmansatC.didafatmansatD.satafatman4.there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。在“there+be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be,而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：live,stand,come,lie,flow,enter,rise和appear等。Therecameshoutsforhelpfromtheriver.Thereliesalargewheatfieldinfrontofthehouse.Manyyearsagotherelivedanoldmaninthewoodenhouse.Infrontofthetowerflewsastream.5.so+动词+主语neither/nor+动词+主语表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。否则要用soitiswith…Youcanrideabike.SocanI.HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.Thefirstoneisn’tgood,neitheristhesecond. Hisuncleisaworkerandhasbeenworkinginthefactoryformorethantenyears.Soitiswithhisaunt.6.so+形容词/副词that的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下：so+形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that+从句。Lighttravelssofastthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.=Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.Soeasywastheworkthattheyfinisheditinafewdays.7.done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式。GoneforeverarethedayswhentheChinesepeoplehadtouseforeignoil.8.否定副词not,never,seldom,nowhere,little,rarely放于句首时要用倒装句式。Weseldomgetupatfourinthemorning.=Seldomdowegetupatfourinthemorning.Notasinglewordfromhimcouldtheenemydrag.RarelyhaveIheardofsuchasillything.9.hardly…when;scarcely…when…;nosooner…than…可以用正常语序hadhardlydonewhen…did或用倒装句式Hardlyhad+主语+donewhen…did句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。Thebellhardlyhadrungwhentheclassbegan.=Hardlyhadthebellrungwhentheclassbegan.NosoonerhadhearrivedinBeijingthanhebegantowork.10.notonly…butalso如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时，前面的句子要用倒装。Notonlywaseverythingthathehadtakenawayfromhim,butalsohisGermancitizenship.Notonlyishebusy,butalsoIhavealotofworktodo.NotonlydoeshespeakEnglishverywell,butalsohespeaksFrenchwell.11.only及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用：only+状语+be/助动词/情态动词+主语及其他OnlywhenhetoldmethenewsdidIknowwhathadhappened.OnlyinthiswaycanyoumakeprogressinyourEnglish.12.虚拟语气中的倒装句IfIwereyou,Iwouldtakethejob.=WereIyou,Iwouldtakethejob.三.巩固练习1._______andcaughtthemouse.A.UpthecatjumpedB.ThecatupjumpedC.UpjumpedthecatD.Jumpedupthecat2.______andthelessonbegan.A.IncameMrBrownB.MrBrownincameC.IncameheD.cameinMrBrown3.Over_______,dead.A.rollingthegoatB.rolledthegoatC.didthegoatrollD.thegoatrolled4.—Whereismyshirt,mum? —_________. A.ThereisitB.ThereitisC.ThereisD.Hereisit5.—Whereisyourfather?—Oh,________.A.herehecomesB.heherecomesC.heredoeshecomeD.herecomeshe6.Thedooropenedandthere________.A.entersanoldmanB.enteredanoldmanC.didanoldmanenterD.anoldmanentered7.Now______yourturntorecitethetext.A.willcomeB.comesC.hascomeD.thereis8.Often_____themnottosmokehere.A.weadvisedB.advisedmeC.didweadviseD.hadweadvised9.________playingsoldiers.A.InsidetheroomweretwoboysB.InsidetheroomtwoboysC.WeretwoboysinsidetheroomD.Insidetheroomwastwoboys10.Onthewall_______twolargeportraits.A.arehangingB.hangedC.hangD.hangs11._______whowaswoundedinthestomach.A.AmongthemwereasoldierB.AmongthemwasasoldierC.AmongthemasoldierwasD.Amongtheywasasoldier12.Nextdoortoours________,whoisnolessthaneighty.A.thatlivesanoldmanB.doesanoldmanliveC.livesanoldmanD.wherelivesanoldman13.Sheplaysthepianoverywell,______.A.soeveryoneofusdoesB.everyoneofusdoesC.sodoeseveryoneofusD.sodoeveryoneofus14.Yousayheworkshard,______,and_____.A.sohedoes;soyoudoB.sohedoes;sodoyouC.sodoeshe;sodoyouD.sodoeshe;soyoudo15.—Ithoughtyouwomenwerepresentatthemeeting. —__________.A.SowewereB.SowedidC.SowereweD.Sodidwe16.Idon’tthinkJackwillcometoday,_____.A.norwillMaryB.andMarydoesn’tC.MarywilleitherD.orMarydoes17.Sheisfondofcooking,_____I.A.soamB.noramC.neitherdoD.nordo18.MarxwasborninGermanyandGermanwashisnativelanguage.A.SoitwaswithEnglesB.SowasitwithEnglesC.SowasEnglesD.SodidEngles 19.Afishneedswaterandwithoutwateritwilldie._______.A.SodoesamanB.SowillamanC.SoitiswithamanD.Soisitwithaman20.Soabsorbed_______theworkthatsheoftenforgotto_____hermeals.A.hadshebeenin;doB.shewasin;makeC.wasshein;takeD.shehadbeenin;have21.Soloudly______thateveryoneoftheclasscouldhearhim.A.didhespeakB.didhespokeC.spokeheD.hespoke22.__________hisapperancethatnoonecouldrecognizehim.A.StrangesowasB.SostrangewasC.WassostrangeD.Sowasstrange23.Notonce______theirplan.A.didtheychangeB.theychangedC.changedtheyD.theydidchange24.Never______suchawonderfulplaceasHangzhou.A.areseeingB.hadIseenC.IhaveseenD.haveIseen25.Seldom______TVduringtheday.A.theywatchB.aretheywatchingC.havetheywatchedD.dotheywatch26.Nowhere______asinmygarden.A.theflowersweresobeautifulB.weretheflowerssobeautifulC.sobeautifulweretheflowersD.sobeautifultheflowerswere27.Hardly________hishomeworkwhenhewentout.A.finishedheB.hehadfinishedC.didhefinishD.hadhefinished28.Scarcely_____finishedtheirhomework______Icameintotheclassroom.A.hadthey;thanB.theyhad;whenC.hadthey;whenD.didthey;when29.Notonly_______apromise,butalsohekeptit.A.hashemadeB.doeshemakeC.hemadeD.didhemake30.Notuntilhiscomradescriticizedhim_______toadmithismistake.A.hadhebegunB.beganheC.didhebeginD.doeshebegin四.答案1—5CABBA6—10BBBDA11—15BCCBA16—20BAACC21—25ABADD26—30BDCDC第28章省略句一.概念英语中,为了避免重复,常常省略句子中的一个或几个成分,这样的句子叫省略句 二.相关知识点精讲1.简单句中的省略：在对话中，交谈双方都知道谈论的对象，则可以省略句子的主语，省略主语和谓语的现象在交际用语中出现的很多。（1）Lookslikerain.（2）Hopetohearfromyousoon.（3）Soundslikeagoodidea.（4）Begyourpardon.（5）Feelingbettertoday?（6）Thisway,please.（7）—Whatdoeshewanttoeat?  —Somericeandvegetables.（8）AnythingIcandoforyou?（9）Sorrytohearthat.（10）Doesn’tmatter.（11）Terribleweather!（12）Pityyoucouldn’tcome.2.并列句中的省略：在并列句中，相同的成分如主语，谓语，宾语等都可以省略：（1）TheylearnFrenchandweEnglish.（2）Myfatherplannedandbuiltallthesehouses.（3）JohnwonthefirstraceandJimmythesecond.（4）Coralisnotaplantbutavarietyofanimallife.3.复合句中的省略：定语从句：（1）That’sthereasonheislatefortheconference.（2）Idon’tlikethewayhetalks.状语从句：（1）Ifheated,waterwillboil.（2）Tomwasattackedbycrampwhileswimmingacrosstheriver.（3）We’llgotohelpyouifnecessary.（4）HadItime,Iwouldcome.（5）I’llgo,shoulditbenecessary.（6）Thecaptaincanfindaboatquickerthanwecan.宾语从句：如果宾语从句中的谓语部分与主句的谓语部分或上文的谓语部分相同，可将从句部分的谓语省略。（1）Wewilldowhatwecan（do）tohelpyou.（2）—IsMr.Kinginhisoffice?  —Sorry,Idon’tknow（whetherheisinhisofficeornot）.4.动词不定式的省略：在动词不定式结构中，为了避免重复，常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形，只保留to。（1）—Wouldyouliketogowithus?  —I’mgladto,butIhavetofinishmyhomework.（2）Don’ttellmethenameofthesailorifyoudon’twantto. （3）—Haveyoueverbeentotheseaside?  —No,wecan’taffordto.在usedto,oughtto,haveto,wouldlike/loveto,wishto,begoingto等结构中，常常省略to后面的动词原形。（1）Theydonotvisittheirparentsasmuchastheyoughtto.（2）Hedoesn’tgetupearlyasheusedto.（3）I’llhanditinifIhaveto.（4）—Wouldyouliketocometonight?—I’dloveto.Tell,warn,order,advise,ask等动词的宾语后面接动词不定式做宾语补足语时，可以省略to后面的动词原形。（1）HewantedtoswimacrosstheriverbutIwarnedhimnotto.（2）Theboywantedtoplayfootballinthestreet,buthismothertoldhimnotto.三.巩固练习1._____,Iwillhelpyouwithyourwork.A.IfIampossibleB.IfitpossibleC.IfpossibleD.Possible2.—Doyoufollowme?—Yes,_____.A.itisgoodB.IwillC.perfectlyD.verygood3.—Howareyougettingonwithyourwork?—Oh,I’msorry.Thingsaren’tgoingsowellas_____.A.plansB.planningC.plannedD.toplan4.—Areyouateacher? —No,butI_____.Iworkedinamiddleschoolforthreeyears.A.amB.willC.doD.was5.—Howmanypoorcountieswilltherebeinourprovinceby2010? —Therewillbeonlyafew,if_____.A.muchB.someC.anyD.many6.—Whydidn’tyoucometoMike’sbirthdaypartyyesterday? —Well,I_____,butIforgotit.A.shouldB.mustC.shouldhaveD.musthave7.Doctorshavesaidthatasmanyas50%ofpatientsdon’ttakemedicine_____.A.likedirectedB.tobedirectedC.asdirectedD.sothatdirected四.答案CCCDCCC