大学高级英语语法ppt第八章 42页

Chapter8VerbandVerbPhrase(4):Non-finiteVerbs 本章学习重点：三类非限定动词的语法特征以及习惯用法：两种不定式的用法不定式和-ing分词的选择-ed分词做修饰语的用法 8.0IntroductionNon-finiteverbsareso-calledbecausetheyarenotmarkedfortenseorforsubject-verbconcord. 8.0IntroductionThreetypesofnon-finiteverbs:Infinitive-ingparticiple-edparticiplee.g.I’dliketoplaytennis.You’dbettercomeatonce.Sheenjoysinvitingfriendstoparties.Imustgetmysuitcleaned. Themostdifficultpointinhandlingnon-finiteverbsiswhethertousetheinfinitiveorthe–ingparticipleaftercertainverbs. 8.1.infinitive8.1.1BareinfinitiveThebareinfinitivemayoccurinthefollowingsyntacticenvironment:a.Aux+verbModalauxiliaries:Youshoulddowhatyouaretold.CanIhaveawordwithyou?Semi-auxiliaries:You’dbettertalktohiminperson. 8.1.1Bareinfinitivea.Aux+verbModalidioms:Theycannotbutacceptourterms.Shecouldnothelpbutsweepatthesadnews.Iwouldratherdoitonmyown.Iwouldratherridethisoldbicyclethanbuyanewoneandhaveitstolen.Refertop192 8.1.1Bareinfinitiveb.idiomaticverbconstruction1)verb-verbcombination:Thechildrenaremakingbelievethattheyareprincesandprincesses.Don’tletgooftherope.I’mafraidwe’llhavetomakedowithourbicyclebecauseourcarhastotallybrokendown.I’veheardsaythatBobandSuearegettingmarriedsoon.Refertop192 8.1.1Bareinfinitiveb.idiomaticverbconstruction2)verb-noun-verbcombination:have/let/makesb.dosth.e.g.I’llhaveanothermanrepairthecarforyou.Wouldyouletmehaveatry?perceptionverbs+bareinfinitivee.g.Isawhimenterthebuilding.Icanhearherplaythepianoverymorning.Perceptionverb+-ing:simultaneity,durativeness,andincompleteness 2)verb-noun-verbcombination:Helpsb.dosth.Vs.Helpsb.todosth.e.g.Hehelpedtheoldladywhitewashthefence.Hehelpedthepooroldladywhitewashthefence.Hehelpedtheladywholivedacrossthestreettowhitewashthefence.Hehelpedtheladylivingacrossthestreettowhitewashthefence.**如果位于中间的名词或名词短语较短小→bareinfinitive,反之，则用to-infinitive 8.1.1Bareinfinitivec.rather/soonerthane.g.Ratherthanaskforhelp,shedecidedtoworkitoutbyherself.Shedecidedtoworkitoutbyherselfratherthan(to)askforhelp.**从句首移至句中时，ratherthan后可接to-infinitiveSoonerthanworkforothers,hestartedhisownbusiness.(soonerthan多用于句首) 8.1.1Bareinfinitived.do在以下情况中，也可用bareinfinitive,这主要是因为句子的前部分中有do:e.g.WhatI’dliketodoisgivehimalittlepush.Allyouneedtodoisgoandproposetoher.e.Whywhy+bareinfinitive→anindependentclausee.g.Whycomealone?/Whynotdoitonyourown?**otherwh-wordstakeregularto-infinitive.→NOTindependentclausee.g.Idon’tknowwhattodo/whentocome/whotoconsult... 8.1.2To-infinitivetheinfinitivemarkertovs.theprepositiontoexamples:Heusedtosituplateatnight.(infinitivemarker)Heisusedtosittinguplateatnight.(preposition)**So,whenlearningaword,weneedtolearnbothitsmeaninganditsusage. 8.1.2To-infinitivea.verb+infinitiveHeexpectedtobepromotedHeexpectedbeingpromoted.**Someoftheverbsthatcanbedirectlyfollowedbytheinfinitive:agree,aim,apply,arrange,attempt…(pp.196-197)e.g.Shepromisedtocomeandhelp.Shepromisedthatshewouldcomeandhelp.× 8.1.2To-infinitiveb.verb+object+infinitive**theobjectisusuallythelogicalsubjecttotheinfinitive.e.g.Ibelievedhimtobehonest.**verbsofthistypeinclude:advise,allow,ask,believe,…(p197)Note:Verbssuchasadvise,allow,encourageandpermit+-ingparticiplewhenthelogicalsubjectisimplicit.e.g.Shedoesn’tallowherhusbandtosmokeinthehouse.Shedoesn’tallowsmokinginthehouse. 8.1.2To-infinitivec.verb+(object)+infinitiveAsk,can’tbear,hate,help,intend,like,prefer,want,wish,etc.e.g.HehatestobecalledDonaldDuck.HehateshisfriendstocallhimDonaldDuck.Iprefertoworkearlyinthemorning.Iprefermyroommatenottomakeanynoiseatnight. 8.1.3otherusesofinfinitiveTodo→purpose=inordertodo…e.g.Heisgettingupearlythesedaystopreparefortheexamination.Todo→result:如用在only后，表示未曾料到的不愉快的结果。这类用法常和find,hear,betold等动词连用e.g.Theyhurriedtothestationonlytofindthetrainhadalreadyleft.当一个名词词组中有序数词或形容词最高级thefirst,thesecond,thelast,thenext,thebest,themost时，Infinitive(not–ingparticiple)可做这个名词的后置修饰词:e.g.I’mafraidheistheonlypersontoconsultaboutyourillness. 8.1.3otherusesofinfinitivetoo…toe.g.Heistooyoungtotakecareofhimself.Too…to结构有时可以和enoughto的否定结构互换e.g.Theboyistooshorttoreachthetopshelf.→Theboyisnottallenoughtoreachthetopshelf.Insomecase,thepassiveinfinitive=activeinfinitivee.g.Hereisalistofthepeopletointerview/tobeinterviewed.Thisisprobablytheonlythingtodo/tobedone. 8.1.3otherusesofinfinitivee.g.1)Heistoogoodamantokill.→meaning?Heistoogoodamanformetokill.对我来说他是好人不能杀。Heistoogoodamantokillothers.他是个好人不会杀别人。2)Sheisthenextpersontoconsult.→meaning?Sheisthenextpersonformetoconsult.Sheisthenextpersontoconsultme.作为后置修饰语，当动词是及物动词而又无主语和宾语时，动词不定式有潜在歧义。 8.2.–ingparticipleThepresentparticiple(现在分词)：anounmodifier/anadverbialThegerund(动名词)：equivalentfunctiontoanoun 8.2.–ingparticiple8.2.1ObjecttoverbVerbsthatcanbefollowedbythe–ingparticipleinclude:admit,acknowledge,anticipate,avoid,consider,deny…(p201)e.g.Headmittedmakingthemistake.Peopleusuallyenjoybeingflattered.但有些动词属于这类词的边沿词，因为它们需要特殊的句法结构，Cannot+help/resist/stand+-ingparticiple。mind接-ingparticiple时，也用在否定句中。e.g.Shecouldn’thelpcryingwhensheheardthenews.Idon’tmindworkinglateatnight,butIcan’tstandgettingupearlyinthemorning. 8.2.–ingparticiple8.2.2logicalsubject当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语相同或包括于其中→通常不显示(implicit)e.g.Headmittedtakingthemoney.Mothersuggestshavingabarbecuepartythisweekend.如果-ingparticiple的逻辑主语不是主句的主语则需写出(explicit)。e.g.Hesuggestedherapplyingforamultipleentryvisa.TheyinsistedonmyfinishingthereportbeforeFriday.NOTE:逻辑主语可是宾格(me,him,John)或所有格(my,his,John’s)。宾格形式→lessformal 8.2.–ingparticiple8.2.2logicalsubjectVerb+preposition+-ingparticiplee.g.Pleaseexcusemeforopeningyourletterbymistake.→Pleaseexcusemyopeningyourletterbymistake.Ihopeyou’llforgivemeforringingyouupsolate.→Ihopeyou’llforgivemyringingyouupsolate.Refertopp.202-203formoreexamples 8.2.–ingparticiple8.2.3infinitiveor–ingparticipleTheinfinitiveandthe–ingparticiplearenotverydifferentinmeaningafterthefollowingverbs(p203):attempt,begin,can’tbear,cease,continue,deserve,hate,intend,like,love,need,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,propose,require,start,want,etc.However,theyaredifferentinmeaningafterthefollowingverbs:forget,goon,leaveoff,mean,regret,remember,stop,etc. 8.2.3infinitiveor–ingparticiplea.begin,cease,continue,startEitherinfinitiveor–ingparticiplecanbeusedInfinitiveispreferredwithverbsthatexpressmentalactivities,suchasknowing,understanding,likinge.g.Ibegantolearn/learningEnglishwhenIwastwelve.But:Ibegantolike/likingEnglishwhenIwasten.Theyceasetolove/lovingeachothertheironlydaughterdied.Shecontinuedtohate/hatingherfirsthusbandtwentyyearsaftertheirdivorce.The–ingparticiplesarenotacceptable.××× 8.2.3infinitiveor–ingparticipleceasetodosth.=ceasedoingsth.stoptodosth.≠stopdoingsth.e.g.Theystoppedtotalk.Theystoppedtalking. 8.2.3infinitiveor–ingparticipleb.like,love,hate表达一般好恶时，不定式和-ing分词都可用。但如用在具体场合，则一般不用-ing分词e.g.Ilikeswimmingofcourse,butIdon’tliketoswimtodaybecauseIdon’tfeelwell.c.Deserve,need,require,want-ing分词的主动态和不定式的被动态在语义上等同。e.g.Thecarneedsrepairing/toberepaired.Thatcaserequiresinvestigating/tobeinvestigatedimmediately. 8.2.3infinitiveor–ingparticipled.remember,forget,goonCompare:Don’tworry.I’llremembertotellherthenews.Iremembertellingherthenews.I’msureIdidit.Heforgottosignhischeque.Itisinvalid.Youmusthaveforgottensigningthecheque,orhewouldn’tbeabletodrawmoneyfromyouraccount. 8.2.3infinitiveor–ingparticiplee.Mean,regret,try这些词后用不定式还是-ing分词取决于它们的词汇意义。e.g.I’msurehedidn’tmeantohurtyou.(tointend)Successmeansworkingveryhard.(representameaning)Iregrettoinformyouthatthecommitteehasturneddownyourapplication.(expresssympathy)Iregrettellingherthenews.(toexpressrepentance后悔)Hetriedtofinishtheworkonhisown.(toattempt)Wetriedgrowingvegetables,butfailed.(totest) 8.2.3infinitiveor–ingparticiplef.advise,allow,encourage,permit,recommendVerb+object+infinitiveVerb+-ingparticiplee.g.Mydoctoradvisedmetodosomemorningexercises.Doctorsadvisedoingsomemorningexercises.Mywifedoesn’tallowmetosmokeinthehouse.Mywifedoesn’tallowsmokinginthehouse. 8.3.–edparticipleSomeverbstakedifferent–edparticipleformsaccordingtotheirdifferentgrammaticalfunctions.Formsofsome–edparticiples:p208 8.3.–edparticiple8.3.1–edparticipleasapremodifierMostofthepremodifying–edparticiplearederivedfromtransitiveverbsandconveythesenseofpassivenessorcompleteness.examples:AbrokenwindowAdefeatedarmyAdevelopedcountryarevisedversionThewantedmanAfinishedproject 8.3.1–edparticipleasapremodifierThe–edparticiplethatarederivedfromintransitiveverbsdonotusuallypremodifynouns—withafewexception.→completeness,NOTpassivenessexamples:AretiredworkerAnescapedprisonerfallenleavesTherisensunAreturnedstudent 8.3.1–edparticipleasapremodifierAnadverb+Apremodifyingactive-edparticiple→acompoundwordexamples:Newly-arrivedtouristsWell-behavedpupilsAwell-readlibrarianAwidely-travelledphotographer 8.3.2–edparticipleasacomplementa.Subjectcomplement:verb(intransitive)+-edparticiple(subjectcomplement)Syntactically,verbsthatcantake–edparticipleassubjectcomplementsinclude:appear,be,become,feel,get,go,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,etc.examples:Shelookeddepressed.HeappearedwellpreparedfortheTVdebate.Theyallseemedexcitedwhentheyheardthenews. 8.3.2–edparticipleasacomplementb.objectcomplement:verb(transitive)+object+-edparticiple(objectcomplement)Verbsthatcommonlytakeanobjectwithacomplementare:have,get,keep,leave,make,etc.examples:Weleftalotofproblemsunsolvedduringourlastmeeting.Whenareyougoingtohavethecarrepaired.I’mafraidwehavenofoodleft. 8.4.DanglingparticipleWhenthesubjectofaparticipleisnotexpressed,itisnormallyunderstoodtobethesubjectofthemainclause.e.g.Tryingtobequiet,thefloorboardcreaked.Grilledonthecharcoal,welikedthefishmuchbetter.当主语被认为是we,one,you时，这一规则常被打破。e.g.Caughtinatrafficjam,itiseasytolosepatience.Lookingaheadtotheweekend,temperaturewillbewarmer.**Bealertagainsttheinappropriateuseofdanglingparticiple.×× Exercises:1.Wehearher____thepianoupstairseveryevening.A.playsB.playingC.playedD.play2.____askforhelp,shedecidedtoworkitoutbyherself.A.RatherthanB.MorethanC.RatherD.Nosoonerthan3.Wedonotallow___intheroomA.tosmokeB.smokingC.smokeD.smoked答案：D答案：A答案：B Exercises:4.Idon’tmind____lateatnight.A.workB.workingC.toworkedD.worked5.Thefood____rottenfastinsuchhotweather.A.getsB.isgettingC.willgetD.willhavegot6.IwillgohomeforavacationassoonasI___myexams.A.finishB.willfinishC.finishedD.hadfinished答案：B答案：A答案：A Exercises:7.ThebuscameafterI___forabouthalfanhour.A.hadbeenwaitedB.hadbeenwaitingC.waswaitingD.havewaited8.Heregretted____herthetruth.A.havingtoldB.tohavetoldC.hadtoldD.totell答案：B答案：A Replacethefiniteclausesinitalicsbynon-finiteconstructions:9.I’msureit’lldoyougoodifyouadmitthatyoumadethemistake.10.PleaseadvisemewhichIshouldchoose.11.IonlywishIcouldachievehalfyoursuccess.=>I’msureit’lldoyougoodifyouadmitmakingthemistake.=>Pleaseadvisemewhichtochoose.=>Ionlywishtoachievehalfyoursuccess. 12.Ifeltthatmymindweightwasliftedafterhepromised.13.IrememberthatIpostedtheletter.14.Allthewindowswhichwerebrokenhavebeenrepaired.=>Ifeltmymindweightliftedafterhepromised.=>Irememberpostingtheletter.=>Allthewindowsbrokenhavebeenrepaired.