自考英语语法讲义及练习 7页

更多优质自考资料尽在百度贴吧自考乐园俱乐部（http://tieba.baidu.com/club/5346389）欢迎❤加入...欢迎❤交流...止不住的惊喜等着你.........自考英语语法讲义及练习主讲人：胥国红主要内容：1．动词时态和语态2．非谓语动词3．虚拟语气4．定语从句和名词性从句1.动词的时态和语态1．1动词的时态和语态一览表时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时主动被动doaredonedidweredonewilldowillbedone现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时主动被动aredoingarebeingdoneweredoingwerebeingdonewillbedoing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时主动被动havedonehavebeendonehaddonehadbeendonewillhavedonewillhavebeendone现在完成进行时主动被动havebeendoing1.2动词主要时态的意义及运用1)现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时英语提示语：uptonow,sofar,forthreeyears,since1995,overpasttenyears,bytheendofthisweek,bytheyearof1995汉语提示语：已经，早已，了e.g.Wehaven’tmeteachothersincelastyear.Bytheendofthisweek,we’llhavefinishedthetask.2)现在完成进行时从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直e.g.Thewaterhasbeenrunningthewholenight.3)过去完成时a)said,reported,thought等引导的间接引语中。e.g.Hemissedthetrain.Hesaidhehadmissedthetrain.b)hardly…when,nosooner…thane.g.Nosoonerhadhegotupthanhereceivedthecall.c)与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中e.g.IfIhadtriedharder,Iwouldhavewon.7 更多优质自考资料尽在百度贴吧自考乐园俱乐部（http://tieba.baidu.com/club/5346389）欢迎❤加入...欢迎❤交流...止不住的惊喜等着你.........IwishIhaddonebetterintheexam.历年考题中的动词时态和语态1.Muchofthecarbonintheearth___(come)fromthingsthatoncelived.2.Inthepasttwodecades,research___(expand)ourknowledgeaboutsleepanddream.3.Someproverbs___(be)inthelanguagefor1,000years,forexample,Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.4.___(stand)atthegatewasayoungmaningreencoat.5.In1991,aftertheGulfWar,Bush’sapprovedratingreached91percent,thehighestlevelrecordedsincepolling___(begin)inthe19302.6.Seeingviolenceontelevisionorreadingaboutitinthenewspaperseveryday___(make)ustoleratecrimemorethanweshould.7.Sofar,Irving___(live)inNewYorkCityfortenyears.8.Thepatient___(send)toanotherhospitalbeforewegotthere.9.Thesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury___(witness)thefirstextendedtranslationintoEnglishofthewritingsofEliphasLevi.10.Alltheworriestheymighthavefeltforhim___(drive)offbythesightofhischeerfulface.Key:1.comes一般现在时，主语为不可数名词，谓语用单数2.hasexpanded现在完成时3.hasbeen现在完成时4.Standing过去进行时的倒装形式5.began一般过去时6.makes一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语用单数7.hasbeenliving现在完成进行时8.hadbeensent过去完成时的被动形式9.witnessed一般过去时10.weredriven一般过去时的被动2.非谓语动词2.1动词主要时态和语态一览表非谓语动词形式意义现在分词一般式Doing主动,正在进行被动式beingdone被动,正在进行完成主动式havingdone主动,已经完成完成被动式havingbeendone被动,已经完成过去分词Done被动,已经完成动词不定式一般式todo主动,将要进行被动式tobedone被动,将要进行完成主动式tohavedone主动,已经完成进行主动式tobedoing主动,正在进行2.2.非谓语动词作状语•动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语e.g.Icameheretomeetyou.（目的）Hehurriedtotherailstationonlytomissthetrain.（结果）•分词：1)伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语4）让步状语；5）时间状语e.g.Walkingalongthestreet,hemethisoldfriend.（时间）Beingverytired,myfatherdidn’tgooutwithus.（原因）Madebyhand,thesilkshirtisveryexpensive.（原因）Seenfromthespace,theearthlookslikeablueball.(条件)2.3非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构1)Havingdonetheirhomework,thechildrenbegantoplay.(分词作状语)7 更多优质自考资料尽在百度贴吧自考乐园俱乐部（http://tieba.baidu.com/club/5346389）欢迎❤加入...欢迎❤交流...止不住的惊喜等着你.........2)Afterhavingdonetheirhomework,thechildrenbegantoplay.（连词+分词）3)Aftertheyhaddonetheirhomework,thechildrenbegantoplay.（状语从句）4)Withhomeworkdone,thechildrenbegantoplay.（独立结构）2.4非谓语动词作定语1)Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecision___(make).(tobemade)2)Doyouknowtheman____(stand)infrontofthehouse?(standing)3)Thequestion____(discuss)atthemomentisveryimportant.(beingdiscussed)4)Thebridge____(build)inthe1950sisstillingoodcondition.(built)2.5动名词和动词不定式*作主语和表语动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。e.gRisingearlyisgoodforhealth.Toriseearlytomorrowisdifficultforme.Itisdifficultformetoriseearlytomorrow.Mybiggestwishistogoabroad.Seeingisbelieving.*作宾语接动名词作宾语的动词：admit,acknowledge,avoid,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,forgive,finish,include,involve,mind,putoff,postpone,suggest,feellike,lookforwardto,beusedto,beaccustomedto,etc.接动词不定式作宾语的动词：want,tend,intend,pretend,hope,plan,expect,besupposedto,seem,belikelyto,usedto,bewillingto,desire,force,prefer,start,begin接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：5)forget,remember,regret6)stop,continue7)need/want8)allowdoing/allowsbtodo1)HowcanIforgetmeetingyouforthefirsttime?Sorry,Iforgottolockthedoor.2)Ican’tstoplaughing.Canyoustoptogivemeahand?3)Thegrassneedscutting.Thegrassneedstobecut.4)Wedon’tallowsmokinghere.Youarenotallowedtosmokehere.历年考题中的非谓语动词1.Amancannotbereallyhappyifwhatheenjoys___(do)isignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.2.Anyone___(want)tounderstandtheindustryofthefuturewillhavetoknowaboutrobotics.3.Itisawell-knownfactthatapersonwillmoveinacirclewhenhecannotusehiseyes___(control)hisdirection.4.Asresearchtechniquesbecomemoreadvanced,thenumberofanimals___(use)inexperimentsmaydecrease.5.Itseemsreasonabletoassumethat,otherthings___(be)equal,theywouldprefersingletosharedrooms.6.Thispoem,if___(translate)wordforwordintoChinese,willmakenosense.7 更多优质自考资料尽在百度贴吧自考乐园俱乐部（http://tieba.baidu.com/club/5346389）欢迎❤加入...欢迎❤交流...止不住的惊喜等着你.........7.Theymayhavetheirpassports_____(remove),makingleavingor“escaping”actuallyimpossible.8.Herbody,withhandsandfeet____(bind),wasdiscoveredbyatravelerearlyinthemorning.9.Icouldn’thelpbut___(feel)thisisaverystrangelife.10.Letusconsidertheearthasaplanet____(revolve)roundthesun.Key:1.doing动名词做enjoy的宾语2.wanting现在分词作定语3.tocontrol动词不定式作目的状语4.used过去分词作定语5.being现在分词用在独立结构中6.translated连词加过去分词作状语7.removed过去分词作宾补8.bound过去分词用在独立结构中9.feelcouldn’thelpbut后接动词原形10.revolving现在分词作定语3.虚拟语气第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气时间从句主句与现在事实相反did/wereshould/could/would+do与过去事实相反haddoneshould/could/would+havedone与将来事实相反weretodoshoulddoshould/could/would+doe.g.IfIwereyou,Iwouldbehappytodoit.Ifwehadgotthenews,wecouldhavepreparedearlier.Ifthejobweretosucceed,youshouldworkharder.第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语气1)wouldrather+从句2)wish+从句3)ifonly+从句4)asif/asthough+从句5)It’stime+从句e.g.Iwouldratheryoudidn’ttellmethestorynow.Iwouldratheryouhadtoldmethestoryyesterday.第三大类：从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。1)suggest,propose,advise,move(动议),ask,order,require,request,desire,insist,prefer等动词后接的宾语从句；2)suggestion,proposal,advice,motion,order,requirement,request,desire,preference等名词后的同位语从句；3)important,necessary,essential,imperative,desirable,advisable,preferable等形容词用在itis…that…句型中；7 更多优质自考资料尽在百度贴吧自考乐园俱乐部（http://tieba.baidu.com/club/5346389）欢迎❤加入...欢迎❤交流...止不住的惊喜等着你.........4)lest,incase,forfearthat等引导的从句中。e.g.Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Itismysuggestionthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Itisnecessarythatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Hecametotheofficeearlierlesthe(should)misstheimportantmeeting.历年考题中的虚拟语气1.Ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp,we___(be)inrealtrouble.2.Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,ifhe___(notbe)sobusy.3.Itishightimethatwe___(take)firmmeasurestoprotectourenvironment.4.Itwasimperativethatstudents___(finish)theirpapersbeforeJuly1st.5.Theydemandedthattherighttovote___(give)toeveryadultperson.6.Therewasamistakeonmypaycheck.I____(receive)$10more.7.Iwouldratherhe____(buy)thehousenextyear.8.Themanagertoldustobefriendlytothevisitorsasifwe___(meet)thembefore.9.Shouldshecometomorrow,I___takehertothemuseum.[A]can[B]will[C]would[D]must10.Ifwe___everythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.[A]hadn’tgot[B]didn’tget[C]wouldn’thavegot[D]wouldn’tgetKey:1.wouldhavebeen与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句2.hadnotbeen与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句3.tookItishightime+过去式的虚拟形式4.shouldfinish/finishItwasimperativethat+动词原形的虚拟形式1.begivendemand所接宾语从句用动词原形的虚拟形式2.shouldhavereceived与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句，表示“本应该收到”而实际上没有。3.boughtwouldrather后接宾语从句，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气。4.hadmetasif所引导的从句用过去完成式表示虚拟语气。5.C与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的主句。6.A从句与现在事实相反，但本身已经是现在完成时（从bynow可以看出），所以变为过去完成时。4.定语从句和名词性从句4.1定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句引导定语从句1）关系代词(在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：which,that,who,whom,whose2）关系副词（在定语从句中作状语）：when,where,why,how名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句引导名词性从句：1）主从连词（不在从句中作任何成分）：that,whether,if2）连接代词（在从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：what,which,who,whom,whose,whatever,whoever…3）连接副词（在从句中作状语）：when,where,why,how4.2定语从句和同位语从句的区别7 更多优质自考资料尽在百度贴吧自考乐园俱乐部（http://tieba.baidu.com/club/5346389）欢迎❤加入...欢迎❤交流...止不住的惊喜等着你.........定语从句对名词进行修饰限制，而同位语从句阐述的是名词的具体内容。从语法上看，that,which在定语从句中做主语或宾语，而同位语的引导词that不在从句中担任任何成分。e.g.1)Thestory(that)hetoldmemaynotbetrue.定语从句2)Thestorythathehasmadeafortunemaynotbetrue.同位语从句4.3什么时候用介词＋which的形式?如果定语从句缺主语或宾语，用that/which形式。如果定语从句缺状语，用介词+which形式。e.g.1)TheplacewhichIvisitedlastweekisverybeautiful.2)TheplaceinwhichIusedtoliveisverybeautiful.4.4which和as引导非限制性定语从句which和as都能引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个一句话。As有“正如”的意思，而which没有。1)Heiseasytogetangry,whichiswellknown.他很容易生气，这一点大家都知道。2)Heiseasytogetangry,aseverybodyknows.正如大家都知道的那样，他很容易生气。历年考题中的定语从句和名词性从句1.Studieshaveshown___teenagersoftensufferfromdepression.[A]that[B]which[C]inwhich[D]inthat2.Itisawell-knownfact___apersonwillmoveinacirclewhenhecannotusehiseyestocontrolhisdirection.[A]that[B]if[C]when[D]whether3.Ontheotherhandconcernisalsogrowingaboutthepossibilityofaneweconomicorder____resource-richnationsoftheThirdWorldwouldcombinetosethighcommodityprices.[A]which[B]what[C]that[D]inthat4.Itisnotyetknown____computerswillonedayhavevisionasgoodashumanvision.[A]whether[B]if[C]that[D]how5.Suchattitudesamounttoabelief___leisurecanandshouldbeputtogooduse.[A]which[B]if[C]whether[D]that1.Thereasonformakingadecisionis___aproblemexists,goalsarewrong,orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.[A]why[B]because[C]where[D]that7.___developedwasamusicreadilytakingonvariousformsandcapableofanalmostlimitlessrangeofexpression.[A]What[B]Whether[C]That[D]Which8.Veryfewpeopleunderstoodthiscontract,___wasveryobscure.[A]thelanguage[B]thelanguageofwhich[C]allitsaid[D]whichithadsaid9.Oftenmusicwasplayedoutofdoors,___natureprovidedtheenvironment.[A]which[B]that[C]inwhich[D]where10.Manyofusvisitedtheindustrialexhibition,____,toourdisappointment,wesawveryfewhigh-techproducts.[A]where[B]which[C]as[D]thatKey:1.Athat引导宾语从句2.Athat引导同位语从句3.Cthat引导同位语从句7 更多优质自考资料尽在百度贴吧自考乐园俱乐部（http://tieba.baidu.com/club/5346389）欢迎❤加入...欢迎❤交流...止不住的惊喜等着你.........1.Ait为形式主语，whether引导真正的主语从句2.Dthat引导同位语从句3.Dthat引导表语从句4.Awhat引导主语从句，并在主语从句中做主语5.Bthelanguageofwhich引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中做主语6.Dwhere引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语7.Awhere引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语结束语：掌握语法题的要诀在于1）牢记上述表格；2）分清楚题目属于哪种具体情况；3）熟练套用正确形式；4）最后再检查一下是否应作必要的改动：如是否被动，三人称动词后加s，动词的不规则变化等。在理解上述表格的适用条件后，再通过大量作题来巩固，及时纠正出现的错误，我们一定能攻克语法难题，在语法部分得到一个理想的分数！7