2011英语语法专题 81页

语法专题第一专题名词1.名词根据词汇意义可分为两大类(1)普通名词(即表示某一类人或事物.某种物质或抽象概念的名词)如supergirl,spaceship,nation,time,space等.(2)专有名词(即表示特定的人.地点.事物.或机构等所用的名词)如ZhangZiyi.FIFA(国际足球联盟)等。2.名词按其语法意义又可分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。可数名词表示的人或物本身可用数目计算，包括个体名词和集体名词两类。不可数名词通常无法用数目计算，包括物质名词和抽象名词。但有些不可数名词有时可转化为可数名词，有些则不能。可数名词的复数形式⑴规则名词的复数形式：一般情况下，在名词后直接加-s；以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词，需加-es（注意：以ch结尾的名词若ch发[k]则复数应加s，s一般读[s]如stomach—stomachs）；以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，把y变为i,再加-es一般读[z]如baby—babies；以元音字母加y结尾的名词直接加s，读[z]；以-o结尾的名词多数情况下直接加-s，如zoo—zoos，radio—radios（注意：两人两菜即Negro,hero,potato,tomato后加-es读[z]）；以-f,-fe结尾的名词多数情况下把f或fe变为v，再加-es，如wife—wives，half—haves（注意：也有直接加-s的，如：roofs,handkerchiefsproof—proofs，chief---chiefs等）；以th结尾的名词加s，s一般读[s]。[注意]名词的单复数形式是考生经常忽视的问题，这主要受母语的思维定势影响，所以它也是命题人的选材范围，以短文改错形式考查的居多，间或也会出现在单项填空，考查内容主要涉及到即可用做可数也可用做不可数名词以及名词在具体情境中的复数应用。⑵不规则名词的复数形式有些名词变为复数时要改变其中的元音字母或其他形式：变元音字母（如man→men,tooth→teeth,foot→feet等）；变词尾（如child—children，ox—oxen，phenomenon—phenomena）；单复数同形（如fish，sheep，Chinese，deer）；有些名词只有复数形式或表示某个特定意思时只有复数形式（如trousers,clothes,glasses眼镜,goods等）；复合名词的复数主要是把主体名词变为复数形式（如sons-in-law,passers-by，lookers-on等）；没有主体名词的复合名词则在词尾加-s（如go-betweens中间人，grown-ups成年人，forget-me-nots，勿忘草good-for-nothings饭桶，无用的人，等）；由man和woman构成的复合名词，两部分都要变成复数（如men-teachers，women-doctors）。[注意]形单意复（people，cattle，police）或形复意单（news，politics，physics，maths）的名词常常与主谓一致进行综合考查。这样的考点比较明显，只要记住这样的名词就能判断正确选项。⑶有些集体名词作为一个个成员的组合来考虑就是复数意义的名词（但没有词形的变化），连接的动词要用复数形式；如果作为一个不可分割的整体看待时（即非人称单位），它就是复数意义的名词，谓语要用单数形式。常见的可以用作单，复意义的集体名词有：army，class，committee，crew，enemy，family，government，group，pulic。、，team，staff等。Hisfamilyisalargeone.(整体)Hisfamilyareallwell.(成员)3．名词的格第81页共81页 英语中名词有两种格：普通格和所有格。⑴名词的普通格：当名词在句中充当主语.宾语。或表语时，词形没有变化，成为普通格。Thechildrenarelivingahappylife.(主语)Heisafamouswriter.(表语)Theyareveryfondofmusic.(介宾)⑵名词的所有格名词的所有格一般有两种形式：-s所有格和of+名词如。单数名词在词尾加’s（theteacher’soffice）；以-s或-es结尾的复数名词在词尾加‘（agirls’school，students’books）；不是以-s或-es结尾的复数名词，在词尾加’三（Women’sDay，Children’stoy）；复合名词在最后一个词的词尾加’s（somebodyelse’sopinion，myfather-in-law’scar）；如果某物为两人所共有，则在后一个名词末加’s（如JaneandMary’sroom简和玛丽两人的房间）；如果不共有，则两个名词都加’s（如Jane’sandMary’sbooks简和玛丽各自的书）；表示“某人家”、“某店铺”等的名词所有格后面，一般省略它所修饰的名词（如atMr.Smith’s在史密斯家,atthetailor’s在裁缝店）；双重所有格由一个表示数量的词（如a,some，any，several，few，no，many等，但不能用定冠词the）+of+名词所有格或名词性物主代词构成（如afriendofmyfather’s,somefriendsofmine）。[注意]名词的双重所有格是高考中考的重点之一，出错原因是考生不理解双重所有格的概念和用法，如Heisafriendofmyfather.(强调关系“我父亲的朋友”)Heisafriendofmyfather’s.(强调数量“我父亲的一位朋友”)4.名词的句法功能⑴TheChinesehavebeenmakingpaperfortwothousandyears.(作主语)⑵“Swifter，Higher，Stronger”istheOlympicmotto.(作表语)⑶Sheenjoysgoodhealth，thoughinher80s.(作宾语)⑷Weelectedhimmonitoroftheclass.(作补足语)[注意]：动词make，consider，elect，choose，think，find，supose，belive等常常有名词作补足语。⑸Shelostherdiamondnecklace.(作定语)[注意]①名词的普通格作定语，主要说明所修饰的名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等（如astonebridge，middaylunch，abusdriver）。作定语的名词一般用单数形式但man,woman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定（如menworkers，gentlemenofficials）;而sale,sport作定语时，则不管其后名词是单数还是复数，都用复数形式，如:asalesmanager,asportsmeet）。⑹Theteachersshowgreatconcernforusstudents.(作同位语)⑺Theyhadtowalk100milesaday.（作状语）[注意]作状语的多为表示地点，距离，长度或时间的名词。⑻Ladiesandgentlemen，attention，please！（作称呼语）第81页共81页 第二专题冠词解析：熟读下列各句，思考句中冠词的用法。1.Igavehimabookyesterday.我昨天给了他一本书。（一本）2.Iwenttothelibrarytwiceaweek.我每周去图书馆两次。（每一）3.TomandKateareofanage.汤姆和凯特是同一年龄。（同一）4.Aboycametoseeyoujustnow.刚才有一个男孩来找你。（有一个）5.IthappenedonaSundaymorning.这件事发生在一个星期天的早上。（某一）6.Heworksasadoctorinthathospital.他在那家医院做医生。（职业身份前）7.Thesecakesaredelicious.He’dliketohaveathirdonebecausethesecondoneisrathertoosmall.这些蛋糕很好吃,他还想再吃一点,因为第二块太小了点。（又一，再一）8.Takethemedicine.把药吃了。（双方都知道的）9.Heboughtacomputer.Thecomputerisverynice.他买了一台电脑；那台电脑非常好。（上文提到的）10.Theearthgoesaroundthesun.地球围绕太阳旋转。（独一无二的）11.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.富人应当帮助穷人。（一类人）12.Iliveonthesecondfloor.我住在第二层。（序数词前）13.Heisthetallestboyintheclass.他是这个班个子最高的男孩子。（最高级前）14.Sheplaysthepianoverywell.她钢琴弹得很好。（用在西洋乐器前）15.Shecaughtmebythearm.她抓住了我的手臂。（特指）16.WevisitedtheChildren’sPalacelastSunday.上星期天我们参观了少年宫。（普通名词构成的专有名词前）17.TheGreenshavebeentoChinatwice.格林一家人（或格林夫妇）来过中国两次。（姓氏前表全家或夫妇俩）18.BeijingliesinthenorthofChina.北京位于中国的北部。（有介词的方位名词前）19.Wearepaidbythemonth.我们是按月领工资的。（计量单位前）20.Hewasborninthe1980s.他出生在二十世纪80年代。（年代前）归纳总结冠词可分为定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a/an)两类。1.定冠词的用法（1）定冠词用来特指某个或某些人或物。人或物应是上文中已提及；交谈双方就在该人或物前(thenight,theeast)；某个空间或时间范围内独一无二的人或物；人或物前带有分类性定语[注意:若sun,moon,sky等词前有一些描绘性的形容词修饰,可用不定冠词]。如:Itwasadismalwinternight.Apalemoonhunglowinthesky.（2）“定冠词+单数可数名词”根据句意可以表示一类人或物，指这个名词所代表的整个类别。Thehorseisausefulanimal.马是一种有用的动物.Horsesareusefulanimals.Ahorseisausefulanimal.(三种语法形式都正确)(3)用于名词化的某些形容词,分词前指一类人或物.如：theyoung年轻人therich富人theliving活着的人thewound伤员（3）这些是特别要求使用定冠词的情况，它们是：在姓氏复数前，表一家人或一对夫妇（theGreens格林一家）；在由普通名词组成的机构、组织等专有名词前；在江河、海洋、群岛等前；在作为课程或演奏的乐器名词前（Heplaystheviolinbutgiveslessonsonthepiano）；第81页共81页 用在表示单数的名词前（bythehour，bythedozen，bytheday/month）在某些特别句型中“动词+sb+介词+the+身体某一部位”（hitsbintheface，takesbbythearm）；在某些固定词组中inthemorning，ontheotherhand，onthewhole）；用在形容词，副词比较级前表示“越……就越……”（ThemoreyoulistentoEnglish，theeasieritbecomes）。2.不定冠词的用法（1）表示同类中的某一个，但具体指哪一个，听者不能根据语境确定（Ithingkitdifficulttomasteraforeignlanguage）。（2）“不定冠词+单数可数名词”可表示某一类人或物，指的是整个这一类，而不是指具体的某一个（LongLongwantedtobeamusicianwhenhewaseight）。与“定冠词+单数可数名词”相比，侧重该类别中的任何一个个体，说明它们都具有某一特点或性质。（3）当不可数名词指具体的人或事时，已转化为可数名词，单数前面有时应加不定冠词，表“一”的概念（dangerdifficultyfailurehelpsuccesswonder）。（4）不定冠词可表“一”，相当于“one”（Romewasnotbuiltinaday.）;可表“每”，相当于per或every（threetimesaday）；可表“同一”，相当于thesame(Theyareofanage==Theyareofthesameage.)；可表某一个，相当于acertain(HediedonaSunday./AMrSmithiswaitingforyououtside.)。[注意]：不定冠词的特殊位置：quite/rather+a/an（+adj.）+单数名词；what/such/half+a/an+单数名词；manya/an+单数名词“许多”；nota/an+单数名词“不止一个”。Ihaveneverseensuchagoodmatch。Manyapersonbelievesthestory。（5）不定冠词可用在某些固定词组中（haveacold，onceuponatime，inahurry，dosbafavor，awasteoftime）。3.零冠词的用法（即不用冠词）（1）在泛指的或表示一般意义的不可数名词及复数可数名词前，不用冠词。如:fun,music,nature,poverty,progress,society,weather;但在特指时可根据情况与the一起使用。Heisfondofmusic.(泛指)Doyoulikethemusicofthefilm？（特指）（2）人名和地名都属于专有名词，不需要区别于其他同一性质的名词，通常又没有数的概念，一般前面不用冠词（Beijing，AbrahamLincoln）。但下列情况除外：aMr.Brown（一位布朗先生），alivingLeiFeng（一位活雷锋）（3）在季节、年份、月份、含day或由单个名词表示的节假日之前，不用冠词。但若其前有限制性定语修饰则转为具体名词，应加冠词。如：Wehadaterriblehotsummerthisyear.（4）在学科、球类、棋类和一日三餐的名词前不用冠词。如：playfootball/tennis/chess（5）表示独一无二的职位、头衔、称呼的名词前，不用冠词。但如职位不是唯一的或用职位代表人时，应用冠词。HeisheadoftheEnglishDepartment.(意为唯一的主任)Nowheisamanagerofourcompany.（意为经理不止一个）HerecomesthePresidentoftheUnitedStates.（职位代表人）（6）表示一日三餐的名词前一般不用冠词，但前面如有定语修饰，可能用不定冠词a/an。如：---Haveyouhadsupper？---Yes，wehadawonderfulsupper.DoyoulikethedinnerMr.Jackgaveus?(7)描述交通方式时，不用冠词。如：bytrain/bus/air/boat/sea/bike…（8）在固定词组中，不用冠词。takepartin/loseheart/onfoot/makeuseof…第81页共81页 （9）系动词turn（变成）后的单数名词作表语用零冠词，但make或become后要加a/an。如：Hisbrotherturnedwriter.(Hisbrotherbecameawriter.)(10)“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语，+主句“意为“虽然/尽管……，但是……”。如：Childasheis，heknowsalot.(11)在独立主格结构中的某一形式中。如：Theteachercamein，abookinhand.(withabookinhishand)(12)节日，假日等名称前，一般不加冠词。如：WearenolongerlookingforwardtoChildren’sDaynow.第三专题代词（一）人称代词、物主代词和反身代词（观察1—6）1.人称代词可指代人或物，有主格和宾格之分，在句中可充当主语、宾语和表语。[注意]⑴作主语的人称代词如果独立地用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。如：—DoesanyofyouknowwhereTomlives？—Me.⑵作表语的人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。如：Imethiminthehospital.→ItwasherwhoImetinthehospital.(3)在含有than，as比较级的句子中，在不引起歧义的情况下，在than，as后用主格。宾格都可以。如：Heistallerthanme/I.他比我高。但在下列句子中有区别：IlikeJackasmuchasher.=IlikeJackandher.(我喜欢杰克，也喜欢她。)IlikeJackasmuchasshe.=IlikeJackshelikesme.(我喜欢杰克，她也喜欢杰克)(4)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则为：并列主语中，I总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二三一（人称），宾格me也一样。但在说明承担责任时，把第一人称放在前面。（You，sheandIwillinchargeofthecase.）;第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后。（Heandshestilldon’tagreetotheplan.）(5)几个人称代词的特殊用法：we/you（口语）常用来泛指一家人；she可以代表国家，船只，大地，月亮等。The“Titanic”wasthelargest，wasn’tshe？2.物主代词表示所属关系，有名词性和形容词性物主代词之分，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。[注意]：英语中必须有形容词性物主代词，只作定语，而汉语中往往省略不议（如：Jacktookoffhiscoatandwenttobed.）；“of+名词性物主代词”可作定语（Somefriendsofminewillattendmybirthdayparty.3.反身代词常指动作对象是动作发出者本身，有单数和复数之分，可作宾语、表语和同位语。[注意]含有反身代词的惯用语：与介词连用（foroneself亲自，byoneself独自，inoneself本质上，tooneself独自享用）；与动词连用（enjoyoneself玩的愉快，boastoneself自夸，cometooneself苏醒，behaveoneself举止良好，seatoneself坐下）（二）表示“两者”“多者”的代词（观察7—12）1.all表示对三者或三者以上事物的全部肯定，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语或同位语。2.both表示对两者的肯定，可作主语、宾语、定语或同位语。第81页共81页 3.none可作主语、宾语、表语或同位语，但不能作定语。作主语、同位语时通常放在行为动词的前面，be动词、助动词或情态动词之后。4.either表示两者中的任何一个，强调个体，可作主语、宾语或定语。5.neither的意义与both正好相反，指两个中的任何一个都不，其用法类似于either,但neither还可作副词，用于否定句中，意为“也不”。6.any表示多者中的任何一个。[注意1]：⑴every和no只能用作形用词，不能用作代词。⑵复合不定代词只起代词作用，作主语时，谓语动词一律用单数；表物类的复合不定代词，指代代词用单数it/it"s；表人类的复合不定代词，指代代词通常用复数they/their/them。⑶复合不定代词都不可接of短语，但someone/everyone/anyone之后可接of短语（onone不可接）⑷形容词修饰复合不定代词时，必须置于其后。[注意2]不定代词的用法难点：⑴none即可指人，也可指物，且一定是特指概念，常用来回答howmany/howmuch引导的疑问句；noone只能指人，且只能是泛指概念，只用来回答who引导的疑问句；nothing“什么也没有”否定一切，常用来回答what引导的疑问句。如：——Howmanypeoplearethereintheroomnow？——None.一个也没有。——Whoisintheroom？——Noone/Nobody.没人。⑵none往往与“some/any/every+n”匹配构成试题；而nothing往往与something/anything/everything相匹配构成试题；noone/nobody往往与someone/somebody，everyone/everybody，anyone/anybody相匹配构成试题。如：Ineedsomeonetohelpme，butthereisnoonehere.——Isthereanyoneinthatroom？——No，noone.——Isthereanythinginthatroom？—--No,nothing.------Isthereanystudentsinthatroom？----No,none.⑶none后面可加of引导的介词短语，而something/anything/everything/nothing/someone/anyone/everyone/noone却不能。（三）表示“另外”的代词（观察13—20）1.theother指代单数可数名词时，表示两者中的“另一个”。构成one…theother…2.other在句中不能单独使用，一般修饰可数名词复数，意为“（另外的）一些”，表示泛指。如果前面有this，the，that，some，any，each，every，no及my，your，his等则可与单数名词连用，如：anyotherplant/everyotherday/someotherday（=anotherday）。3.another指三者或三者以上中的另一个，用作代词或形容词，一般表示单数，可单独使用也可接可数名词的单数；但是如果其后有数词或few修饰时，则接复数名词，表示在原有基础上需要“更多数量的”东西（如：antherthreedays=threemoredays）4.others表示复数意义，相当于“other+可数名词复数”，不能作宾语；theothers相当于“theother+可数名词复数”，常构成some…others…。【点金】以上代词常用于固定搭配中。(1)one...theother...一个……，另一个……(2)one...another...athird...一个……，另一个……，第三个，用于表示三个不同的人或物，含义是指同类事物。(3)“anyother+可数名词单数”表示“（一定范围内）其他任何一个”。(4)与some对比使用时，常用others不用theothers。第81页共81页 Somecleanedthewindows,othersmoppedthefloor.有的擦窗户，有的擦地板。(5)some...others...theothers...一些……，另一些……，剩下的一些……，指所有的人或事物之和。（四）替代词it,that,one,those(观察21—24)1.that用来代替前面提到的单数可数名词或不可数名词，不和冠词连用，其后总有修饰语，表示特指，相当于“the+可数名词单数/不可数名词”。those常用来代替可数名词复数，相当于theones。2.one用来指与前面出现的单数可数名词同一类但不是同一个，表示泛指概念，相当于“a/an+单数可数名词”；ones用来指代前面出现的可数名词复数，也表示泛指概念。Susangavememanyvaluablepresents,onesthatIhadneverseen.苏珊送给我很多珍贵的礼物，那些礼物我以前从没有见过。【点金】（1）one可以和this或that连用，但ones不能和these或those连用，除非ones前有形容词修饰。（2）theone相当于that;theones相当于those。3.it指与上文提到的相同的事物，不能带任何修饰语。Abirdlandedonmywindow.Itchirpedanddanced.一只小鸟落在我的窗台上，又唱又跳。（五）it的用法（观察25—37）1.it指代时间、距离、自然现象或事物的状态。如：It’sgettingcolderandcoldernow.2.it指代上文提到的事物、想法或性别不明的人。如：Ican’tstandit（=thissituation）anylonger.Howisit(=yourlife/work)going?Ourteamwonthefootballmatch.Haveyouheardaboutit?3.it可作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的从句、动名词或不定式充当的主语或宾语放在后面。⑴用于句型“It+系动词+形容词/名词+(for/ofsb)不定式短语”,it作形式主语.若说明动词不不定式的动作由谁做的，后接forsb，常用的形容词有：difficult，hard，easy，possible，necessary，important等；如果说明动词不定式的逻辑主语的性质，品质，特性时，后接ofsb，常用的形容词有：nice，kind，wise，clever，foolish，stupid，bright，right，wrong，silly等。It‘sverykindofyoutocall./It’sdifficultforustounderstandwhatshesaid.⑵Ittakes/tooksbsometimetodosth.表示“花费某人多少时间做某事”Howlongwillittakeyoutocompletethetrip？⑶It+makes+宾语+宾补+不定式Itmakesmeuncomfortabletogoswimminginsuchacoldday.⑷It+be+time（forsb）+不定式It’stimeforustogotoschool./It’shightimethatRobertwenttoschool.⑸It+系动词+形容词/名词+名词性从句，常用于此句型的名词有：apity，ashame，noWonder，afact，apleasure，asurprise；常用的形容词有necessary，important，possible，strange，good，lucky，interesting，glad，如果形容词表示建议，命令，要求等意义，从句中的谓语动词常用should接动词原形或省略should。It’sapityIdidn’tthinkofitearlier.Itisnecessarythattheyoung(should)learntousethecomputer.⑹I第81页共81页 t+系动词+过去分词+名词性从句，常用于此句型的分词有：said，told，reported，known，announced，expected，believed，thought；在表示建议，要求，命令等意义时，从句中的谓语形式常用（should）do形式，常用分词有：desired，suggested，advised，requested，ordered，proposed，commanded等。Itissaidthat（=Peoplesaythat）themeetingwillbeputofftillnextFriday.⑺It+系动词+现在分词+名词性词性从句Itisn’tsurprisingthatheshouldmarryher.⑻It+looks/appears/happens/+that-clause,词句型可转化成不定式结构，常见动词有：seem/happen/appear/wrong/matter。Itworriedhimthathishairhadturnedalittlewhite.⑼It+beno+good/use/help+doing+sth，常用的形容词有：use，useless，good，worthwhile等。Itwasnousetalkingtothem.⑽在动词think，find，feel，make，believe，expect，consider，等后作形式宾语。Weconsideritnotusefultodoit.4.it引导强调句型。⑴强调句型的基本构成“Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom……除谓语动词外，其他部分均可以被强调，被强调的部分可以是个单词，短语，或从句。Itwasbecauseshewasillthatshedidnotgotoschool.ItwaswhenItoldhimmynamethatherememberedme.⑵强调句的一般疑问句和特殊疑问句形式为：Is/Was+被强调部分+that/who…Who/When/Where/Why+is/was+it+that…Wasitinthestreetthatyoumethim?Whowasitthatyoumetinthestreet?⑶在not…until…的句式中“Itwasn’t/wasnotuntil…that…”如：Itwasn’tuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrealizedthatshewasafamousfilmstar.原句为：Ididn’trealizethatshewasafamousfilmstaruntilshetookoffherdarkglasses.[注意]强调句中的主谓一致问题：Itishethatistoblame./ItisIthatamtoblame.⑷强调句要和以it开头的定语从句或状语从句的复合句区别开来。如：ItwasonOct.1.1949thatnewChinawasfounded.(强调句)ItwasOct.1.1949whennewChinawasfounded.（定语从句）ItwastwoyearsagothatIfirstmethim.(强调句)ItistwoyearssinceIfirstmethim.(状语从句)窍门一点通：强调句中去掉itis/was…that…句子仍然成立，而定语从句和状语从句则不可以。5.it还可用于某些习惯用法中，但本身没有实际意义。如：putit，seetoit，dependonit等一般接that引导的从句，hateit，appreciateit等一般与if或when引导的从句连用。Ihateitwhenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.Youcancountonitthatheisamillionaire.第81页共81页 第四专题介词1.英语中的介词很多，常见的有：（1）表示时间的有at,in,on,by,after,before,since,for,during,within,throughout,over,until/till,between等。（2）表示方位的有into,outof,along,round,down,up,from,off,at,for,to,towards,at,in,on,above,below,among,between,around,inside,outside,before,behind,over,under,beside/by,near,beyond,across,against,by/past,over,through等。（3）表示原因的有becauseof,owingto,dueto,for,with,at(在表示情感变化后的词后)等。（4）表示方式、方法或手段的有by;in用（某种语言或材料，如墨水等）;with用（具体的工具）；through通过……途径（实践或书本）等。（5）表示“除……外”的有except,besides,but,exceptfor等。（6）表示“数量”的有about,around(大约)，over（超过）等。（7）表示“关于”的有on,about等。（8）表示“所属”“部分与整体关系”的有of。（9）表示（增加/减少，相差，高出等的）程度的有by。（increaseby/to）（10）as（当作，作为），like(像……一样)等。（11）能接复合宾语的介词有with和without。（12）表示条件的介词有without，butfor，incaseof…Without/Butforyourhelp，wewouldhavebeenlate.（13）表示对比的介词有against，to，incontrastto/with…Redflagsstandoutbrightlyagainstthebluesky.（14）表示对象的介词有at/for/to…YouaretheonlypersonIcantalkto.(15)表示结果的介词有into，to…Hefrightenedtheboyintotellingthetruth.Sentencesbtodeath/toone’ssurprise…(16)表示目的的介词有for/on/to/forthepurposeof/forthesakeof/inhonorof…Hecamequicklytoourhelp.（12）短语中的介词。如lookafter,congratulationson,getonwith,dowellin,haveaneffecton等。2.介词后一定要接宾语，作宾语的通常是名词、代词或动名词。3.兼作连词和副词的介词（1）after，before，since，till，until等介词可兼作连词。Tomwenthomeafterschool.(介词)Tomwenthomeafterschoolwasover.（连词）（2）on，in，over，up，down，after，before，about，around，round，along，beyond，等介词可兼作副词。Theroadisbeyondthehill.(介词)Shecametothefrontdoor，butnotbeyond.(副词)(3)有的介词可以兼作连词和副词，如：Imethimoncebeforeontheway.(副词)第81页共81页 ThetrainhadgonebeforeIgottothestation.（连词）第五专题形容词和副词熟读深思1.熟读下列句子，看看形容词可作哪些成分。（1）Thisisaninterestingbook.这是一本有趣的书。（定语）（2）Thisbookisinteresting.这本书很有趣。（表语）（3）Ifindthebookinteresting.我觉得这本书很有趣。（宾语补足语）（4）Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.我有重要的事情要告诉你。（后置定语）2.副词在句中作状语，看看可修饰哪些词。（1）It’srainingheavily.雨下得很大。（修饰动词）（2）You’requiteright.你非常正确。（修饰形容词）（3）Don’tspeaktoofast.不要说得太快。（修饰另一副词）（4）Yourcoatisjustbehindthedoor.你的上衣正好在门后。（修饰介词短语）（5）Luckily,hewassaved.幸运的是，他得救了。（修饰句子）归纳总结1.形容词的位置一般情况下，形容词作定语放在被修饰词前。但应注意以下情况：（1）形容词作定语修饰any,no（还有every,any）和thing,body（还有one）等构成的复合不定代词时，需后置。（2）以-able或-ble结尾的形容词可置于前面有形容词的最高级或only等词修饰的名词的后面。（3）形容词短语作定语时放在名词后面。（4）当形容词+不定式构成的短语作定语时，需后置。2.多个形容词作前置定语时的排列顺序当两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词，如密切程度差不多，则音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后。常用的顺序为：限定词（如the）+数量形容词（如first）+描绘性形容词（如beautiful）+大小、长短、高低的形容词（如little）+新旧、颜色的形容词（如white）+国籍形容词（如Chinese）+材料、用途的形容词、名词（如wood）+名词中心词（如bridge）。3.形容词作状语形容词作状语不表示动作的方式，而是表示伴随或结果。4.副词的位置（1）副词一般放在被修饰的形容词或副词前面或动词的前后。有时副词置于句首可修饰全句，作评论性状语。（2）enough作副词用来修饰形容词、副词时，要放在所修饰词的后面。5.形容词、副词比较等级的常见结构（1）表示原级比较的结构有：as+形容词/副词原级+as,notso/as+形容词/副词原级+as,thesame+名词+as。（2）表示比较级的结构有：形容词/副词比较级+than,the+比较级...，the+比较级...，the+比较级+ofthetwo+（名词）。（3）表示最高级的有：形容词/副词比较级+than+anyother+单数名词/anyoftheother+复数名词/anyoneelse/alltheother+复数名词/therestof+复数名词（或不可数名词）。（4）用介词表示相差程度的有：形容词/副词比较级+than...+by...。第81页共81页 6.形容词、副词的最高级表示法最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较，它们的常见表示法有：the+最高级+of/among/in+复数名词，oneofthe+最高级+复数名词，ofall+复数名词，否定词+比较级。7.名不副实的比较级等级结构morethan+名词，表示“不仅仅，不只是”，相当于notonly;nomorethan+名词，表示“不超过，最多”，相当于atmost；more...than...表示“与其说……不如说……；不是……而是……”；nosooner...than....表示“一……就……”；wouldrather...than...表示“宁愿……不愿……”。8.修饰比较等级的常见词（1）even,agreatdeal可用来修饰比较级，起加强语气的作用。除此之外，还有far,much,still,alittle,alot,any（用于否定句或疑问句），byfar（放在比较级后）,abit,threetimes等。（2）byfar序数词可修饰最高级。除此之外nearly,almost,bynomeans,notreally,notquite,nothinglike等也可修饰最高级。第81页共81页 语法专项第一专题名词（练习1）I.熟读深思指出下列名词短语（画线部分）在句中所作句子成分，并思考句中名词的用法与前后语境。1.Tomisaworker.()（）2.TheChildren’sPalaceisnearJane’shome.()（）3.Shegavemesomegoodadvice.()4.Hedidn’tgotherebecauseofhisillness.()5.WemadeTomourmonitor.()6.Westudentsshouldstudyhard.()7.Theauthor’snameisonthecoverofthebook.()（）8.Thisbookisofgreatuse.（）（）II.试题精选1.Oneshouldhaveaofrightandwrong.A.feelingB.knowledgeC.senseD.idea2.Somecompaniesarethinkingofwaystosavenaturalbymakingbetteruseofthewaterusedinthebathroom.A.resourcesB.sourcesC.powerD.energy3.Hecameherewithoutfriendsorandmadehisfortune.A.possessionsB.possessionC.wealthsD.good4.TheOlympicremindusofwheretheOlympicsareheldandthecharacteristicsofthehostcountry.A.symbolsB.signalsC.marksD.signs5.Iboughtadressforyouonly10dollarsinasale;itwasareal.A.exchangeB.bargainC.tradeD.business6.What’stheofhavingapublicopenspacewhereyoucan’teat,drinkorevensimplyhangoutforawhile？A.senseB.matterC.caseD.opinion7.Theyoungmanmadeatohisparentsthathewouldtrytoearnhisownlivingaftergraduation.A.predictionB.promiseC.planD.contribution8.---Ican’tsaywhichwineisthebest.---it’sa(n)ofpersonaltaste.A.affairB.eventC.matterD.variety9.Mymorningincludesjoggingintheparkandreadingnewspapersoverbreakfast.第81页共81页 A.drillB.actionC.regulationD.routine10.Tomakemembersofateamperformbetter,thetrainerfirstofallhastoknowtheirandweaknesses.A.strengthsB.benefitsC.techniquesD.values11.Myofthisweekend’sactivityisgoingoutwithsomegoodfriends.A.ideaB.opinionC.mindD.thought12.Heprovedhimselfatruegentlemanandthebeautyofhiswasseenatitsbestwhenheworkedwithothers.A.temperB.appearanceC.talentD.character13.Inourclass,whenthebellrangandtheteacherclosedhisbook,itwasaforeveryonetostandup.A.signalB.chanceC.markD.measure14.TheWorldHealthOrganizationgaveawarningtothepublicwithoutanywhenthevirusofH1N1hitMexicoinApril,2009.A.delayB.effortC.scheduleD.consideration15.—Hesaysthatmynewcarisaofmoney.—Don’tyouthinkthosewordsarejustsourgrapes？A.lackB.loadC.questionD.waste16.FromtheironthetopoftheTVTower,visitorscanhaveabetterviewofthecity.A.stageB.positionC.conditionD.situation17.Hikingbyoneselfcanbefunandgoodforhealth.Itmayalsobegoodforbuilding.A.respectB.friendshipC.reputationD.character18.Chinahasgotagoodforfightingagainstthefluwithitscarefulandsmoothorganization.A.reputationB.influenceC.impressionD.knowledge19.Inatimeofsocialreform,people’sstateofmindtendstokeepwiththerapidchangesofsociety.A.termsB.paceC.progressD.touch20.Mr.Barrendoesn’tthinkthatallbadlanguageshouldbeallowed.Inhisopinion,therearethatshouldbekeptup.A.degreesB.levelsC.limitsD.standards第81页共81页 第二专题冠词（练习2）I.熟读深思熟读下列各句，思考句中冠词的用法。1.Igavehimabookyesterday.我昨天给了他一本书。（）2.Iwenttothelibrarytwiceaweek.我每周去图书馆两次。（）3.TomandKateareofanage.汤姆和凯特是同一年龄。（）4.Aboycametoseeyoujustnow.刚才有一个男孩来找你。（）5.IthappenedonaSundaymorning.这件事发生在一个星期天的早上。（）6.Heworksasadoctorinthathospital.他在那家医院做医生。（）7.Thesecakesaredelicious.He’dliketohaveathirdonebecausethesecondoneisrathertoosmall.这些蛋糕很好吃,他还想再吃一,因为第二块太小了点。（）8.Takethemedicine.把药吃了。（）9.Heboughtacomputer.Thecomputerisverynice.他买了一台电脑；那台电脑非常好。（）10.Theearthgoesaroundthesun.地球围绕太阳旋转。（）11.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.富人应当帮助穷人。（）12.Iliveonthesecondfloor.我住在第二层。（）13.Heisthetallestboyintheclass.他是这个班个子最高的男孩子。（）14.Sheplaysthepianoverywell.她钢琴弹得很好。（）15.Shecaughtmebythearm.她抓住了我的手臂。（）16.WevisitedtheChildren’sPalacelastSunday.上星期天我们参观了少年宫。（）17.TheGreenshavebeentoChinatwice.格林一家人（或格林夫妇）来过中国两次。（）18.BeijingliesinthenorthofChina.北京位于中国的北部。（）19.Wearepaidbythemonth.我们是按月领工资的。（）20.Hewasborninthe1980s.他出生在二十世纪80年代。（）II.试题精选1.WhatIneedisbookthatcontainsABCofoilpainting.A.a;/B.the;/C.the;anD.a;the2.Thisareaexperiencedheaviestrainfallin_____monthofMay.A./;aB.a;theC.the;theD.the;a3.Somepeoplefearthatairpollutionmaybringaboutchangesinweatheraroundtheworld.A./;theB.the;/C.an;theD.the;a4.Wecanneverexpectbluerskyunlesswecreatelesspollutedworld.A.a;aB.a;theC.the;aD.the;the5.Thebiggestwhaleisbluewhale,whichgrowstobeabout29meterslong—theheightof9-storybuilding.A.the;theB.a;aC.a;theD.the;a6.Inordertofindbetterjob,hedecidedtostudysecondforeignlanguage.A.the;aB.a;aC.the;theD.a;the7.IknewJohnLennon,butnotfamousone.A./;aB.a;theC./;theD.the;a8.Ifyoubuymorethanten,theywillknock20percentoff.A.apriceB.priceC.thepriceD.prices第81页共81页 9.Whenyoucomehereforyourholidaynexttime,don’tgotohotel;Icanfindyoubedinmyflat.A.the;aB.the;/C.a;theD.a;/10.ThisbooktellslifestoryofJohnSmith,wholeftschoolandworkedforanewspaperattheageof16.A.the;theB.a;theC.the;/D.a;/11.Insciencefictionwereadofflyingsaucerstravelthroughspace,sopeoplewanttohavebetterknowledgeoftheuniverse.A.the;aB/;/C.the;/D./;a12.—IsMr.Smithrich？—Yes,veryrich.Whenheworkedintown,heearnedalot.Nowhehasabigfarmincountry.A.a;theB./;/C./;theD.the;/13.Peoplethinkthatopeningceremonyofthe29thOlympicGamesisgreatsuccess.A.an;aB.the;aC.the;theD.the;/14.Inlate19thcentury,Europechangedgreatdealandwasplayingimportantrolesininternationaltrade.A.the;a;theB.the;the;/C./;a;theD.the;a;/15.WashingmachinesmadebyChinahavewonworldwideattentionandHaierhasbecomepopularname.A.a;theB./;aC./;theD.the;a16.Itisoftensaidthatteachershaveveryeasylife.A./;/B./;aC.the;/D.the;a17.Ifyougrowupinlargefamily,youaremorelikelytodevelopabilitytogetonwellwithothers.A./;an;theB.a;the;/C.the;an;theD.a;the;the18.Ican’trememberwhenexactlytheRobinsonsleftcity.IonlyrememberitwasMonday.A.the;theB.a;theC.a;aD.the;a19.AfterdinnerhegaveMr.Richardson_____ridetoCapitalAirport.A.the;aB.a;theC./;aD./;the20.Inreviewof44studies,Americanresearchersfoundthatmenandwomenwhoatesixkeyfoodsdailycuttheriskofheartdiseaseby76%.A.a;theB.the;aC.a;/D./;a第81页共81页 第三专题代词(练习3)I．熟读深思1.Helovesher.他爱她。2.Thisismypen.Yours(=Yourpen)isoverthere.这是我的钢笔，你的在那边。3.Thebagnearthetableishers.桌子旁边的那个包是她的。4.SheisteachingherselfEnglish.她在自学英语。5.Helivesbyhimselfinthecountry.他独自住在乡下。6.Theworkitselfiseasy.这工作本身很容易7.Ifyoucan’tdecidewhichofthetwobookstoborrow,whydon’tyoutakeboth?Iwon’treadthemthisweek.如果你不能决定这两本书借哪一本好，为何不把两本都拿去？我这周不看。8.IinvitedJoeandLindatodinner,butneitherofthemcame.我邀Joe和Linda来吃饭，但她们两个都没来。9.—There’scoffeeandtea;youcanhaveeither.—这里有咖啡和茶，你可以选择任何一种。—Thanks！—谢谢！10.IhadtobuyallthesebooksbecauseIdidn’tknowwhichonewasthebest.我把所有这些书都买下来因为我不知道哪本最好。11.Wehadthreesetsofgardentoolsandweseemedtohavenouseforany.我们曾有三套园林工具，但似乎任何一套也派不上用场。12.Ofallthebooksonthedesk,noneisofanyuseforourstudy.桌上的所有书中，没有一本对我们的学习有用。13.Idon’tlikethisone;pleaseshowmeanother.我不喜欢这个，请给我另一个。14.Heisreadytohelpothers.他乐于帮助别人。15.Sheenjoysspendingotherpeople’smoney.她喜欢花别人的钱。16.Somechildrenarereading;othersarelisteningtotheradio.有些孩子在阅读，有些则在听收音机。17.Hehastwopens.Oneisred;theotherisblack.他有两支钢笔，一支是红的，另一支是黑的。18.Mary’shere.Wherearealltheothers?玛丽在这里，其余的所有人都到哪里去了？19.Ofthethreeforeignguests,oneisfromLondon;theothertwoarefromNewYork.在那三个外国客人中，一个来自伦敦，另外两个来自纽约。20.He’llstayhereforanothertwodays(=twootherdays).他要在这里再呆两天。21.TheParkersboughtanewhousebutit(=thehouse)willneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.帕克一家买了一座新房，但是这座房子在搬进去之前还需要做大量的工作。22.I’mmovingtothecountrysidebecausetheairthereismuchfresherthanthat(=theair)inthecity.我要搬到农村去，因为那里的空气比城里的空气要新鲜得多。23.We’vebeenlookingathousesbuthaven’tfoundone(=ahouse)welikeyet.第81页共81页 我们一直在看房子，但还没有找到一座我们喜欢的房子。24.Mr.Zhanggavethetextb阿ookstoallthepupilsexcepttheones(=thepupils)whohadalreadytakenthem.张老师将教材发给那些已经拿了教材外的所有学生。25.Itwasveryquietatthemoment.26.Itiseighto’clock.27.Itisfivekilometersfromtheofficetomyhome.28.ItwasrainyinspringinChina.29.—Whereismybook?—It’sonthetable.30.—Whoismakingsuchanoise?—Itmustbethechildren.31.—Whoismakingsuchanoise?—Itmustbethechildren.32.It’skindofyoutohelpmewiththeproblem.33.It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.34.Itisimportantthatwe(should)learnEnglishwell.35.Itdidn’toccurtomethatIwouldbethemonitor.36.Ithinkithardforyoutodothetaskonyourown.37.Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday.II．试题精选1.—Whatanamazingfilm!It’sthemostinterestingfilmI’veeverseen.—ButI’msureitwon’tinterest.A.somebodyB.anybodyC.nobodyD.everybody2.Theinformationhegaveusismoreimportantthanwegotourselves.A.oneB.thoseC.thatD.theone3.—Whichofthoseelectronicdictionariesdoyoulikemost？—.Theyarebothexpensiveandoflittleuse.A.NoneB.BothC.NeitherD.All4.Thewinners,Boband,whowonthegame,praisedthelosers,and.A.she;them;usB.her;they;areC.they;she;ID.her;me;him5.Mr.GreenkepttellingherdaughternottosurftheInternettoofrequently,butdidn’thelp.A.heB.sheC.whichD.it6.—Whichofthetwobookswillyoutake？—I’lltakeandIthinkofthemisveryimportanttome.A.either;neitherB.neither;bothC.both;eitherD.either;both7.Neverlaughatfailureof,becauseenjoysbeinglaughedat.A.others;nobodyB.theothers;everyoneC.theothers;anyoneD.others;someone8.—Whatdoyouthinkofthepriceofthesecomputers？—Theyareatleastequalinpriceto,ifnotcheaperthan,attheothercompanies.A.itB.onesC.thatD.theones9.—It’stimetotidyyourroom,Mike！第81页共81页 —Seethetidyroom,Mum!iswhereitshouldbe.A.SomethingB.AnythingC.EverythingD.Nothing10.Shoppingonlinecanprovideconvenienceandchoice,butnotwebsitesaresafeenoughforshopping.A.either;bothB.neither;anyC.both;bothD.both;all11.Mr.Bakerthinkshisowninconvenienceandofhisfellowcolleaguesaretheonlythingthatthegovernmentshoulddealwith.A.whoeverB.someoneC.thatD.any12.TheCDsareonsale!Buyoneandyouwillgetcompletelyfree.A.otherB.othersC.oneD.ones13.CouldIspeaktoisinchargeofInternationalSalesplease？A.whoB.whatC.whoeverD.whatever14.Janewasaskedalotofquestions,butshedidn’tanswerofthem.A.otherB.anyC.noneD.some15.Noprogresswasmadeinthetradetalkasneithersidewouldaccepttheconditionsof.A.othersB.theotherC.eitherD.another16.ThechairmanthoughtnecessarytoinviteProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeeting.A.thatB.itC.thisD.him17.TheEnglishspokenintheUnitedStatesisonlyslightlydifferentfromspokeninEngland.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.theone18.-----Wheredidyougettoknowher?------Itwasonthefarm______weworked.A.thatB.thereC.whichD.where19.Youmaydropinorjustgivemeacall.______willdo.A.EitherB.EachC.NeitherD.All20.ThepopulationofChinaislargerthan_______ofJapan.A.thoseB.theoneC.thatD.it第81页共81页 第四专题介词（练习4）I．熟读下列各句，思考介词的意义、用法和语境。1.IstayedinFrancefortwoweeksduringthesummer.夏天我在法国待了两个星期。2.Wedon’thaveclassesonSunday.星期天我们不上课。3.Wehaveknowneachothersincetenyearsago.我们十年前就认识了。4.Youmustwaitforhimtilltomorrow.你必须一直等他等到明天。5.Thereareallkindsofbeautifulflowersalongthestreet.沿街有各种美丽的花。6.JapanliestotheeastofChina.日本位于中国的东面。7.Therearemanytreesaroundthevillage.村子周围有很多树围绕。8.Areyouformyideaoragainstit?你赞同还是反对我的想法？9.Hewassurprisedatthenews.听到这消息他大吃一惊。10.ThankstoJohn,wewonthegame.多亏约翰，我们才赢了这场比赛。11.Iwenttherebybus.我是坐公共汽车去的那儿。12.Hebrokethewindowwithastone.他用石头把窗户砸坏了。13.TheytalkinEnglish.他们用英语交谈。14.Theytalkedonthetelephone.他们通过电话进行交谈。15.ExceptGeorge,youcanallgo.除乔治外，你们都可以去。16.Thirtystudentswenttothecinemabesideshim.除他以外，还有30个学生去看了电影。17.Helaytherewithhiseyeslookingatthesky.他躺在那儿，眼睛望着天空。18.It’satextbookonthehistoryofChina.它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。II．试题精选1.ModernequipmentandnosmokingaretwoofthethingsIlike______workinghere.A.withB.overC.atD.about2.Ifyoureallyhavetoleaveduringthemeeting,you’dbetterleave______thebackdoor.A.forB.byC.acrossD.out3.—Whendidyoulasthear______Jay？—Hephonedmethismorning,andweagreed_______atimeandplacetomeet.A.of;toB.about;withC.from;withD.from;on4.Elizabethhasalreadyachievedsuccess______herwildestdreams.A.atB.beyondC.withinD.upon5.Scientistsareconvinced_____thepositiveeffectoflaughter_____physicalandmentalhealth.A.of;atB.by;inC.of;onD.on;at6.Childrenneedfriends______theirownagetoplaywith.A.ofB.forC.inD.at7.—Howamazingitisthatastronautsareexploringouterspace!—It’sachallenge,Iguess,______managainstnature.A.ofB.forC.byD.about8.MostAmericanswouldprefertokeeptheirproblems____themselves,andsolvetheirproblems______themselves.A.to;byB.by;toC.for;toD.in;on9.Agreatpersonisalwaysputtingothers’interests______hisown.A.belowB.aboveC.inD.on第81页共81页 10.Themanagersuggestedanearlierdate_____themeeting.A.onB.forC.aboutD.with11.Somepeoplechoosejobsforotherreasons______moneythesedays.A.forB.exceptC.besidesD.with12.Fred,whohadexpectedhowitwouldgowithhisdaughter,hadagreatworry_____hismind.A.onB.inC.withD.at13.—Susan’sheadached_____staringatthescreenforovertenhours.—Overtenhours!That’sreally______whatIcanimagine!A.of;aboveB.in;overC.through;amongD.from;beyond14.Thegoalprovidingeducationforallchildren_____2015wasdecided_____theWorldEconomicForumin2000.A.to;in;atB.of;at;byC.of;by;atD.to;by;for15.Somepeoplechoosejobsforotherreasons______moneythesedays.A.forB.exceptC.besidesD.with.16.Noonehelpedme.Ididall_____myself.A.forB.byC.fromD.to17.----Doesitrainalotthisarea?-----_________.Ithardlyeverrains;theclimateislikethatofadesert.A.What’smoreB.InotherwordsC.OnthecontraryD.Asaresult18.Theaccidentisreportedtohaveoccurred______thefirstSundayinFebruary.A.atB.onC.inD.to19.Scientistsareconvinced_____thepositiveeffectoflaughter_____physicalandmentalhealth.A.of;atB.by;inC.of;onD.on;at20.______fire,allexitsmustbekeptclear.A.InplaceofB.InsteadofC.IncaseofD.Inspiteof21.Yourleathercoatisgood_____quality,butnot_____color.A.at;atB.by;byC.in;inD.on;on22.Therearetenbooksontheshelf,______fivearemine.A.onwhichB.inwhichC.ofwhichD.fromwhich23.Itwasapityforhimtobelaughed_______themeetingyesterdayafternoon.A.beforeB.atC.atatD.beforebefore24.Ithrewapieceofbread_____thedog,butitran______me.A.at;toB.to;atC.at;atD.to;to25.——Youknow,Bobisalittleslow_____understanding,so…-----SoIhavetobepatient_____him.A.in；withB.on；withC.in；toD.at；for第81页共81页 第五专题形容词和副词（练习5）试题精选1.—Whatwillyoubuyforyourhusband’sbirthday？—Iwanttobuyawalletforhim.A.blackleathersmallB.smallblackleatherC.smallleatherblackD.blacksmallleather2.—Thenovelis,Ihavetosay,notabitinteresting.Howdoyoufindit？—Why!It’sthatIhaveeverread.A.alessinterestingB.amoreinterestingC.amostinterestingD.themostinteresting3.—Whatdoesthemodelplanelooklike？—Well,thewingsoftheplaneareofitsbody.A.morethanthelengthtwiceB.twicemorethanthelengthC.morethantwicethelengthD.moretwicethanthelength4.—Howabouttheconcertlastnight？—Well,atleastit’stheoneIsawlasttimewithJoan.A.noworsethanB.nobetterthanC.notasgoodasD.asbadas5.Ofthetwoscientists,whodoyouthinkis？A.asuccessfuloneB.moresuccessfulC.amoresuccessfulD.themoresuccessful6.Wecan’tgetthemachinetorun.Theremustbewithit.A.somethingwrongseriousB.somethingseriouslywrongC.somethingseriouswrongD.somethingwrongseriously7.Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced,thefactoryproducedin2004astheyearbefore.A.asmanymachinestwiceB.twicemanyasmachinesC.astwicemanymachinesD.twiceasmanymachines8.Afterthelongjourney,theSmithsreturnedhome,.A.safebuttiredB.safelybuttiredC.safeandtiringD.safelyandtiring9.Tasting,thiskindoffriedchickensells______.A.well;goodB.tobegood;wellC.good;wellD.tobewell;good10.Theproblemisnotsoeasyasyouthink.It’sfarfrombeingsettled.A.hardlyB.almostC.nearlyD.scarcely11.Therewassuchalongqueueforcoffeeattheintervalthatwegaveup.A.eventuallyB.unfortunatelyC.generouslyD.purposefully12.Attimes,worryingisanormal,responsetoadifficulteventorsituation—alovedonebeinginjuredinanaccident,forexample.A.effectiveB.individualC.inevitableD.unfavorable13.Tomdownloadedavirusintohiscomputer,andhecannotopenthefilenow.A.readilyB.horriblyC.accidentallyD.irregularly第81页共81页 14.Johnwasdismissedlastweekbecauseofhisattitudetowardshisjob.A.informalB.casualC.determinedD.earnest15.Fitnessisimportantinsport,butofatleastimportanceareskills.A.fairB.reasonableC.equalD.proper16.—Whydidladiesspendsomuchtimesearchingshopaftershoponlyforablouse？—Oh,theywereveryabouttheirclothes.A.specialB.particularC.especialD.concerned17.Althoughbadlyhurtintheaccident,thedriverwasabletomakeaphonecall.A.stillB.evenC.alsoD.ever18.Shemadeaconsciousattempttolookthoughshefelttiredout.A.pleasantB.availableC.thoughtfulD.fresh19.Runningacompanyisnotamatterofhiringpeople—theyalsoneedtobetrained.A.simplyB.partlyC.seriouslyD.equally20.Thechildrenlovedtheirdaytrip,andtheyenjoyedthehorseride.A.mostB.moreC.lessD.little第81页共81页 第六专题数词和主谓一致1.数量的确指和概指（1）基数词hundred,thousand,million,billion等表示确切数目时，词尾一般不加“-s”，其前可用several,some,many等修饰,如:sixhundredpeople（2）当表示概指时，其词尾要加“-s”，与of连用，其前不能用数词修饰须用复数,如:hundredsofpeople.（3）dozen与数词或many,several等连用时，不用加“-s”，所修饰的名词前常省略of。如果所修饰的名词前有these,those,them,us等词时，其后必须加of。（4）score前面有具体数字时，一般不用复数形式，其后常与of短语连用。dozensofeggs(T)7millionpeople(T)5dozensofeggs(F)7millionsofpeople(F)5dozeneggs(T)7millionofpeople(T)millionsofpeople(F)(5)分数的表达当分子大于1时,分母用序数词的复数形式,如:1/2one/a-half,2/3two-thirds,1/4a/onequarter/one-fourth代分数的表达:fiveandtwo-thirds(6)其他复数形式的基数词含义和用法:intowsandthrees三三两两地;inone’sfifties某人五时十多岁时;inthefifties五十年代2.倍数的四种表达方式：（1）主语+谓语+倍数+as+形容词或副词原级+as+比较对象Hisroomisthreetimesaslargeasmine.（2）主语+谓语+倍数+the+度量名词+of+比较对象Thesunismanytimesthesizeofthemoon.（3）主语+谓语+倍数+形容词或副词的比较级+than+比较对象Thegirlistentimesclevererthanhisbrother.（4）主语+谓语+形容词或副词的比较级+than+比较对象+by+倍数3.主谓一致的语法一致原则（1）以-s结尾的国名、地名或学科名作主语时，形式上是复数，但是谓语动词用单数。（2）主语是“aseriesof,akindof,apieceof,apairof等+名词”结构时，谓语动词用单数。（3）“anumberof+名词复数”作主语，谓语动词用复数；“thenumberof+名词复数”作主语，谓语动词用单数。（4）主语后有with,togetherwith,alongwith,except,besides,aswellas等短语时，谓语动词的数要和这些短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致。（5）表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。（6）“one/either/neither/eachof+复数名词或代词”作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。（7）something,everything,nothing等作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。4.主谓一致的意义一致原则（1）表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。（2）“the+形容词/分词”结构指人时，谓语动词用复数；如果表示抽象的概念，谓语动词用单数。第81页共81页 （3）主语为family,team,group,government等集合名词时，如果看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数;如果侧重其中的个体,谓语动词用复数。（4）分数、百分数，all,some,therest,theremaining,partof等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的含义确定。（5）what引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要取决于作表语的名词的单复数。（6）一些单复数形式相同的名词作主语时，要根据其具体意思决定谓语动词的单复数。（7）such作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要根据其意义而定。5.主谓一致的就近原则（1）由either...or,neither...nor,not...but,notonly...butalso等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单复数要与最靠近的主语的单复数保持一致。（2）在倒装句及therebe,herebe结构中，谓语动词往往与最靠近的一个主语保持一致。第81页共81页 第七专题情态动词和虚拟语气（一）情态动词1.情态动词的类型及特征（1）只作情态动词的有：must,can(could),may(might),oughtto。（2）可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有：need,dare;（3）可作情态动词也可作助动词的有：shall(should),will(would)。（4）具有情态动词的某些特征的有：have/hadto，usedto。（5）情态动词有一定的词义，但不能单独作谓语，适用于主语的各种人称和数（haveto除外）。2.shall的用法shall用于二、三人称的陈述句，表示命令、允许、警告、威胁、决心等；用于一、三人称的疑问句，表示征求对方的意见和指示。3.表能力can用来表示现在的或一般的能力（也可用beableto，但不如can普遍）；表示将来的能力用willbeableto；表示过去一般的能力（不表示做与未做）用could或were/wasableto；表示过去有能力并成功地做成了某事用was/wereableto；表示过去有能力做但未做用couldhavedone。4.表推测（可能性）can用于肯定句中表客观的可能性；may/must用于肯定句表实际的可能性；表示否定的推测要用can’t/couldn’t；表示确定（或可能有的未来或期望）用should。5.委婉语气问句中could,might(及would,should)等表示语气的委婉，但在答语中应用can/may。6.表示必要性表示现在或将来必须做某事用must；不必做某事用don’thavetodosth.或don’tneedtodosth.或needn’tdosth.；当表示过去没有必要做但实际上做了，用needn’thavedonesth.。7.“情态动词+havedone”用法should(shouldn’t)havedone本来应该（不该）做某事而未做（做了）could/mighthavedone本来能够/可以做某事而未做needn’thavedone本来不必做某事但做了musthavedone“一定已经……”，表示对过去的肯定推测can’t/couldn’thavedone“不可能已经……”，表示对过去的否定推测8.情态动词的其他用法要点can’tbut+dosth.表示“不得不，只好”；mayaswell+动词原形，表示“最好，不妨”；can’t(或never等否定词)与enough(或toomuch)连用，表示“再……也不为过”；may可用于祈使句，表示祝愿；why(或how)+should意为“竟会”；must还可表示“偏要/硬要”做某事；mustn’t表示“禁止”；对以may开头的问句的否定问答应用mustn’t；对以must开头的问句的否定问答应用needn’t（或don’thaveto）。（二）虚拟语气在条件句中的用法1.虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中的用法是很重要的，应予以重视：（1）表示与现在事实相反的假设。从句结构：If+主语+动词的过去式（be的过去式用were）+其他，第81页共81页 主句结构：主语+would/could/should+动词原形+其他。（2）表示与过去事实相反的假设。从句结构：If+主语+haddone+其他，主句结构：主语+would/could/should+havedone+其他。另外，考生还应知道从句结构可以转化为省略倒装结构：Had+主语+done+其他。（3）表示与将来事实相反的假设。从句结构：If+主语+wereto/should+动词原形+其他或If+主语+动词过去式+其他，主句结构：主语+would/could/should+动词原形+其他。2.当条件状语从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作所发生的时间不一致时，被称为错综时间条件句，动词的形式应根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。3.在条件句中可省略if,把were,had,should提到句首，变为倒装句式；若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时,不能用动词的缩略形式。4.用介词或介词短语代替条件状语从句：withamilliondollars相当于ifyouhadamilliondollars;withoutyourhelp相当于ifIhadn’tgotyourhelp;butforyourhelp相当于ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp。5.含蓄条件句：有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而是用otherwise,or等副词、连词代替。（三）几种特殊的虚拟语气1.虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用（1）在宾语从句中wish后面的宾语从句，表示一种不可能实现的愿望，如动词动作与wish同时发生，用过去时（如先于wish发生,则用过去完成时）；表示“建议”的suggest后面的宾语从句中,应用（should）+动词原形结构（此外，其它表“建议；愿望；命令”等的动词demand,order,advise,require等也有同样用法）；wouldrather后的宾语从句中，也用虚拟语气，其谓语动词用过去式。（2）在主语从句中Itissuggested/strange(或proposed/necessary/important/essential等)+that从句，即主语从句，从句中的谓语动词用（should）+动词原形。（3）在表语从句和同位语从句中在idea,suggestion(或proposal,order,plan,request,advice等)后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成为should+动词原形。2.常用虚拟语气的特殊句式asif/asthough从句中的时态应由该从句中动词所表达的动作与主句中动词所表达的动作发生的先后顺序来确定（同时应用过去时，先于主句动词用过去完成时，后于主句动词用过去将来时）；It’s(high)time(that)...句型中，定语从句的谓语动词一般用过去时；ifonly引导的感叹句中，谓语动词用过去时（有时也可用过去完成时）。第81页共81页 第八专题动词的时态和语态（一）动词的时态1.一般现在时一般现在时是不受时间限制的客观存在，指经常发生的动作或存在的状态。具体表示：(1)表示现状、性质、状态或经常或习惯性的动作，且常与表频率的时间状语连用;(2)表示客观事实或普遍现象。2.一般将来时的几种用法比较（1）begoingto表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已经做了某种准备或表示非常可能发生。（2）shall/willdo表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时想到的。（3）betodosth.表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示吩咐、命令、禁止等。（4）beabouttodosth.表示“即刻，就要”，后面不能接表示将来的时间状语。（5）用于条件、时间等状语从句中，例如由if,unless,before,assoonas,when,once引导的状语从句,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。（6）少数用于表示动作起止的动词。如：go,come,leave,start,arrive,begin等有时也用一般时态代替将来时态。表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作（表示车、船、飞机等按时刻表要发生的动作）。（7）少数用于表示动作起止的动词，如:go,come,begin,leave,arrive,return,take等有时也用现在进行时代替将来时。3.现在进行时表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作，具有暂时性、持续性、未完成性的特点。具体表示：（1）表示说话时刻正在发生或进行着的动作。（2）表示现在阶段正在进行的动作。4.现在完成时现在完成时是过去的动作或状态对现在的影响或对现在造成的结果，以及表示从过去开始的动作或状态一直持续到现在。注意以下几点：（1）现在完成时除可以和for,since引起的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during/in/overthelast(past)fewyears(months,weeks),inrecentyears。(2)现在完成时还可以用于下列句子结构：①Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since从句②That/This/Itistheonly...③That/This/Itisthebest/finest/mostinteresting...5.一般过去时是与现在没有联系的时态，只强调过去的事实，不强调与现在的关系。6.过去完成时（1）第一种类型是：过去完成时+before/bythetime/when...+一般过去时。第二种类型是：Hardly/Nosooner/Scarcelyhad+主语+过去分词+when/than/when+一般过去时。第三种类型是：Ihadthought/expected/meant/wanted...表示过去未实现的希望或计划。第四种类型是：动作发生顺序是过去的过去。（2）表示过去未实现的希望或计划，用Ihadhoped/expected/supposed/meant/thought/第81页共81页 wanted/todosth.句型，表示我本希望/想/可能/打算/认为/想做某事。7.过去将来时（相对于过去某个时间发生在将来的动作）过去将来时是相对一般将来时的时态，用法与其相同，但要注意时态变化。8.现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别现在完成时表示动作截止到现在已完成，着重结果；现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，也可表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作，强调动作的持续性。Ihavewrittenthreeletters.我已写完三封信。（已写完）Ihavebeenwritingthreeletters.我一直在写三封信。（可能还在写）（二）动词的语态在被动语态中，各种时态的谓语动词的一般形式见下表： 一般进行完成现在am/is/aredoneam/is/arebeingdonehave/hasbeendone过去was/weredonewas/werebeingdonehadbeendone将来shall/willbedone/shall/willhavebeendone1.带有情态动词的被动语态的构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。2.动词write,wash,sell,read,open,lock,shut,wear等与副词well,easily,smoothly等连用时，说明主语内在的“性能、特点”，用主动代替被动。3.beworthdoing中，doing表达被动意义；require(或need,want,deserve)doing，相当于require（或need,want,deserve）tobedone；betoblame意为：该受责备；“主语+be+形容词+(forsb.)+todo”结构中，todo和主语为动宾关系，表达被动意义。第81页共81页 第九专题非谓语动词一、不定式的时态1.不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生。2.不定式的进行时表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。3.不定式的完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。二、不定式的语态1.不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，常用不定式的主动形式；不定式和它修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，不定式用主动形式；不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式用主动形式。2.当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，一般用不定式的被动语态。三、不定式符号to省略的若干场合1.感官动词see,hear,notice,watch,observe,feel,lookat,listento和使役动词have,make,let等后接不定式作宾补时，必须省略不定式符号to；但在被动语态中则须加上tolet除外）。2.在介词but,except等表示“除了……”之意的词前，若有实义动词do，介词后作宾语的不定式常省略to；若无do，则to不能省略。3.两个或两个以上的不定式由连词and,or或but连接时，从第二个不定式开始往往省略to；但如果表示强调对比之意，则不省略。4.含有do的名词性从句作句子的主语，或者是“all+定语从句”作主语时，其后作表语的不定式可以带to，也可以不带to；充当其他成分时，不定式要带to。（二）动词的-ing形式1.动名词的复合结构词所有格或形容词性物主代词后加动名词，构成动名词的复合结构。名词所有格或物主代词即为动名词的逻辑主语，动名词复合结构常在句中作主语或宾语。Idon’tlikeTom’s(Tom)smokingintheoffice.我不喜欢汤姆在办公室吸烟。Hiscominglateforclassmadetheteacherveryangry.他上课迟到，使得老师很生气。2.只接动名词或不定式作宾语的动词（1）下列动词只接不定式作宾语：afford,agree,decide,determine,expect,hope,manage,refuse,want,believe,wish,offer,pretend,promise,care,choose,demand,fail,long,arrange等。（2）下列动词（短语）常接动名词作宾语：advise,admit,appreciate,avoid,can’thelp,consider,delay,excuse,enjoy,escape,finish,imagine,keep(on),mind,practise,suggest,understand,miss,giveup,insiston,thinkof,dreamof,hearof,dependon,feellike,devote...to,getusedto,can’tstand,lookforwardto,havedifficultyin,befondof,beproudof,objectto,setabout,thankfor,putoff等。（3）下列动词可用动名词，也可用不定式作宾语，意义区别不大。如begin,continue,like,love,prefer,start,hate等。第81页共81页 （4）下列动词可用动名词，也可用不定式作宾语，但意义明显有别：forget{todosth.忘记去做某事（未做）doingsth.忘记做过某事（已做）regret{todosth.对即将做的事表示（未做）doingsth.对做过的事表示后悔（已做）try{todosth.尽力去做某事doingsth.试着做某事goon{todosth.做完一件事，继续做另一件事doingsth.继续做原来做的那件事remember{todosth.记着去做某事（未做）doingsth.记着做了某事（已做）mean{todosth.打算做某事doingsth.意味着做某事（5）作“需要”讲的need,want,require可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，其意义没有区别,但接动名词时用主动形式，接不定式时用被动形式。Mycomputerneedsrepairing/toberepaired.我的电脑需要维修。3.现在分词:现在分词和现在分词短语在句中可作:（1）定语:单个的现在分词作定语一般放于被修饰的名词前,现在分词短语作定语应放在被修饰的名词后,现在分词及现在分词短语作定语时均可以发展成为一个定语从句。（2）状语:现在分词作状语可表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随，现在分词作状语可分为:一般式(doing),表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生;完成式(havingdone),表示分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。（3）宾语补足语:现在分词作宾语补足语,表示宾语的一个正在进行的动作,用于此结构的动词有感官动词see,hear,feel,notice,find,watch,feel,observe,lookat,listento等;使役动词have,get和其他动词catch,leave,set,send,keep等。Don’tleavehimwaitingoutsideintherain.别让他在外面雨里等着。（4）表语:现在分词作表语,表示主语的特点,可以看作形容词,是形容词化的现在分词。常用作表语的现在分词有:interesting,amusing,disappointing,missing,puzzling,exciting,inspiring,encouraging等。（5）独立结构:现在分词短语作独立结构时,是固定说法,不以主动、被动去分析。常见的有:generallyspeaking,judgingfrom/by,considering,speakingof等。Generallyspeaking,heisquiteskillfulatplayingtabletennis.一般来说，他打乒乓球很有技巧。（三）动词的-ed形式1.过去分词和过去分词短语在句中可作:1.定语:单一的过去分词作定语一般放于被修饰的名词前,过去分词短语作定语放于被修饰的名词后,过去分词及过去分词短语作定语均可以发展为一个定语从句。Thebrokenwindow(=Thewindowwhichwasbroken)willbereplacedsoon.坏窗户将很快被换上。2.状语:过去分词短语作状语可分为:一般式(done):表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生或分词动作发生于谓语动作前;完成式(havingbeendone):强调分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。Scoldedbytheteacher,thegirlsattherewithoutliftingherhead.(原因)第81页共81页 被老师训斥后，那女孩坐在那里低着头。3.宾语补足语:过去分词作宾语补足语,表示宾语与补足语存在被动关系,用于此结构的动词有感官动词see,hear,feel,notice,find,watch,feel,observe,lookat,listento等;使役动词have,get,make,let和其他动词catch,leave,want,wish,like等。Shewasgladtoseeherchildrenwelltakencareofinthenursery.看到她的孩子在托儿所被照顾的很好，她很高兴。4.表语:过去分词作表语,表示主语的状态,且该状态通常是由外界因素引起的。这时过去分词可以被看作一个形容词,是形容词化的过去分词。常用在句中作表语的过去分词有:used,closed,covered,interested,followed,satisfied,surrounded,done,lost,decided,prepared,saved,shut,won,completed,crowded,dressed,wasted,broken,married,unexpected等。系动词有be,feel,get,remain,stay等。第81页共81页 第十专题并列复合句1.表并列关系的连词and,both...and,notonly...but(also)...,aswellasBothmyfatherandmotherlikedancing.我爸爸和妈妈都喜欢跳舞。【点金】（1）both...and不能接分句。(2)notonly...butalso...连接两个主语时，谓语动词形式遵循就近原则，也就是说要与靠近butalso的那个主语一致;但是aswellas连接两个主语时,谓语动词要与最远的那个主语一致。如：TomaswellashisparentsisgoingtovisittheGreatWall.(3)notonly引导的分句位于句首时，其分句要倒装。2.表转折的连词but,while,however,yet,still,nevertheless(只不过，然而），thongh/although，whereas（然而）Heisold,butheisstillstrong.他年纪大了但仍然很健壮。【点金】yet语气比but弱，可与and,but连用，也可和though,although一起连用,此时作副词。although,though一定不能与but连用，但可以与yet，stilllianyong。Althoughheisyoung,yetheknowsalot.尽管他年龄小，但他知道很多。3.表示选择的连词or,orelse,otherwise,either...or,neither...nor...,not...but...ratherthan（而不，也不）Histeacherdidn’tscoldhimbutcomfortedhiminstead.老师没有指责他，反而安慰了他。Seizethechance，otherwise/orelseyouwillregretit.抓住机会，否则你会后悔的。（otherwise/orelse常接在祈使句后面）【点金】either...or...,neither...nor...连接两个主语时，谓语动词形式遵循就近一致原则。4.表示因果关系的并列连词so,for,therefore，becauseso不能与because连用；for一般不置于句首，表示对前文的补充说明，语气弱;therefore常用于正式文体中，前后分句要用逗号隔开。Itismorning，forthebirdsaresinging.是早晨了，因为鸟在唱歌。Itwaslate，soIwenthome.天已晚了，因此我要回家。5.表示时间的连词When/while/as/since/until/notuntil/before/after/themoment/minute/instant；instantly/Immediately/directly，nosooner…than…/hardly…when…/scarcely…when…when用作并列连词，意为“这时”（andthen/atthattime），主要常和三种形式的主句连用。(1)bedoingsth.when+一般过去时(2)beabouttodosth.when+一般过去时(3)was/wereonthepointofdoing或haddonesth.when+一般过去时6.表示条件if，unless，so/aslongas，incase7.表示比较as…as…，more…than…第81页共81页 第十一专题名词性从句1.主语从句(1)引导主语从句的关联词有:that(不充当句子成分,仅起引导作用,通常用it作形式主语)，whether,who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever,where,when,how,why。(2)主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常用it作形式主语的句型有：①It+be+形容词（obvious,natural,surprising,wonderful,possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that从句。②It+be+名词词组（nowonder,anhonor,agoodthing,apity,nosurprise,etc.)+that从句。③It+be+过去分词（said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,etc.)+that从句。④It+seems,happens等不及物动词及短语+that从句。⑤Itdoesn’tmatter(makesnodifference,etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句。（3）注意连接代词whoever,whatever,whichever等引导主语从句的含义。Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.(whoever=thepersonwho)来的人将受到欢迎。2.宾语从句(1)引导宾语从句的关联词有四类：that(在宾语从句中常可以省略）；从属连词if/whether;连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever；连接副词where,when,how,why。（2）在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词形成的否定句中，否定词前移。（3）在think,believe,imagine,suppose,guess,hope等动词以及I’mafraid等后，可用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，还可以用not代替一个否定的宾语从句。如：Ibelieveso./Idon’tbelieveso.(Ibelievenot.)（4）宾语从句的时态变化规律：①当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。②当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。3.表语从句（1）引导表语从句的关联词有that,whether,as,asif,who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever,where,when,how,why。（2）where,why,because,how等引导的从句作Thisis或Thatis的表语时,表示地点、原因、方式等。（3）连词because可引导表语从句。（4）主语是reason时，表语从句常用that,不用because。4.同位语从句（1）同位语从句的先行词多为fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,promise,truth,report,remark等，关联词多用从属连词that（不用which)。（2）同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。（3）that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别.that引导同位语从句时只起连接从句的作用，无意义，不充当句子成分，不可省。that在定语从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分，如果在定语从句中作宾语时可省略。ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.（同位语从句，that不可省）第81页共81页 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。Thenews(that)hetoldmeyesterdayistrue.（定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省）他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。第81页共81页 第十二专题状语从句1.where的用法where用作关系副词，引导定语从句修饰先行词，相当于inwhich;where引导名词性从句，相当于theplacewhere(注意这里不能用“介词+which”来代替where)；where引导状语从句，表示“在……的地方”，相当于attheplacewhere;where还可以用于引申意义。2.when,while的用法when意为“在……时刻或时期”，它可指“时间点”或“时间段”，除此之外，when还可作“既然”解释。while作“当……的时候”讲时，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词；可以表示“趁……”；可以表示“虽然”，相当于although，通常位于句首；可以表示对比或转折，意为“而，然而”，此时，while一般位于句首。3.表示“一……就……”的连词assoonas,immediately,once均表示“一……就……”，用作从属连词，指从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即发生，且从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。此外，directly,instantly,themoment,theminute,theinstant,nosooner...than...等也有同样用法。4.as引导状语从句的用法as引导时间状语从句时，强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，具有延续的含义；as引导原因状语从句，一般放在句首，语气比because弱；as引导让步状语从句用倒装语序，当表语是单数名词时要省去a/an；as引导方式状语从句时，作“正如，像”讲。5.引导原因状语从句的连词的区别：because,for,as,since,nowthat,inthat表示不知道的原因时（即说话人认为听话人不知道）用because；for表原因，对前面的分句起补充说明的作用；as或since表示在说话人看来已很明显或已为听话人所熟悉的原因（since比as较正式，nowthat相当于since）;inthat相当于because。6.条件状语从句在条件状语从句中常用一般时表将来；when如用在此处表条件，意为“既然；考虑到”。此外，用来表条件的连词还有as/solongas,once,incase,onconditionthat,supposing等。7.目的和结果状语从句（1）引导目的状语从句的词或词组有so,sothat,inorderthat,incase,lest等。从句谓语常用could或can,may,might等这样的情态动词。（2）引导结果状语从句的词或词组有so,sothat,so...that...,such...that...。so...that...中so为副词，修饰动词、副词或形容词。such...that...中such为形容词，修饰名词。8.让步状语从句although与though可互换,可与yet（或still）连用；evenif/though作“即使”讲；as引导让步状语从句，需用倒装语序；nomatterwho/whoever意为：无论谁（其它如whatever,whichever,nomatterwho/which等）；whether...or...意为“不管……还是……”。9.状语从句中的省略现象当从句与主句的谓语动词一致，又有动词be时，可省去主语与be动词；当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可省去it和系动词be。第81页共81页 第十三专题定语从句（一）关系代词引导的定语从句1.先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose;先行词是物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用ofwhich或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which,who,whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。2.在非限制性定语从句中，或者当先行词是指人的those,anyone,everyone,people,he,all,few,one(s)等时，通常不用that引导。3.以下情况下只能用或多用that：（1）当先行词是指物的all,little,few,much,any,anything,everything,nothing,none,theone时，或先行词被all,little,few,much,any,every,no等修饰时。（2）先行词是序数词或形容词最高级时，或者先行词被序数词（包括last,next）、形容词最高级及theonly,thevery等修饰时。（3）先行词包括人和物时。（二）关系副词引导的定语从句1.当先行词表示时间、地点、原因（且只能是reason），且这些先行词在定语从句中作状语时,就分别用when,where,why来引导定语从句。2.when,where,why一般可用“介词+which”替代,其中reason后的why通常用forwhich替代。3.如果定语从句中缺少主语、宾语或者定语，即尽管先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的，但它们在定语从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或定语时，也不能用关系副词（when,where,why），而要用关系代词。（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1.介词+关系代词“of+which/whom”可用来限定名词、代词、数词等。2.关系代词前介词的确定(1)根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系。Isthatthenewspaperforwhichyouoftenwritearticles?那是你经常为它写文章的报纸吗？(2)根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配。CanyouexplaintomehowtousetheseidiomsaboutwhichIamnotsure？你能向我解释一下怎么样运用这些我不把握的习语吗？(3)根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯。1949wastheyearinwhichthePRCwasfounded.1949年是中华人民共和国成立的那一年。(4)非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词+of+关系代词”的结构。Thereare50studentsinourclass,twothirdsofwhomhavebeentoBeijing.我们班有五十位学生，其中三分之二的学生去过北京。(5)whose从句可转换为“of+关系代词”结构。Theyliveinahouse,whosedooropenstothesouth.→Theyliveinahouse,ofwhichthedooropenstothesouth.→Theyliveinahouse,thedoorofwhichopenstothesouth.他们住的是一座门朝南开的房子。（四）非限制性定语从句第81页共81页 1.as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，都可用来代替整个主句或主句中的一部分内容，有时两者可以互换。Hefailedoncemoreinthematch,whichwasagreatpity.他在比赛中又一次失败了，这太让人遗憾了。2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、之中或之后；但是which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。3.当从句谓语动词是beannounced/expected/known/said等被动形式或usuallyhappen/beoftenthecase等表示主句的习惯性或司空见惯之意时常用as。Asisannouncedintoday’spapers,alltheschoolswillreopenonSeptember1st.正如今天的报纸报道的那样，所有的学校都将在九月一日重新开学。4.当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或谓语后跟的是一个复合宾语结构时，一般用which而不用as。Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,which,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.多萝西总是大加赞扬她在剧中所扮演的角色，当然，这使其他的人很不高兴。【点金】（1）as作关系代词时，在其所引导的限制性定语从句中既可作主语、宾语，又可作表语。（2）as多与such,thesame连用，它代替的先行词既可以是人，也可以是整个句子。（3）在thesame...as结构中，as表示的是同一类，指同类异物；在thesame...that结构中，that表示的是同一个，指同类同物。第81页共81页 第十四专题特殊句式（一）省略1.有时为了避免重复或使语言简洁、重点突出等，在不损害句子结构或引起歧义的前提下可以省略句子中的功能词，如冠词、介词、连词等；句子的某些成分，如主语、谓语或谓语的一部分、表语、定语、状语等。We’lldothebestwecan(do).我们会尽最大努力。(省略谓语中的主要动词)2.“主语+be动词”在口语中经常省略。(It’s)Toobad.Wedon’thavetime.太糟了，我们没时间了。3.在不定式结构中，若不定式含有be,have,havebeen时，通常保留be,have或havebeen,而把其余部分省略。4.在口语中，特别是在简洁的回答中，经常为了突出答案，有时只保留重点内容或只保留主语和助动词。—Haveyoufinishedyourwork?——你完成作业了吗？—Yes,Ihave(finishedmywork).——是的，完成了。（二）倒装倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装1.以there,here,now,then,such引导的,引起人们注意的招呼句,要全部倒装。2.表动态的状语，置于句首时,句子要全部倒装。3.表地点的词语置于句首或强调地点概念时全部倒装。Betweenthetwobuildingsstandsatalltree.在两幢楼之间有一棵大树。【点金】当句子的主语有人称代词担当时，句子不倒装，如：Hereitis./Awaytheywent.4.否定词never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,barely,rarely,little,not,nowhere,bynomeans,atnotime,neither,nor等放在句首时，句子常用部分倒装。5.在notonly...butalso...,nosooner...than...,hardly...when...,scarcely...when...,notuntil...,so...that...,such...that...句型中，主句用部分倒装，从句不倒装，但要注意：neither...nor...连接句子的主语时前后两个分句都倒装。6.only放在句首修饰状语时要部分倒装。7.so,neither,nor放在句首时，表示主语与前面的主语状态相同时，用部分倒装。8.表语、状语或动词原形+as/though+主语+其他时，句子要倒装。Heroasheis,hestillhasshortcomings.尽管他是一个英雄，但是他也有缺点。MuchasIlikeit,I’llnotbuyit.尽管我很喜欢它，但我不会买。9.however放在句首时，形容词或副词跟在however后用倒装句式。Howeverdifficultitis,I’llworkitoutontime.不管它有多难，我都会按时完成。（三）强调第81页共81页 强调句的结构为Itis/was+强调部分+that/who+其他。使用时要注意以下几个方面：1.强调人时可用who作连接词，强调其他任何部分时只用that。所强调的可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，但结构必须完整。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语或状语，但不能是定语或谓语。2.强调句型的一般疑问句只需把is/was提至句首，特殊疑问句用“特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that+其他部分”。3.在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，仍然用that而不用when,where,why或how。原因状语从句中只有because引导的从句可进行强调。4.对not...until结构中由until引导的短语或从句进行强调时，需用“Itis/wasnotuntil...that...”这一固定句型。that从句中谓语动词用肯定形式。5.强调句与主语从句的区别含有主语从句的句子译成汉语时不可加上“正是”或“就是”之类的字眼，而强调结构可以；含有主语从句的句子若去掉Itbe...that/who...原句结构与意义均不成立，而强调句去掉标志结构仍然成立。试比较：Itwasagreatpleasurethatwewentcampingthere.（主语从句）能去那里野营真是太令人高兴了。Itisfootballthatisplayedallovertheworld.（强调句）足球是一种全世界都踢的球。6.Itis/was...that...结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，需用助动词do,did或does,但只限于祈使句和肯定的陈述句。第81页共81页 第六专题数词和主谓一致(练习6)I.熟读下列各句，思考其中数词的用法及运用主谓一致的三个原则。1.Severalmillionpeopleintheworldaresendinginformationbye-maileveryday.世界上每天有好几百万的人在发电子邮件。2.Thousandsoffansarewaitingforthesinger.成千上万的歌迷在等待着这位歌手。3.ThreedozenofthemareLeaguemembers.他们中有三十六人是团员。4.Threescoreofpeoplearegirls.有六十个是女孩。5.Ourclassroomisthreetimesthesizeoftheirs.我们的教室是他们的三倍大。6.TomhasfourtimesmoremoneythanIhave.汤姆的钱比我的多四倍。7.Thelineislongerthanthatonebytwice.这条线比那条线长两倍。8.Hermathematicsisweak.她数学差。9.Thispairofglassesisveryexpensive.这副眼镜很贵。10.Thenumberofpeopleinvitedwasfifty,butanumberofthemwereabsentfordifferentreasons.被邀请的人数是50，但是很多人由于各种原因缺席了。11.Mr.GreentogetherwithhischildrengoestotheparkeverySunday.格林先生和他的孩子们每个周日都去公园。12.Whenandwheretogofortheon-salaryholidayhasnotbeendecidedyet.何时何地休这个带薪假还没有决定下来。13.Eitherofthetwostoriesisinteresting.这两个故事都很有趣。14.Whenhecameback,nothingwasthesameasbefore.他回来时，一切都和以前不一样了。15.Tenpoundswasmissingfromthetill.钱柜里的钱丢了10英镑。16.Thedisabledarewelltakencareofinthiscountry.在这个国家残疾人受到很好的照顾。17.Eitheryouortheheadmasteristohandouttheprizestothosegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.在会议上要么你要么校长给那些有天分的学生颁奖。18.Thereisacomputerandsomebooksonthetable.桌子上有一台电脑和一些书。II.试题精选1.—HowdidyourstudentsexpresstheirthankstoyouonTeachers’Day？—Agift,togetherwithmanyflowerssenttomebymystudents.A.isB.areC.wasD.were2.—Mike,whatdidourmonitorsayjustnow？—Everyboyandeverygirlaswellasteacherswhotovisitthemuseumaskedtobeattheschoolgatebefore6∶30inthemorning.A.is;isB.are;areC.is;areD.are;is3.Childrenundersixteenarenotpermittedtoseesuchkindoffilmsbadfortheirmentaldevelopment.A.thatisB.thatareC.asisD.asare4.—What’syourfavoriteinyoursparetime,Jack？—WritingstoriesandarticleswhatIenjoymost.A.isB.wasC.wereD.are第81页共81页 5.—Arethenewmachinesworking？—Yes.Threemilliontonsofcoalexploitedeveryyearinthecity.A.isB.areC.hasD.have6.IhavefinishedalargepartofthenovelwrittenbyDickens,therestofwhichverydifficult.A.isB.areC.wasD.were7.Thegreatwriterandprofessor,whoverystrictwithhisstudents.A.isanoldman;isB.arebotholdmen;areC.isanoldmanandayoungman;isD.aretwoChinese;are8.Alargenumberofstudentsinourschoolfromthecountryside;thenumberofthemgrowingtheseyears.A.is;hasbeenB.are;hasbeenC.is;havebeenD.are;havebeen9.Whattheremoteareasneededucationtochildrenandwhatthechildrenneedgoodtextbooksatthemoment.A.is;areB.are;isC.was;wereD.were;was10.Thereatable,fourchairs,threebikesinthecourtyard,inthemiddleofwhichtwotalltreeswithgreatshade.A.are;isB.is;areC.has;haveD.have;has11.TheArabianNightswellknownallovertheworld,inwhichmanyastoryinterestingandinstructive.A.is;areB.are;isC.are;areD.is;is12.Theyoungeatenupalmosteverything;oneandahalfbananas_____leftonthetable.A.is;areB.are;isC.has;havebeenD.have;hasbeen13.Eitheryouoroneofyourstudentstoattendthemeetingthatisduetomorrow.A.areB.isC.haveD.be14.—Didyougototheshowlastnight？—Yeah.Everyboyandgirlintheareainvited.A.wereB.havebeenC.hasbeenD.was15.Asurveyoftheopinionsofexpertsthatthreehoursofoutdoorexerciseaweekgoodforone’shealth.A.show;areB.shows;isC.show;isD.shows;are16.Tenyearsagothepopulationofourvillagewasthatoftheirs.A.astwicelargeasB.twiceaslargeasC.twiceasmuchasD.astwicemuchas17.peopleintheworldaresendinginformationbyE-maileveryday.A.SeveralmillionB.ManymillionsC.SeveralmillionsD.Manymillion18.—Therearesuchbookshere.—Ionlyneedthesebooksonthisshelf.A.eightdozens;onedozenB.eightdozensof;onedozenofC.eightdozen;onedozenD.dozensof;onedozenof第81页共81页 第七专题情态动词和虚拟语气(练7)I．熟读深思1.熟读下列句子，思考其中情态动词的语气和用法。⑴.Hecould(=wasableto)swimwhenhewasfive.他五岁时就会游泳了。⑵.Inthepast50yearsorso,scientistshavebeenableto“see”fartherandfartherintothesky.在过去50年里，科学家们已经能够往天空看得更远。（不用can）⑶.Heworkedveryhardandwasabletopassthatexamination.他学习非常努力，他能够通过那场考试。（不用can）⑷.—May/Might/Can/CouldIhavethetelevisionon?我可以打开电视看吗？—Yes,youcan/may.可以。（不用could或might）⑸.Imustwritealettertotheheadteacher.我非得给校长写封信不可。⑹.Youhavetowearuniformonduty,don’tyou?你在值班时必须穿制服,是吗？（指约束）⑺.YesterdaymorningIhadtocallonafriend.昨天早上我不得不去探访了一个朋友。（过去式不用must）⑻.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,don’texpectme.万一明天下雨，就不要等我了。⑼.It’sstrangethatheshouldbelate.真奇怪，他竟会迟到。⑽Yououghtto/shouldworkharderthanthat.你应当更努力地工作。⑾.Ioughttogoandseemymotherinhospitaltomorrow,butIdon’tthinkwewill.我按理应当在明天去看看住院的母亲的，但我认为我们不会去。（强调客观）⑿.Youshallhaveitbacknextweek.下星期一定还你。（承诺）⒀.Candidatesshallremainintheirseatsuntilallthepapershavebeencollected.应试人必须呆在座位上，直到试卷完全收回，才能离开。（必须）⒁.Shallhewaitforyououtside?要不要他在外面等你？（征求意见）⒂.Youneedn’thavementionedit.你本来不必提起这件事。⒃.Youmighthavebeenmorediligent.你本来可以更用功些。⒄.Shecouldhaveappliedforthatjob,butshedidn’t.她本可以申请这份工作的，但她没有。⒅.Yououghtn’tto/shouldn’thavetoldhimaboutit.你本不该把这件事告诉他的。2.熟读深思（虚拟语气在条件句中的用法）熟读下列各句，思考主句和从句的谓语动词的形式。⑴.IfIwereabird,Icouldflyinthesky.假如我是一只小鸟，我就可以在天空飞翔。⑵.Wewouldstayhomeifitweretoraintomorrow.假如明天下雨，我们将呆在家里。⑶Inthepast,ifsomeonehadworkedforacompanyforover20years,theywouldhavestayedthereuntilretirement.在过去，如果一个人在一家公司工作超过20年，他就会在公司工作至退休。第81页共81页 第七专题情态动词和虚拟语气(练习7)1.熟读深思（几种特殊的虚拟语气）熟读下列句子,思考虚拟语气的用法,留意谓语的构成。⑴IwishIhadbeenwithyouyesterday.要是我昨天跟你们在一起就好了。⑵.IwishIcouldflylikeabird.但愿我能像鸟一样飞。⑶.IfonlyIcouldflylikeabird.要是我能像鸟一样能飞就好了。⑷.LiMingspeaksEnglishasifhewereanAmerican.李明讲英语就像一个美国人。⑸.Iwouldratheryoudiditnow.我宁愿你现在做这件事。⑹.I’dratheryouhadn’ttoldmethetruth.我宁愿你没告诉我真相。⑺Theyrequestedthatthemeeting(should)bepostponed.他们请求推迟开会。⑻.Itistimethatwemade/shouldmakeadecision.是我们作出决定的时候了。II.试题精选1.Englishisalanguagethatmanypeoplearoundtheworldnotspeakperfectlybutatleastunderstand.A.may;canB.would;mightC.will;mustD.could;might2.—Didn’ttheycometothepartylastweek？—Yes.Theydidn’twanttocomewithusatfirst,butthenwepersuadethem.A.wouldB.couldC.wereabletoD.hadto3.—Ipromisemydaughtergetanicepresentonherbirthday.—Willitbeabigsurprisetoher？A.shouldB.mustC.wouldD.shall4.—AllofushadagoodtimeinthepicniclastSunday.Pityyouweren’tthere.—IreallycomebutIwaslookingaftermymotherinhospital.A.mustB.oughttoC.needhaveD.shouldhave5.—Didyouscoldhimforhiscarelessness？—Yes,butit.A.IwouldrathernotdoB.I’drathernothavedoneC.Ishouldn’tdoD.I’dbetternotdo6.Justasweweresittingdowntohavedinner,thetelephonering.A.mustB.couldC.mightD.need7.—Wouldyouliketostayforanothertwodays？—Sorry,I.Oneofmybestfriendsiscomingtoseeme.A.mustn’tB.can’tC.needn’tD.won’t8.—WhereisJohnson？Ican’tfindhimanywhere.—Helettersupstairs.A.mighthavewrittenB.musthavewrittenC.mustbewritingD.mustwrite9.—Mrs.Smith,Iwillfetchtenchairsforthemeeting.—Youfetchten;sixwilldo.A.maynotB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.can’t10.Youpaytoomuchattentiontoyourreadingskill,asitissoimportant.第81页共81页 A.can’tB.shouldC.mustD.needn’t11.—Canyoucometoattendourpartytonight？—Sorry,butIdowishI.A.hadB.canC.willD.could12.It’simportantthatheadviceofotherpeopleaboutourwork.A.askB.willaskC.mustaskD.haveasked13.Ifhehislegsinthelasttraining,he______thecomingWorldCup,whichhehasbeenlongingtocompetein.A.hadn’thurt;wouldjoininB.hadn’thurt;wouldhavetakenpartinC.didn’thurt;wouldgoinforD.didn’thurt;wouldhavetakenpartin14.Iwascaughtinatrafficjamforoveranhour,otherwiseIyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.A.willnotkeepB.havenotkeptC.hadnotkeptD.wouldnothavekept15.—It’stheoffice!Soyouknoweatingisnotallowedhere.—Oh,sorry.A.mustB.willC.mayD.need16.Johnpromisedhisdoctorhenotsmoke,andhehasneversmokedeversince.A.mightB.shouldC.couldD.would17.Whatapity!Consideringhisabilityandexperience,hebetter.A.needhavedoneB.musthavedoneC.can’thavedoneD.mighthavedone18.—Whatsortofhousedoyouwanttohave？Somethingbig？—Well,itbebig—that’snotimportant.A.mustn’tB.needn’tC.can’tD.won’t19.ItisusuallywarminmyhometowninMarch,butitberathercoldsometimes.A.mustB.canC.shouldD.would20.—ItoyourbirthdaypartylastSunday.—Unfortunately,youwereoutonbusiness.A.hadcomeB.cameC.wouldcomeD.wouldhavecome第81页共81页 第八专题动词的时态和语态（练8）I．熟读深思（动词的时态）熟读下列各句，结合谓语动词的形式体会谓语动词发生的时间或所处的状态，思考不同时态的用法与构成。1.Igotoschoolat7∶00everymorning.每天早上我七点去上学。（经常的动作）2.Thesunrisesintheeast.太阳从东方升起。（客观真理）3.Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。（格言或警句）4.Weoftenplayedtogetherwhenwewerechildren.我们小时候常在一起玩。（过去）5.They’rehavingameetingnow.他们现在在开会。（现在）6.I’mstudyingataneveningschool.我在上夜校。（现阶段）7.She’salwayshelpingpeople.她总是帮助别人。（赞扬）8.Iknewyouwouldagree.我知道你会同意的。9.Ihaveseenthefilmalready.我已经看过那部电影了。（暗示我已知道电影的内容了）10.Shehasbeenadancerfortenyears.她已当了十年的舞蹈演员了。（从过去到现在）11.Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。12.WhenJackarrivedhelearnedMaryhadbeenawayforalmostanhour.当杰克到来时，他才了解到玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了。13.TheChinesehavebeenmakingpaperfortwothousandyears.中国人造纸有2000年的历史了。14.Hewillcomeifyouinvitehim.如果你请他，他会来的。（条件句中）15.Theplanetakesoffat11∶30.飞机十一点半起飞。（时刻表中的规定）16.MikeiscominghomeonThursday.迈克星期四回来。（近期计划）17.Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?你打算明天做什么呢？（打算）18.Lookattheclouds;it’sgoingtorain.你看天上的云，快下雨了。（已有迹象表明）19.TheyaretobemarriedinJune.他们将在六月结婚。（正式安排）20.HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.他马上要去（北京。（即将）II．熟读深思（动词的语态）熟读下列被动句，体会被动语态的用法；观察谓语部分，思考各种时态被动语态的构成。1.TheG8ismadeupofpoliticalleadersfrom...2.TheGroupofEight,orG8,wasformedbyeightoftheworld’swealthiestnationsin1998.3.Thenewsisbeingcelebratedbycrowdsinthestreets.4.At12∶45UKtimetoday,thenameofthehostcityforthe2012OlympicGameswasbeingannouncedbyIOCinSingapore.5.Reformshavebeendemandedbypeoplefromallovertheworld.6.London’snamehadbeenannouncedtwicebefore.7.Itisgoingtoberememberedasahistoricalmeetingthisyear,asthetopicofAfricawillbediscussedindetail.8.TheywanttheleaderstocancelthedebtofAfrica’spoorestcountriessothattheproblemstherecanbepreventedfromgettinganyworse.第81页共81页 第八专题动词的时态和语态（练习8）试题精选1.—Mr.Smiththisweek？—No.Heisonholiday.A.Has;workedB.Does;workC.Did;workD.Is;working2.—Gotyourdrivinglicense？—No.Itoobusytohaveenoughpractice,soIdidn’ttakethedrivingtestlastweek.A.wasB.amC.havebeenD.hadbeen3.You’dbetternotcallthemanagerbetween7∶00and8∶00thisevening,forheanimportantmeetingthen.A.willhaveB.wouldhaveC.willbehavingD.willhavehad4.—Howcanyouborrowmycomputerwithoutmypermission？—Oh,Itotellyou.Ihopeyoudon’tmind.A.forgetB.forgotC.hadforgottenD.amforgetting5.—Willyoupleaserepeatyouridea？—Certainly.ButIthinkitcertainthatyouyourattention.A.don’tpayB.didn’tpayC.weren’tpayingD.aren’tpaying6.—I’msorry,butthebossisn’thereyet.ShallIhavehercallyouwhenshecomesback？—No,I’llcallherback.IfIcallagaininhalfanhour,doyouthinkshe？A.arrivesB.hasarrivedC.willarriveD.willhavearrived7.—Areweabouttohavedinner？—Yes,itinthedinningroom.A.isservingB.isbeingservedC.hasbeenservingD.serves8.—Joanwasbadlyinjuredintheaccidentyesterdayandshewassenttohospital.—Oh,really？I.Ivisither.A.didn’tknow;willgotoB.don’tknow;willgotoC.didn’tknow;amgoingtoD.haven’tknown;amgoingto9.—Don’tyoufeelsurprisedtoseeLindaatthemeeting？—Yes.Ireallydidn’tthinkshehere.A.hasbeenB.hadbeenC.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen10.—Whyisthelibrarianlookingsohardatme？—Youtoreadaloudinthereadingroom.A.don’tsupposeB.haven’tsupposedC.arenotsupposedD.werenotsupposed第81页共81页 11.Thewetweatherwillcontinuetomorrow,whenacoldfronttoarrive.A.isexpectedB.isexpectingC.expectsD.willbeexpected12.Thehotelwasn’tparticularlygood,butIinmanyworsehotels.A.wasstayingB.stayedC.wouldstayD.hadstayed13.Hefootballregularlyformanyyearswhenhewasyoung.A.wasplayingB.playedC.hasplayedD.hadplayed14.—Doyouthinkweshouldacceptthatoffer？—Yes,weshould,forwesuchbadluckuptillnow,andtimeout.A.havehad;isrunningB.had;isrunningC.have;hasbeenrunD.havehad;hasbeenrun15.Idon’tbelieveyou’vealreadyfinishedreadingthebook—Iittoyouthismorning!A.wouldlendB.waslendingC.hadlentD.lent16.—Haveyougotanyjoboffers？—No.I.A.waitedB.hadbeenwaitingC.havewaitedD.amwaiting17.—Tom,youdidn’tcometothepartylastnight？—I,butIsuddenlyrememberedIhadhomeworktodo.A.hadtoB.didn’tC.wasgoingtoD.wouldn’t18.—Ihavegotaheadache.—Nowonder.Youinfrontofthecomputertoolong.A.workB.areworkingC.havebeenworkingD.worked19.—DidAlanenjoyseeinghisoldfriendsyesterday？—Yes,hedid.Hehisoldfriendsforalongtime.A.didn’tseeB.wouldn’tseeC.hasn’tseenD.hadn’tseen20.—Haveyouhandedinyourschoolworkyet？—Yes,Ihave.Iguessitnow.A.hasgradedB.isgradedC.isbeinggradedD.isgrading第81页共81页 第九专题非谓语动词I.熟读深思（动词不定式）思考下列句中不定式所充当的句子成分，并注意常用的不定式有哪几种形式。1.Heseemedtobesleeping.他好像在睡觉。2.Thereareallkindsofdifficultiestobeovercome.有各种各样的困难要克服。3.I’dliketomakeasuggestion.我想提一个建议。4.Itisofgreatbenefitforallofustodomorningexerciseseveryday.每天做早操对我们大家都有益。5.Hefeelsitadutytohelpthedisabledinthecommunity.他感到有义务帮助社会中的残疾人。6.Iwantthislettertobeopenednow!我想现在就将信拆开！7.Maryoftengoesbacktoherhometowntovisithergrandparents.玛丽常常回家乡看望她的祖父祖母。8.IoftenhearhersinginEnglish.(比较：SheisoftenheardtosinginEnglish.)我经常听到她用英语唱歌。II.熟读深思（动词的-ing形式）熟读以下各句，注意画线部分的不同形式，并思考：△动词-ing有哪几种构成形式？△动词-ing在句中可作哪些句子成分？△动词-ing形式还像谓语动词一样可以带宾语或状语吗？1.Learningisimportanttomodernlife.学习对现代生活很重要。2.Theproblemisquitepuzzling.这个问题很令人困惑。3.Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.我建议用另一种方法做这件事。4.TheTVsetneedsrepairing.这台电视机需要修理。5.Iheardofhishavingbeenchosentobethecoachoftheteam.我听说他被选为球队的教练。6.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.正在讨论的问题很重要。7.Theywentoutoftheclassroom,talkingandlaughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。第81页共81页 8.Havingbeenshownaroundthelab,weweretakentoseetheschoollibrary.在被带去看了实验室之后,我们又被带去参观校图书馆。9.Ifeltmyheartbeatingviolently.我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。10.Hisnotcomingmadeeveryonepresentverydisappointed.他没来，使在场的每个人都很失望。11.Nothavingstudiedhislessonsveryhard,hefailedtheexaminations.因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。III.熟读深思（动词的-ed形式）熟读下列各句，思考动词-ed形式的用法。1.Hearingthenews,helookeddisappointed.听到这个消息，他看起来很失望。2.Thebossfeltsatisfiedwithherperformance.老板对她的表现很满意。3.Allthebrokendesks(=Allthedesksthatwerebroken)havebeenrepaired.所有坏了的桌子都已修好了。4.Wehavereadmanynovelswritten(=whichwerewritten)bythisauthor.我们已读了这个作者写的很多部小说。5.Confused(=Ashewasconfused)bytheproblem,hedecidedtoturntohisteacherforhelp.对这个问题感到困惑，他决定向老师求助。6.Seen(=Whenitisseen)fromabove,thestadiumlookslikeabirdnest.从高处看，体育馆好像一个鸟巢。7.IheardthesongsunginEnglish.我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。8.Petergothisbadtoothpulledoutinthehospital.皮特在医院把坏牙拔了。IV.试题精选1.asthe“firstladyofspeech”，Dr.LillianGlassisrecognizedasoneoftheworld’sleadingexpertsoncommunicationskills.A.KnowingB.HavingknownC.KnownD.Tobeknown2.—Whydoyoulooksad？—Therearesomanyproblems.A.remainingtosettleB.remainedsettlingC.remainingtobesettledD.remainedtobesettled3.Attheendof2006,therewerearound7,000foreignprintingcompaniesinChina,第81页共81页 uparound4percentofthenationaltotal.A.madeB.tomakeC.makingD.havingmade4.—TheEnglishexamisnotdifficult,isit？—.EvenTomtothetopstudentsfailedinit.A.Yes;belongsB.No;belongedC.Yes;belongingD.No;belonging5.—Wedidn’tfindtheBlacksthelecture.—Noonehadtoldthemaboutalecturethefollowingday.A.toattend;theretobeB.attending;therebeingC.attended;therebeD.attend;therewas6.Onlyaccordingtothedirectionscanthemedicinebequiteeffective.A.takingB.takenC.beingtakenD.havingbeentaken7.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasifwhetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.A.seeingB.havingseenC.toseeD.tohaveseen8.—IsthereanypossibilityofthefilminParisInternationalFestival？—Notintheleast,becausetheaudiencegenerallythinklittleofit.A.tryingoutB.triedoutC.totryoutD.beingtriedout9.—Hi,Mary.Wouldyouliketogototheconcertthisevening？—Sorry,Tom.tomorrow’slessons,Ihavenotimetogooutwithyou.A.NotpreparingB.NothavingpreparedC.NottoprepareD.Beingnotprepared10.Everystudentinourclasshadanapplicationforminhishand,butnooneknewwhichoffice.A.tosendittoB.tosenditC.tobesenttoD.tohaveitsent11.—O’Nealworkshard.—Sohedoes.Heisoftenseenheavilybeforehisteammateshaveevenarrivedatpractice.A.tobesweatedB.sweatedC.besweatedD.sweating12.—HowdidyougetintouchwithMrs.Green？—Well,itseemstomethatyou’veforgottenmehertelephonenumbertheotherday.A.totellB.tohavetoldC.tellingD.beingtold13.Attheageof29,Davewasaworker,____inasmallapartmentnearBostonand_____whattodoabouthisfuture.A.living;wonderingB.lived;wonderingC.lived;wonderedD.living;wondered14.TheChineseship,Tianyu8,wasreportedofftheeastcoastofKenyainNovember,2008.第81页共81页 A.tobeattackedB.tohavebeenattackedC.tobeattackingD.tohavebeenattacking15.Ihearthey’vepromotedTom,buthedidn’tmentionwhenwetalkedonthephone.A.topromoteB.havingbeenpromotedC.havingpromotedD.tobepromoted16.ItisoneofthefunniestthingsontheInternetsofarthisyear.A.findingB.beingfoundC.tofindD.found17.Thereisanewprobleminthepopularityofprivatecarsroadconditionsneedtobeimproved.A.involving;thatB.involved;thatC.involved;whereD.involving;which18.Afterthesix-partytalkinBeijing,anagreementwasreachedthatNorthKoreawouldabandonnuclearweapons.A.stating;todevelopB.stating;developingC.tostate;todevelopD.states;developing19.OnAugust12.2009TyphoonMorakotsweptacrossTaiwanisland,alotofvillages.A.left;damagedB.leaving;damagingC.leaving;damagedD.left;damaging20.Infaceofthefire,hehesitatedforawhile,whetherheshouldrushintotheburninghouse.A.tothinkB.thoughtC.thinkingD.andthought21.TolearnEnglishwell,weshouldfindopportunitiestohearEnglishasmuchaswecan.A.speakB.peakingC.spokenD.tospeak22.Susanwantedtobeindependentofherparents.Shetriedalone,butshedidn’tlikeitandmovedbackhome.A.livingB.toliveC.tobelivingD.havinglived23.Hestoodinlinethewholemorningtobuyticketsforthetrain,onlytheyhadbeensoldoutwhenhisturnfinallycame.A.toldB.beingtoldC.tellingD.tobetold24.Wefinishedtheruninlessthanhalfthetime.A.allowingB.toallowC.allowedD.allows25.Isendyou100dollarstoday,therestinayear.A.followsB.followedC.tofollowD.beingfollowed第81页共81页 第十专题并列复合句(练习)I.熟读深思熟读下列句子，思考并列连词的意义和用法。1.HehelpsmeandIhelphim.他帮我,我帮他。2.Henotonlygaveusalotofadvice,butalsohelpedustostudyEnglish.他不仅给我们提出很多建议，并且还帮助我们学英语。3.Iwasjustleavingwhenthetelephonerang.我正要离开，电话铃响了。4.Hurryup,or(else)you’llbelate.快点，否则你就会迟到了。5.EitherTomiscomingorhissistersare.不是汤姆就是他的姐妹们要来。6.Itneverrainsbutitpours.祸不单行。7.Iliketeawhileshelikescoffee.我喜欢喝茶而她喜欢喝咖啡。8.Iamthirsty,foritishot.我口渴，因为天气太热。9.ThemanagerwasillsoIwentinherplace.经理病了所以我代她去。II.试题精选用适当的连词填空1.—Idon’tlikechickenfish.—Idon’tlikechickenIlikefishverymuch..A.and;orB.or;butC.or;orD.and;and2.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.A.whileB.whenC.asD.which3.Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffeeshallwegetdowntobusiness?A.andB.orC.withD.while4.Thebellisringingtheclassisover.A.orB.butC.whileD.and5.I’dliketogooutforadrive,mywifepreferstoseeafilm.A.orB.andC.butD.which6.Putonmoreclothes,you’llfeelcoldonthetopofthemountain.A.andB.orC.butD.while7.Itmusthaverainedlastnight,thegroundisstillwet.A.soB.whileC.forD.when8.Somethingwentwrongwithmybikethisafternoon,Iwalkedhome.A.soB.andC.becauseD.or9.Hedoesn’ttalkmuch,hethinksalot..A.andB.butC.orD.when10.Maryisn’tfondofstudyofanykind,shelikesmusicdancingandshesingsprettywell.A.but;butB.or;orC.and;butD.but;and11.Mr.Wangdoesn’tsmoke,doI.A.soB.neitherC.orD.either12.Wehavewongreatvictories,moreseriousstrugglesarestillaheadofus.A.orB.butC.norD.neither13.Heisaprofessoranengineer.Heisanartist.第81页共81页 A.neither;norB.neither;butC.either;orD.both;and14.Royusedtodriveataxi.Ashortwhileago,,hebecameabusdriverhehasn’tregrettedit,he’sfindinghisworkfarmoreexciting.A.however;or;becauseB.but;but;forC.however;and;forDor;or;as15.Danwonderedwhyhewaswantedbythepolice,hewenttothestationyesterdaynowheisnotworriedanymore.A.however;butB.and;andC.but;butD.but;and16.Betweenthetwogenerations,itisoftennottheirage,_____theireducationthatcausemisunderstanding.A.likeB.asC.orD.but17.Youhavefailedtwotests.You’dbetterstartworkingharder,____youwon’tpassthecourse.A.andB.soC.butD.or18.Helpotherswheneveryoucan_____youwillmaketheworldanicerplacetolivein.A.andB.orC.unlessD.but19._____Ireallydon’tlikeart,Ifindhisworkimpressive.A.AsB.SinceC.IfD.While20.IjustwantedtotellyouallthatIattendedthecompetitionand_____ismoresurprising,wonthefirstprize.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it21.Jame’sblindnesswasgettingworse_____hewasgettingolder.A.whenB.forC.asD.while22.Smallsailboatscaneasilyturnoverinthewater____theyarenotmanagedcarefully.A.thoughB.beforeC.untilD.if23._______thedaygoeson,theweathergetscolderandcolder.A.WithB.SinceC.WhileD.As24.Amancannotsmilelikeachild,_____achildsmileswithhiseyes,whileamansmileswithhislipsalone.A.soB.butC.andD.for25.Hefounditincreasinglydifficulttoread,______hiseyesightwasbeginningtofail.A.andB.forC.butD.or26.Realityisnotthewayyouwishthingstobe,northewaytheyappeartobe,_____thewayActuallyare.A.asB.orC.butD.and27.Theywantedtochange$5,000forthecar,______wemanagedtobringthepricedown.A.butB.soC.whenD.since28.Iwon’tcallyou,______somethingunexpectedhappens.A.unlessB.whetherC.becauseD.while第81页共81页 第十一专题名词性从句（练习）I．熟读深思熟读下列各句，并思考画线的从句在全句中作什么成分。1.Whathedidmademeextremelyangry.他所做的让我非常生气。2.Mysuggestionisthatweshouldturnthelandintoricefield.我的建议是我们应该把这块耕地改成稻田。3.Thefactthathetellsliesallthetimemakesussurprised.他一直撒谎的事实让我们很吃惊。4.Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.我们的成功依靠我们相互合作得怎么样。5.Hetoldmethathisfatherhaddiedandthathelivedalone.他告诉我他的父亲去世后，他独自一人生活。6.Shehasmadeitclearthatshewillgetmarriednextmonth.她明确表示她下个月要结婚了。7.Oursuccessdependsonwhethereveryoneworkshard.（不用if）我们成功与否依靠每一个人的努力。8.Letmeknowwhetherornotyoucancome.(不用if)让我知道你是否能来。9.Whetherwewillgopicnickingtomorrowdependsontheweather.(不用if)明天我们是否去野餐要看天气。10.Theadvicethatshewaittillnextweekisreasonable.(不用which)让她等到下个星期的建议是合理的。II．试题精选1.madetheteacherproudwasmorethanhalfofherstudentshadbeenadmittedtokeyuniversities.A.What;thatB.What;becauseC.That;whatD.That;because2.Informationhasbeenputforwardmorehighschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as3.Notsureofhewillbeadmittedbythehighqualitymiddleschoolornot,hefeelsquiteuneasy.A.whenB.ifC.whetherD.that4.Afterfivedays’climbinginthemountain,theyreachedtheythoughtwastheplacethey’dbeendreamingof.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.what5.wasoflittleimportance.A.NomatterhowhemightpasstheexaminationB.ThoughhemightpasstheexaminationC.WhetherhepassedtheexaminationornotD.Hemightpasstheexamination6.WorldAIDSDayisalsoimportantinremindingusthatHIVhasnotgoneaway,第81页共81页 andtherearemanythingsstilltobedone.A.whichB.whatC.thatD./7.Ihavenotfoundmybikeyet;andnow,I’mnotsureIshoulddowiththecase.A.whereB.whetherC.whatD.how8.ProfessorLi’sbookwillshowyoucanbeusedinothercontexts.A.thatyouhaveobservedB.howyouhaveobservedC.howwhatyouhaveobservedD.howwhathaveyouobserved9.Theoldmanwassoangryandspokesofastthatnoneofhischildrenunderstoodhesaidmeant.A.thatthatB.whatwhatC.whatD.that10.AlongwiththeletterwashispromisehewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether11.Evidencehasbeenpiledupdrinkingwateraftergettingupinthemorningcontributestoone’shealth.A.whatB.whichC.ifD.that12.isknowntoallisthatwhiledrivingdriversshouldkeepaneyeoutforroadsigns,onwhicharewordsorsymbolsgivingdirectionsorothertrafficinstructions.A.WhatB.AsC.ItD.Which13.In1492Columbusandhiscrewarrivedwasso-calledtheNewWorldbythewesterners.A.inwhatB.inwhichC.whatD.where14.Agrowinganxietyisdisturbingthepublictheeconomywillcontinuouslydecline.A.whichB.thatC.whyD.where15.Thereisnodoubt,inmyopinion,mattersisnotthespeed,butthequalityoftheproduct.A.whatwhatB.thatthatC.thatifD.thatwhat16.intheregulationsthatyoushouldn’ttellotherpeoplethepasswordofyouremailaccount.A.WhatisrequiredB.WhatrequiresC.ItisrequiredD.Itrequires17.Youaresayingthatourteacherstreateveryoneequally,andthisisIdisagree.A.howB.whatC.whereD.why18.Thenewsisspreadingaroundtheairportisabigsnowstormwillcomeattacking.A.which;whichB./;thatC.that;whichD.that;that19.Theoldwomanwouldtellthestorytopassedby.A.nomatterwhoB.whateverC.whoeverD.nomatterwhat20.There’sawidespreadbeliefamongthegraduatesbeingabletospeakasecondlanguagewillhelpthemwiththeirjob-hunting.A.whoeverB.whichC.thatD.what第81页共81页 第十二专题状语从句（练习）I.熟读深思熟读下列句子，思考画线从句各属哪类状语从句，归纳引导各类状语从句的从属连词。1.Theplanehadleftwhenwegottotheairport.当我们到达机场时，飞机已经起飞了。（不用while）2.Astimepassed,theeventbecamemoreandmorepopular.随着时间的推移,这项赛事变得越来越受欢迎。（不用when或while）3.Whenwintercomes,itbecomescold.每当冬天来临，天就变冷。（不用as或while）4.Whenyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmayhavearest.当你完成工作后，你可以休息。（不用as或while）5.Pleasewritewhileyouread.你读的时候，请写下来。（不用as或when）6.ThemomentIsawhim,Irecognizedhim.我一看到他，就认出了他。7.Itwasbecausehewasillthathewasabsent.他就是因为病了才缺席的。（不用as或since）8.Sinceeveryoneishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.既然大家都到了，就开始开会吧。9.Asshe’sbeenill,perhapsshe’llneedsomehelp.由于病了，她可能需要些帮助。10.Ifyouwillgowithme,I’llwaitforyou.如果你愿意跟我去，我就等你。11.Hewon’tsucceedunlessheworkshard.除非下苦功夫，否则他是不会成功的。12.Ileftat6∶30sothat/inorderthatIcouldcatchthetrain.为了赶上火车，我六点半就出门了。13.Itwassohotthatwewantedtogoswimming.天气太热，我们想去游泳。14.Hardas/thoughtheytried(=Although/Thoughtheytriedhard),theycouldn’tmakeherchangehermind.尽管他们做了很大努力,却没法让她改变主意。15.Theworkisnotsodifficultasyouimagine.这工作不像你想像的那么困难。16.DoasItoldyou.按我告诉你的那样做。II.试题精选1.You’dbettertakeapenwhenyougotothemeetingthereissomethingimportanttowritedown.A.asifB.sothatC.inorderD.incase2.—CouldItakeafewdays’leave,sir?—I’mafraidyoucan’ttheworkisbeingdone.A.asB.untilC.beforeD.after3.therearemanydifferenttypesoffood,someanimalsspendtheirliveseatingonlyonetype.A.AlthoughB.WhereC.IfD.Unless4.GaoMingandYangHuawillgotoPhoenixforavisitonbehalfofallmiddleschoolstudentsofChengdu,soitwillbealongtimewecanseethemagain.A.afterB.untilC.sinceD.before第81页共81页 5.Ifyouwanttodotheexperimentagain,you’dbetterbemorecarefulyoumadeamistake.A.howB.whenC.thereD.where6.Inthisworldthereisnoshortcuttotake.Everyone,nomatterhowcleverheis,can’tachievesuccess,heworkshard.A.aslongasB.eventhoughC.unlessD.although7.weadmitthattherearestillsomeproblemsaboutNMET,wedon’tmeanthatitisofnouse.A.UntilB.WhileC.AsD.Unless8.Thenextmoment,shehadtimetorealizewhatwashappening,shewashitoverthehead.A.sinceB.whenC.beforeD.after9.—Haveyoubeenacquaintedwitheachotherforlong?—Notverylong,westartedtoworkinthecompany.A.afterB.beforeC.whenD.since10.Nomatterhowmanyadultsusethelanguage,itisn’tpassedtothenextgeneration,itcannotsurvive.A.ifB.eventhoughC.asD.asfaras11.hewasthelastmanIwantedtosee,IdidallIcouldtohelphim.A.AsB.NowthatC.IncaseD.Though12.I’dliketoarrive20minutesearlyIcanhavetimeforacupoftea.A.assoonasB.asaresultC.incaseD.sothat13.Strictsheiswithherstudent,sometimesabitcruel,sheislovedandrespectedbyherstudents.A.althoughB.eventhoughC.despiteD.as14.Shewassoangryatallthathewasdoingshewalkedout,andclosedthedoor.A.thatB.whatC.asD.which15.Somestudentsdon’tknowthislanguagepointIhadn’ttaughtthematall.A.evenifB.astoC.asforD.asif16.Forsixorsevenmonthsinayearherenoworkcanbedonetherainyseasonmakesitimpossible.A.whenB.thatC.untilD.though17.Theywillhavetofollowitwithoutotherchoices,thefaultishis.A.sinceB.asthoughC.becauseD.eventhough18.greatachievementstheworldmayhaveinthefuture,thepartChinawillplaycan’tbeleftout.A.IfB.WhateverC.WhicheverD.However19.Makeamarkyouhaveanyquestionwhenyouarereading.A.whereB.whichC.thatD.when20.youunderstandthisrule,you’llhavenofurtherdifficulty.A.OnceB.UnlessC.WhileD.Until第81页共81页 第十三专题定语从句I．熟读深思（一）关系代词引导的定语从句定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词的后面，这个名词叫作先行词；连接主从句的词叫关系词，关系词有三个作用：一是连接主句与从句；二是指代先行词；三是在从句中充当句子成分。选择关系词的两条重要依据是：先行词是人还是物？在从句中作何种句子成分？熟读下列句子,思考其定语从句中关系词的用法。1.Thisisthemanwhohelpedmeyesterday.这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。（作主语）2.Theteacher(who/whom/that)youwanttoseeiscoming.你要见的老师来了。（作see的宾语，可以省略）3.Imetaboywhosefatherwasanastronaut.我遇到一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。（作定语）4.Ilikethebookwhich/thatwasboughtyesterday.我喜欢昨天买的那本书。5.Thisisthefactory(which/that)wevisitedlastyear.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。（作visited的宾语，可以省略）6.Hehasabookwhosecover(=thecoverofwhich)isverybeautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。7.LastnightIsawaverygoodfilm,which(不用that)wasabouttheSecondWorldWar.昨晚我看到了一部非常优秀的影片，这部影片是关于二战的。8.CharlesSmith,who(不用that)wasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。9.Wemusthelpthosewho(不用that)needhelp.我们应该帮助那些需要帮助的人。10.Allthat(不用which)canbedonehasbeendone.能做的都已经做了。11.Thisisthebestmethodthat(不用which)hasbeenusedagainstpollution.这是用来防止污染的最好办法。12.Theyoftentalkaboutthepeopleandthethingsthattheyareinterestedin.他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事。II．熟读深思（二）关系副词引导的定语从句以下句中的画线部分为定语从句，请熟读并理解其意思：1.Thetimewhen(=atwhich)IfirstmetNelsonMandelawasaverydifficultperiodofmylife.第一次见到纳尔逊·曼德拉的时候，是我一生中非常艰难的时期。2.Theschoolwhere(=at/inwhich)Istudiedforonlytwoyearswas3kilometersaway.我仅仅在那里读了两年的学校有三公里远。3.Thereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewaslatewasthathemissedhistrain.他迟到是因为误了火车。4.Don’tforgetthetime(that/which)I’vetoldyou.别忘了我告诉你的时间。5.TheearthquakewasfeltinBeijing,whichismorethanonehundredkilometersaway.100公里以外的北京市都感到了地震。6.Theroomwhosewindowfacessouthismine.那间窗子朝南开的房间是我的。7.Thisisthereason(that/which)heexplainedtous.这就是他向我们解释的理由。第81页共81页 以下句中的画线部分为定语从句，请熟读并理解其意思：1.Thetimewhen(=atwhich)IfirstmetNelsonMandelawasaverydifficultperiodofmylife.第一次见到纳尔逊·曼德拉的时候，是我一生中非常艰难的时期。2.Theschoolwhere(=at/inwhich)Istudiedforonlytwoyearswas3kilometersaway.我仅仅在那里读了两年的学校有三公里远。3.Thereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewaslatewasthathemissedhistrain.他迟到是因为误了火车。4.Don’tforgetthetime(that/which)I’vetoldyou.别忘了我告诉你的时间。5.TheearthquakewasfeltinBeijing,whichismorethanonehundredkilometersaway.100公里以外的北京市都感到了地震。6.Theroomwhosewindowfacessouthismine.那间窗子朝南开的房间是我的。7.Thisisthereason(that/which)heexplainedtous.这就是他向我们解释的理由。III．熟读深思（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句以下各句都含有“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，请熟读并思考：直接在介词后，用什么样的关系代词？如何选用介词？1.Haveyoueverdreamedofplayinginfrontofthousandsofpeopleataconcert,atwhicheveryoneisclappingandappreciatingyourmusic?你是否曾梦想过在音乐会上面对成千上万的观众演唱，观众因欣赏你的歌唱而为你鼓掌？2.Theymaystartasagroupofhigh-schoolstudents,forwhompractisingtheirmusicinsomeone’shouseisthefirststeptofame.他们开始可能是一组中学生，在某个人家里排练音乐是成名的第一步。3.Latertheymaygiveperformancesinpubsorclubs,forwhichtheyarepaidincash.后来，他们可能在酒吧或者俱乐部里演出，这样他们可以得到现金。4.Themusiciansweretoplayjokesoneachotheraswellasplaymusic,mostofwhichwasbasedlooselyontheBeatles.组成乐队的音乐人演奏音乐,还彼此打趣逗笑。这些玩笑和音乐IV．熟读深思（四）非限制性定语从句熟读下列句子，思考as和which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别。1.David,asyouknow,isaphotographer.戴维是个摄影师,你是知道的。(不可用which)2.LiMingislate,asisoftenthecase.李明迟到了，这事是经常发生的。（不可用which）3.LiMingwaslate,which(=andthis)madeMr.Zhangveryangry.李明迟到了，这件事使张先生非常生气。（不可用as）4.Hemarriedher,whichwasunexpected.他和她结婚了,这是出乎意料的。（不可用as）V．试题精选1.ThefilmbroughtthehoursbacktomeIwastakengoodcareofinthatfarawayvillage.A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where2.isknowntoeveryone,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What3.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltownhewasborn.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.when4.Thisisthehotellastmonth.A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayed第81页共81页 C.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayed5.DoyouknowtheyeartheChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?A.whichB.thatC.whenD.onwhich6.ThatisthedayI’llneverforget.A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.when7.Ihaveboughttwoballpoints,writeswell.A.noneofthemB.neitherofthemC.neitherofwhichD.noneofwhich8.IssomeGermanfriendsvisitedlastweek?A.thisschoolB.thistheschoolC.thisschooloneD.thisschoolwhere9.Thisisoneofthebestfilms.A.thathavebeenshownthisyearB.thathaveshownC.thathasbeenshownthisyearD.thatyoutalked10.Canyoulendmethebooktheotherday?A.aboutwhichyoutalkedB.whichyoutalkedC.aboutthatyoutalkedD.thatyoutalked11.Thepenheiswritingismine.A.withwhichB.withthatC.onwhichD.bywhich12.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofsatasmallboy.A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that13.Theengineermyfatherworksisabout50yearsold.A.towhomB.onwhomC.withwhichD.withwhom14.Isthereanyoneinyourclassfamilyisinthecountry?A.whoB.who’sC.whichD.whose15.I’minterestedinyouhavesaid.A.allthatB.allwhatC.thatD.which16.HeisgoodatEnglish,weallknow.A.thatB.asC.whomD.what17.LiMing,totheconcert,enjoyeditverymuch.A.IwentwithB.withwhomIwentC.withwhoIwentD.Iwentwithhim18.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersonstheyrememberedintheschool.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.what19.Theletterisfrommysister,isworkinginBeijing.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.who20.Inourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsofarewomen.A.themB.whichC.whomD.who第81页共81页 第十四专题特殊句式(练习)I.熟读深思（一）省略为了使语言简洁或避免重复，省略句中的某一个或某几个句子成分，这种语法现象叫省略。请观察以下各句，看各句各省略了什么成分？1.（It）Soundslikeagoodidea.这听起来是个好主意。2.（Is）Anybodyhere?有人在吗？3.(Do)Youlivehere?你住这里？4.(Iwant)Orangejuice,please.我想要桔子汁。5.（Areyou）Feelinganybettertoday?今天感觉好些了吗？6.—WhereisTom?—Idon’tknow(whereheis).7.Iwantedhimtogowithmebutherefusedto(gowithme).我想叫他跟我去，但他拒绝了。II.熟读深思（二）倒装熟读下列句子，体会倒装句式的特点，思考在什么情况下用倒装句式。1.NeverwillZhouYangforgethisfirstassignmentattheofficeofChinaDaily.周阳永远不会忘记他在《中国日报》报社第一天上班的工作任务。2.Onlywhenyouhaveseenwhatheorshedoescanyoucoverastorybyyourself.只有等你见了他们的工作以后，你才能独自去进行新闻采访。3.NotonlyamIinterestedinphotography,butItookacourseatuniversity...对摄影我不仅只是感兴趣，在大学里我还专修过摄影呢……4.HecanswimandsocanI.他会游泳；我也会。5.Solittledidtheyagreeontheplanthattheycouldn’tsettletheirdifferences.他们对计划有很不同的意见以致于无法消除分歧。6.Werehe(=Ifhewere)richenough,hewouldbuyanewcar.要是他有钱的话，他会买一辆新的小汽车。III.熟读深思（三）强调熟读下列各句，思考句中强调句型的用法。1.Itisnotonlyblindmenwhomakesuchstupidmistakes.不仅仅只有盲人才犯这样愚蠢的错误。2.ItwasnotuntilyoutoldmethatIrealizedmymistakes.直到你告诉我，我才意识到我犯的错误。3.Wasitbecauseyouwerestuckinthetrafficthatyoucamelate?是不是因为交通堵塞你被困住才来晚的？4.Whyisitthatsmokingisnotforbiddenhere?为什么抽烟在这里没有被禁止呢？5.Itwasin1988thathejoinedtheLeague.就是在1988年他入的团。6.Itwasbecausehermotherwasillthatshedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday.正是因为她妈妈生病了，她昨天才没来上学。7.ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrecognizedshewasafamousfilmstar.直到她摘下墨镜，我才认出她是一位有名的电影明星。8.Dobecarefulwhencrossingthestreet.第81页共81页 过马路时一定要小心。9.Mikedoesenjoyplayingfootball.麦克确实喜欢踢足球。IV.试题精选1.—Whycan’tIsmokehere？—Atnotimeinthemeetingroom.A.issmokingpermittedB.smokingispermittedC.doessmokingpermitD.smokingdoespermit2.OnlyasaninterpreterhowimportantitistograspEnglish.A.whendidIwork;IrealizedB.whenIworked;IrealizedC.whendidIwork;didIrealizeD.whenIworked;didIrealize3.ZhangHuaiscleverandworkshardathislessons..A.SoisLiMingB.SodoesLiMingC.ItwasthesamewithLiMingD.SoitiswithLiMing4.thattheymayeventuallyreducetheamountoflaborneededonconstructionsitesby90percent.A.SuchconstructionrobotsarecleverB.SoclevertheconstructionrobotsareC.SuchcleverconstructionrobotsareD.Socleveraretheconstructionrobots5.Importanthisdiscoverywas,itwasregardedasamatterofnoaccountinhistime.A.whenB.untilC.asD.although6.in1812,theNewOrleansBattlecouldhavebeenavoided.A.IfthepeaceagreementwassignedinAmericaB.IfthepeaceagreementhadsignedinAmericaC.WasthepeaceagreementsignedinAmericaD.HadthepeaceagreementbeensignedinAmerica7.Itwastoonoisyoutside.NotuntilIshoutedatthetopofmyvoicehishead.A.didheturnB.hadheturnedC.hehadn’tturnedD.hedidn’tturn8.Itwasshewasinjuredintheaccident_____shedidn’tcometothepartyyesterday.A.as;whichB.because;thatC.since;whyD.for;how9.Itwasonthefarmhespenthischildhoodhelearnedhowtogrowvegetables.A.where;thatB.which;whenC.that;thatD.which;which10.—Whatdidshewanttoknow,Tom？—Shewonderedwecouldcompletetheexperiment.A.whenwasitB.itwaswhenthatC.itwaswhenD.whenitwasthat11.Wasitnotuntilyoubegantoworkhowmuchtimeyouhadwasted？A.didyourealizeB.thatyourealizedC.didyounotrealizeD.thatyoudidn’trealize12.MyparentslotsoffoodandmoneythentomakesureIdon’tstarve;so第81页共81页 starvingisofmyworries.A.doleave;themostB.didhaveleft;themostC.dohaveleft;theleastD.didleave;theleast13.Wehavetoadmitthatneverinthepasttwentyyearssogreatlyastoday.A.didthecitychangeB.thecityhaschangedC.hasthecitychangedD.thecityhadchanged14.Thebushitagainstatreeinthefogandtothedeepvalley,withtenpassengerskilledandtwentywounded.A.downdiditrollB.downrolleditC.itdownrolledD.downitrolled15.InnoplaceotherthanBritainexperiencefourseasonsinasingleday.A.youcanB.peoplecanC.canoneD.canit16.—Yououghttohavegiventhemsomeadvice.—,butwhocaredwhatIsaid？A.SoIoughtB.SooughtIC.SoIdidD.SodidI17.Chinaisapeace-lovingcountryandundercircumstancesfirstusenuclearweapons.A.no;willChinaB.no;ChinawillC.all;willChinaD.all;Chinawill18.Muchhehasagoodtaste,hecan’tavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements.A.thatheclaimsB.doesheclaimC.asheclaimsD.isitthatheclaims第81页共81页 第十五专题交际用语高考考点语言的显著功能就是交际,学习语言的目的就是要运用到实际交际中,通过研究近几年的高考试题我们不难发现,近几年高考对交际用语的考查仍然是各省份试卷中的必考题,甚至许多语法点的考查也逐渐呈现出以对话交际的形式出现,这一现象也符合语言学习的交际性原则。交际用语主要涉及日常生活中的对话,因此,交际对话的覆盖范围涉及日常生活的方方面面。主要涉及以下五个方面:1.询问、请求允许类;2.道歉、遗憾类;3.发出邀请或提出建议、加以鼓励类;4.打电话用语类;5.其余日常对话类。本节将近三年的高考试题对交际用语的考查进行归类,以一个清晰的分类和脉络来展现这些高考试题,通过把握高考试题,对交际用语这一类试题的考查特点、考查形式和常考考点有个全面的认识,以此提高此类题的解题正确性。知识精要易错常考的日常交际用语集锦:1.问候和应答A:Howareyoudoing？B:Fine,thankyou./Justsoso.A:Pleaseremembermetoyourparents.B:Sure,Iwill.2.介绍和应答A:ThisisMr./Mrs./Miss/Ms.Brown.B:Hello!/Howdoyoudo？/Nicetomeetyou!3.告别Seeyou(later)./Goodnight.(cf.Goodevening.)/Niceseeingyou.4.感谢和应答A:Manythanks./Thanksforyourhelp./Iappreciateyourhelp.B:That’sallright/OK./Youarewelcome./Don’tmentionit./It’sapleasure./Mypleasure.(cf.Withpleasure.用于回答对方的求助或邀请)5.道歉和应答A:I’msorry.B:That’sallright/OK./Itdoesn’tmatter./Nevermind./That’snothing./Forgetit.6.邀请和应答A:Wouldyouliketo...？B:Yes,I’dloveto./Yes,withpleasure./Yes,it’sverykind/niceofyou./I’dloveto,butIhaveotherplans.7.请求允许和应答A:CouldIsmokehere？/IwonderifIcouldsmokehere.B:Yes/Certainly./Yes,doplease./Ofcourseyoumay./That’sOK/allright./I’msorry,butitisnotallowed./You’dbetternot.A:DoyoumindifIopenthewindow？第81页共81页 B:Notatall./Ofcoursenot./Certainlynot./I’msorry,butyou’dbetternot.8.祝愿、祝贺和应答A:Goodluck!/Bestwishestoyou./Haveanice/goodtime./Congratulations!/Haveagoodjourney!/Happybirthdaytoyou.B:Thankyou.A:HappyNewYear!/MerryChristmas!B:Thesametoyou.9.提供帮助和应答A:CanIhelpyou？/Wouldyoulikesomehelp？B:Thanks.Thatwouldbenice./Yes,please./No,thankyouall(just)thesame./No,thankyouanyway./That’sverykindofyou,butIcanmanageitmyself.A:WhatcanIdoforyou？B:I’dliketogototheNo.3MiddleSchool.10.约会A:Shallwemeetat4:30？/Let’smakeit4:00.B:Allright.Seeyouthen.11.打电话A:Hello!MayIspeaktoTom？B:Holdon,please.A:IsthatMaryspeaking？B:Sheisn’thererightnow.CanItakeamessageforyou？12.就餐A:Wouldyoulikesomemoremeat？/Helpyourselftosomemoremeat.B:Thankyou.I’vehadenough./Justalittle,please.13.看病A:What’sthematter？/Whatseemstobethetrouble？B:Idon’tfeellikeeating./I’vegotacough./Ifeelterrible/bad./Idon’tfeelwell./I’vegotapainhere./Ithurtshere.14.购物A:WhatcanIdoforyou？/May/CanIhelpyou？B:I’dliketobuyadictionary.A:Howaboutthisone？B:That’sfine.I’lltakeit.15.问路和应答A:Excuseme.Where’sthepostoffice？/Excuseme,canyoutellmethewaytothepostoffice？B:Godownthisstreet.Turnright/leftatthesecondcrossing./Sorry,Idon’tknow.Iamastrangerhere.16.谈论天气A:What’stheweatherliketoday？/How’stheweatherinBeijing？B:It’sfine/cloudy/windy/rainy,etc./It’sratherwarm/cold/hottoday,isn’tit？17.处理交际中的障碍Pardon?/Ibegyourpardon./Pleasesaythatagain(moreslowly)./Whatdoyoumeanby...？/I’msorryIcan’tfollowyou.第81页共81页 18.提醒注意Youcan’t/mustn’tsmokehere./Nosmoking!/Wetfloor!/Mindyourhead/step!/Takecare!/Becareful!/Lookout!19.同意和不同意Certainly./Sure./Ofcourse./Yes,please./That’sagoodidea./Iagree.No,Idon’tthinkso./I’mafraidnot./Ireallycan’tagreewithyou./Noway(决不,没门).20.询问时间或日期和应答A:Whattimeisitnow？/What’sthetime？B:It’saboutthree.A:Whatdayis（it）today？B:It’sWednesday.A:Excuseme.Haveyougotthetime？B:Yes,it’ssixtwenty.试题精选1.—Bruce,Ireallyappreciateyourhandwriting.—.A.IpracticeeverydayB.ThankyouverymuchC.No,Idon’tthinksoD.Well,it’snotgoodenough2.—ThankyouforyourMP4player.I’llgetMarytotakeittoyousoon.—.I’veboughtanewone.A.NosenseB.NohurryC.NowayD.Nouse3.—MayIopenthewindowtoletinsomefreshair？—_____A.Comeon.B.Takecare.C.Goahead!D.Holdon!4.—Itlooksheavy.CanIgiveyouahand？—.A.No,thanksB.Yes,mypleasureC.No,nevermindD.Yes,Ido5.—JohnandIwillcelebrateourfortiethweddinganniversarynextmonth.—Oh,!A.cheerupB.welldoneC.goaheadD.congratulations6.—Mymotherispreparingmyfavoritedishes.Gowithmeandhaveataste,okay？—.AndI’llbegladtomeetyourparents.A.IthinksoB.I’dlovetoC.I’msureD.Ihopeso7.—Wouldyoupleasehelpmewiththebox？—.A.Yes,pleaseB.No,pleasedon’tC.WithpleasureD.Mypleasure8.—CouldIaskyouaratherpersonalquestion？—Sure,.A.pardonmeB.goaheadC.goodideaD.forgetit第81页共81页 9.—HowmuchdoIoweyouforlunch？—.It’snothing.A.You’rewelcomeB.ForgetitC.WithpleasureD.That’sright10.—Thefloorisdirty.Cananyonecleanit？—Idoitallthetime.A.Don’tmentionit.B.Whyyou？C.Notsure.D.Notmeagain.11.—CanyoushowmeMr.Jaffer’soffice,please？—.ButIdon’tknowifheisinatthemoment.A.ThanksB.GoonC.SureD.Youarewelcome12.—DidyouhaveagoodtimeinThailandlastweek？—,itwastoohot.A.NotreallyB.Yeah,whynotC.Oh,greatD.You’reright13.—MynameisJonathan.ShallIspellitforyou？—.A.Ifyoudon’tmindB.NotatallC.TakeiteasyD.Nicetomeetyou14.—Say,Jane,willyoucomewithmetothegameFriday？—,Bob,butIpromisedMaryI’dgowithher.A.MypleasureB.ThanksC.TakeiteasyD.Forgetit15.—Wehavebookedaroomfortodayandtomorrow.—.A.I’msureB.MypleasureC.It’sallrightD.I’llcheck一、    教学内容分析完型填空是高考英语试卷的题型之一，也是考查学生的英语水平的重要方式，目的在于培养学生的综合语言运用能力，提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力。本课是在高三英语进行第二轮复习时所做的专题讲座，就完形填空的解题步骤、解题方法和技巧几个方面进行理论的讲解和实践练习，从各个省、市的模拟题、质检题和高考题中挑选具有代表性的试题加以分析。目的是想让学生掌握并运用这些技巧，能够举一反三，做到熟能生巧，逐步提高英语水平。二、学生学习情况分析在学习兴趣方面，完型填空是高三学生一直渴望提高的题型，因为该题比分较大（总分30，1.5分/题）,第81页共81页 而且在做完形填空时既能欣赏故事，又能培养语言的运用能力，还可以训练思维能力，在收获基础知识的同时还能得到心灵的升华，有助于树立高考的信心。在语言知识方面，学生经过第一轮的词汇、语法知识复习后，已经有了一定的基础知识，在第二轮专项复习时，在巩固基础的同时还能查缺补漏。在语言能力方面，高三学生已经复习完第一轮，经过了几次质检考试，阅读理解能力已经得到了一定的提高，也学会了一些应试技巧，掌握了一些解题方法，但是有部分单词背的不好的同学在做题时遇到了一些障碍。在知识的迁移方面，由于学生的语言基础知识还不够扎实，在有浅入深的题型训练时，部分学生有些力不从心，特别是在做高考题时，遇到了困难。三、设计思想本课是根据2010年福建省高考英语《考试说明》中试卷结构、试卷难度所规定的对完型填空的考查，在高三英语总复习的过程中，对学生完形填空能力的要求较高。1考查目的：高考完形填空是对考生英语语言的综合运用能力的考查，既考查考生对语篇的综合理解能力，包括篇章的阅读理解、获取和分析信息的能力，又在语篇层面上考查学生在一定的语境中准确、恰当、得体地运用词汇的能力。2题型特点：（1）体裁和题材：高考英语试卷中的完形填空大都选择夹叙夹议的议论文或有一定故事情节和相对完整的故事片断的记叙文。题材大多富有教育意义，能给考生以启迪，类似人生感悟的心灵鸡汤的小短文，语言地道，文笔优美。（2）考点设置：完形填空设题完全不同于单项填空，以篇章语义为主，所设4个选项从语法角度考虑都正确。错误项只能通过语义、语境、常识、逻辑和搭配来排除。因而，高考完形填空设点以实词为主，其中最多是动词（包括非谓语动词、短语动词、情态动词）和名词，其次是形容词和副词，再次是连词和介词。下表是2008-2009福建卷考点分布情况试卷考点词性分布动词及短语名词形容词副词及短语连词介词代词2008年66321112009年7531211四、            教学目标语言知识目标：通过教师的指导和对应的题目训练，学生能深入理解每个技巧，准确的选出最佳答案，巩固所学的单词、词组、句型和语法知识。语言技能目标：提高学生运用所学语言知识的能力，培养学生对篇章进行整体理解的能力，学会在一定的语篇环境下（上下文的意思和逻辑联系）进行词义辨析和上下文逻辑推理、判断的能力，让学生对完形填空中的语境和语篇的理解能力得到提高。学习策略目标：学生能在一定程度上形成自主学习、有效交际、用英语思维、分析问题、解决问题的能力，使学生在做中学英语。从而达到“任务型语言教学”的目的。情感态度目标：帮助学生认识高考，了解高考，鼓励学生勇于接受挑战，充满信心和斗志。微笑着面对高考。第81页共81页 文化意识目标：鼓励高三学生多阅读、欣赏和背诵时代感强、英语国家的文化气息浓厚、体裁多样和题材广泛的原版英文材料，以体会异国文化，在阅读中习得英语的思维和表达方式，增强语感和跨文化交际意识。教学重点和难点1.      文章的阅读和理解。2.      解题技巧的灵活运用。3.      用英语思维和表达，增强语感和跨文化交际意识。四、        教学过程设计Step1Lead-in1.      Askseveralstudentstoanswersomequestions.(Showthequestionsonthescreen.)Doyouknowhowmanyscoresdoestheclozecontain？HowmanyscoresdoyouoftengainintheEnglishexam?2.      Onemorequestiontoanswer.Howmanystepsarethereinfinishingonepassagewhenyoupractise?设计意图：让学生进一步认识到完形填空的重要性，了解自己的薄弱环节，这样可以激发他们的挑战意识，题目简单容易回答，调动他们的积极性，为学习本课内容作铺垫。Step2While-practising1.      Acquiresixkindsofskillstopractiseonebyone.1.看清上下文(context)，找准定位词充分利用文章的上下文和前后句，找到对选择有提示作用的词或句。这些词有时可能是同义词或反义词。例如：1)Somepartsofthewaterareveryshallow.Butinsomeplacesitisvery.A.deepB.highC.coldD.dangerous2)Mygrandmotherbecameawidowin1970.Shortlyafterthat,wewenttothe36sheltertopickoutadogtokeepher..(福建省检)36.A.animalB.toyC.fishD.blind37.A.businessB.firmC.companyD.friend3)MrsO’Neillasked＿questionsandshedidn’tscolduseither.A.noB.certainC.manyD.more4)①thewallet,foundinthestreet,beputintoapocket②turnedovertothepoliceman?Shouldtheextrachangereceivedatthestorebeforgottenorreturned?①A.ShouldB.MustC.WouldD.Need②A.andB.orC.thenD.but2.    寻求上下逻辑，从容确定关系这类题主要考查考生对上下文逻辑关系的理解，如转折关系、让步关系、因果关系、递进关系、增补关系、比较关系以及对比关系等。例如：1)IthasbeenmanyyearssinceIwaslastinLondon＿Istillremembersomethingthathappenedduringthatvisit.A.andB.forC.butD.as2)50thedrivershadbrakedearlyenough,thedamagetotheircarswas51.Bothofficerscontinuedthechase.50.A.BeforeB.AlthoughC.BecauseD.When第81页共81页 51.A.effectiveB.seriousC.normalD.slight3)Thatwasastory25yearsago,buttheeffectthishadonmylifehaslasted.I53hadachancetothankhimpersonally,butthewayIlookatlifehaschanged54thosewords.53.A.oftenB.seldomC.onceD.never54.A.insearchofB.inmemoryofC.forthepurposeofD.asaresultof3.    通顺逻辑，寻求搭配注意固定的搭配，包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据内容选择正确的短语。例如：1)Here’safellowwhojustwalkedintoabankandhelpedhimself＿somuchmoney.　A.forB.byC.toD.of2)Itwas4o’clockwhenthefrontdoorbellrang.MrsClarkewas____teaatthetime.A.cookingB.makingC.burningD.serving3)Andvideocamerascanbeusedto＿＿people’sactionsathome.A.keepB.makeC.recordD.watch4.    扎实基础，理清辨异1)SoonIhearda＿＿likethatofadoorburstinandthenaclimboffeet.A.soundB.cryC.voiceD.shout　2)‘‘Givemeahand,’’heshouted__hegotneartheboat.A.whileB.tillC.forD.as5.    了解生活常识，确定相关知识1)(Immediately)theofficersjumpedintotheircarsandrushedtothe___hospital.A.animalB.biggestC.plantD.nearest　2）Thespaceislefttolettherailexpandwhenitgets___.A.wetB.coldC.hotD.dry6.    利用语法知识选出正确选项1).Irealizedthat____Ihaddonethat,Iwouldhavelostanewfriendandmissedallthefunwewouldhavetogether.(2003北京53题）A.beforeB.ifC.whileD.as2).Asmyfather,____workedthreejobs,oncetoldme,…（2003北京54题）A.heB.thatC.whoD.whoever3.      Afterthat,askstudentstogooverandpractiseagain.实战演练１)Theworld"spopulationisbecoming__7__.A.fasterandfasterB.moreandmoreC.largerandlargerD.moreterrible２)Thecity(Washington)wasnamed__13__GeorgeWashington,thefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates.A.byB.forC.asD.after3)Itisoccurringbecausetheweatherhasbeenalotwarmeroverthepastfewyears,which_41__themelting(融化)oftheiceintheAntarctic.Thiswillsooncausewaterlevelsto_42__andfoodpartsoftheworld.41.A.liesinB.resultsinC.suffersfromD.escapesfrom42.A.reduceB.riseC.dropD.move第81页共81页 4)Iclimbedthestairsslowly,carryingabigsuitcase,myfatherfollowingwithtwomore.BythetimeIgottothethirdfloor,Iwas___andatthesametimefeelinglonely.AhelplessBlazyCanxiousDtired设计意图：为了让学生掌握解题技巧，所选的题目遵循由易到难，循序渐进的原则，引导学生熟练地运用这些技巧，提高解题技能。Step3Post-practising1.AskstudentstopractisetheexercisesfromtheentranceexaminationofFujianandHubei.回眸真题1)…andthenbothendedupfromthesamehighschool,justthreeweeksbefore__,BillaskedMarkiftheycouldtalk.(2003北京第45小题）AgraduationBmovementCseparationDvacation2)Childrenfindmeaningsintheiroldfamilytales.Ks5uWhenStephenGuyer’sthreechildrenweregrowingup,hetoldthemstoriesabouthowhisgrandfather,abanker,36allinthe1930s,butdidnotlosesightofwhathevaluedmost.Inoneofthedarkesttimes37hisstrong-mindedgrandfatherwasnearly38,heloadedhisfamilyintothecarand39themtoseefamilymembersinCanadawitha40,“therearemoreimportantthingsinlifethanmoney.”K)(2009福建）36.A.missedB.lostC.forgotD.ignored37.A.whenB.whileC.howD.why38.A.friendlessB.worthlessC.pennilessD.homeless39.AfetchedB.allowedC.expectedD.took40.A.hopeB.promiseC.suggestionD.belief3)OnawarmMonday,JennyNeilsonboughtasandwichandparkedhercarundersometrees.Rollingdownthewindowsto41infreshair,shesettledbacktoenjoyherlunch.Suddenlyshe42abigbald（秃顶的）manrunningthroughtheparkinglot.Beforeshecameto43whatwouldhappen,themanwasthere,shoutingthroughherwindow,“Getout!”Neilson44.Pullingopenherdoor,themanseizedher45theneckandhair,andthrewheroutofthecarontotheground.Shescreamed,46herpurseandthekeys.s(08湖北）41.A.bringB.letC.gatherD.send42.A.recognizedB.watchedC.noticedD.met43.A.realizeB.understandC.imagineD.conclude44.A.escapedB.struggledC.refusedD.obeyed45.A.byB.aroundC.withD.on46.A.buryingB.forgettingC.offeringD.grabbing设计意图：这部分作为巩固练习，让学生体验一下高考，让能力得到进一步的提高，改进一些不良的做题习惯，让学生对高考充满信心。Step4Homework1.Gooveryournotestakeninclass.2.Finishtheexerciseonthepaper.七、教学反思第81页共81页 本课教学设计的特色和亮点主要体现在以下几个方面：第一：教学手段直观、形象。借助多媒体教学设备，精心设计每一个步骤和每一道题目，课件思路清晰、很有条理。第二：采用任务型教学。根据学生英语的实际水平，设置不同的任务，遵循由易到难，循序渐进的原则，采用整体教学法，问答、总结陈述等方法，帮助学生掌握解题技巧，灵活运用语言知识的目的。第三：尊重学生水平的差异。教师考虑到了学习的认知规律，给学生适当的引导和及时的鼓励，在设计中层层深入、循序渐进。在本节课上，教师充分发挥了学生的主观能动性，加强培养学生综合语言运用的能力，提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力。㈣完形填空应试技巧：　　⒈细读首句。　　重视首句的开篇启示作用。完形填空题一般不给标题，但是按命题规律，首句往往是完整的句子，是理解全文的窗口，能够帮助考生抓住文章行文的起点和思路，找出解题的突破口。　　⒉通读全文，掌握大意，粗选答案。　　依据首句提供的启示，快速阅读文章，从整体感知全文，掌握大意。这是第一遍阅读，读时要跳过空格，不看选项，困难肯定是有的，不懂之处不要停留，力求把注意力集中在文章的主线上。要注意文中的暗示，努力找出关键词。如果是故事性文章，关键词就是时间、地点和人物。抓住了关键词就抓住了故事的线索，进而理解全文。然后根据文章的大意进行第二遍阅读，此时可边阅读边粗选答案，这是为了尽量减少空格，帮助更透彻地理解全文。　　⒊上下文连贯，精选答案。　　通过前两遍的快速阅读，已对全文有了大致的了解。在这个基础上，再把文章细读一遍，对空格前后句作深入分析，确定空格在句中的意思。如果是语法问题，不仅要考虑时态、语态，还要考虑整个词法、句法。如果是语义问题，要从上下文分析，依据短文自身完整的语言环境进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。这遍阅读有两个目的：　　①进一步加深对短文的整体理解；　　②思考初读时发现的问题。但应注意：决不能停留在局部死抠，应以整体的大致把握为原则。有时下文可提供上文空格答案的线索或信息。选择答案时既要考虑句子结构是否完整、正确，又要跳出句子层次注意句际的结构，意义上的连接和照应关系，有时还应在段与段之间，情节与情节之间或更大的范围内关照上下文。同时还应注意行文逻辑，生活常识以及事物发展的规律。例如，95NMET完形填空题第一段“Washoeisayoungchimpanzee(黑猩猩).Sheisno__41___chimpanzee,though.Scientistsaredoingaresearch__42___her.Theywanttoseehowcivilized(驯化)shecan__43___.Alreadyshedoesmanythingsahumanbeingcando.”41空的四个选项（foolish/ordinary/special/第81页共81页 simple）均为形容词,都能修饰chimpanzee，根据下文，此黑猩猩在接受驯化，已能做人能做的许多事，从而便可确定，她不再是普通的（ordinary）黑猩猩了。如仅在此死抠，去辨别四个词的用法，是无法选出正确答案的。　　做完形填空时遇到的一个最大的问题就是拿不准该选哪个词，有时就是在语境清楚的情况下，也不是容易选出正确答案，这就需要我们掌握词义的细微区别、词义程度的深浅、所表示范围的大小或感情色彩的不同等词义方面的知识；掌握词的搭配，如动词和名词的固定搭配，动词与介词的搭配，名词与介词的搭配等等。只有把对上下文语境的理解及对词的用法结合起来作答，完形填空的正确性才能有充分的保证。根据历年高考完形填空试题中所考的各种词类的比例来看，动词、名词所占的比例最大，其次是形容词、副词、连词、介词、代词等。　　　　⒋复读全文，消除疏漏。　　全部答案选定后，应再次对全文进行复读，并全方位、多角度地检查所选答案，看能否使全文连贯畅通，内容清晰，主题突出。在复核过程中，凡遇不通之处必是有待推敲的疑点。对平时易犯的错误尤其要给予足够的重视。对于个别拿不准的答案，应当根据自己的语感，尊重第一次选择的答案，若无充分依据，切勿轻易改动。　　　　㈤如何提高完形填空能力：　　⒈不断积累并熟练掌握词汇、语法等扎实的基本知识和基本技能。　　在平时的复习过程中，对于重要的语法项目，如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、倒装句、情态动词等，要分段归纳，把零星的、分散的知识加以总结概括，而且要每复习一项，就要做这部分的练习题，以做到概念清楚，运用灵活。　　要系统复习词汇、短语搭配、惯用法及一些重要句型。在复习词汇的过程中，一定要注意词汇在不同语境中的多种含义，也要注意词性的转化。　　⒉加强训练，真正培养出较强的语感。　　每日做两篇完形文章，同时要注意内容的多样性，难度由适中到偏高，逐步过渡。经过一段时间的训练，可发现自己的逻辑思维能力和观察分析能力有所提高，语感也相应提高了。　　⒊养成良好的阅读习惯，培养熟练的阅读技巧，克服急躁心理。　　大量的阅读还要以熟练的技巧为前提，良好的习惯为保证。完形文章的阅读比较困难，需跳过空格，了解文意。应注意分析文章结构，领会上下文逻辑关系，不要盲目选择，要有根有据。阅读时要控制时间，并着眼于整句的理解，整段的把握，而不是支离破碎的词的拼凑。切忌遇到生词就查词典，这样会影响阅读速度。另外，要保持良好的心态，遇到问题及时解决，坚持不懈，就能稳步前进。　　　　　　⒋注意分析错题，避免出现类似的错误。　　每做完一篇完形之后，都应对所错之处进行分析，总结出错的原因，找出正确的解题思路，以逐步养成良好的解题习惯和熟练的解题技巧。　　⒌重视短文的关键句、主题句。　　解答完形填空题时应重视文章的主题句（往往是首句或尾句），从而尽快准确地把握文章的主题思想和作者的协作态度和观点。第81页共81页 四、完形填空解题方法及备考策略一）词汇知识的运用（各类词的用法及搭配、词语辨析）1．动词1）动词的结构功能（vi./vt./linkv.,接什么样的宾语，能否接复合宾语，接什么样的复合宾语）eg（1）.Butbyusingliterarytextsalongsideothertexts,teacherscan42studentsimprovetheirreadingskills.A.forceB.helpC.getD.wish析：选【B】。只有help可接helpsb.dosth.2)分析上下文情景，注意词汇与话题的同现结构是为意思服务的，在完形填空中大部分选项只看动词的结构功能是很难判断的，所以要分析上下文情景。（2）（Father）“KateandJohn,afriendofmineiscomingheretoseemethisevening,andIwishtobewithhim.Willyougouptoyourownroom?”We,wenttoourroomandclosedthedoor.A.punishedB.trembledC.obeyedD.replied析：【C】上文父亲吩咐她们上楼到自己的房间去，她们去了，说明按父亲的吩咐做了，所以选C。第81页共81页 Passage1（2010年重庆市高考仿真试卷三）Onedaywhengovernmentofficialswererebuildingabarn(谷仓),theyfoundamouseholeinacornerandusedsmoketoforcethemiceinsidethe  36  tocomeout．Awhilelaterthey  37 sawmicerunningout,  38 ．However,justastheywereabouttostartto  39 ,theysawtwomoremicegetout．Thestrangethingwasthataftertheycameoutofthehole,theydidnotrunaway  40 ．Instead,it  41  thatonewastryingtobitethetailoftheother．Everyonewas 42 ,sotheysteppedclosertotakealook．Theyrealizedthatoneofthemicewas  43  andcouldnotseeanything,and  44  wastryingtopullhimtoescape．Afterwitnessingwhathappened,everyonewasspeechlessand  45  inthought．Duringmealtime,thegroupofpeoplesatdown  46  acircleandstartedtochataboutwhathappenedtothetwomice．OneseriousRomeofficialsaid:“Ithinktherelationshipbetweenthosetwomicewas  47  ofemperorandminister．”Theothersthoughtforawhileandsaid:“Thatwas 48 !”AsmartIsraelisaid:“Ithinktherelationshipbetweenthosetwomicewashusbandandwife．”Againtheothersthoughtforawhile,andallfeltitmade  49 ;sotheyexpressed  50 ．AChinese,whowasaccustomedtothefirmtraditionofloyaltyto  51 ,said:“Ithinktherelationshipbetweenthosetwomicewasmotherandson．”Onceagaintheothersthoughtforawhile,andnoddedyetanothertime．Atthatmoment,one  52  Samaritanlookedatotherpeople,andasked:“Whydidthosetwomicehavetohavea  53  relationship?”Suddenly,theatmosphere  54 ．Infact,trueloveisnotestablishedonbenefit,friendshipandloyaltyorbloodrelationship． 55 ,itisbasedonnorelationship．36．A．corner   B．barn    C．hole    D．smoke37．A．indeed   B．luckily   C．hardly   D．finally38．A．oneafteranother      B．byandby  C．againandagain      D．nowandthen39．A．catchup   B．pickup   C．keepup   D．cleanup40．A．suddenly   B．immediately  C．surprisingly  D．naturally41．A．proved   B．happened   C．came    D．seemed42．A．excited   B．anxious   C．puzzled   D．shocked43．A．blind   B．deaf    C．disabled   D．dumb44．A．one    B．other   C．another   D．the第81页共81页 other45．A．sank    B．lost    C．concentrated  D．fixed46．A．with    B．for    C．in    D．by47．A．one    B．that    C．such    D．what48．A．wrong   B．OK    C．why    D．exactly49．A．choice   B．sense   C．difference   D．meaning50．A．agreement  B．disagreement  C．seriousness  D．admiration51．A．family   B．fathers   C．mothers   D．parents52．A．pure-minded  B．absent-minded C．narrow-minded D．open-minded53．A．friendly   B．long    C．good    D．certain54．A．remained   B．froze   C．heated   D．still55．A．Still   B．However   C．Instead   D．Moreover答案：36—40CAADB  41—45DCADB   46—50CBCBA   51—55DADBC Passage2（四川省绵阳中学2010届高三高考模拟）Nightafternight,mymothercametomybed,evenlongaftermychildhoodyears.Shewould  21 downandpushmylonghairoutoftheway,andthenkissmyforehead. Idon’trememberwhenitfirststarted 22 me-herhandspushingmyhairthatway,fortheyfeltwork-wornandrough 23 myyoungskin.Finally,onenight,Ishoutedoutather,“Don’tdothatanymore-yourhandsaretoorough!”shemadeno 24 andleftquietly.Butneveragaindidmymotherdoitwiththatfamiliarexpressionofher 25 .Withthepassingyears,my  26 returnedtothatnighttimeaftertime.BythenI  27 mymother’shandsandhergoodnightkiss.Sometimestheincidentseemedvery 28 ,sometimesfaraway,butalwaysitwas 29 inthebackofmymind.Theyearshavepassed,andI’mnotalittlegirlanymore.Momisinherseventies,andthosehandsIonce 30 tobesorougharestilldoingthingsformeandmyfamily.Now,MomnolongerhasDadandlives 31 .OnenightonThanksgivingEve,Ifoundmyself 32 toherhousetospendthenightwithher.AsIsleptinthebedroomofmyyouth,afamiliarhandhesitantlyranacrossmyfaceto 33 thehairfrommyforehead.Thena  34 ,eversogently,touchedmyforehead.Iburstintotears.Inmymemory,thousandsoftimes,I  35 thenightmyyoungvoicecomplained.CatchingMom’shandinhand,Itoldherhow 36 Iwasforthatnight.Ithoughtshe’dremember 37 Idid.ButMomdidn’tknowwhatIwastalkingabout.Shehadalreadyforgottenand  38 longago.Thatnight,Ifellasleepwithanew 39 formygentlemotherandhercaringhands.AndtheguiltthatIhadcarriedaroundforsolongwas  40 tobefound.第81页共81页 21．A．lie B．bend C．look D．fall22．A．annoying B．astonishing C．delighting D．disappointing23．A．along B．above C．against D．aside24．A．reply B．promise C．request D．agreement25．A．pity B．sadness C．apology D．love26．A．feelings B．opinions C．spirits D．thoughts27．A．missed B．forgot C．held D．shook28．A．strange B．close C．serious D．common29．A．stressed B．existed C．hidden D．exposed30．A．expected B．changed C．reminded D．complained31．A．yet B．away C．alone D．long32．A．drawn B．carried C．moved D．stayed33．A．cut B．wash C．brush D．take34．A．tear B．kiss C．press D．hand35．A．returned B．remembered C．realized D．recalled36．A．sorry B．happy C．angry D．nervous37．A．when B．how C．why D．as38．A．disappeared B．forgiven C．apologized D．abandoned39．A．imagination B．inspiration C．decoration D．appreciation40．A．still B．soon C．nowhere D．anyhow答案：21—40 BACAD  DABCB  CACBD  ADBDC21.B bentdown意即：母亲在床边俯身，22.A“whenitfirststartedannoyingme…”句中的it指母亲捋我头发这事，母亲这一举动使我不高兴。23.C母亲的手抚摸我，我感到粗糙。against有touching之意。24.A 我冲母亲叫，她没回应。这里用reply promise:诺言；request:要求；agreement:同意25.D根据上下文，这里的意思是：母亲表达的是一种爱。26.D我几年之后又想到那晚的情景，think的名词是thoughts；feelings:感情，心情，27.A 我怀念母亲的手。missed:想念，惦记28.B儿时发生的那件事在我的记忆中时而近时而远，但总是内心挥之不去的愧疚。close与后文的faraway有关。29.C句中的it指“愧疚”，它始终在我心中。behiddenin隐藏在……;exist是不及物动词搭配不对30.B “Ioncechangedtobesorough”是定语从句修饰hands,这里的意思是：我使母亲的手变得粗糙，因为母亲为我操劳了许多。31.C父亲去世后，母亲单独生活。后文有…toherhousetospendthenightwithher32.Adrawntoherhouse:自己被母爱所“吸引”33.C把挡住额头的头发梳了过去。brushone’shair：梳头发34.B母亲吻了我。35.Drecall：回忆；returned：返回；归还；remembered：记住；realized：意识到。Irecalledthenight..意即：Ithoughtofthenight…36.Asorry一词与愧疚有关。其余的选项与上下文意思不符。37.DasIdid是一个表方式的状语，像我一样记得那事。38.Bforgottenandforgiven说的是母亲忘了，原谅了我。.abandoned：被放弃[扔弃，遗弃]了的。39.D这里说的是作者对母亲的手产生了一种新的“感激”40.C母女情深，这时我感到得到了母爱的包容，因而我的愧疚荡然无存。Passage3（河北省正定中学2010届高三下学期第二次月考）Asayoungman,Alwasaskilledartist.Hehadawifeandtwofinesons.Onenight,hisoldestson 21 aseverestomachache.Thinkingitwasonly第81页共81页 some  22 intestinal（肠内的）disorder,neitherAlnorhiswifetooktheconditionvery 23 .Buttheboy  24  suddenlythatnight.      Knowingthedeathcouldhavebeen  25  ifhehadonlyrealizedtheseriousnessofthesituation,Al"semotionalhealthbecameworseunderthehugeburdenofhisguilt.Tomakematters__26 ,hiswifelefthimashorttimelater,leavinghimalonewithhissix-year-oldyoungerson.Thehurtandpainofthetwo  27   weremorethanAlcouldhandle,andhe  28   toalcohol.IntimeAl__29 analcoholic.      Asthealcoholismprogressed,Albegantoloseeverythinghe  30   —hishome,hisland,hisartworkseverything.  31   AldiedaloneinaSanFranciscomotelroom.      WhenIheardofAl"sdeath,IthoughtthatAl"slifewasacomplete 32 . Ithought."Whatatotallywastedlife".      Astimewentby,Ibegantore-evaluatemyearlierjudgment.IknewAl"snowadultson,Ernie.Heisoneofthekindest,mostcaring,mostlovingmenIhave 33 known.IwatchedErniewithhischildrenandsawthefree  34  oflovebetweenthem.Iknewthatkindnessandcaringhadtocomefromsomewhere.Ihadn"theardErnietalkmuchabouthisfather.OnedayIworked35 mycouragetoaskhim."I"mreally 36 bysomething,"Isaid."Iknowyourfatherwas 37 theonlyonetoraiseyou.Whatonearthdidhedothatyoubecamesuchaspecialperson?"      Erniesatquietlyand 38 forafewmoments.Thenhesaid,"Frommyearliest__39 asachilduntilIlefthomeat18,Alcameintomyroomeverynight,gavemeakissandsaid,"Iloveyou,son.""TearscametomyeyesasIrealizedwhatafoolIhadbeento 40 Alasafailure.Hehadnotleftanymaterialpossessionsbehind.Buthehadbeenakindlovingfather,andheleftbehindoneofthefinest,mostgivingmenIhaveeverknown.21.A.formed              B.developed         C.received               D.gained22.A.average       B.normal        C.ordinary          D.common23.A.slightly       B.secretly       C.seriously          D.terribly24.A.died                   B.choked            C.starved                 D.worsened25.A.cured                B.prevented          C.forbidden             D.saved26.A.better             B.heavier             C.worse                    D.happier27.A.disasters          B.adventures        C.directions             D.situations28.A.got                 B.drank              C.turned                   D.sank29.A.turned             B.became           C.followed                D.created30.A.needed            B.shared             C.benefited              D.possessed31.A.Eventually        B.Gradually         C.Therefore             D.Meanwhile32.A.trouble              B.hardship            C.failure                 D.waste33.A.never         B.even          C.still             D.ever34.A.win                B.fall                    C.space                   D.flow35.A.up                   B.with                  C.on                      D.through36.A.worried           B.puzzled              C.interested            第81页共81页  D.attracted37.A.especially         B.basically            C.merely                 D.specially38.A.argued            B.searched             C.analyzed              D.reflected39.A.thoughts          B.ideas                 C.minds                D.memories40.A.treat               B.call                    C.judge                   D.feel答案：21---25BDCAB            26---30 CDCBD       31---35ACDDA          36---40 BBDDCPassage5(2010吉林市高三第二次市统考)LovingKindnessIsTwiceBlessed Ifeltgloomy(沮丧的)theotherday.Theweatherhadbeendarkandrainy,andIjustdidn’tfeelso  16  . AsIwassittingatmydesk,I  17  itwasthebirthdayofadearlong-timefriend—asingle,middle-agedwomanwhohasdevotedthepast30yearstonursingandlovesher  18  .Knowingthatshedoesn’thavefamilyintown,I  19  togiveheracall.Sureenough,shewasonB-shift,   20   toworklateintotheevening,andwouldn’thave 21    ofabirthdaythisyear.Asalways,   22  ,shesoundedcheerfulandwashappythatI  23  . AfterIhungup,Icouldn’t  24  thefeelingthatshewouldreallyappreciatealittleattentiononherspecialday.   25   feelingalittlegloomymyself,Itriedtoputitoutofmymind,butasthedaypassedIcouldn’tshakethethought.I  26  gavein,andthateveningsetofftothehospitalwithacard,acheesecake,andsomeballoons.Myfriend’sgratefulsmileandjoyfulsurprise  27  meI’ddonetherightthingandwereagenerous  28  forthelittleeffortithadtaken. WhenIgothome,IrealizedthatnotonlyhadIcheeredupa  29  friendonherbirthday,butmyowngloomyfeelingshadalsodisappeared.Makingherdayhad  30   myown!Isn’tthatthewayitis  31  wetakethetimeandmakethe  32  todosomethingforsomeoneelse?It’slikethelittlesaying,“Lovingkindnessistwiceblessed;itblesseshimwhogives,andhimwho  33  .” Cheeringuppeopleontheirbirthdaysisn’ttheonlythingwecandotomaketheirday.Lifeconstantlypresentsuswith  34  totakeanextrastepordoakinddeedthatwillmakeadifferenceto  35  .Andthewonderfulthingisthataswedo,itchangesthingsforthebetterforustoo.16.A.special   B.positive   C.nervous   D.proud17.A.explained  B.complained  C.remembered  D.informed18.A.family   B.training   C.work    D.school19.A.decided  B.continued   C.agreed   D.refused20.A.surprised  B.disappointed  C.bored    D.prepared21.A.much   B.many    C.little    D.few22.A.though  B.besides   C.therefore   D.otherwise23.A.admitted  B.called    C.succeeded   D.apologized24.A.experience  B.imagine   C.shake    D.understand25.A.Almost  B.Even    C.Never    D.Still26.A.luckily   B.finally    C.unhappily   D.hardly27.A.convinced  B.advised   C.promised   D.reminded28.A.response  B.contribution  C.reward   D.share29.A.careless  B.lonely    C.weak    D.第81页共81页 curious30.A.troubled  B.taken    C.wasted   D.made31.A.when   B.where    C.why    D.how32.A.suggestion  B.friend    C.effort    D.call33.A.tries   B.receives   C.expects   D.cares34.A.opportunities B.dreams   C.choices   D.regrets35.A.someone  B.something   C.everyone   D.everything16.B.positive意为“乐观的”，此处的didn’tfeelsopositive与上文的feltgloomy相符。17.C.记起。18.C.从事护士职业30年，很喜欢她自己的工作。19.A.我决定给她打个电话。20.D.她是B班，准备工作到深夜。21.A.不会有太多的时间过生日。22.A.though意为“虽然”。23.B.她因我打电话而高兴。24.C.shake意为“动摇”，下文26空前有提示。25.D.作者仍然感到沮丧，与文章开头相呼应。26.B.最终。27.A.使我相信我做对了。28.C.她的笑容和惊喜是对我慷慨的回报。29.B.作者没有家人在镇里，所以孤独，与19空前内容相符合。30.D.与makeherday相符合。31.A.当我们付出时间和努力的时候。32.C.同上。33.B.receives与gives相对应。34.A.生活为我们提供机会。35.A.对某个人产生影响。(山东省聊城市2008年高三年级模拟（三）)TeenagersatoneGermanschoolarelearninghowtoachievehappinessalongsideothertraditional 36 suchasmathematicsandlanguages.Theclasssitsinacirclewiththeireyesshutandtheycountfromonetoten:someonestarts,the  37 voicecomesfromthefarright,athirdfromtheotherside.Theaimofthegameisto  38 foranopportunitytoshoutoutthe  39 withoutclashing（相撞）withanothervoiceorleavingapause.Onthefirsttry, 40 oftheyoungGermanstrytobefirst,whileafewaretooshytojoinin.Butbythefifth 41 ,theydeveloparhythm.The  42 .giveotherpeoplespacebutalso 43 claimyourown.Thisisarequirementforsocialwell-being.Unlikeschoolsinothernations, Germanschoolsdonotusuallyhaveschoolsportsteamsorseektobuildschoolspirit.Manyteensadmittheyare  44 andconfused,butschoolisnotusuallytheplacetofindrelief.TheWillyHellpachSchoolinHeidelbergisthefirstinthenationtodevelopahappiness 45 .Itis  46 for17-19-year-oldspreparingforuniversityentranceexams.“Thecourseisn’ttheretomakeyouhappyas  47 ,”ErnstFritz-Schubert,theschoolprincipal,warnedpupils,“ 48 rathertohelpyoudiscoverthewaystobecomehappy.”Cookingamealtogetherwillbeoneoftheclass 49 ,alongwithimprovingbodylanguageunderthe  50 oftwoprofessional第81页共81页 actresses.Thecourseistaughtforthreeperiodsaweek. 51 thehappysubject,thepupilsthemselvesinsistitisnolaughingmatter.“Inthefirstperiod,wehadtoeachsaysomething  52 aboutanothermemberoftheclassandaboutourselves.Nolaughingatpeopleorteasing,”saidFanny,17.Themessage:self-esteem（自尊）improves 53 too.Researchbytheschoolshowsitisnotthefirsttostarthappinessclasses:theyalso  54 atsomeUSuniversities,butaremainlybasedonpositivethinking,using  55 fromstudiesofdepression.“Thatwouldbetooone-sidedforus.Wewanttoshowhowdecent（好的）foodorexercisecanhelptoo,”theprincipalsaid.36．A．subjects B．objects C．customs D．habits37．A．sweet B．next C．last D．loud38．A．look B．see C．find D．listen39．A．name B．person C．number D．slogan40．A．All B．few C．most D．none41．A．round B．limit C．sheet D．zone42．A．topic B．rhythm C．subject D．message43．A．patiently B．confidently C．immediately D．quietly44．A．happy B．lonely C．curious D．distinctive45．A． movement B．class C．course D．approach46．A．intended B．made C．managed D．applied47．A．much B．well C．usual D．such48．A．and B．but C．so D．yet49．A．tests B．exams C．exercises D．homework50．A．guidance B．lookout C．counsel D．supervision51．A．Except B．Beyond C．Unlike D．Despite52．A．backward B．positive C．negative D．subjective53．A．atmosphere B．achievement C．happiness D．score54．A．exist B．happen C．devise D．initiate55．A．inspections B．instructions C．motives D．findings答案 36.A  37.B 38.D 39.C 40.C 41.A 42.D 43.B 44.B 45.C 46.A 47.D 48.B 49.C 50.A 51.D 52.B 53.C 54.A 55.D第81页共81页