英语语法中的37大难点之前18大难点讲解(史前之最经典资料) 49页

英语语法中的37大难点之前18大难点讲解难点1并非只表抽象的抽象名词抽象名词一般看作不可数名词,但有时也可与冠词连用，表示具体化。●难点磁场1.（★★★★★）Jumpingoutofairplaneattenthousandfeetisquite________excitingexperience.(NMET2002)A.不填；theB.不填；anC.an；anD.the；the2.（★★★★★）Manypeopleagreethat________knowledgeofEnglishis________mustininternationaltradetoday.A.a；aB.the；anC.the；theD.不填；the3.（★★★★★）Onewaytounderstandthousandsofnewwordsistogain________goodknowledgeofbasicwordinformation.(上海2002)A./B.theC.aD.one4.（★★★★）—Ihearthatasmanyas150peoplewerekilledintheearthquake.—Yes，________newscameas________shocktous.A.the；theB.the；aC.不填；不填D.不填；a5.(★★★★)Hehas______greatinterestinhistory，especiallyin______historyofTangDynasty.A.a；theB.a；/C./；theD./；a●案例探究1.FormanyBeijingers，dreamsoflivingin___greenareaarebecoming____reality.A.a；aB.the；theC.不填；不填D.the；不填命题意图：表面看本题考查学生对冠词的用法，其实也考查了学生对抽象名词具体化的掌握，属于五星级题目。知识依托：抽象名词并非都作不可数名词。错解分析：D选项迷惑性较大，许多同学会认为reality为抽象名词，不能用a。解题方法与技巧：抽象名词或物质名词前或后加上表示性质类别的修饰词，指概念的“一种”“一类”“一次”等时，可用不定冠词，例如：Physicsisascience.答案：A2.Thepolicehave________powertoarrestbadpeopleby________law.A.the；theB.a；aC.the；不填D.不填；the命题意图：考查学生对抽象名词具体化的理解，属于四星级题目。知识依托：定冠词与抽象名词连用，特指双方都了解的人或事。错解分析：许多学生会认为D正确，认为power是抽象名词，故不能用冠词。解题方法与技巧：toarrestbadpeople是power的定语，故此处用the表示特指。答案：C●锦囊妙计1.不定冠词与抽象名词连用表示：①一种、一场或某个动作的一次、一番。例如：Itwasawar，havealook，haveatry。②某一品质的具体行动。例如：Thankyou，Tim.Youhavedonemeakindness. ③引起某种情绪的事。例如：It’sapleasuretoworkwithyou.It’sapitythatyoucan’tswim.2.定冠词与抽象名词连用，特指某一时、某一次的行动或情绪，或说话的双方都了解的人或事。3.注意：有些词组中，有没有冠词含义是不同的。试比较：●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★)Heis________（help）tome.2.(★★★★)Nowadaysmanyyoungpeoplegetinto________habitofsmokingin________publicandcan’tkickit.A.the；theB./；/C./；theD.the；/3.(★★★★★)—Thenewsisspreadingfrommouthtomouth.—Yes，it’sbecome________talkof________town.A.a；aB.the；/C.the；theD.a；/4.(★★★★★)Infaceof________failure，itisthemostimportanttokeepup________goodstateofmind.A./；aB.a；/C.the；/D./；the5.(★★★★★)Havingreceived________trainingoftheMs.Company，hewasoffered________importantpositioninmanagement.A.the；anB.不填；anC.the；不填D.a；a6.(★★★★★)In________SaharaDesert，________rainwasscarce，butinmyhometownthereis________heavyrainnowandthen，andtheriveraroundthetownrisesalotafter________.A.the；the；a；aheavyrainB.the；/；a；heavyrainsC./；/；/；aheavyrainD.the；the；a；heavyrains7.(★★★★)Thebuildingwascompletedin________Septemberof1956notin________October,1955.A./；theB.the；theC./；/D.the；/难点2冠词的非前位用法限定语与所修饰的中心名词的关系一般顺序是：冠词+表示大小尺寸的限定词+表示颜色的限定词+表示原材料的限定词+中心名词。但在某些固定结构中，冠词放在了形容词之后。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)—Whatabout________book？—It’stoodifficult________book.A.a；aB.a；theC.the；theD.the；a2.(★★★★★)________Beijingyouseetodayisquite________differentcityfromwhatitusedtobe.A.The；不填B.The；aC.不填；theD.A；a●案例探究1.Peterwon’tdriveustothestation.Hehas________totakeusall.A.averysmallcarB.toosmallacarC.atoosmallcarD.suchasmallcar命题意图：考查学生对冠词不放在第一位的固定结构的掌握，属于四星级题目。 知识依托：不定冠词放在too+形容词之后。错解分析：C迷惑性较大，学生都学过too+adj./adv.+to…结构，但对于too+adj.+n.+to…结构不熟悉。解题方法与技巧：名词前修饰语一般正常语序为：不定冠词+形容词+名词。但有些固定结构需注意，如too+adj.+a/an+n.。答案：B2.Exerciseis________asanyothertoloseunwantedweight.A.sousefulawayB.asausefulwayC.asusefulawayD.suchausefulway命题意图：考查学生对冠词不放在第一位的固定结构的掌握，属五星级题目。知识依托：不定冠词放在as+形容词之后。错解分析：A、B迷惑性较大，so…as结构常用于否定句和疑问句，故不能选A、B。解题方法与技巧：名词前修饰语正常语序为：不定冠词+形容词+名词，但有些固定结构需注意，如：as+adj.+a/an+n.答案：C●锦囊妙计1.不定冠词用在quite，rather，many，half，what，much等词之后。例如：Heisratherafool.—Whatdidyouthinkoftheconcert？—Oh，itwasquiteasuccess.2.不定冠词用在so（as，too，how）+形容词之后。例如：Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.It’stoodifficultabookforustoread.注意：以元音音素开头的名词前加不定冠词时用“an”。例如：anapple。即使单词拼写以辅音字母开头，但该词的读音是元音音素开头，加不定冠词时也要用“an”，例如：anhour，anhonestboy；反之，拼写以元音字母开头，但读音是辅音，加不定冠词时要用“a”，例如：auniversity。3.so…that与such…that:①so…that和such…that都作“如此……以致”解，that引导结果状语从句。常见句型如下：so②such…that和so…that有时可以换用，条件是such所修饰的名词必须是一个单数可数名词，且该名词还带有表性质的形容词。转变公式如下：sucha/an+形容词+名词→so+形容词+a/an+名词。例如：Heissuchagoodstudentthatwealllikehim.→Heissogoodastudentthatwealllikehim。但是，如果是不可数名词或复数可数名词，则只能用such，不能用so修饰。例如：Itwassuchbadweatherthathehadtostayathome。③如果复数名词前有many，few，不可数名词前有much，little等表示量的形容词时，应该用so而不用such。如：I’vehadsomanyfallsthatI’mblackandblueallover.MrWhitegotsolittlemoneyamonththathecouldhardlykeepbodyandsoul together（维持生活）。但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时，仍用such。例如：Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthattheycannotcleanthehousebythemselves.●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★)Annis________girl.A.quiteabrightB.aquitebright2.(★★★★).It’s________day.A.arathercoldB.ratheracoldC.acoldrather3.(★★★★★)________ishere.A.ManyaboyB.Manyboys4.(★★★★)多么聪明的一个男孩。5.(★★★★)Englishis________totheworldasotherlanguages.A.sousefulabridgeB.asausefulbridgeC.asusefulabridgeD.suchausefulbridge难点3不定代词的固定表达不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数与不可数、单数与复数的区别，用时需慎重。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)—Is________here?—No,BobandTimhaveaskedforleave.A.anybodyB.somebodyC.everybodyD.nobody2.(★★★★)Theywereverytired,but________ofthemwouldstoptotakearest.A.anyB.someC.noneD.neither3.(★★★★)Ihopethereareenoughglassesforeachguesttohave________.A.itB.thoseC.themD.one4.(★★★★★)—Whenshallwemeetagain?—Makeit________dayyoulike;it’sallthesametome.A.oneB.anyC.anotherD.some5.(★★★★★)Iagreewithmostofwhatyousaid,butIdon’tagreewith________.A.everythingB.anythingC.somethingD.nothing(NMET1997)6.(★★★★★)SarahhasreadlotsofstoriesbyAmericanwriters.Nowshewouldliketo read________storiesbywritersfrom________countries.A.some;anyB.other;someC.some;otherD.other;other7.(★★★★)—CanyoucomeonMondayorTuesday?—I’mafraid________dayispossible.A.eitherB.neitherC.someD.any8.(★★★★★)Dr.BlackcomesfromeitherOxfordorCambridge,Ican’tremember________.A.whereB.thereC.whichD.that9.(★★★★★)—Arethenewrulesworking?—Yes.________booksarestolen.A.FewB.MoreC.SomeD.None10.(★★★★)Fewpleasurescanequal________ofacooldrinkonahotday.A.someB.anyC.thatD.those●案例探究1.Ifyouwanttochangeforadoubleroom,you’llhavetopay________＄15.A.anotherB.otherC.moreD.each(NMET2000)命题意图：本题考查学生对“又”“再”的英语表达方式的掌握，属五星级题目。知识依托：“another+数词+复数可数名词”表示在原有基础上多出的数量。错解分析：B、C迷惑性较大。因other、more也有“再”“又”之意，但位置与another不同。解题方法与技巧：必须记清表达方式，数词+more/other+复数可数名词。答案：A例：I’vegotanotherthreebooks.I’vegotthreemore/otherbooks.2.—Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?—Didn’twejusthave________?A.itB.thatC.oneD.this(NMET2000)命题意图：考查学生对表示特指事物的代词和表示泛指事物的代词的区别，属四星级题目。知识依托：one代替单数可数名词，但泛指物。错解分析：A项选择迷惑性较大。因人称代词it和不定代词one都可以代替单数可数名词，但it指特定事物。解题方法与技巧：答语中用one泛指第一个对话者询问的alittlebreak。答案：C●锦囊妙计不定代词的种类较多，用法各异，下面分别进行介绍。1.one，some与any的用法one可以泛指任何人，还可以在形容词和that、this等词后代替刚提过的可数名词，其复数形式为ones，可用作主语和宾语；one’ s是它的物主代词形式，可用作宾语；oneself是它的反身代词形式，可用作宾语。some和any通常用作定语，都可用来修饰可数与不可数名词、单数或复数名词。some用于单数可数名词前，表示“某一”。some用于数词前，表示“大约”。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定句中。例如：Oneshouldwashoneselfregularly.ThisfilmisnotasgoodastheoneIsawyesterday.Hethoughtitovercarefullyandconcludedthatheavyobjectsalwaysfellfasterthanlightones.Wehavesomefoodleft.Haveyouanybooks?Idon’thaveanybooks.注意：①some可用于表达邀请或请求、预期的答案是肯定的或鼓励对方给予一个肯定的答复的问句。例如：Couldyouletmehavesomecoffee？（请求）Wouldyoulikesomebananas？（邀请）②some和any可用作主语和宾语。例如：Somearesinging，othersaredancing.（主语）DoesanyofyouknowMrWang？（主语）Idon’tlikeanyofthebooks。（宾语）③some，any，every，no与one，body，thing构成的合成代词都作单数看待。另外，some的合成代词一般用于肯定句，any的合成代词一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句。例如：Didanybodyaskforyououtside？Thereissomebodywaitingforyou.2.each，every的用法①each强调个体，可以充当宾语、定语、主语和同位语，every强调整体，相当于汉语的“每个都”，在句中只作定语。例如：Theteacherhadatalkwitheachofthem.（宾语）Eachofushastwoboxes.（主语）Wehavetwoboxeseach.（同位语）Eachboyhasabike.（定语）Everyonehasstrongandweakpoints.（定语）②each所代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every所指的数必须是三个以上。例如：Eachofthetwohaswonaprize.EverystudentintheclasslikesEnglish.Thereisalineoftreesoneachsideoftheriver.3.none和no的用法：①no=noany在句中作定语，修饰可数或不数名词。none在句中作主语或宾语。none不能用来说明两个人或物。例如：Thereisnowaterinthewell（井）.（定语）Noneofthemknowthestory.（主语）Iknownoneofthem.（宾语）②none代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。例如：Noneofthestudentsare（is）afraidofdifficulties。③none不能回答who的问题，可回答howmany或howmuch的问题，例如：(误)—Whoisintheclassroom？—None.(改None为Noone或Nobody)(正)—Howmanystudentsarethereintheclassroom？—None.4.many和much的用法many和much都表示“许多” ，many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，都可用作主语、宾语和定语。例如：Manyofthestudentsoftengoshopping.（主语）Ihavemuchtodo.（宾语）Thereisnotmuchwaterinthecup.（定语）much有时用作状语，例如：Helikesplayingfootballverymuch。（状语）5.few，little；afew，alittle的用法①few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而afew与alittle表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few与afew修饰可数名词，而little与alittle修饰不可数名词，它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。例如：HeknowsalittleEnglish.（定语）Hehasmanybooks.Butfewareinteresting.（主语）IknowalittleaboutJapanese（宾语）②afew，alittle可以用quite或only修饰，few和little则不能。例如：—Howmuchwaterisleft？—Onlyalittle./Qutiealittle.—Howmanybooksareleft？—Onlyafew./Quiteafew.6.other和anotherother泛指“另外的”，作定语，常与复数名词或单数不可数名词连用，但如果前面有the，this，that，some，any，each，every，no，none，one，or以及形容词性物主代词时，则可与单数名词连用。例如：allotherrice，nootherway，theotherone，anyotherplant，everyotherday，someotherreason等等。others是other的复数形式，泛指“别的人或物”（但不是全部）。例如：Don’tlendthebooktoothers.Somearecarryingwater，othersarewateringthetrees.theother指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，作定语修饰复数名词时，表示另一方中的“全部其余的”。例如：Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.theothers是theother的复数形式，特指“全部其余的人或物”。例如：Ihavegottenpencils.Twoofthemarered，theothersareblue.another指三个或三个以上中的任何一个，“现一……”“另一个”，作代词或形容词。例如：Idon’tlikethisdictionary.Pleasegivemeanother.one…theother指两个人或物当中的“一个”和“另外一个”；叙述三个不同的人或事物时，需用one，another，thethird。例如：Herearetwobooks.OneisforMary，theotherisforJack.Threeboysarehere.OneisDick，anotherisTomandthethirdisDavid.7.all和both的用法：两个词都表示整体，但both指两个人或物，而all指三个以上的人或物。在句中都可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语和定语。例如：Allofusshouldworkhard.（主语）Weareallstudents.（同位语）Webothliketoplayfootball.（同位语）Welikebothofthefilms.（宾语） That’sallfortoday.（表语）Allknowledgecomesfrompractice.（定语）注意：①all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。②both和all加否定词是部分否定。如果表示全部否定，要分别用neither和none，例如：Bothofusarenotteachers.（部分否定）我们俩不都是老师。Neitherofusisateacher.（全部否定）我们俩都不是老师。AllofthebooksarenotEnglishbooks.（部分否定）NoneofthebooksareEnglishbooks.（全部否定）这些都不是英语书。8.neither和either的用法neither表示两者都不；either表示两者中的任何一个。两个词都表示单数，在句子中作主语、宾语和定语。例如：Neitheroftheanswersiscorrect.（主语）Eithersentenceisright.（定语）Iknowneitheroftheteachers.（宾语）Herearetwodictionaries.Youmaytakeeither.（宾语）［参考包天仁主编《高考英语语法》］●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★★)—Doyouhave________athomenow,Allen?—No,westillhavetogetseveralpoundsoffruitandsometea.A.somethingB.everythingC.anythingD.nothing2.(★★★★)—Whatdoyouwantmetosay?—________youlike.A.AnythingB.EverythingC.SomethingD.Nothing3.(★★★★)—Whatshallwehavefordinnertonight?—Oh,Idon’tcare.________.It’syourjobtocomeupwiththemenus,sogetonwithit.A.AnythingwilldoB.Iwon’thavelessonstomorrowC.Ineedn’ttotalkaboutitwithsomeoneD.Whatanicemeal4.(★★★★)Youcanbuythesemapsat________railwaystation.Theyallhavethem.A.allB.everyC.eachD.any5.(★★★★★)Idon’tlikethese.Haveyou________?A.someB.anyothersC.anothersD.anotherones6.(★★★★★)Ipreferastreetinasmalltownto________insuchalargecity________Shanghai.A.that;asB.one;asC.one;likeD.that;like7.(★★★★)Shewonthefirstprize,though________ofus________it.A.noone;expectedB.none;hadexpectedC.nobody;wasexpectingD.none;wouldexpect8.(★★★★★)—Doyoulive________nearJim?—No,helivesinanotherpartofthetown.A.somewhereB.nowhereC.anywhereD.everywhere9.(★★★★)—CouldyoudropinonmeonFridayorSaturday? —I’mafraid________dayispossible.A.eitherB.bothC.neitherD.any10.(★★★★)—Whichshareismeantforme?—Youcantake________half.They’reexactlythesame.A.thisB.anyC.eachD.either11.(★★★★)—Is________finished?—Notyet.Mydirtyclothesarestillsoakinginthewashingmachine.A.somethingB.anythingC.nothingD.everything12.(★★★★)—Excuseme,butcanyoutellmewhichroadIshouldtaketothepostoffice?—________ofthefourroadswilldo.A.AnyB.NeitherC.BothD.Every13.(★★★★★)ThereisonlyanEnglish-Chinesedictionaryinthatbook-shop.Iwonderifyoustillwanttobuy________.A.itB.oneC.anotherD.any难点4不可混淆的延续性动词和非延续性动词●难点磁场1.(★★★★★)—SusanmarriedJasonlastSunday.—Really?Howlong________eachother?Notmorethanaweek,I’mafraid.A.didtheyknowB.havetheyknownC.havetheygottoknowD.hadtheyknown2.(★★★★)Gladtoseeyouback.Howlong________inRussia?A.didyoustayB.haveyoustayedC.wereyoustayingD.haveyoubeenstaying●案例探究1.They________for3years.A.havemarriedB.gotmarriedC.havegotmarriedD.havebeenmarried命题意图：考查动词的延续性，属于五星级题目。知识依托：延续性动词可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。错解分析：A、C项迷惑性较大，因为学生认为其是完成时态，但marry和getmarried可看作非延续性动词和短语，故不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。解题方法与技巧：bemarried表状态，可以看作是延续性动词，可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。答案：D●锦囊妙计1.延续性动词可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，而非延续性动词不行。2.bemarried/beusedto等表示状态的动词短语，可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。3.getmarried/getusedto/gettoknow等表示动作的动词短语不可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。 ●歼灭难点训练汉译英1.(★★★★)他参军三年了。2.(★★★★★)直到他喊出我的名字，我才认出他。3.(★★★★★)自从去年我就习惯早上5点起床。难点5动词-ing形式的双重语法功能动词-ing形式可用作动名词和现在分词，动名词由动词+ing构成，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。现在分词有一般时和完成时，在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)Though________money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin(NMET2002)2.(★★★★★)Howaboutthetwoofus________awalkdownthegarden?A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking(MET1993)3.(★★★★)________isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.A.ThewalkB.WalkingC.TowalkD.Walk(MET1992)4.(★★★★)—Imustapologizefor________aheadoftime.—That’sallright.A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow(NMET1994)●案例探究1.—Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.—Well,nowIregret________that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone(NMET1995)命题意图：考查学生对动词regret的掌握，属于四星级题目。知识依托：regretdoing结构表示后悔做了某件事。错解分析：C项迷惑性较大。解题方法与技巧：从对话所表达的内容来看，在会上提反对意见的人对其行为感到后悔。答案：D2.________suchheavypollutionalready，itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered(NMET2001)命题意图:考查学生对分词的掌握，属于五星级题目。 知识依托:现在分词的完成时表示分词的动作或状态在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前发生。错解分析:B项迷惑性较大。现在分词的一般时表明分词表示的动作或状态和句子谓语表示的动作或状态同时发生或进行。解题方法与技巧：分清现在分词的一般时和完成时所表示的含义不同。答案：A●锦囊妙计1.动名词1）动名词的用法：①作主语。例如：Seeingisbelieving.Collectinginformationisveryimportanttobusinessman.Itisnousesittingherewaiting.注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。例如：Playingwithfireisdangerous.（泛指玩火）Toplaywithfirewillbedangerous.(指一具体动作）但在itisnouse/good,notanyuse/good,uselss等后一般用动名词。②作表语。例如：MyjobisteachingEnglish.③作宾语。例如：Heisfondofplayingfootball.Hefinishedreadingthebookyesterday.④作定语，asittingroom2）动名词的复合结构：动名词复合结构的一般规则是：①逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，必须用名词或代词所有格，作宾语时（尤其在口语中），也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。例如：Theircomingtohelpuswasagreatencouragementtous.（主语）Shedidn’tmindJack(him)cominglate.（宾语）TheyinsistonTom’s(his)stayinglonger.（介宾）②逻辑主语是无生命名词时，只用名词普通格。例如：Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematch?③逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone时，只用普通格。例如：Shewasdisturbedbysomebodyshoutingoutside.3）动名词的时态：动名词的时态分一般时和完成时两种。如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之前发生，用动名词的一般时。例如：Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.Hiscomingwillbeofgreathelptous.如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动名词的完成时态。例如：Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.但是在某些动词或词组后，常用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。例如： Onhearingthebadnews，shecouldn’thelpcrying.IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime。4）动名词的语态：动名词的被动语态也有一般时与完成时两种。当主语是这个动名词所表示的动作对象时，动名词用被动语态。被动语态由“being+过去分词”或“havingbeen+过去分词”构成。例如：Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.Helikesbeinghelped.Hewasafraidofbeingleftathome.Thehouseshowednosignofhavingbeendamaged.有些动名词在句中是主动形式，但有被动的含义。例如：Thehouserequires/needs/wantsrepairing.注：在tobeworthdoing句型中，动名词doing表示的是被动意义。例如：Ifathingisworthdoing，itisworthdoingwell.2.分词1）分词的时态和语态：①分词分为现在分词和过去分词，现在分词有一般时和完成时。一般时表示和谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生的动作；完成时（having+过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。例如：Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindhimashewent.Havingstudiedintheuniversityfor3years,heknowstheplaceverywell.②现在分词有一般时和完成时，且有主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语态。如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动作，就用分词完成时的被动形式。例如：Thequestionbeingdiscussedisofgreatimportance.Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking.过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动的含义，所以只有一般式，没有完成时。2)分词的用法：①作定语。分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。例如：Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Themanstandingatthewindowisourteacher.Pollutedairandwaterareharmfultopeople’shealth.注意：现在分词作定语时，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。例如：Theteachercriticizedthestudentwhohadbrokenthewindow.②作状语：分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。例如：Beingtooold,hecouldn’twalkthatfar.Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.(时间）Theteacherstoodtheresurroundedbythestudents.(方式）Standingonthebuilding,youcanseethewholecity.（条件）注意：a.分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致。b.表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导。c.有时，“with(without)+名词（或代词宾语）+分词”的结构表示伴随情况。例如： Thespysatontheground,hishandstiedbehindhisback.d.当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。例如:Timepermitting,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.Herglassesbroken,shecouldn’tseethewordsontheblackboard.③作表语。例如：Thenew’sinspiring.Youshouldn’ttrytostandupifyouarebadlyhurt.④作宾语补足语。例如：Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.Johnwillgethisroompainted.注意：在see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,listento,notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有差别的。用现在分词表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束），用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。例如：Isawthegirlgettingonthebus.Isawthegirlgetonthebusanddriveoff.Hehadhisfoothurtinthefall.Hehadhisclotheswashed.(他叫别人洗了衣服）Wehadthefireburningallday.(我们使火燃烧了一整天）注意：“have+宾语+现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某种状态或干什么事；“have+宾语+过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。3)过去分词、现在分词一般被动式及完成被动式作状语时的比较：①过去分词与现在分词一般被动式作状语表示伴随动作或行为方式时，两者无多大区别，习惯上常用过去分词。例如：（Being)Seizedwithasuddenfear,shegaveascream.Hecamein,followedbyagroupofstudents.在某些情况下，二者则是有区别的。例如：Badlypolluted,thewatercannotbedrunk.(原因）Beingwritteninhaste,thecompositionisfullofmistakes.（原因，强调写的过程，故应用现在分词一般被动式）②过去分词与现在分词完成被动式皆表示已完成的动作，在意义上无多大区别。例如：（Havingbeen)weakenedbystorms，thebridgewasnolongersafe.但有时是有区别的。例如：Havingbeendeserted(抛弃）byhisguide,hecouldn’tfindhiswaythroughthejungle.（为了强调已完成的动作）。Askedtostay,Icouldn’tverywellrefuse.（这里asked可能意味着havingbeenasked,也可能意味着when/sinceIwasasked，但若用havingbeenasked，就不会有歧义）下面句子中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同，所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如：Coveredwithconfusion,Ilefttheroom.我很窘地离开了房间。United,westand;divided,wefall.团结则存，分裂则亡。③有时现在分词一般时的被动式与其完成时的被动式完全同义，皆表示已完成的动作，这时用一般时的被动时较好。例如：Beingsurrounded(Havingbeensurrounded),theenemytroopswereforcedtosurrender.4)过去分词与现在分词意义上的区别：及物动词的过去分词表示“被动、完成”（不及物动词的过去分词只表示“完成”），现在分词表示“主动、进行”。动作动词的现在分词所描写的常是一种“动态” 情景；其过去分词所描写的往往是一种静态情景，表示动作发生后事物所处的状态，试看下面的例子：Whentheautumnwindblows,youcanseeyellowleavesfallingofftrees.（树叶正在下落）Hefellontothefallenleavesinchesthickanddidn’thurthimself（落叶）Therestandsapinetree,coveringtheentranceofthecave.（正覆盖着，表示动作）Wefoundhisforeheadcoveredwithsweat.（描写满脸是汗的状态）●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★)________thebigsnake,thelittlegirlstoodunderthetree________outofherlife.A.Seeing;frightenedB.Seeing;frighteningC.Seen;frightenedD.Tosee;frightening2.(★★★★★)A:Wereyoubusylastweekend?B:Very.Ratherthan________timeplayingcardsasusual,Idevotedeveryeffortto________anadvertisement.A.waste;makeB.wasting;makingC.towaste;makeD.awasteof;making3.(★★★★★)Themanagerhashadsomeproblems________whethertheyshouldborrowthemoneyfromthebanker.A.todecideB.decidingC.decidedD.havingdecided4.(★★★★)—Howdidyoumanagetogetthroughtheexamination?—________veryhard.A.ToworkB.WorkingC.ByworkingD.Work5.(★★★★)—Whatdoyouthinkofthespeech?—Thespeakersaid________nothingworth________.A.nearly;listeningtoB.hardly;listeningC.scarcely;listeningtoD.almost;listeningto6.(★★★★)Howmanyofus________ameetingisnotimportant.A.attendedB.attendingC.toattendD.haveattended7.(★★★★)Ihate________theircomplaintsallday.OneofthesedaysI’lltellthemwhatIreallythink.A.payingattentiontoB.totalkaboutC.listeningtoD.tohaveheard8.(★★★★★)Nobody________anymoretosay,themeetingwasclosed.A.havingB.haveC.hadD.has9.(★★★★★)________tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone’sskin.A.ExposedB.HavingexposedC.BeingexposedD.Afterbeingexposed10.(★★★★★)________alloverthehillsandaroundthelakearewildflowersofdifferentkinds.A.TogrowB.GrowingC.GrownD.Grow11.(★★★★)—What’smadeTommysoupset?—Ibelieve________thegame.Itshockedhimsomuch. A.forlosingB.lostC.losingD.becauseoflosing12.(★★★★)Thetimehehasdevotedinthepasttenyears________thedisabledisnowconsidered________ofgreatvalue.A.tohelp;beingB.tohelping;tobeC.help;tobeD.helping;being13.(★★★★)Hedidn’tseemtomind________TVwhilehewastryingtostudy.A.heeasilywatchesB.hiseasywatchingC.hiseasilywatchingD.hiseasilywatched.14.(★★★★)O’Nealworkshard.Heisoftenseen________heavilybeforehisteammateshaveevenarrivedatpractice.A.sweatedB.tobesweatedC.sweatingD.beingsweated15.(★★★★)________good,thefoodwassoonsoldout.A.TastedB.BeingtastedC.TastingD.Havingtasted16.(★★★★)Withhisson________,theoldmanfeltunhappy.A.todisappointB.tobedisappointedC.disappointingD.beingdisappointed17.(★★★★★)Silveristhebestconductorofelectricity,copper________itclosely.A.followedB.tofollowC.followingD.beingfollowed18.(★★★★★)—Wouldyoumind________methedicionary?—Ofcousenot.Butitis________myreach.A.passing;outB.passing;beyondC.topass;farawayD.topass;outof19.(★★★★★)—Whogaveyouthismessage?—Aman________himselfMr.Zhang.A.calledB.callingC.callsD.iscalled难点6定语从句解题的黄金规律——先行词、关系代（副）词的句法功能在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等和关系副词where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)—IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.—Isthatthereason________youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whenC.whatD.where(NMET1999)2.(★★★★★)Meetingmyuncleafterallthesewasanunforgettablemoment,________Iwillalwaystreasure.A.thatB.oneC.itD.what(NMET2002) 3.(★★★★)Alecaskedthepoliceman________heworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.(上海2002)A.withhimB.whoC.withwhomD.whom4.(★★★★)There’safeelinginme________we’llneverknowwhataUFOis.A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.what（上海2002）5.(★★★★)Wewillbeshownaroundthecity:schools,museum,andsomeotherplaces,________othervisitorsseldomgo.A.whatB.whichC.whereD.when6.(★★★★)AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyears,hereturnedtothesmalltown________hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when(NMET1996)7.(★★★★★)CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,________personallyIdoubtverymuch.A.itB.thatC.whenD.which(NMET1999)8.(★★★★★)Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,________ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what(NMET2000)●案例探究1.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome________Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where(NMET2001)命题意图：考查学生对定语从句的掌握，属于五星级题目。知识依托：先行词是表示时间的词，从句中缺少状语，通常用关系副词when。错解分析：本题有一定难度，主要是由于在先行词和定语从句之间有其他的词。解题方法与技巧：首先要找准先行词，先行词hours表示的是时间，当先行词是表示时间的词时，可能有2种情况：如果从句中缺少状语，通常用关系副词when，如题；如果在从句中缺少主语或宾语，通常用关系代词that或which。答案：C2.________isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What(NMET2001)命题意图：考查学生对定语从句中关系代词as的用法。属于五星级题目。知识依托：as引导非限制性定语从句。错解分析：A项迷惑性较大。但it是形式主语，后应用that从句作真正主语。如：It’sknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.解题方法与技巧：根据题干的逗号可以判断，空缺处应填关系代词as，引导非限制性定语从句。在这种用法中，as的意思是“正像”“像”“那样”，定语从句则表达了说话人的对某事的态度和看法。答案：B●锦囊妙计 1.由who,whom,whose引导的定语从句：这类定语从句中，who用作主语，whom用作宾语，whose用作定语。例如：Thisisthemanwhohelpedme.Thedoctorwhomyouarelookingforisintheroom.DoyouknowthemanwhosenameisWangYu?2.which引导的定语从句：which在从句中作主语或谓语动词和介词的宾语。例如：Thisisthebookwhichyouwant.Thebuildingwhichstandsneartheriverisourschool.Theroominwhichthereisamachineisaworkshop.3.由that引导的定语从句：that在定语从句中可以指人或物，在从句中作主语、谓语动词或介词的宾语。（但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语）例如：TheletterthatIreceivedwasfrommyfather.注意在下面几种情况下必须用that而不用which引导定语从句：①先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等。例如：Allthatwehavetodoistopractiseeveryday.②先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。例如：ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.ThisisthebestfilmI’veeverseen.③先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰。例如：Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.④先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时，例如：Heistheonlypersonthat/(who)Iwanttotalkto.⑤先行词既有人又有物时，例如：Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyremembered.⑥当句中已有who时，为避免重复。例如：WhoisthemanthatistalkingtoJohn?⑦用作关系代词，修饰表示时间的名词如day,time,moment等，代替when。例如：Ithappenedonthedaythat/whenIwasborn.⑧如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用，则另一个用that。例如：Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.4.由when,where,why引导的定语从句。例如:Iknowthereasonwhyhecamelate.Thisistheplacewherewelivedfor5years.IwillneverforgetthedaywhenImetMrLiu.注意：先行词是表示地点或时间时，有时用where或when，有时用that(which)引导定语从句，这时要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which)，否则用where或when。例如：Thisisthehousewherehelivedlastyear.Thisisthehousethat(which)hevisitedlastyear.IthoughtofthehappydayswhenIstayedinBeijing.Ihaveneverforgottenthedaywhichwespenttogether.5.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：①限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开，引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,ofwhich等，这些关系代词都不能省略；②非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不影响主句意思的完整，一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。关系代词用which，不用that；指人时可用who，例如： Ihavetwosisters,whoarebothstudents.Crusoe’sdog,whichwasnowveryold,becameillanddied.6.as引导的定语从句：①as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语、表语或状语，构成thesame…as,such…as等结构。例如：Ilikethesamebookasyoudo.(as作宾语）Ishalldoitinthesamewayasyoudid.（as作状语）Iwanttohavesuchadictionaryashehas.(as作宾语）；②as引导非限定性定语从句。as在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句说明整个句子，可以放在主句之前。例如：Asweallknow,hestudiesveryhard.（as代表整个句子，作宾语）Asisknowntoall,heisthebeststudentinourclass.（as代表整个句子，作主语）常用的这种类似插入语的句式有asissaidabove,asisalreadymentionedabove,asisknowntoall,asitis,asisoftenthecase,asisreportedinthenewspaper等。注意：①关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致；②关系代词whom,which,that在限定性定语从句作动词宾语或介词宾语，而该介词又位于从句末尾时，经常省略，但as一般不省略；③关系代词which和as在定语从句中的区别是：which不能放在句首，而as则可以；在句中时，as有“正如”“就像”之意，而which则没有此意。●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★★)Isthishotel________yousaidweweretostayinyourletter.A.whereB.whichC.inthatD.inwhich2.(★★★★)Thewrongyou’vedonehimisterrible,for________youshouldmakeanapologytohim,Ithink.A.thisB.whichC.whatD.that3.(★★★★)Weplayedinthegardentillsunset,________itbegantorain.A.whenB.afterC.whileD.then4.(★★★★)I’dlikeacar________frontlightsarebigandround.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.what5.(★★★★)“WhoMovedMyChinese?”,________isabest-sellingbook,iswrittenbySpencerJohnson.A.whichB.thatC.itD.what6.(★★★★★)Isthereashoparound________Icangetapackofcigarette?A.whichB.whereC.thatD.what7.(★★★★)Anotherunmannedspacecraft“ShenzhouⅡ”,________Chinagreetsthe21stcentury,marksnewprogressinthecentury’sspaceprogram.A.forwhichB.fromwhichC.inwhichD.withwhich8.(★★★★)Beijinggovernmentputsmorethan700millionyuantoincreaseitsgreenspacethisyear,________doublesthemoneyprovidedlastyear.A.asB.whileC.thatD.which9.(★★★★)Thatpassengerwasveryimpolitetotheconductor,________ofcourse,madethingsevenworse.A.whoB.whomC.whatD.which10.(★★★★)Helenismuchmorekindtoheryoungestchildthantotheothers,________of course,makestheothersunhappy.A.whoB.whichC.sheD.that11.(★★★★★)I’llneverforgetthedays________Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,________hasagreateffectonmylife.A.that;whichB.when;whichC.which;thatD.when;who12.(★★★★★)Davidgetsupearlyandtakesawalkinthemorning,______isusualwithhim.A.asB.thatC.whatD.such难点7特殊反意疑问句之特殊解法反意疑问句分以下两种情况：前部分陈述如果用肯定形式，后部分则用否定形式；如果前部分用否定形式，后部分则用肯定形式。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)Hehadlittleideathatitwasgettingsolate,________?A.didn’theB.wasn’titC.didheD.wasit2.(★★★★★)Mrs.Blackdoesn’tbelievehersonisabletodesignadigitalcamera,?A.isheB.isn’theC.doesn’tsheD.doesshe3.(★★★★★)Youmustn’tspeaktoyourmotherlikethat,________you?A.shouldB.mayC.mustD.dare●案例探究1.M:________yougotintouchwithMr.Smith?W:Throughafriendofmine.A:ItwashowthatB:HowwasitC:HowwasitthatD:Wasithowthat命题意图：考查强调句型转换为特殊疑问句，属于四星级题目。知识依托：“Itis/was+强调部分+that+其余部分”强调句型结构。错解分析：很多同学没有搞清楚题意，看不懂。其实首先句子应是一个强调句，然后对句子进行提问。解题方法与技巧：先把句子还原为肯定句：ItwasthroughafriendofminethatIgotintouchwithMrSmith。然后对划线部分提问，即是：HowwasitthatyougotintouchwithMrSmith？答案：C2.Idon’tthinkMaryandSue________before,________?A.havemet;haven’ttheyB.haveseen;haveIC.havemet;havetheyD.haveseen;don’tthey命题意图：本题主要考查学生对反意疑问句的掌握，属于五星级题目。知识依托：否定转移的句子对从句进行反问。错解分析：A项迷惑性较大，因为不能明确从句其实为否定句。解题方法与技巧：这是一个否定转移的句子，从句是否定句，故根据第二空，即可选出C。答案：C●锦囊妙计 历年高考题中，这一题型对反意疑问句考查较多，在此再论述做反意疑问句的方法策略。如果前一部分为肯定形式，后一部分通常用否定形式；特别要注意，这时英语回答和汉语回答是不一致的。如果陈述部分包含有“no,never,hardly,little,few,scarcely,seldom”等词，这部分就算否定。如果陈述部分的否定词仅带有否定前缀，那么，该陈述部分作肯定句处理，反意疑问部分用否定形式。●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★)Parlisn’taverygoodstudent.It’sthethirdtimehe’sbeenlate,________?A.isitB.hasn’theC.hasheD.isn’tit2.(★★★★)Susan’sfoundherpass,________?A.isn’tsheB.hasn’tsheC.issheD.hasshe3.(★★★★)Thenewsthattheyfailedtheirdrivingtestdiscouragedhim________?A.didtheyB.didn’ttheyC.diditD.didn’tit4.(★★★★)Youhadoneofyourteethpulledoutyesterday,________?A.hadyouB.hadn’tyouC.didyouD.didn’tyou5.(★★★★★)—Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,________?—Butlfedityesterday.A.doyouB.willyouC.didn’tyouD.don’tyou6.(★★★★★)Don’tsmokeinthemeetingroom,________?A.doyouB.willyouC.canyouD.couldyou(NMET1991)7.(★★★★★)ShehardlyeverspeakstoyouinEnglish,________?A.doessheB.doesn’tsheC.cansheD.can’tshe8.(★★★★★)It’safineday.Let’sgofishing,________?A.won’tweB.willweC.don’tweD.shallwe(NMET1990)难点8亦有规律可循的介词介词用法比较复杂，但亦有规律可循。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)________hiswife，hisdaughteralsowenttoseehim.A.BesidesB.BesideC.ExceptD.Exceptfor(NMET1986)2.(★★★★)—Whatareyoudoing?—I’mlooking________thechildren.Theyshouldbebackforlunchnow.A.afterB.atC.forD.up(NMET1986) 3.(★★★★)Thedoctorwillbefree________.A.10minutesB.after10minutesC.in10minutesD.10minutesafter(NMET1992)4.(★★★★)Weofferedhimourcongratulations________hispassingthecollegeentranceexams.A.atB.onC.forD.of(NMET1993)5.(★★★★★)—Howlonghasthisbookshopbeeninbusiness?—________1982.A.AfterB.InC.FromD.Since(NMET1994)6.(★★★★★)Didyouhavetrouble________thepostoffice?A.tohavefoundB.withfindingC.tofindD.infinding(NMET1992)7.(★★★★★)—Whatdoyouwanttodo________thoseoldboxes?—ToputthingsinwhenImovetothenewflat.(北京2002)A.byB.forC.ofD.with8.(★★★★★)Thetrainleavesat6:00pm.SoIhavetobeatthestation________5:40pm.atthelatest.A.untilB.afterC.byD.around(NMET1997)●案例探究1.________productionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through(NMET2000)命题意图：本题根据句意和结构考查介词用法，属于五星级题目。知识依托：“with+复合宾语”结构。错解分析：四个选项均为介词，有一定迷惑性。解题方法与技巧：句中“with+名词（宾语）+副词（宾补）”结构作状语表示原因。例如：TianAnMenlooksgranderthaneverwithalllightson.在华灯掩映下，天安门显得更加雄伟壮观。答案：C2.Thehomeimprovementshavetakenwhatlittlethereis________mysparetime.A.fromB.inC.ofD.at(NMET2001)命题意图：考查介词of的用法，属于五星级题目。知识依托：littleofmysparetime.意思是“仅有的业余时间”。错解分析：B项迷惑性较大，受inone’ssparetime短语影响。解题方法与技巧：of在此表示“……中的部分/全部”，与名词little连用。该句为一个含有感叹式宾语从句的主从复合句，连接代词what修饰的是在从句中作主语的名词，little提到从句之首，little前无冠词表示否定，意为“少到几乎没有”，如：Iunderstandlittleofhisspeech.他的讲话我几乎没有听懂。答案：C●锦囊妙计 介词比较复杂，注意以下表示原因的介词。①becauseof表示引起结果的直接原因，意义与连词because相同。例如：Heretiredlastmonthbecauseofillness/becausehewasill.上个月他因病退休了。②for表示内在的、心理上的原因，常与表示喜、怒、哀、乐等情感名词连用；还可表示某种动作或结果的起因。而连词for则表示某种结果的补充理由或显而易见的原因。例如：Hetrembledforfear.他怕发抖。Thankyouforyourhelp.谢谢你的帮助。Whenhewasstillayoungman,hewasforcedtoleavehishomelandforpoliticalreasons.他还是青年时就因为政治原因离开了他的祖国。③by表示外部的，尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。例如：Herbodywasbentbyage.岁月使得他的腰也弯了。Thegeneraldiedbyhisownhand.将军自杀了。Shetookyourumbrellabymistake.她错拿了你的雨伞。④at表示某种情绪或动作的起因，多与“喜，怒，哀，乐”等义的词连用，常译作“听到……”，“看到……”。例如：Thewholenationwasindeepsorrowatthenews.听到这个消息，全国人民极为悲痛。Hejumpedatthenews.听到这个消息，他蹦了起来。⑤on表示能作为依据或条件的原因，常译为“依照……”。例如：Hehasgivenupsmokingonmedicaladvice.他遵照医生的劝告已经把烟戒了。⑥of和from表原因时常与die或类似意义的词连用。dieof指因疾病、饥饿、寒冷，或害怕、羞愧等内因或外因造成的死亡结果；diefrom表示因伤、事故等外因或不明原因造成的死亡。与疾病名词连用时，二者均可。from还可表示懒惰等造成某种后果的原因。例如：Hissonhavingbeenkilledinthewar,themandiedofabrokenheart.儿子死于战争后，老人也因伤心过度而亡。Inbigcitiesduringcoldwintermonths,manyoldpeoplediefromthepollutedair.寒冷的冬天，大城市里的许多老人死于污染的空气。Shediedof/fromcancer.她死于癌症。Hewasn’till;hestayedinbedfromlaziness.他没病，他躺在床上只是偷懒。⑦with指生理上或情感上的外界到内心的原因，意为“随着……。”例如：Gesslerturnedredwithanger.盖斯勒气得脸都红了。⑧owingto,相当于becauseof，多表示引起某种不良后果的原因。例如：Owingtotheraintheycouldnotcome.都是因为那场雨他们才没能来。Owingtohislackingofexperience,Johnfailedthistime.因为经验不足，这次约翰又失败了。注：owingto也可表示“欠……钱”之意。Howmuchisheowingtoyou?他欠你多少钱？⑨thanksto表示引起某种幸运结果的原因，常译为“幸亏……，多亏……”。例如：Thankstothetimelyrain,thefarmerhadagoodharvest.多亏那场及时雨，农民才有了个好收成。⑩outof表示动机的起因，常译为“出于……”。例如：Heaskedthequestionoutofcuriosity.出于好奇，他提了这个问题。Hediditoutofpity.他做那事是出于同情。●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★)Assoonasheenteredtheroom,hetook________hiscapandsatdown.A.offB.outC.awayD.down2.(★★★★)Thepolicemanhelpedtheoldwoman________thestreet. A.throughB.pastC.acrossD.over3.(★★★★)Early________themorningofMay1,westartedoff________themountainvillage.A.in;forB.in;toC.on;/D.on;for4.(★★★★)Sportsandgamescanbe________greathelptous.A.ofB.havingC.doneD.in5.(★★★★)MrSuithsoldthatmagnificentcottageofhisonthesea________2000000dollars.A.atB.forC.toD.by6.(★★★★)—WhoseadvicedoyouthinkIshouldtake?—________.A.It’snoneofmybusinessB.It’syourownbusinessC.ThereisnothingtodowithmeD.It’suptoyou7.(★★★★★)—Youseemedtobedeeplystruckbyhisskill.—Notexactlyso.Itwashiscourage________histhatreallystruckmemost.A.ratherthanB.aswellasC.butalsoD.notas8.(★★★★★)Wethoughtofsellingthisoldfurniture,butwe’vedecidedto________it.Itmightbevaluable.(NMET2002)A.holdontoB.keepupwithC.turntoD.lookafter9.(★★★★)Luckily,thebulletnarrowlymissedthecaptain________aninch.A.byB.atC.toD.from(上海2002)10.(★★★★★)—Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?(北京2002)—Thekey________theproblemistomeetthedemand________bythecustomers.A.tosolving;makingB.tosolving;madeC.tosolve;makingD.tosolve;made介词填空1.(★★★★)Wewantedtomeeteachother________9o’clock________theirhouse,but________mywaytomeether,Idrove________theroad.2.(★★★★★)______thetwentieth______Junewesailed______anFrancisco_______Tokyo,expectingtoarrive________theJapanesecapital________themiddle________July.3.(★★★★)Whenmyfatheris________work,hepaysattentionsocarfully________whatheisdoingthathedoesnotnoticethepeoplewhocome________hisoffice.4.(★★★★★)TheshirtthatIbought________Barrywasplaced________agiftboxandtied________redribbon(丝带).5.(★★★★)Iheard________afriendwhowasstudying________theUniversity________Beijing.6.(★★★★★)Heiswriting________life________othercountries,and________himwecanlearnmuch________thefloor.7.(★★★★★)Welaughedsoloudly________theEnglishfilmthatwebrokeourcups________coca-cola________thefloor.难点9忽视不得的主谓一致 主谓一致是指句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上须保持一致。道理虽然简单，但其牵涉到的要点繁多，出现的形式多样，并可以各种题型出现，故不可忽视。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)—Eachofthestudents,workinghardathisorherlessons________togotouniversity.—SodoI.A.hopeB.hopesC.hopingD.hoped2.(★★★★★)Eitheryouortheheadmaster________theprizeforthesegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.(北京2001二模)A.ishandinginB.aretohandoutC.arehandinginD.istohandout3.(★★★★)Alibrarywithfivethousandbooks________tothenationasagift.A.isofferedB.hasofferedC.areofferedD.haveoffered4.(★★★★★)Hisfamily________abigone.WhenIcametoseehimlastnight,hisfamily________watchingTV.A.is;wasB.was;wereC.is;wereD.are;were5.(★★★★★)Thepoor________helpedbygovernmentprograms,________?(2001武汉二模)A.is;isn’titB.is;isn’theC.are;aren’ttheyD.are;haven’tthey6.(★★★★)Asaresultofdestroyingtheforest,alarge________ofdesert________coveredtheland.(2001上海高考)A.number;hasB.quantity;hasC.number;haveD.quantity;have7.(★★★★★)Theteacherandwriter________askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were8.(★★★★)Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory________yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided9.(★★★★★)Manypeoplesay10000________alotofmoney.A.dollarisB.dollarsareC.dollarsisD.dollarare10.(★★★★)Thenumberofpeopleinvited________fifty,butanumberofthem________absentfordifferentreasons.A.were;wasB.was;wasC.was;wereD.were;were11.(★★★★★)Allthatcanbedone________.A.hasbeendoneB.havebeendoneC.havedoneD.hasdone12.(★★★★★)Morethanone________injuredinthecaraccident.A.havebeenB.hasbeenC.areD.have13.(★★★★)Four-fifthsoftheworkershere________________workers.A.iswomanB.arewomanC.arewomenD.iswomen14.(★★★★)Togive________toreceive.A.meansB.meanC.isD.are 15.(★★★★★)His“selectedpoems”________in1955.A.werefirstpublishedB.wasfirstpublishedC.havebeenfirstpublishedD.hadbeenfirstpublished●案例探究1.Morethan________oftheworkers________fromParis.A.tenpercents;isB.tenpercent;areC.threetimes;wasD.percentsten;comes命题意图：考查分数、百分数的表示法及此时的主谓一致，本题属四星级题。知识依托：分数或百分数+of+名词作主语时，谓语与of后的名词在数上保持一致。错解分析：解该题时易误选A，误把百分之十作为整体处理，而没有考虑到是百分之十多的工人。此时所指为复数概念。解题方法与技巧：与此情况类似的是表示部分和一定数量的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词也应与介词of后的名词保持数的一致。这些词有：e.g.(1)Mostofthemoneyhasbeenwasted.(2)Everyyear,lotsofdamageiscausedbyfire.例如：(1)Quantitiesoffoodarewastedeveryday.(2)Amountsofmoneywerespentonthisproject.（这两个词的用法是主谓一致中的难点，同时也是常考点）答案：B2.NotonlyIbutalsoMaryandJane________tiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.(NMET1989)A.isB.areC.amD.be命题意图：考查主谓一致中的就近原则。本题属四星级题。知识依托：由notonly…butalso连接并列主语时，谓语与最靠近的主语保持一致。错解分析：本题易误选C，易误认为I为主语，而实际上决定谓语单复数的是由JaneandMary决定，应用就近原则，故排除C，同理排除A。解题方法与技巧：熟记要点：在英语中，主谓一致有三个原则：语法一致的原则，语意一致的原则和就近原则。此题是就近原则，所以答案为B。答案：B3.(★★★★★)Nobodybutyou________whathesaid.(全国重点中学大联考冲刺题)A.agreeswithB.agreesoutC.agreewithD.agreeto命题意图：考查词组“同意……” 和主语为nobody类的不定代词时，谓语单复数的确定，该题属五星级题。知识依托：主语为nobody时谓语动词用单数，如果主语被but,aswellas,with等短语修饰，谓语仍与主语的数保持一致。错题分析：该题易误选C、D，选D的原因在于词组记忆不清，用介词to时之后应加具体项目。而选择C就在于误把you做为主语对待了。而实际上nobody才是主语。答案：A4.Sheistheonlyoneamongthe________writerswho________storiesforchildren.A.woman;writesB.women;writeC.women;writesD.woman;write命题意图：考查复合名词的单复数及从句中的主谓一致。本题属于五星级题。知识依托：womanwriter的复数为womenwriters，而定语从句中的谓语单复数是由先行词决定的，先行词为theonlyone。故答案为C。错解分析：本题易误选B，误认为先行词为writers，而实际上由于one被theonly修饰，故先行词是theonlyone，谓语应用单数。解题方法与技巧：本题中我们可以了解，当考查定语从句中的谓语动词形式时，需首先分清楚所修饰的先行词是谁，单数还是复数概念，从而决定从句中谓语的单、复数形式。eg.Maryisoneofthestudentswhowerelateforschool.Maryistheonlyoneofthestudentswhowaslateforschool.答案：C●锦囊妙计1.主谓一致有个三原则：语法一致，意义一致和就近原则，无论哪一种，重要的是分清一个句子中，哪是主语，主语是单数还是复数，分清题目属于哪种一致的情况，然后确定谓语形式。这里我们简单总结一下主谓一致中常见的原则：(1)and连接两个名词，但表同一事物，谓语用单数。eg.Thewriterandsingerismybestfriend.(2)each、either、one、theother及不定代词等作主语时，谓语常用复数。eg.Everybodyishere.(3)由连词or、either…or、neither…nor、notonly…butalso等连接并列主语时及therebe句式，Therebe句式中谓语动词应用就近原则。eg.NeitheryounorIamtoblame.(4)国名、人名、报纸名、书名等专有名词虽以-s结尾，形式上是复数，但谓语动词常用单数。eg.TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry.但以-s结尾的山脉、岛、瀑布等作主语时，谓语一般用复数。eg.ThephilippineslietothesoutheastofChina.(5)由each修饰的名词作主语，谓语用单数。eg.EachstudenthasanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.TheyeachhaveanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.(6)表示时间、距离、钱、重量的名词作主语，若表示整体谓语用单数，但如强调具体数量，谓语则用复数。eg.Fivehundredmilesisalongdistance.Twentyyearshavepassedsincehebegantoworkhere.(7)表示数量的oneandahalf后面要用复数名词作主语时，其谓语要用单数形式。(8)定冠词the+形容词/分词表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。 (9)表示成双成套的名词，如trousers,shoes,glasses,compasses等用作主语时谓语用复数。eg.Hisblacktrousersaretoolong.2.高考中主谓一致的考查一般不会单独考查，常与时态、语态及句式（如倒装句）等相结合考查，此时如不能准确判断，不妨结合其他要点共同确定正确答案。●歼灭难点训练1.Plastics________manyothermaterials.A.hastakenplaceofB.hastakentheplaceofC.havetakenplaceofD.havetakentheplaceof2.Theglassworks________in1980.A.builtB.wasbuiltC.werebuiltD.hasbeenbuilt3.—Wereallthreepeopleinthecaraccidentinjuredintheaccident?—No,________onlythetwopassengerswhogothurt.A.itwasB.thereisC.itwereD.therewere4.Acartandhorse________inthedistance.A.wereB.seeC.areseenD.wasseen5.Noonebutherparents________it.A.knowB.knowsC.isknowingD.areknowing6.TheOlympicGames________heldeveryfouryears.A.isB.areC.wasD.were7.(★★★★★)Manyaman________cometohelpus.A.haveB.hasC.isD.are8.(★★★★)Therich________notalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.hasD.have9.(★★★★)Whatyousaid________quitetothepoint.A.amB.areC.isD.were10.(★★★★★)Slowandsteady________therace.A.winB.winsC.beatsD.beat11.(★★★★★)Anumberofsheep________diedofastrangeillness.A.haveB.hasC.hasbeenD.havebeen12.(★★★★)Tomsaidtwoandthree________five.A.beB.wasC.wereD.is13.(★★★★★)Oneandahalfbananas________leftonthetable.A.areB.willbeC.beingD.is14.(★★★★)Thiskindofbooks________popularamongthestudents.A.isB.areC.beingD.havebeen15.(★★★★★)Ihopetobuysuchabikeas________byJohn.A.ridesB.isriddenC.riddenD.areridden 难点10语境下的时态须慎重动词的时态是高考试题的重头戏，是必考点。它不仅占了单项填空、改错题的大头，而且在完形填空题、写作题中也有体现。但由于汉语中并没有所谓的时态概念，而且其相关试题出的很活，要仔细体会上下文才能正确答出，是名副其实的难题。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)—Howareyoutoday?—Oh,I________asillasIdonowforaverylongtime.A.didn’tfeelB.wasn’tfeelingC.don’tfeelD.haven’tfelt2.(★★★★★)Theprice________,butIdoubtwhetheritwillremainso.A.wentdownB.willgodownC.hasgonedownD.wasgoingdown3.(★★★★★)—Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing!—Oh,I’mterriblysorry,________.A.I’mnotnoticingB.Iwasn’tnoticingC.Ihaven’tnoticedD.Idon’tnotice4.(★★★★★)Robertissaid________abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying5.(★★★★★)—Alice,whydidn’tyoucomeyesterday?—I________,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.A.hadB.wouldC.wasgoingtoD.did6.(★★★★★)—Doyoulikethematerial?—Yes,it________verysoft.A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt7.(★★★★)Idon’treallyworkhere.I________untilthenewsecretaryarrives.A.justhelpoutB.havejusthelpedoutC.amjusthelpingoutD.willjusthelpout8.(★★★★★)—I________tobehereontime.—Butyou________lateagain.A.hadmeant;wereB.meant;wereC.havemeant;areD.meant;hadbeen●案例探究1.—You’veleftthelighton.—Oh,soIhave.________andturnitoff.(NMET2000)A.I’llgoB.I’vegoC.IgoD.I’mgoingto命题意图：考查一般将来时不同表示方法之间的区别。本题属四星级题。知识依托：begoingto表示计划、安排，常为事先确定好了的事情。will除可表示上述用法外，还可表示暂时的打算，且含有主语的主观倾向。故答案为A。 错解分析：本题易误选D，其错因就在于没有掌握好几种表示将来意义的结构的不同含义。解题方法与技巧：在英语中，要表示将来发生的动作或状态常用到以下几种构成：（1）begoingto+动词原形表示说话的人明确的打算或计划以及确信会发生的事。eg.We’regoingtoholdameetingtodiscusstheproblem.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.（2）will/shall+动词原形常用以表示一种倾向性或习惯性的动作或表示单纯的将来。eg.I’llbe20yearsoldnextyear.（3）be+doing该结构所用的动词一般仅限于非延续性动词。用来表示计划安排要发生的事。eg.I’mleavingforShanghaitomorrow.（4）be+todo该结构表示命令、约定、计划、安排中注定会发生的事。eg.ThemeetingistobeheldnextTuesday.I’mtomeetMrLithisafternoon.（5）beabouttodo该结构表示即将马上发生的动作，这时通常不能和表示该动作发生时间的状语连用。eg.Iwasabouttogotothecinemawhenhecame.答案：A2.I________ping-pangquitewell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.(2001年高考)A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play命题意图：考查语境下的时态。本题要求较高，不仅要掌握各种时态，更要注意上下文。本题属五星级题。知识依托：一般过去时表示过去发生的某一动作，而一般现在时表示现在的状况。错解分析：本题易错选C，一般的认为既然新年以来就没有再打过球，那么说打球好与不好，则应是过去的事了。而实际上，后半句为现在完成时，强调新年以来再没打过，即谈的仍是现在的打球水平，前后句子时态相互应和，故答案为D。解题方法与技巧：一般现在时的应用较多，这里总结如下：（1）经常性的习惯或动作，常用的时间状语为always、often、usually、everyday等eg.Shelikesmusicverymuch.(2)表示客观事实或真理eg.Lightgoesfasterthansound.答案：D3.—Bob,whatareyoudoing?—Oh,I’msorryI________,Mr.Li.A.haven’tnoticedB.wasn’tnoticingC.amnotnoticingD.couldn’thavenoticed命题意图：本题考查时态间的区分。本题属四星级题。知识依托：过去进行时表示过去某一时间点正发生某一动作。 错解分析：本题易误选A，如果选完成时，则强调对现在造成的影响和结果，而实际上“notice”这一动作应发生在犯错的同时，即在错事发生时，注意这一动作应正在进行，故选B。解题方法与技巧：过去进行时通常用于表示：（1）过去某一时刻或某一时间段内正在发生的动作，常与表过去某一具体时间的时间状语连用。eg.Wewerehavinglunchatseveno’clocklastnight.（2）表示过去一段时间内持续进行的动作。（中间可以有停顿）eg.Wewerediscussingtheplanthewholemorningyesterday.（3）过去反复发生的动作，常带有说话人的主观感情色彩。eg.Hewasalwaysaskingthatsillyquestion.答案：B4.Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnology________sorapidly.(NMET2001)A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange命题意图：本题重在区分一般将来时，现在完成时和现在进行时之间的区别。本题属四星级题。知识依托：现在进行时表示现阶段一直发生的动作。现在完成时是一般过去时和一般现在时的合成，强调对现在造成的影响或结果。错解分析：B项是一个极易误选的项，不少同学认为，正是由于科技“已经变化”才造成选手机成为难事，而如果仔细分析该题句意和语境就会发现，之所以手机难选，是因为科技在不断变化，而且变化快，这一变化不仅没有结束，而且仍在不断的变化中，正是这一事实，造成了前半句中的结果。故答案选A。解题方法与技巧：理解现在进行时的关键就在于理解“现在”和“进行”二词。答案：A●锦囊妙计在高考题中，对于时态的考查往往以对话的形式出现，一般都没有具体的时间状语，所有的时间都是通过对事情发生时的情景暗示而出的。为此做题时就必须把握全句语意，分清句子中涉及到的几个动作间的时间关系，然后根据各个时态的不同含义及用法，选出最佳答案。在这里掌握每种时态（有时也包括语态）的基本形式及用法是至为重要的。●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★)ThereportersaidthattheUFO________easttowestwhenhesawit.A.wastravellingB.travelledC.hadbeentravellingD.wastotravel2.(★★★★★)I’vewonaholidayfortwotoFlorida.I________mymum.(春季2001)A.amtakingB.havetakenC.takeD.willhavetaken3.(★★★★★)Athief________intohishousewhennoone________.A.slipped;waslookingB.hadslipped;lookedC.slipped;hadlookedD.wasslipping;looked4.(★★★★★)IfMrWudoesn’tgo________.A.wedon’tgo,tooB.wealsodon’tgoC.neithershallweD.neitherdowe5.(★★★★★)It’llbethefirsttimehe________theGreatWall. A.hasvisitedB.willvisitC.wouldvisitD.visits6.(★★★★★)—CanIhelpyou,sir?—Yes.Iboughtthisradiohereyesterday,butit________.A.didn’tworkB.won’tworkC.can’tworkD.doesn’twork7.(★★★★★)Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe________officesoon.A.leavesB.wouldleaveC.leftD.hadleft8.(★★★★)Idon’tthinkJimsawme,he________intospace.A.juststartedB.wasjuststartingC.hadjuststartedD.hasjuststarted9.(★★★★★)Ithoughtyou________intown.When________you________back?A.are;have;gotB.were;did;getC.are;did;getD.were;have;got10.(★★★★★)Itissaidthathe________senttoAustraliatoimprovehisEnglish.A.wouldbeB.wastobeC.hasbeenD.hadbeen11.(★★★★★)Tomwassaidto________Maryfor40years.A.havebeenmarriedtoB.havemarriedwithC.hasbeenmarriedD.hadmarriedwith12.(★★★★★)Infrontofthewallcolorflagswere________.A.hangedB.hungedC.hangD.hanging13.(★★★★★)Idon’tlikeher.She________withherneighbours.A.alwaysquarrelsB.quarelledC.isalwaysquarellingD.enjoyquarrelling14.(★★★★★)Thattreelookedasifit________foralongtime.A.hasn’twateredB.didn’twaterC.hadn’tbeenwateredD.wasn’twatered15.(★★★★★)Ishouldhavewrittentoyouearlier,but________ratherbusyrecently.A.I’vebeenB.I’dbeenC.I’mbeingD.Iwere16.(★★★★★)—Hepromisedtocomeontime.—Whatdoyouimagine________tohimthen?A.hashappenedB.washappeningC.happeningD.washappened17.(★★★★★)Hepaidnoattentiontomyadvicethathe________allthestudyinghehadmissed.A.wouldmakeupforB.madeforC.makeupforD.makehismarkfor18.(★★★★★)—Look!Someonehasbrokenaglass.—Well,it________meI________that.A.wasn’t;didn’tdoB.isn’t;haven’tdoneC.wasn’t;hadn’tdoneD.isn’t;didn’t难点11句子倒装重在看其结构 英语句子的基本语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后，当语序颠倒时就成了倒装结构。把谓语的全部放在主语之前称为完全倒装；而只把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，则称为部分倒装。强调性倒装及so、neither、nor开头的句子是高考中常出现的重点。在解题时了解不同的句式结构就抓住了解题的关键。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)________thattheyhadmadeanimportantdiscoveryinscience.A.LittletheyrealizeB.TheyhadrealizedlittleC.LittledidtheyrealizeD.Littlehadtheyrealize2.(★★★★★)—DoyouknowJimquarrelledwithhisbrother?—Idon’tknow,________.A.nordon’tIcareB.nordoIcareC.Idon’tcareneitherD.Idon’tcarealso3.(★★★★)________come,pleasetellhimtowaitformeintheoffice.A.HeshouldB.ShouldheC.IfheD.Ifhewouldhave4.(★★★★)Ifyoudon’tgo,________.A.neitherIshallB.neitherwillIC.Iwill,tooD.Iwill,also5.(★★★★)________,Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.A.HoweverlateisheB.HoweverheislateC.HoweverishelateD.Howeverlateheis6.(★★★★★)—Listen,there________.—Oh,yes.There________.A.goesthebell;itgoesB.goesthebell;goesitC.thebellgoes;itgoesD.thebellgoes;goesit7.(★★★★★)Upintothesky________.A.flewthearrowB.thearrowflewC.gothearrowflyD.didthearrowfly8.(★★★★★)________!A.MayyousucceedB.YoumaysucceedC.SucceedyoumayD.Succeedmayyou●案例探究1.Notasinglesong________atyesterdayparty.A.shesangB.sangsheC.didshesingD.shedidsing命题意图：考查引起句子倒装的要点及时态。本题属四星题。知识依托：否定词置于句首句子使用部分倒装。错解分析：本题有不少同学误选B。他们知道应使用倒装，但对于倒装的结构，构成用法掌握得并不彻底。解题方法与技巧：表示否定意义的副词或连接词位于句首时，如：not,little,hardly,seldom,rarely,scarcely,never,notuntil…,hardly…when,nosooner…than…及一些介词短语：byno means,innoway,atnotime,innocase,undernocircumstanes等，举例如下：eg.NevershallIforgetthosedaysIspentwithyou.Hardlyhadhefinishedtheworkwhenitbegantorain.但是当这些表示否定意义的词或短语不位于句首时则不用倒装。例如：(1)Ihadnosoonergothomewhenthetelephonerang.(2)IknowlittleaboutournewEnglishteacher.同时要注意当上述词或短语用作修饰主语时，即便放于句首，也不必倒装。例如：Littleworkhasbeendonerecently.答案：C2.OnlyaftertheNewChina________,________togotoschool.A.wasfounded;hewasableB.wasfound;washeableC.wasfounded;washeableD.wasfound;hewasable命题意图：本题意欲考查两点，一是动词成立，二是倒装结构。本题属于四星题。知识依托：“成立”一词为found,其过去分词是规则变化founded。句子中only提前句子用倒装。错解分析：错因主要在found一词的意义及变化上。其二在于对该种由only提前造成的倒装形式掌握的不好。解题方法与技巧：本题考查的要点为only之后加上介词短语、副词或从句放在句首要倒装，这时其常用结构为only+介词短语（副词、状语从句）+助动词（be)+主语。举例如下：Onlybyworkinghardcanyousucceed.OnlywhenhetoldmedidIknowwhathadhappened.这里需要注意的是，当only只用于强调主语时可不用倒装。例如：Onlyyoucanhelpme.答案：C●锦囊妙计1.高考中对于倒装的考查主要有以下几个方面：（1）否定词位于句首时的倒装，如：hardly…when…（2）so与neither,nor位于句首时的倒装及不倒装时的含义。（3）only位于句首时和as引导让步状语从句时的句子倒装。在处理这些有关倒装的习题时，关键是要真正了解和掌握引起倒装的结构，这样才能运用自如。在此简单总结一下引起倒装的原因及相关句式结构：（a）语法结构需要Thereisnobodyintheclassroom.Sheisateacher，soisherbrother.Awayrantheprisoner.(如主语为代词则不倒装：Awayhewent)(b)强调性倒装Onlybyworkinghardcanyousucceed.Nevercanyouchangemymind.Nowhereelsecanyoufindsuchabeautifulplace.(c)为了使句子平衡而使用倒装GonearethedayswhentheycoulddowhattheyliketotheChinesepeople.PresentareMrLi,mybestfriend,Dr.Wang,mybossandhiswife.(d)表示祝愿的句子Mayyousucceed!Longlivetheking! 2.做题时要抓住各种句式的不同结构要点，关键词的利用，更好的判断句式，选择正确答案。●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★★)________,Iwouldhavetoldyouthetruth.A.IfyouaskedmeB.YouhadaskedmeC.HadyouaskedmeD.Shouldyouhaveaskedme2.(★★★★★)Autumncoming,down________.A.theleavesfullB.leavesfallingC.falltheleavesD.sotheleavesfull3.(★★★★★)Now________tolookafterthewounded.A.thereismyturnB.comesmyturnC.myturncameD.myturniscoming4.(★★★★★)________thatwecan’tcatchupwithhim.A.SofastdidherunB.FastasheranC.FastheransoD.Heranfast5.(★★★★★)—“Itwascoldyesterday.”—________.A.ItwassoB.SoitwasC.ItdidsoD.Soitdid6.(★★★★)Afterthatweneversawheragainnor________here.A.weheardB.haveweheardC.wehadheardD.didwehear7.(★★★★★)Sobadly________intheaccidentthathewassenttothenearesthospitalimmediately.A.hedidinjureB.hewasinjuredC.didheinjureD.washeinjured8.(★★★★★)________,Ihaveneverseenanyonewho’sascapableasJohn.A.AslongasIhavetraveledB.NowthatIhavetravelledsomuchC.MuchasIhavetravelledD.AsIhavetravelledsomuch难点12至关重要的比较等级的比较对象及范围形容词和副词常可译为“……的/地”，尤其在那些同义的形容词和副词中要区分他们的不同时，语意更易引起混乱；而由它们衍生出来的比较等级及其用法就更是英语学习中的难点之一了。考查该要点涉及到的题型也是多种多样的，单选、完形、阅读理解、改错、作文中都可见到它们的身影。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)Thehorseisgettingoldandcannotrun________itdid.(1998)A.asfasterasB.sofastthanC.sofasterasD.asfastas2.(★★★★★)Greenland,________islandintheworld,coversovertwomillionsquarekilometres.(上海2000) A.itisthelargestB.thatisthelargestC.isthelargestD.thelargest3.(★★★★★)You’vestandingtoonearthecamera.Canyoumove________？(上海2000高考)A.abitfarB.alittlefartherC.abitoffartherD.alittlefar4.(★★★★)Ifwehadfollowedhisplan,wecouldhavedonethejob,with________moneyand________people.A.less;lessB.fewer;fewerC.less;fewerD.fewer;less5.(★★★★)Whatawonder!They’vefinished________35%ofthetaskwithinonemonth.A.nomorethanB.notmorethanC.nolessthanD.muchlessthan6.(★★★★★)Hetoldus________story.A.themostinterestingB.averymoreinterestingC.amostinterestingD.moreinterested7.(★★★★★)Hishealthis________.A.aspoor,ifnotpoorerthan,hissister’sB.aspooras,ifnotpoorerthan,hissister’sC.poorashissister’s,ifnotpoorD.aspoor,ifnotpoorerthanhissister8.(★★★★)Jack’s________brotheris________thanhe.A.moreold;elderB.elder;olderC.moreold;moreeldD.elder;younger9.(★★★★)________thegirlsintheroom,Roseisthefriendliest.A.FromallB.AllfromC.OfallD.Allof10.(★★★★★)IlikeEnglish________ofallthesubjects.A.mostB.bestC.betterD.more●案例探究1.(★★★★★)ItismuchcolderinwinterinBeijingthan________.A.ShanghaiB.inShanghaiC.thatinShanghaiD.itis命题意图：本题考查同一事物在不同范围内的比较。属五星题。知识依托：此时可用that代替该同一事物。错解分析：本题易误选A，错误在于只考虑汉语意思“北京比上海冷”而没有想到所比较的应当为两地的天气。故应选C。解题方法与技巧：这是一个容易忽略的问题，即比较级所比较的事物应是同一事物或同一类事物。在处理这类习题时，首先要分清哪个是主语即哪个是要比较的事物，然后注意在后一个比较状语从句中要出现该事物且成份与前半句相同。答案：C●锦囊妙计 1.我们这里所讲的比较级，即形容词、副词的比较等级。它可共分为三个等级：原级、比较级、最高级。在应用过程中除了要掌握每个比较等级的构成方法、用法、表示的含义之外，还要注意比较等级中的特殊应用情况。其中比较的范围和对象就是其中最易引起误解的要点之一，通常情况下，比较的范围一致就需把主语排除在比较的事物外，如比较的范围不一致则不必再把主语排除在外了。例如：ChinaislargerthananyothercountryinAsia.(范围一致）ChinaislargerthananycountryinAfrica.(范围不一致）比较时比较的对象要一致，不同的东西不可比较，例如：ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofanyothercountryintheworld.该句中人口相比较，故后半句出现代词that。Chinahasalargerpopulationthananyothercountryintheworld.该句中国家与国家相比。两句中比较的均为同一事物。2.我们除了要掌握各比较等级的含义和用法外，更要善于去发现需要应用不同比较等级的关键词，例如than。同时语意上的比较倾向也是我们确定比较等级及最终检查的参考。●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★)OfallthestudentsintheclassJackspentthe________timeandmadethe________mistakesinthemathexam.A.fewest;leastB.least;fewestC.fewest;fewestD.least;least2.(★★★★)Henrysaidhewasfeeling________thatday.A.muchmoreB.alotofcoldC.alotgoodD.alotbetter3.(★★★★★)—Areyousatisfiedwithheranswer?—Notatall.Itcouldn’thavebeen________.A.worseB.sobadC.betterD.theworst4.(★★★★★)Ifthemanagerhastochoosebetweenthetwo,hewouldsayJohnwas________choice.A.goodB.thebestC.betterD.thebetter5.(★★★★★)Ittakesalongtimetogotherebytrain,it’s________byroad.A.quickB.thequickestC.muchquickD.quicker6.(★★★★★)Iftherewerenoexaminations,weshouldhave________atschool.A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertime7.(★★★★★)Howbeautifulshesings!Ihaveneverheard________.A.thebettervoiceB.agoodvoiceC.thebestvoiceD.abettervoice8.(★★★★★)Itisamistaketothinkthattheearthisabit________fromthesuninwinter.A.closerB.nearC.farD.farther9.(★★★★)Mr.Smithhastotravelmoreoftenthan________inhishistory.A.elseanyoneB.anyone C.anyoneelseD.nobodyelse10.(★★★★★)Ofthetwotoys,thechildchose________.A.thelessexpensiveoneB.theonemostexpensiveC.theleastexpensiveD.themostexpensiveofthem难点13不可缺少的副词副词指的是用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词及全句，以说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词，由定义就可看出，副词的出现不仅点多而且面广，这也决定了副词在高考中的形式考查的多样性，也加大了副词的应用难度。●难点磁场1.(★★★★★)It’salwaysdifficultbeinginaforeigncountry________ifyoudon’tspeakthelanguage.(2000高考)A.extremelyB.naturallyC.basicallyD.specially2.(★★★★)Fredissecondtononeinmathsinourclass,butbelieveitornot,he________passedtothelastexam.(上海2000)A.easilyB.hardlyC.actuallyD.successfully3.(★★★★★)WhenyouturnontheTVset.Clearpictureswill________appearonthescreen.(上海春季高考2001)A.rapidlyB.hurriedlyC.latelyD.immediately4.(★★★★★)HeleftinsuchahurrythatI________hadtimetothankhim.A.almostB.evenC.mostD.hardly5.(★★★★)—Whatdoyouthinkofhiswords?—Whathesaidsounds________.A.nicelyB.pleasantlyC.friendlyD.wonderfully6.(★★★★★)ShewantstogotoBeijing________.A.lateB.latelyC.badD.badly7.(★★★★★)I’vegot________worktodoonsucha________coldday.A.muchtoo;muchtooB.toomuch;toomuchC.toomuch;muchtooD.muchtoo;toomuch8.(★★★★)Pleaseholdthebook________,forIcan’tseethewordsclearly.A.morecloserB.morecloselyC.closelyD.closer9.(★★★★★)Ourweatherherehasbeen________warm.A.mostB.mostlyC.atmostD.best10.(★★★★★)Theysaidnothing,looking________attheheadmaster.A.coldlyB.sadC.worriedD.excited●案例探究1.Heoftenworks________intothenight,whichmovesus________.A.deep;deepB.deeply;deeplyC.deep;deeplyD.deeply;deep命题意图：考查某些具有两种形式的形容词之间的区别。本题属于四星题。知识依托：deep作副词讲时，仅表示具体意义，……深。deeply作副词表示“深深地”，故应选C。 错解分析：误选其他答案的原因就在于对deep、deeply的用法及含义不明。解题方法与技巧：（1）本题可依据要点从语意上考虑。（2）对于有两种形式的副词，关键在于平时多积累，多识记相关单词。在这里举例如下：wide宽地widely广泛地close近closely细心地late晚lately最近high高highly高度地most最mostly主要地hard努力地hardly几乎不答案：C2.Alicelaidherbabyonthesofa________andwrappeditwithablanket.(上海2000年高考)A.silentlyB.tenderlyC.friendlyD.comfortably命题意图：考查词意区分。本题属于四星题。知识依托：silently沉默地，tenderly温柔地，friendly是形容词,意思是友好的，comfortably舒服的。错解分析：主要的错误在于词意不明。解题方法与技巧：本题提醒我们，做题时词意是很重要的一点，同时也更要小心一些貌似副词的形容词，以免引起误选。这里再举例如下：答案：B●锦囊妙计掌握副词的基本语法功能及意义。1.分类由词汇意义可分为时间、地点、方式、程度、频率及其他副词。由句法功能分类有：疑问副词how,when,where…连接副词when,whether，why…关系副词when，where，why…2.多辨析易混词A.具有两种形式的副词，如上文中所讲的deep—deeply。B.almost,nearly的区分与almost,most,mostly的区分。 ●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★★)Wedecidednottoclimbthemountainsbecauseitwasraining________.A.badlyB.hardlyC.stronglyD.heavily2.(★★★★)—Doyouremember________hecame?—Yes,Ido.Hecamebycar.A.howB.whenC.thatD.if3.(★★★★)—CanIhelpyou?—Well,I’mafraidtheboxis________heavyforyou,butthankyouallthesame.A.soB.muchC.veryD.too4.(★★★★★)Itwas________impossibleforhimtofinishtheworkalonebyfiveo’clockinthemorning.A.veryB.quiteC.tooD.much5.(★★★★★)Jimisakindboy.Heis________willingtohelphisclassmates.A.soB.muchC.tooD.such6.(★★★★★)—Didallofthemgotothecinema?—No.They________wenttotheconcertinstead.A.almostB.mostlyC.mostD.nearly7.(★★★★★)ThelessonsgivenbyMr.Smitharealways________andinteresting.A.lovingB.lovelyC.livelyD.vividly8.(★★★★)—Wherehaveyoubeen?—I’ve________beentothelibrary.A.everB.alreadyC.justD.nearly9.(★★★★★)It’squitelatenowbutMr.Li________hasn’tturnedup.A.yetB.alreadyC.stillD.however10.(★★★★)Tomcouldn’tworktheproblemoutbecausehewasn’t________clever.A.muchB.thatC.alittleD.as难点14错综复杂的从属连词连词是一种易被忽视的词，但连词却是组成各种从句，进一步形成复杂句式的关键词。在高考中出现率极高。尤其在单选及改错写作中所占的比重较大。其考查的形式主要是各从属连词等的比较和选择。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)________thenewplancanbecarriedoutwillbediscussedatthemeetingtomorrow.A.WhichB.WhatC.ThatD.Whether2.(★★★★)Thethought________hemightfailintheexamworriedhim.A.whenB.whichC.whatD.that 3.(★★★★★)Itisatleastthreeyears________theylefthere.A.whenB.beforeC.sinceD.that4.TheWTOcannotliveuptoitsname________itdoesnotincludeacountrythatishometoonefifthofmankind.A.aslongasB.whileC.ifD.eventhough5.(★★★★★)—Myfoothurtsterribly,doctor.—Well,Iwonder________ithasbeenlikethis.A.sincewhenB.sincethenC.howD.when6.(★★★★)Thereason________theirfailureyouknowis________theydidn’tgetfullypreparedfortheexperiment.(福州毕业班质检题)A.why;thatB.that;whyC.for;thatD.why;because7.(★★★★★)Afterthewar,anewschoolbuildingwasputup________therehasoncebeenatheatre.A.thatB.whereC.whatD.who8.(★★★★)Thedifficultywenowarefacingisthequestion________wecanpersvadehimtotellthetruth.A.thatB.whetherC.whatD.how●案例探究1.Someonecalledmeupinthemiddleofthenight,buttheyhungup________Icouldanswerthephone.A.asB.sinceC.untilD.before(NMET2000)命题意图：本题主要考查连词的语意，但需结合时间，尤其是前后两个动作发生的先后顺序，故难度较大。本题属五星题。知识依托：as引导时间状语从句，意思是当……时，since自从，until直到……，before在……之前。答案选D。错解分析：错误的原因在于没有了解相关动作发生的先后关系，theyhungup发生在Icouldanswerthephone之前，题目的意思是：半夜里有人给我打电话，但我还没来得及接/在我能接电话之前，他们就挂掉了。解题方法与技巧：解关于从属连词的题首先要了解各自的语意；在处理习题时，还要结合上下文的语境和结构来进行综合确定。答案：D●锦囊妙计1.为使用好连词，首先应了解连词可能出现的情况。并列句和复合句中，尤其是复合句中的连词，他们通常可分为：从属连词：that(无意）,before,whether,if,after,since,aslongas,when连接代词：who,whom,which,what,whose连接副词：when,why,where,how关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that关系副词：when,why,where2.状语从句均用从属连词引导。3.语意理解是关键。●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★★)Fathermadeapromise________Ipassedtheexaminationhewouldbuymea computer.A.thatB.thatifC.ifD.whether2.(★★★★)Wordcame________hewasemployedbythatcompany.A.whichB.whyC.thatD.when3.(★★★★★)Whydoyouwantanewjob________you’vegetsuchagoodonealready?(NMET1998)A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when4.(★★★★★)Wehadnotgoneforlong________wesawacrowdofpeople.A.beforeB.afterC.assoonasD.while5.(★★★★★)Youmaydowhateveryouwant________itisnotagainstthelaw.A.unlessB.evenifC.solongasD.assoonas6.(★★★★★)Theyhadnotknowneachotherthreedays________theybegantoquarrel.A.afterB.untilC.beforeD.when7.(★★★★)—Whydoyoudrinksomuchcoffee?—Well,________itdoesn’tkeepmeawakeinthenights,Iseenoharmofit.A.althoughB.becauseC.unlessD.if8.(★★★★★)________menhavelearnedmuchfromthebehaviorofanimalsishardlynew.A.ThatB.WhetherC.WhereD.When难点15不可错位的形容词排序在近几年的高考中多个形容词修饰同一词时的语序不再是一个考查重点，但它的确是一个难点。●难点磁场1.(★★★★★)Tonyisgoingcampingwith________boys.A.littletwootherB.twolittleotherC.twootherlittleD.littleothertwo2.(★★★★★)Atthepartyhemeta________girl.A.prettylittleSwedishB.littleprettySwedishC.SwedishlittleprettyD.Swedishprettylittle3.(★★★★★)—DoyouknowwhatBushHouseislike?—Yes,itisa(an)________buildinganditisthehomeofBBCEnglish.A.niceoldtallwhiteB.oldtallnicewhiteC.nicetalloldwhiteD.whiteniceoldtall4.(★★★★)Ontheriverthereis________bridge.A.anoldfinestoneB.afineoldwoodC.astonefineoldD.anewwoodfine5.(★★★★)Oh!Sheiswearinga________dress.Howbeautifulsheis!A.silknewredB.newredsilkC.newsilkredD.redsilknew●案例探究 1.InsomepartsoftheruralareasinChina,studentsstillhavetohaveclassinthe________.A.small,old,gray,stonehouseB.old,gray,small,stonehouseC.gray,old,small,stonehouseD.stone,old,gray,smallhouse命题意图：考查多个形容词修饰同一个名词时的语序，属四星级题。知识依托：形容词的语序规则。错解分析：不了解或记不清该规则。解题方法与技巧：熟记规则：多个形容词修饰同一名词时的顺序是固定的，其顺序为：①冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词+②序数词+基数词+③一般性描绘形容词+④大小、长短、形状+年龄、新旧+⑥颜色+⑦国籍、出处+⑧材料+⑨用途、类别+⑩最终修饰的名词或动名词。例如：abeautifullittleredflower一朵美丽的小花。thosefourold-looking,grey,woodenhouses那四间显得很旧的灰色的木屋。答案：A●锦囊妙计1.记住规则。2.多阅读、多体会增强语感是关键。3.实质上多个形容词的语序是与被修饰的名词关系越密切的词越靠近名词。●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★★)I’llgotothesupermarketwithmygrandfather.Wearegoingtobuysome________glasses.A.FrenchlovelyoldB.lovelyoldFrenchC.lovelyFrencholdD.oldlovelyFrench2.(★★★★★)TheGreensliveina________house.A.big,white,two-storyB.two-story,white,bigC.white,big,two-storyD.white,two-story,big3.(★★★★★)Yesterdaywehadalecturegivenbya________teacher.A.well-mannered,youngschoolB.young,well-mannered,schoolC.well-mannered,schoolyoungD.schoolwell-manneredyoung4.(★★★★★)Wherehaveyoubeen?Wehavebeenlookingforyou________.A.theselastallfewdaysB.allfewlastthesedaysC.alltheselastfewdaysD.theseallfewlastdays5.(★★★★)Sheiswearing________.A.asilknewgreencapB.anewsilkgreencapC.acapofsilknewgreenD.anewgreensilkcap难点16区别微妙的情态动词情态动词在近年来的高考试题中的难度日渐加大，不仅是由于情态动词表示说话人的语气和心态等，而且这些往往是需用心体会而得的。由于语气的暗示在题目中变得更隐蔽，语气的变化更微妙，因而更综合化了。 ●难点磁场1.(★★★★★)Ididn’thearthephoneI________asleep.A.mustbeB.musthavebeenC.shouldbeD.shouldhavebeen2.(★★★★★)We________lastnight,butwewenttotheconcertinstead.A.musthavestudiedB.mightstudyC.shouldhavestudiedD.wouldstudy3.(★★★★★)John,you________playwiththeknife,you________hurtyourself.A.won’t;can’tB.mustn’t;mayC.shouldn’t;mustD.can’t;shouldn’t4.(★★★★★)It’snearlyseveno’clock.Jack________behereatanymoment.A.mustB.needC.shouldD.can5.(★★★★)She________forwhatshehasdone,butwhydoyoukeepsilentonit?A.oughttopraiseB.oughttohavepraisedC.oughttobepraisedD.oughttohavebeenpraised6.(★★★★)Ifyourbossisnotright,you________him.A.mustn’tobeyB.don’thavetoobeyC.wouldn’thaveobeyD.can’thaveobey7.(★★★★★)—ShallIcalladoctorforyou?—________.Iwillbebettersoon.A.Yes,youmayB.No,youmustn’tC.No,youneedn’tD.I’drathernot8.(★★★★)—Wouldyouliketogoshoppingwithmetonight?—________.A.I’dlovesoB.I’llliketoC.IwouldlikethatD.I’dloveto9.(★★★★★)He________youmorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.A.mighthavegivenB.mightC.mayhavegivenD.maygive10.(★★★★★)Noise________harmfulinChina.A.didn’tusetobeconsideredB.usedn’ttoconsiderC.didn’tusetoconsiderD.isn’tusedtobeconsidered●案例探究1.—Willyoustayforlunch?—Sorry,________mybrotheriscomingtoseeme.A.Imustn’tB.Ican’tC.Ineedn’tD.Iwon’t命题意图：考查情态动词在一般疑问句答语中的用法。本题属四星级题。知识依托：mustn’t不允许、禁止can’t客观上不能办到needn’t不需要won’t不会，不愿意错解分析：本题易误选D，Iwon’ t，只考虑了将来时，而实际上，吃饭这件事是办不到的。解题方法与技巧：情态动词在一般疑问句中的问和答的应用，一般只涉及到词的基本用法。can表示做某事的能力。意思是“能够”“能”。或表示许可，在疑问句中表示要求，否定句表示不许。答案：B2.SorryI’mlate.I________haveturnedoffthealarmclockandgonebacktosleepagain.(2000年春季高考北京)A.mightB.shouldC.canD.will命题意图：本题考查对过去猜测的用法。属五星级题。知识依托：may/might/must+havedone表示对过去的肯定猜测。can’t/couldn’t+havedone表示对过去的否定猜测。错解分析：本题易误选B，而shouldhavedone表示应该做而实际上没做，这和语意“我可能是把闹钟关掉后又睡了”是矛盾的，故应选A。解题方法与技巧：在这道题目中反映出的情态动词+完成式表示对过去发生事情的推测属于高考的一个重点和热点，对于这种题目首先要弄清各种搭配的含义，然后再结合语境选出正确答案。答案：A●锦囊妙计要运用好情态动词，就要首先对情态动词有一个完整的认识，情态动词分为三种情况：1.只用作情态动词的有：must,can/could,may/might,oughtto,beableto2.既可作情态动词又可作实义动词的有：need,dare，have/hadto,usedto3.既可作情态动词又为助动词的有：shall/should/will/would情态动词不能单独作谓语，需要和动词（行为动词或系动词）连用，构成谓语。除了可以表示一定的意思，比如：能够，可以，肯定等，其最重要的还在于它同时可以传达说话人的口气、心情、意愿等。例如：Youcan’timaginethatawell-behavedgentlemanshouldbesorudetoalady.本句中的should就表示讲话人意外、惊奇、遗憾的感情色彩。同时它的难点也就难在这里，做题时不仅要熟练掌握情态动词的基本用法，更要结合上下文仔细体会文句中所隐含的语气或情感。●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★)Don’tlockthedoorincasehe________backlateatnight.A.shouldcomeB.mightcomeC.willcomeD.wouldcome2.(★★★★★)You________worryabouttheoldman.He________wellalready.A.don’tneed;getsB.needn’t;mayhavegotC.mustn’t;gotD.don’tneedto;mayget3.(★★★★)I’vetriedmanytimes,butthecarjust________.A.won’tstartB.wouldn’tstartC.doesn’tstartD.didn’tstart4.(★★★★★)Bettersetoffatonce,________?A.won’tyouB.shallweC.hadn’tyouD.wouldn’tyou5.(★★★★★)Iwasreallyanxiousaboutyou________homewithoutaword.(2001年高考)A.musn’tleaveB.shouldn’thaveleft C.couldn’thaveleftD.needn’tleave6.(★★★★★)—AreyoucomingtoJeff’sparty?—I’mnotsure.Igototheconcertintead.(2000年高考)A.mustB.wouldC.shouldD.might7.(★★★★★)—Doyouthinkhewilldomeafavour?—AsfarasIknow,heisthelastonetohelpothers.Hebepreparedtogiveyouahand,though.（南京二模）A.mightB.mustC.canD.should8.(★★★★★)Youmusthaveseenthefilmlastnight,you?A.mustn’tB.isn’tC.didn’tD.haven’t9.(★★★★★)It’sdarknow.Wehavetostayhereforthenight,?A.don’tweB.haven’tweC.mustn’tweD.shouldn’twe10.(★★★★★)Hethroughtheforestalone.A.darewalkB.daretowalkC.dareswalkingD.darestowalk难点17独立主格结构英语与汉语在表达习惯上有些不同，独立主格结构便是其中之一。独立主格结构是学习的难点。独立主格结构用作状语，多用来表示行为方式或伴随的情况，也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。●难点磁场1.(★★★★),theywillgoandvisitthezoo.A.WeatherpermittingB.WeatherpermittedC.WeatherbeingpermittedD.Weatherhavingpermitted2.(★★★★)Theproblem,theyallwenthomehappily.A.settlingB.tobesettledC.settledD.tosettle3.(★★★★)Alotofwork,hehadnotimetotalkwithus.A.doneB.todoC.doingD.tobedoing●案例探究1.Everyone________theirseats,themeetingbegan.A.takenB.takingC.havingtakenD.totake命题意图：此题考查独立主格结构作时间状语。此题属五星级题目。知识依托：名词或代词+现在分词作状语，名词或代词就是分词的逻辑主语。 错解分析：A项taken为过去分词，它与逻辑主语之间逻辑上是被动关系，而此题中everyone与taketheirseats应为主动关系。B项强调动作与句子谓语表示的动作同时发生，而此题中应是先就座，后开会，有明显的先后顺序。解题方法与技巧：①everyone与taketheirseats是主动关系。②分词与句子谓语有明显先后顺序。分词应用过完成式。答案：C2.Hestoodthere,hishands________behind.A.tyingB.tiedC.weretyingD.weretied命题意图：此题旨在考查独立主格作方式状语。此题属四星级题目。知识依托：“名词或代词+过去分词”作为独立主格结构作状语。名词/代词与过去分词构成逻辑上的被动关系。错解分析：D项干扰性最强，但是若选D项，题干为两个独立的简单句，缺少连词，可把句子改为Hestoodthereandhishandsweretiedbehind.解题方法与技巧：弄清楚名词与分词之间的逻辑关系。答案：B3.________,Motherhadtostayathomeandlookedafterhim.A.BeingillB.HewasillC.TombeingillD.Tobeill命题意图：此题考查独立主格结构作原因状语。此题属五星级题。知识依托：名词或代词加现在分词构成的独立主格结构。错解分析：干扰性最强的选项为A项，A项为现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语应是句子的主语Mother,那和“Motherhadto…lookedafterhim”意思不一致了。解题方法与技巧：掌握分词作状语与独立主格结构作状语的区别。答案：C●锦囊妙计1.独立主格结构是由一名词或代词（作逻辑主语）加现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词或介词短语构成，用作状语。2.名词与现在分词是逻辑上的主动关系，与过去分词是逻辑上的被动关系。3.掌握分词或分词短语作状语与独立主格结构作状语的区别。●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★★)________,thereisnoschool.A.ItisSundayB.ItwasSundayC.ItwillbeSundayD.ItbeingSunday2.(★★★★)________,allthestudentsranoutoftheclassroom.A.ClasswasoverB.ClassisoverC.ClassoverD.Whenclassover3.(★★★★)________,everythinghaschanged.A.TimegoesonB.TimegoingonC.AstimegoingonD.Withtimewenton4.(★★★★)Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishands________underhishead.A.crossingB.crossedC.wascrossingD.werecrossed5.(★★★★★)Thestorm________theirhouse,theyhadtoliveinacave.A.destroyedB.destroying C.havingdestroyedD.beingdestroyed6.(★★★★)Heenteredtheroom,________.A.hisnosewasredwithcoldB.andhisnoseredwithcoldC.hisnoseredwithcoldD.hisnosebeenredwithcold7.(★★★★)Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdone________nextmonth.A.tocomeoutB.comingoutC.willcomeoutD.havingcomeout8.(★★★★)Allthings________,IthinkweoughttogivethejobtoMike.A.consideringB.consideredC.havingconsideredD.areconsidered难点18灵活多用的动词不定式动词不定式是高考的必考内容之一，其考查内容多且复杂，高考中常考查不定式作主语、状语、宾语、补语、表语和插入语；不定式的时态和语态，主动表示被动意思等；动词不定式符号“to”的省略也在考查范围之内。●难点磁场1.(★★★★★)Therearefivepairs________,butI’matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenfromB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchosing2.(★★★★)________lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.(2001京、皖、蒙春季高考)A.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Havingslept3.(★★★★★)ItissaidthatinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows________.(NMET2002)A.itwhattodowithB.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithitD.todowhatwithit●案例探究1.Robertissaid________abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying命题意图：考查动词不定式的时态（完成式）的用法。此题属五星级题目。知识依托：不定式的完成式表示的动作通常在谓语所表示的动作（或状态）前已完成，强调动作发生在过去。错解分析：C、D项干扰较大。若选C项，but后句子应改为butIdon’tknowwhatcountryheisstudyingin.若选D项，应改为：butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhehasstudiedin.解题方法与技巧：由题干“Idon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin”可得知“他在国外学习这一动作发生在过去”。故答案为A。答案：A2.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,________itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake命题意图：考查不定式作表语。此题属四星级题目。 知识依托：句子的表语是两个并列比较的不定式；todoA和todoB两个不定式作比较。后者“to”不可省略。错解分析：A项干扰性较强，但应掌握todoA和todoB两个不定式作比较，后者to不可省略。解题方法与技巧：分清句子的基本结构。答案：B3.I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat________inmynewjob.(NMET2000)A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects命题意图：考查疑问词加不定式的用法。此题属四星级题目。知识依托：疑问词加不定式可以作主语、表语及用在某些动词后作宾语，相当于名词性从句。这些动词有ask,discuss,decide,explain,forget,findout,know,learn,remember,show,tell,wonder等等。whattoexpect相当于whatIwillexpect。故答案为B。答案：B4.Hetriedmanytimestosneakacrossthebordertoaneighbouringcountry,______eachtime.A.havingbeencaughtB.unfortunatelycaughtC.alwaysbeingcaughtD.onlytobecaught命题意图：此词考查动词不定式作结果状语的用法。此题属五星级题。知识依托：现在分词和不定式都可作结果状语，前者表示的是顺理成章，自然而然的结果；而不定式作结果状语，有两种情况：①用来表示“意想不到、突然的结果”。②用于某些结构中，如“too…to…,so…asto…”。例：Hehurriedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.(意想不到的结果）答案：D●锦囊妙计1.动词不定式也有时态和语态的变化，需牢牢掌握。2.不定式作定语，应注意：不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式能构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式用主动形式。例：Tomistherightmantodothework.3.不定式与所修饰的词能构成逻辑上的动宾关系；又与该句主语构成主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。如：I’vegotsomethingimportanttodo.4.在feel,hear,listento,make等感官动词或使役动词后，常用不带to的动词不定式作宾补，但变被动时，需加上“to”。●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★)Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim________.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto2.(★★★★)Ilostmywayincompletedarknessand,________mattersworse,itbegantorain.A.madeB.havingmadeC.makingD.tomake3.(★★★★)Theyhadnothingelsetodobut________adoctor.A.callforB.tosendC.tocallonD.sendfor 4.(★★★★★)Tomdidwhateverhecould________thosewhowereintrouble.A.tohelpB.helpC.helpingD.dohelp5.(★★★★★)Thewaytheytalked________theproblemseemedimpossible.A.aboutsettlingB.tosettleC.ofsettlingD.abouttosettle6.(★★★★★)Everyminuteismadefull________of________ourlessonswell.A.touse;studyB.use;studyingC.use;tostudyD.used;studying7.(★★★★)—Haveyouanything________there.—No.Thankyoujustthesame.A.shouldbetakenB.tobetakenC.totakeD.whichshouldbetaken8.(★★★★★)Theoldmanwasonce________singthesong.A.listenedtoB.listeningtoC.listenedtotoD.listento