大学英语语法1课件 60页

Welcome!Bestwishestoyou!Welcome1 Revision2 大学英语语法讲解3 1.情态动词的完成时(表示对过去的说法)2.虚拟语气的用法3.AttributiveClause4.倒装句5.分词做状语6.独立主格结构4 情态动词的完成时(表示对过去的说法)must+have+过去分词（用于肯定句）一定已经…….Thelightisstillon.Theymusthaveforgottentoturnitoffwhentheylefttheroom.注:mustn’thavedone×5 can’t(couldn’t)+have+过去分词（用于否定或疑问句）不可能……..HecannothavebeentothattownforIsawhimjustnow.6 should/oughtto+have+过去分词本应该做(却没有做)…….Ashisbestfriend,youshould/oughttohavehelpedhim.(butinfact,youdidn’t.)7 shouldn’t/oughtnotto+have+过去分词本不应该做(却做了)…….Youshouldn’thaveparkedyourcarhere,forit’sapublicplace.8 needn’t+have+过去分词本不必做……Youneedn’thavewaitedforme.ItoldyouyesterdayIwouldoverwork.9 withwith+A+doneWiththehomeworkfinished,theboywentout.with+A+doingWiththeoldmanleadingtheway,wefinallyfindthehouse.10 with+A+prepWiththelighton,allthestudentswentoutoftheclassroom.11 虚拟语气的用法概念：表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测、或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示12 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句(1)与过去事实相反If…had+done,…would(should,could,might)+have+doneIfyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn’thavefailedintheexam.13 与现在事实相反If+did(be→were)，…would(should,could,might)+doIfhehadtime,hewouldattendthemeeting.IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.14 与将来事实相反If+did(be—were)/wereto/should+do,…would(should,could,might)+doIfyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemeeting.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.15 If引导的虚拟条件句If条件句主句现在Ifhewerehere,过去时（过去进行时）hewouldhelpus.should/woulddo过去Ifhehadbeenhereyesterday,过去完成时hewouldhavehelpedus.should/wouldhavedone将来Ifheweretoleavetomorrow,过去时/shoulddo/weretodoWeshouldseehimoff.should/woulddo16 虚拟语气用于宾语从句在表示建议、要求、命令类的动词后面的宾语从句中用(should)+do。如:advise,suggest,propose,request,require,insist,demand,order,command,desireWesuggestedthatwe(should)haveameeting.Weinsistedthatthemeeting(should)becancelled.17 注意：suggest作“暗示，表明”解时，insist作“坚决认为”解时不用虚拟语气，而用一般的时态。Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything.Hersun-tannedfacesuggestedthatshewasinexcellenthealth.18 虚拟语气用于主语从句Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,essential,etc.)thatsb(should)+动词原形Thisisaverydifficultoperation.Itisessentialthatyoubepreparedforemergency.19 Itissuggested(desired,ordered,proposed,advised,etc.)thatsb(should)+do20 虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request，wish等名词的表语从句、同位语从句。其谓语动词用(should)+动词原形Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoBeijingforsightseeing.21 It’s(high)time之后的从句要用一般过去时itis(high)timesb+didE.g.Itis(high)timethatwewenthome.Itis(high)timeweleft.22 虚拟语气用于ifonly引导的感叹句中(要是…就好了)IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.23 AttributiveClause24 定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等和关系副词when,where,why等。他们在定语从句中担任句子成分。25 who（代替人）:Iknowthemanwho/thatisstandingunderthetreeoverthere.whom:Thedoctor(whom)youarelookingforisintheroom.Whostandsneartheriverisourschool.26 whose（可代替人和物）DoyouknowthemanwhosenameisWangYu?Iliveinaroomwhosewindowsfacesouth.which（代替物）Thebuildingwhichstandsneartheriverisourschool.27 that(可代替人和物)Theletter(that)Ireceivedwasfrommyfather.注意:在下面几种情况下必须用“that”1.先行词是不定代词：all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anythingAllthat(what)wehavetodoistopractiseeveryday.28 2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。Thefirstlesson(that)Ilearnedwillneverbeforgotten.3.先行词被all,anyevery,few,little,no,some等修饰。Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.29 whenIwillneverforgetthedaywhenImetMr.Liu.whereThisistheplacewherewelivedfor5years.whyIknowthereasonwhyhecamelate.30 限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。31 非限制性定语从句一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。通常关系代词不能省略，不用that。Ihavetwosisters,whoarebothstudents.关系代词which，as可指代前面整句话的内容。Asweallknow,hestudiesveryhard.[P184第49题]32 Inversion倒装结构33 倒装句英语的正常语序是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时为了强调或为了语法结构的需要，可以将谓语的全部或部分提到主语之前。这种语法现象叫做倒装。34 全部倒装在全部倒装的句子中，要把整个谓语放在主语的前面去而构成倒装语序。（注意：句子的主语为人称代词时，句子不倒装。）（1）在以there、here、now、then、such引导的，引起人们注意的招呼句要倒装。Theregoesthebell.Herecomesthebus.（2）当out,in,away,up等表示方位的词放在句首时，句子要倒装。Awayflewthebird.那鸟飞走了。（3）表示地点的词语置于句首或强调地点概念时。Southofthetownlietwosteelfactories.Betweenthetwobuildingsstandsatalltree.35 部分倒装在部分倒装的句子中，只把谓语的一部分（如情态动词、助动词、或是系动词be）放到主语的前面去，构成倒装语序。（1）有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时（除否定词修饰主语外），句子一般要写成部分倒装句。这类词或短语常见的有：not,never,seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely,bynomeans,undernocircumstances,innoway,atnotime决不,nosooner…(than),hardly…(when),notonly…(butalso),notuntil…,等。36 例句Ishallneverdothisagain.NevershallIdothisagain.Hardlyhadshesatdownwhensheheardsomeoneknockingatthedoor.她还没来得及坐下来，就听见有人敲门。Notuntiltwelveo"clockdidhegotobedlastnight.他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。NeverhavemysistersbeentoHongKongbefore.我的妹妹们以前从未去过香港。NosoonerhadIreturnedhomefromNewZealandthanIboughtahouseandwenttolivethere.我从新西兰一回国，就买了一栋房子并在那儿住下了。37 （2）当so,often,only等表示程度、频率的副词放在句首时，句子一般要倒装。例如：Onlyinthiswaycanyoucomeupwithasolutiontotheproblem.只有这样，你才有可能想出解决这个问题的办法。Soseriouswasthesituationthateverybodyfacedatest.形势如此地严峻，每个人都面临着一场考验。Soharddidheoverworkthathefellillatlast.他太操劳过度以致最后病倒了。38 (3)省略了if的虚拟条件句要倒装Hadtheynothelpedus,wecouldnothavedoneitsosuccessfully.如果没有他们的帮助，我们不可能把那件事办的如此成功。39 (4)某些让步状语从句要倒装表语或状语或动词原形+as/though+主语+其他时，句子要倒装。（在让步状语从句中）TryasImight,Icouldn"tliftthestone.无论我使多大的劲，我也无法搬起那块石头。Womanassheis,sheisbrave.Cheapastheshoesare,Ican’taffordit.40 分词作状语的用法41 分词做状语分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间，原因，条件，让步，结果，行为方式，伴随状况等。42 1.现在分词作时间状语：Workinginthefactory,helearnedalotfromtheworkers.(分词一般式）Havingreadtheletter,shegotveryexcited.（完成式）Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.Havingarrivedatthefactory,theyimmediatelysettowork.43 注①：现在分词作时间,原因状语：如果分词所表示的动作和谓语的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，用现在分词的一般式。如果分词动作明显在谓语之前发生，用现分完成式。主动被动一般式doingbeing+done完成式having+donehaving+been+done44 注②：在作时间状语的分词前，可加连词while,when，介词after,before,on.Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Don’tmentionthiswhiletalkingtohim.OnarrivinginLondon,hemanagedtogetintouchwithher.=AssoonashearrivedinLondon,….45 2.现在分词作条件状语：Workinghard,youwillsucceed.Turningtotheleft,youwillfindthepathleadingtothesite.46 3.现在分词作伴随方式状语：Shecamerunningtowardsme.Thechildrenranoutoftheroom,laughingandtalkingmerrily.Theystoodthereforanhour,watchingthegame.Shesatatthedeskreadinganewspaper.Travelingbyjeep,wevisitedanumberofcities.Followingtheguide,theystartedtoclimb.47 4.现在分词作原因状语：Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.Beingsopoorinthosedays,wecouldn’taffordtosendtheboytohospital.注：Havingworkedamongthepeasantsformanyyears,heknewthemverywell.（分词完成式的肯定式）Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteanotherletter.（分完否）48 5.现在分词作结果状语：（多用于句尾）Herhusbanddiedin1942,leavingherwithfivechildren.Thebuswasheldupbysnowstorm,thuscausingthedelay.Note:现在分词表示必然结果，前可加thus,不定式表意外的结果，前可加only.Hewascaughtintherain,thusmakinghimselfcatchcold.Ihurriedtoschool,onlytofindthatitwasSunday.49 Note:在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致,如不一致则要加上它自己逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为:独立主格结构50 独立主格结构当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。E.g.Timepermitting,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.51 I.名词普通格（代词主格）+现在分词1.TheNightcomingon,theystartedforhome.2.Thelastbushavinggone,hehadtowalkhome.3.Timepermitting,wearegoingtoclimbthemountaintomorrow.4.Theyaretalkingwiththeteacher,theirchildrenplayingoutside.5.Itraining,Iwenttoworkwithanumbrella.52 II.名词普通格（代词主格）+过去分词1.Histeafinished,hewentonwithhiswork.（时间）2.Hishomeworkdone,hewenttowatchthegame.3.Hislegbadlyhurt,hehadtobesenttohospital.（原因）4.Thereportread,discussionbegan.53 III.名词普通格（代词主格）+(being)+adj.(adv./prep-phrase/n./todo)1.Everything(being)ready,theystartedout.2.Themeeting(being)over,weallleftthehall.3.WuSongbeatthetigertodeath,twofists(being)hisonlyweapon..4.Guninhand,thesoldiersranupthehill.5.Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.54 过去分词作状语意义：作状语的过去分词与句子主语存在被动关系，或表示已完成。过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动含义。过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动含义。55 例句Praisedbytheneighbors,hebecametheprideofhisparents.受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）Givenmoretime,I‘llbeabletodoitbetter.如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）Filledwithhopesandfears,heenteredthecave.心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞56 1.时间状语eg:Seenfromthetopofthehill,thecitylookedlikeabiggarden.Acceptedbytheparty,hedevotedallhislifetothecauseoftheparty.2.原因状语e.g.:Movedbyhiswords,Iacceptedhispresent.Injuredintheleg,hecouldn’twalkanyfurther.3.条件状语：e.g.:Takenintime,themedicinewillbequitedefective.Comparedwithhisbrother,heshouldmakegreatereffortstostudyEnglish.57 4.伴随状语eg:Theteacherstoodthere,surroundedbymanystudents.Theoldmanwentintotheroom,supportedbyhisson.5.让步状语eg:Laughedatbymanypeople,theycontinuedstudy.注意：如强调分词表示动作发生在后一个动词表示的动作之前，应用分词的被动完成式。eg:Havingbeenwarnedaboutthethief,heleaveallhisvaluablesathome.过去分词作状语，逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。否则用句子代替或独立主格代替58 独立主格使用：句子结构中出现了与句子主语不一致的情况结构：名词普通格或代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语等。e.g.:Allbooksreturnedattheendoftheterm,thelibraryassistantwassatisfied.Thefieldploughed,hebegantospreadseed.Theteachercamein,abookinhishand.59 Thankyouforyourattention!60