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大学英语语法与词汇第一章时态 英语中谓语动词的时态(Tense)是一种动词的形式,不同的时态用以表示在不同的时间完成的动作或保持的状态。英语动词共有十六种时态,这里将重点讲解其中较常用的十种时态。现以动词do为例,将英语十六种时态列表如下: 一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在dodoesamisaredoinghavehasdonehavehasbeendoing过去didwasweredoinghaddonehadbeendoing将来shallwilldoshallwillbedoingshallwillhavedoneshallwillhavebeendoing过去将来woulddowouldbedoingwouldhavedonewouldhavebeendoing 一、一般现在时(ThePresentIndefiniteTense)1.用于表示客观事实,现在反复发生或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态等,常与often,always,sometimes,usually,onceaweek,everyday,seldom等时间状语连用。【例句】Theearthrevolvesaroundthesun.Thestudentsgetupatsixthirtyeverymorning.2.表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常使用arrive,be,go,start,stay等动词。【例句】Thereisadancingpartytonight.TheplanearrivesinBeijingatthreethisafternoon.3.用在以assoonas,when,after,while,as,until,till,whenever,themonment,theminute,immediately,directly等引导的时间状语从句中或以if,unless,as/solongas,incase,providedthat等引导的条件状语从句中,代替一般将来时。【例句】70
I’llringyouassoonashecomesback.Ifitisfinetomorrowwewillgoswimming.Themachinestartsrunningthemomentthebuttonispressed.l注:if条件句中,有will出现时,will是情态动词,意义为“愿意”,“肯”。 二、一般过去时(ThePastIndefiniteTense)一般过去时用于表示过去某时刻或某一时期内的动作或状态,也可表示过去习惯性的动作。常与表明过去时间的状语连用,如yesterday,then,justnow,lastmonth,twodaysago,in1990,或由when或while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。【例句】Wemethimlastweek.Wheredidyoulivewhenyouwereyoung?Heusedtodofourteenhoursaday.l提示:一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响,只说明过去。 三、一般将来时(TheFutureIndefiniteTense)一般将来时用来表示将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况,也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。【例句】Weshall(will)gotoNanjingtomorrowmorning.HewilltakepartinanimportantraceacrosstheAtlantic.ThestudentswillhavefiveEnglishclassesperweekthisterm.l提示:表示将来时态的其他形式与用法:1.“begoingto+动词原形”表示(能看出迹象)很快就要发生的事情或打算要做的事。Itisgoingtorain.2.“beto+动词原形”表示安排好的动作或安排别人去做的事。Theyaretomeetinfrontofthehall.Youarenottobringanymaterialstotheexamroom.3.“beaboutto+动词原形”表示即将发生的或正要做的事。Theconferenceisabouttobegin.4.“be+现在分词”有时可表示按计划即将发生的一个动作,但仅适用于少数的一些动词(如arrive,come,go,leave,start等)而且常跟表示较近将来的时间状语连用。Myfriendisarrivingherethedayaftertomorrow.l提示:在美国英语中第一、二、三人称都用“will+动词原形” 70
四、现在进行时(ThePresentContinuousTense)现在进行时表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。但表示后一种情况时,动作此刻不一定正在进行。【例句】Wearemakinganexperimentnow.SteveisstudyingChineseinBeijing.另外,现在进行时也可用来给习惯动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。【例句】Heisalwayscookingsomedeliciousfoodforherfamily.Heisalwaysfindingfaultwithhisemployees.l提示:并非所有动词都有进行时,有些表示状态和感觉的动词通常无进行时,除非这类动词的词义发生变化。这类动词有:be,love,like,hate,believe,think(认为),feel,seem等。【例句】Doyouseeanyoneoverthere?Areyouseeingsomeoneoff?(see…off意为“为…送行”) 五、过去进行时(ThePastContinuousTense)过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作,或过去某阶段内正在发生或反复发生的动作。通常带有一个表示过去时间的状语或状语从句或能通过上下文判断的过去时间。【例句】Wewerehavingapreparatorymeetingattwo-thirtyyesterdayafternoon.Shewaswritingacompositionwhenyoucamein.Billwascoughingallnightlong. 六、将来进行时(TheFutureContinuousTense)将来进行时表示将来某时可能正在发生或持续的动作。【例句】I’llbereadingthistimetomorrow.Mostoftheyoungpeopleinthetownwillbemeetingthematthestation. 七、现在完成时(ThePresentPerfectTense)现在完成时表示目前已完成或刚刚完成的动作,也可以表示从过去某一时刻发生,现在仍延续着的动作或情况。经常与for+一段时间或与since(+时间一点)引导的短语或从句连用,也可与一些表示不确定过去时间的副词连用,如already,before,ever,never,just,once,recently,yet,uptonow,sofar,thusfar,uptill/tonow,in70
thelast/pastfewyears等。【例句】WehavebeentoShanghaionce.Theyhavealreadyfinishedthetask.HehasstudiedEnglishformorethan10years.HehasstudiedEnglishsince1991/sincehewastwelve.Sofareverythinghasbeensuccessful. 八、过去完成时(ThePastPerfectTense)过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作。在时间上,它属于“过去的过去”。在句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语,如by,before等介词或连词引导的短语或状语从句。【例句】Bytheendofthewar,thesmallworkshophadbecomealargefactory.Theplanehadtakenoffbeforewegottotheairport.Theyfoundthatastreamhadformedinthefield.l提示:在由after,assoonas,before等连词引导状语从句的复合句中,由于连词本身已明确动作发生的次序,所以,这个从句也可以用一般过去时表示,不一定用过去完成时。【例句】Studentswentoutafterthebellrang.IinformedhimoftheprogressoftheworkassoonasIarrivedhere.l提示:在Itis/wasthefirst/second/lasttimethat…句型中,that后的从句谓语用现在/过去完成时。【例句】Isitthefirsttimeyou’vevisitedthecity?ThatwasthesecondtimethatI’dvisitedEnglandthatyear. 九、将来完成时(TheFuturePerfectTense)将来完成时表示将来某时前将已经完成的动作,也可以用来表示推测。【例句】Bythistimenextyeartheywillhavebuiltahotelhere.Hurryup!Orthetrainwillhaveleftbeforewegettothestation. 十、现在完成进行时(ThePresentPerfectContinuousTense)现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始,一直持续到现在的动作。此动作或情况可能已停止,也可能继续下去。但强调到说话时为止一直在进行的动作。70
【例句】TheyhavebeenworkingforIBMfor15years.Ihavebeenwaitingforanhourbutshestillhasn’tcome.有些动词如play,stay,study,teach,wait等,在表示一直继续到现在的动作时,可以用现在完成进行时,或用现在完成时。Billhasplayed(hasbeenplaying)basketballsincehewassixteenyearsold.l提示:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别是:前者强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响。后者强调动作的延续性。【例句】Ihavethoughtitover.我已经考虑过这件事了。Ihavebeenthinkingitover.我一直在考虑这件事。 十一、考点考试中出现最多的时态是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时,时间或条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。针对这类题目,考生首先要抓住的就是时间状语,判断是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间?是短暂时间还是延续时间?其次要考虑主从句动作的先后问题。空格中应填入的动词是发生在题干动词之前还是之后,抑或同时发生,据此判断正确的时态。l时态一致问题时态一致主要指主从复合句中,从句动词必须与主句谓语动词保持时态一致;当主句谓语动词是现在或将来时态时,从句的动词时态不受影响;当主句谓语动词是过去时态时,从句动词则要变成相应的过去时态。时态一致主要存在于宾语从句和间接引语中,如:【例句】Willyoutellmewhosettherecord?Ihadn’texpectedthatyouwouldcomesoearly.Shesaidthatshehadn’trecognizedme.但是,当宾语从句和间接引语中谓语动作表示一个不变的事实或至今仍然如此的状况时,则可以不作任何时态调整,如:Copernicusputforwardthatthesun,insteadoftheearth,isthecenteroftheuniverse.1. 第二章语态 语态(Voice)是说明句子中的主语与谓语之间关系的动词形式。英语语态有两种:主动语态(ActiveVoice)和被动语态(PassiveVoice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。 70
一、被动语态的形式:由“be(助动词)+过去分词(及物动词)”构成。Be随着主语的人称、时态和数的不同而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表(以provide为例): 一般时态进行时态完成时态现在amisareprovidedamisarebeingprovidedhashavebeenprovided过去waswereprovidedwaswerebeingprovidedhadbeenprovided将来shallwillbeprovided shallwillhavebeenprovided过去将来wouldbeprovided wouldhavebeenprovided l提示:被动语态没有完成进行和将来进行时态。 二、被动语态的用法:1.当动作的执行者不明确或无需指出时【例句】PrintingwasintroducedintoEuropefromChina.AlectureonEnglishliteraturewillbegiventonight.70
2.为了强调动作的承受者【例句】Fourpeoplewerekilledandthirtyinjuredinthebombattack.Susanwassingledoutforpraiseyesterday.3.为了修辞的需要【例句】Hestartedtocomplainaboutthiswickedworldbutwasinterruptedbyaknockatthedoor.YesterdayhevisitedouruniversityandwaswelcomedbythePresident.l提示:1.除及物动词外,一些相当于及物动词的短语动词如callon,carryout,lookafter,dealwith,takecareof等也可使用被动态形式,短语动词应被视为不可分割的一部分,一般不拆开使用。Thismatterwillbedealtwithassoonaspossible.Myyoungerbrotheriswelllookedafter(bymygrandma).2.不及物动词(或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词)和表示状态的动词(或短语动词)无被动态形式,如:happen,rise,occur,takeplace,breakout等;以及lack,fit,suit,equal,become,resemble,befall,consistof,looklike等。Thestoryhappenedin1949.Thecommitteeconsistsoftenmembers.3.将主动态形式改为被动态形式时,如遇到带有双宾语的动词如buy,give,send,show,teach,tell,write等,只能将其中之一变为主语,另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变为主语时,保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。主动句:WeteachthestudentsEnglishinanewway.被动句:ThestudentsaretaughtEnglishinanewway.Englishistaughttothestudentsinanewway. 三、考点在历年考试中,被动语态一般不作为单独的测试项目出现,都是与时态,虚拟语气,非谓语动词等语法项目一起出现。另外还要注意下列几种特殊的被动情况:1.形式主动但意义被动的动词一些动词的某些用法采用主动形式表示被动意义。常见的这类动词有sell,read,wash,wear,cut,spread,iron,open,peel等。【例句】Hisnewbookissellingbadly.Theshopdoesn’topenonSundays.Theseorangespeelwell.70
2.主动不定式代替被动不定式1)当不定式作表语形容词的补足成分时,主语又是不定式的逻辑宾语,不定式要用主动形式表被动意义。不定式的这种用法经常出现在形容词easy,hard,difficult,comfortable,interesting,nice,heavy,dangerous等之后。【例句】Maryiseasytoteach.Histheoryisdifficulttounderstand.Theriverisdangeroustobathein.2)toblame(为发生的某种坏事承担责任)常以主动形式出现却表示被动含义。【实例】Nobodywastoblamefortheaccident.对于这起事故,谁也不能责怪。Themotherdidn’tknowwho____forthebrokenglass.A.blamedB.beblamedC.toblameD.wouldblame(C)(2002.1)3.以主动的动名词形式表示被动含义。1)这一用法主要出现在表示“需要”的动词need,want,require之后,多数情况下由事物充当其主语,偶尔可以由人作主语,动名词与句子主语之间有动宾关系,也可以用被动的不定式替代,而句子含义没有差别。【实例】Thefloorrequireswashing/tobewashed.Thehousewantedrepairing,unlesshedecidedtomovetothecountry.Thepatientwillneedlookingafter.Yourhairwants______.You’dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.A.cutB.tocutC.cuttingD.beingcut(C)(1997.6)2)在形容词worth(值得做某事,有做某事的价值)之后,并且worth后的动词与句子主语之间有动宾关系。【实例】Thebookisworthreading.Whatalovelyparty!It’sworth______allmylife.A.rememberingB.torememberC.toberememberedD.beingremembered(A)(2002.6) 名词性从句 名词性从句(thenounclause)是在句中主要起名词作用的各类从句的统称,主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括:从属连词that,if,whether;连接代词who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,whose;连接副词where,when,why,how。其中,从属连词只起连接作用,在从句中不充当任何句法成分,而连接代词和70
连接副词既起连接作用,又在从句中充当一定的成分。【例句】ThatOwenshouldhavemarriedhiscousinisnotatallsurprising.(that引导主语从句)Thefactisthathedidn’tgotothedinnerparty.(that引导表语从句)Idon’tknowifhewillattendthemeeting.(that引导宾语从句)HaveyouheardthenewsthatMaryisgoingtomarryTom?你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句) 一、主语从句主语从句主要有三类:what等代词引导的主语从句;由连词that引导的主语从句;由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句。1.第一类主语从句的关联词what,实际上已成为关系代词(=thethingthat),它所引导的主语从句在结构上相当于名词加定语从句。除what外,whatever也可引出主语从句,含有强调语气,可作主语从句的主语或宾语。【例句】Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.他们在森林里迷了路,更糟糕的是,夜幕开始降临。(what在从句中作主语)Whateverwehaveachievedisattributedtotheguidanceofourteachers.无论我们取得什么成绩都归功于老师的教导。(whatever在主语从句中作宾语=Anythingthat)【例题】Although______happenedinthatdevelopedcountrysoundslikesciencefiction,itcouldoccurelsewhereintheworld.A.whichB.whatC.howD.it尽管那个发达国家发生的情况听起来像科学幻想似的,但在世界其他地区也有可能发生。答案B,what引导的从句作主语,表示”所……的东西(的情况)”。必须注意:what引导的从句是各类的重点,由于what引导的从句本身相当于—个名词后加上一个定语从句,所以,在what引导的从句前,一般不可再加上名词或代词。【实例】Insomecountries,______iscalled“equality”doesnotreallymeanequalrightsforallpeople.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.one(1995.6)所谓”平等”在有些国家实际上并不意味着全体人民都享有平等的权利。答案C。 2.由that引导的主语从句在多数情况下都放在句子后部,而用it作形式上的主语。口语中that常省略。如果放在句首主要是为了强调或为了使句70
子前后平衡。注意此时that不能省掉,前面也不能再加what。【例句】Thathebecameadoctormayhavebeenduetohisfather’sinfluence.他成为医生可能是由于他父亲的影响。Itiswellknownthatwaterisindispensabletolife.It’sapitythatyoumissedsuchafinespeech.这样好的演讲你没听到真是可惜。【例题】Howdiditcomeabout______youmadealotofmistakesinyourhomework?A.whichB.whatC.thatD.it你的作业里出现了这么多错误,到底是怎么回事?本句中it是形式主语,that引导的从句是真正的主语,所以答案为C。【实例】______menhavelearnedmuchfromthebehaviorofanimalsishardlynew.A.WhatB.ThoseC.ThatD.Whether(1993)人类从动物的行为中学到了很多东西,这并不是什么新论。答案为C。 3.由连接代词(疑问代词who,whom,whose,which都可用作连接代词)和连接副词(如when,where,whether,how,why等)引出的主语从句放在句子后部时,前面用it作形式上的主语。从句放前或放后,意思基本上没有多大差别。不过whether(ornot)引导的从句放在句首或句子后部都可以,而if仅可引出宾语从句,不能放在句首,也不能加ornot。【例句】Whether(ornot)hewillgowon’tmaketoomuchdifference.Itwon’tmaketoomuchdifferencewhether(ornot)hewillgo.他去不去都一样。Whowillpresideatthemeetingremainsunknown.谁宋主持会议还不知道。Howshegotwoundedatworkshouldbeinvestigated.她怎样在工作时受伤有待调查。Whyhedidsuchastupidthingisnotknown.为什么他做出如此蠢事还不知道。Whereweshouldstayisaproblem.我们应该呆在哪里是一个问题。Itisstillaquestionwhenweshallhaveoursportsmeet.我们什么时候举行运动会仍是个问题。Whetherhewillattendthemeetingisuncertain.=Itisuncertainwhether/ifhewillattendthemeeting.他是否参加会议还不确定。4.whoever也可引出主语从句,含有强调语气,可作主语从句的主语或宾语。【例句】Whoevertoldyouthatwaslying.这件事不管是谁告诉你的都是骗人的。 70
二、宾语从句在句子中充当宾语的从句叫作宾语从句。由what,when,where,how,which,why,who,whom,whether(if)及whatever,whoevef,whichever等引导。宾语从句可用作动词的宾语,介词的宾语,也可用在某些形容词短语如besure,becertain,beafraid,beconfident,beanxiuos,beconvinced,beglad,beworried,besorry,beannoyed,bepleased,besatisfied,behurt,becontent,beproud等的后面。【例句】HeaskedmewhatIwanted.他问我想要什么。Idon’tknowwherethesoundcamefrom.我不知道声音从哪儿传来。Idoubtwhether/iftheywillbeabletoarrivehereontime.我不知道他们是否能按时到达这里。Idon’tcarewhethershewillapologizetomeornot.我不介意她是否向我道歉。Inprimitivesocieties,peopleatewhatevertheycouldfind.在原始社会,人们吃他们所能找到的所有食物。I’mnotquiteconfidentwhetherIcanpassthegraduateadmissiontestthisyear.我没有把握今年是否能通过研究生入学考试。Sheisconfidentthatshewillwin.她相信自己能获胜。Theyaregladthatyou’vesucceededinyourplan.他们很高兴你的计划获得成功。Wearenotsurewhetherhewillcome.我们不确信他能否来。【例题】Wecan’tunderstand______heavoidedspeakingtous.A.whichB.thatC.whyD.after我们不明白他为什么不愿意和我们说话。这里,疑问词why引导的从句作understand的宾语,答案C。【例题】Iaminterestedin______youhavetoldme.A.whichB.allthatC.allwhatD.that我对你告诉我的一切都感兴趣。all在此句中是代词,意为“一切”、“全部”,作为主句谓语动词短语aminterestedin的宾语,that引导的是限定性定语从句,修饰先行词all。allthat意思等于what。C亦不正确,如前所述,由于what引导的从句本身相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句,所以,在what引导的从句前,一般不可再加上名词或代词。本题答案B。 l说明:1.在非正式文体中,that用于引导宾语从句时,引导词that常常可以省略。【例句】Hesaid(that)hewouldneverdosuchathing.他说他永远不会做那种事。70
2.在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后面的宾语从句中,如果宾语从句的谓语动词是否定形式,通常要把否定词not转移到主句,而使从句谓语动词变成肯定形式。【例句】Idon’tthinkyourproposalisveryfeasible.我认为你的提议不太可行。3.如果宾语从句后面有宾语补语,为保持句子平衡,that引导的宾语从句一般要使用形式宾语it代替,而把真正的宾语从句放到宾语补语后面。【例句】Hemadeitquiteclearthathepreferredtolivehere.4.That引导的从句一般不可直接用作介词宾语,但可跟在带有先行词it作宾语的含有介词的动词短语之后。【例句】Youcandependonitthatwewillkeepthismatterstrictlyconfidential.你尽可以放心,我们会对这件事情严格保密。5.介词后面一般不跟that引起的宾语从句,仅在in,except,but,besides等少数几个介词后可跟that引导的宾语从句,已形成固定的搭配,inthat在于,butthat要不是……,exceptthat除了……besidesthat除了……之外,还……。【例句】Wewillprovideassistancetowhoeverneedsit.我们将给任何需要的人提供帮助。Theoldwomantoldhersufferingstowhomevershemet.那位老年妇女向任何她遇到的人诉说她的遭遇。Don’tbesatisfiedwithwhatyouhaveachieved.不要满足于你已取得的成就。Thenewliteraturecoursediffersfromtheoldcourseinthatthestudentsaren’trequiredtoattendlectures.新文学课与旧的不同之处在于学生不要求参力口听课。Thissuitfitsmewellexceptthatthetrousersaretoolong.除了裤子太长外,这套西装很合我身。IwouldhavecometoseeyoubutthatIhadsomethingurgenttodothen.若不是当时有些急事要办的话,我本来会来看你的。三、表语从句表语从句常常放在主句系动词后面,对主语的内容起解释、进一步阐明的作用。可以接表语从句的系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。常由that(通常不能省),whether,because,where,when,why,how,who及asif/asthough等引导表语从句。【例句】Oneadvantageofsolarenergyisthatitwillneverrunout.太阳能优点之一是它取之不尽。70
Thequestionremainswhetherwecanwinthemajorityofthepeople.问题是我们是否能赢得大多数人的支持。Thisiswhereyouaremistaken.这就是你的错误所在。ThisiswhyIgotscolded.这就是我受到训斥的原因Itmaybebecauseheistooyoungtodoit.这可能是因为他太年轻而不会做的缘故。Itseemthat(asif)thenightwouldneverend.夜晚似乎永远也不会结束。Thereasonwhy(that)hehasbeensuchasuccessisthathenevergivesup.他获得如此成功的原因是由于他从不放弃。Thereasonhedidnotcometothemeetingisthathewasill.他没有参加会议的原因是由于他病了。(常用Therreasonis...that,不用because) 四、同位语从句同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导,表示与之同位的名词的具体内容,一般多紧接在名词之后,与之是等同关系的从句,偶尔,当谓语太短时,为了保持句子平衡,也可将同位语从句置于谓语动词之后。能够跟同位语从句的名词多为表示事实、看法、思想、消息等的名词。主要有fact,idea,news,belief,hope,conclusion,opinion,suggestion,proposal,proof,order,thought,doubt,rumor,problem,truth,answer,theory,theory,desirion,discovery,understanding,wish,possibility,promise,report,probability(可能性),evidence(证据),certainty(必然),likelihood(可能性)等。【例句】Wearefamiliarwiththeideathatallmatterconsistsofatoms.Thenewsthatweareinvitedtotheconferenceisveryencouraging.Haveyouanyproofthatheisathief?Theproblemthattheycan’tgethereearlyishardtosolve.他们不能及早到达这里,这个问题很难解决。Noonecandenythefactthathehasmadesuchprogress.没有人能否认他取得如此进步的事实。Theorderhascomethattheworkbedoneatonce.工作应立刻开始的命令已经到了。(此例为保持句子平衡同位语从句后置的情况。)【实例】Themerefact______mostpeoplebelievenuclearwarwouldbemadnessdoesnotmeanthatitwillnotoccur.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.why(1997.6)多数人认为挑起核战争是疯狂之举,单凭这个并不意味着核战争不可能发生。答案C70
【实例】Evidencecameup______specificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.whose(1991.6)有证据表明,出生仅6个月的婴儿就能辨别一定的语音。答案C l说明:1.同位语从句常也有连接副词why,where,when,how等引导。【例句】Thequestionwhetherweoughttocallinaspecialistwasansweredbythefamilydoctor.家庭医生回答了我们是否应请个专科大夫的问题。2.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在先行词后,而被别的词隔开。【例句】WordhadcomefromTomthathecouldarriveontheMondayfollowing.汤姆说过他可能下星期一来。3.在oncondition(条件是),withtheexception(除…以外),inspiteofthefact(不管)等成语后,也可用从句作同位语。【例句】I’llletyouusetheroomonconditionthatyoukeepitcleanandtidy。如果你们能保持房间整洁的话,我可以让你们用。 五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别:定语从句与同位语从句的区别从三个方面来看:1.定语从句中that代替先行词,它在从句中作某个成份,而在同位语从句中,that为连词,在从句中不担任成份。2.定语从句是对先行词加以修饰、限制,而同位语从句是说明名词中心词的具体内容。3.同位语从句的先行词是一些有限的表示抽象意义的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是无数的表示抽象或具体概念的名词。【例句】Thenewsthathehassucceededinspiredthemall.他成功的消息使他们深受鼓舞。(同位语从句)What’sthenewsthatupsethersomuch?是什么消息令她如此沮丧?(定语从句).Theproposalthatweshouldimportmoreeqmknentfromabroadistobediscussedatthemeeting.我们应从国外进口更多的设备,这个建议将在会上讨论。(同位语从句)70
Theproposalthatheputforwardistobediscussedatthemeeting.他所提出的建议将在会上讨论。(定语从句) l提示:1.从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解,但if不可引导主语从句和表语从句。whether可与or(not)连用,而if不可以。【例句】Idon’tknowwhether(if)sheisathome.Whethershecomesornotmakesnodifference.2.that和what引导名词性从句的区别:that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分,如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略,what则不可省。【例句】Healwaysmeanswhathesays.Shesuggested(that)hedoitatonce. 第四章定语从句 定语从句(AttributiveClause)是指在复合句中用作定语的从句,又称为关系从句(RelativeClause)。但与一般定语不同的是,定语从句一般都位于它所修饰的名词或代词之后。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which等和关系副词when,where,why等。另外,as,but等也可以作为关系代词来引导定语从句。根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。 一、限制性定语从句限制性定语从句主要用来限制或修饰先行词,使先行词的所指明确化;若把该从句去掉会影响主句意义的完整性。限制性定语从句在口语中前后没有停顿,在书写时通常不用逗号。1.由关系代词引导的限制性定语从句关系代词who,whom(代人),which(代物),that,whose(代人或代物)在定语从句中作主语,宾语,定语等。关系代词在定语从句中作动词宾语时一般可以省略。关系代词的人称和数要和先行词一致,它的格取决于它在从句中充当的成分。【例句】Themanwhodidtherobberyhasbeencaught.(who在从句中作主语)ThenItelephonedthedoctor(whom)Charleshadrecommended.(whom在从句中作宾语,在口语中常用who代替,也可省略)Itisaquestionthat/whichneedsverycarefulconsideration.(that/which在70
从句中作主语)Edisonisagreatinventorwhosefameisworldwide.(whose在从句中作定语,指人)Thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisunoccupied.(whose在从句中作定语,指物)Heisnotthemanthathewas.(that指人,在从句中作表语)Hethatwouldeatthefruitmustclimbthetree.(谚语,that指人,在从句中作主语)Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree.(that指物,在从句中作主语)Whoisthemanthatiswaitingforyouunderthetree?(在疑问句中,当疑问词为who时,关系代词则要用that指人)l提示:当先行词为all,everything,anything等不定代词,或先行词之前有all,no,any,little,only,very等限定词、序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时,其后的关系代词通常要用that。【例句】All(that)youhavetodoistopressthebutton.(此句中关系词必须用that,也可以省略)That’stheverytextbookthatweusedlastterm.Heisthebravestmanthateverlived.(此句中that不能换成which)2.由关系副词引导的限制性定语从句关系副词when,where,why等在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间,地点和原因;它们的先行词分别是表示时间,地点和原因的名词。【例句】TherearemomentswhenIforgetallaboutit.Thisisthefactorywheremyfatherworks.Thereasonwhyhecameisnotveryconvincing.3.由关系代词as,but引导的限制性定语从句As用作关系代词引导定语从句时,可在从句中作主语,表语或宾语,先行词前一般有thesame,such等词。But也可以用作关系代词引导定语从句,用于否定词语之后,在语义上相当于that/who…not。【例句】ThisisthesamebagasIlostyesterday.(as指物,在从句中作宾语)Suchpeopleasyoudescribearerarenowadays.(as指人,在从句中作宾语)SuchpeopleasknewTomthoughthewasatalentedyoungman.(as指人,在从句中作主语)Thereareveryfewbut(=whodon’t)admirehistalents.70
Thereisnomanbut(=whodoesn’t)feelspityforstarvingchildren. 二、非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是对先行词进行附加说明,若把该词去掉,一般不会影响主句意义的完整性。除that之外,前面提到的关系代词和关系副词都可引导非限制性定语从句。【例句】Ihaveabrotherwhoworksinachemicalworks.我有一个在化工厂工作的哥哥。(意即:我还有别的哥哥,但他们不在化工厂工作。who引导限制性定语从句。)Ihaveabrother,whoworksinachemicalworks.我有一个哥哥,他在化工厂工作。(意即:我只有一个哥哥,非限制性定语从句只是补充说明他的情况。)Mynewcar,whichIpaidseveralthousandpoundsfor,isnotrunningwell.Aboytookusintothephysicsclassroom,whereJackwassittingonthelecturetable. 三、考点定语从句是考试中常考的内容,除了测试学生对定语从句基本用法的掌握外,还常出现下列两种特殊情况:1)“介词+which/whom”引出的定语从句“介词+which/whom”是一个介词短语,它在从句中担任介词短语通常担任的成分,即:状语,定语,补足语等,既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。【例句】Thegamesinwhichtheyoungmancompetedweredifficult.I’llneverforgetthedayonwhichIvisitedtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.Thedocumentsforwhichweweresearchinghavebeenrecovered.Theyadmiredtheway(inwhich)shedealtwiththecrisis.Theathletetowhomyoutalkedisafamousrunner.Heisamanonwhomyoucansafelydepend.Icalledhimbythewrongname,forwhichIapologized.Thereareabout100foreignstudentsintheiruniversity,manyofwhomarefromAsia.2)关系代词指代全句的定语从句关系代词which与as可以用来指代前面整个句子或部分句子的意思,此时which或as往往可以译为“这”,或“这一点”。两者的区别在于:as引出的定语从句可以位于句首,而which引出的定语从句只能用于句中。【例句】70
Sheoftenchangeshermind,whichmakesmeangry.HehastoworkonSundays,whichhedoesn’tlike.Heopposedtheplan,ascouldbeexpected.Asiswellknown,theearthisoneofthenineplanetsintheSolarSystem. 1. 第五章状语从句 在复合句中,起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。根据语义,状语从句分为:时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句。其位置可在主句之前,也可在主句之后。如果状语从句位于主句前,一般用逗号将其与主句隔开。 一、时间状语从句(AdverbialClauseofTime)引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有when,whenever,as,while,before,after,until,till,since,eversince,once,solongas,assoonas,everytime,eachtime,themoment,theminute,immediately,instantly,directly等。【例句】WheneverImetwithanydifficulty,hecametomyhelp.Untilweknowthefacts,wecan’tdoanythingaboutit.Everybodywasassignedajobassoonastheyleftuniversity.Themomentshesawhim,sheknewhewasherbrother. l提示:几组从属连词和词组用法区分:1、when,as,whilewhen表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生,或先于主句动作。While表示从句的动作与主句同时发生,并有延续之意,所以这种从句的动作往往是延续性的。As表示从句动作与主句动作并行发生,所以常译为“边……边……”;有时也可表示从句动作比主句动作早些发生。从时间上来说,when指一段时间或一点时间,while只能指一段时间,as指一段时间。【例句】WhenSallyarrived,Iwaspreparinglunch.WhileCathywasdoingthewashing-up,shewasplanningherholiday.Theworkersshoutedslogansastheypassedthesquare.2、before,after由before引导的从句主要表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前,如从句是过去时,主句要用过去完成时。After引导的从句则主要表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后,如主句是过去时,从句要用过去完成时。【例句】70
Hehadpulledthetriggerbeforewecouldstophim.ThecomputerwentbetterafternewRAM(内存)hadbeenaddedtoit.1、assoonas,directly,immediately表示从句动作一发生,主句动作随即就发生,常译为“一……就……”。【例句】Thedoctorcamedirectlyhegotthemessage.Assoonasherealizedwhatwasmeant,hewouldbefuriousimmediately.2、themoment,eachtime,everytime,bythetime,thefirsttime,theminute等表示时间的名词词组也可用于引导时间状语从句,起连接词的作用。【例句】ThemomentIsawhim,Iknewsomethingbadhadhappened.Everytimehecame,hewouldbringusalotofcandies.5、till/until,表示“直到……”意义时无差别,但在句首一般只用until。肯定句中表示“直到……为止”,主句通常用延续性动词。否定句中表示“直到……才”,“在……以前(不)”,主句常用终止性动词,这种情况下,till/until可用before替代。【例句】Tiredofherusualhecticworkattheoffice,shestayedfromMondaytillFridayatthesummerresort.Thoughhepromisedtocomeat4p.m.thistime,Johnsondidn’tarriveuntileleveno’clock. 二、地点状语从句(AdverbialClauseofPlace)引导地点状语从句的从属连词和词组有where,wherever,everywhere等。【例句】Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.WhereverJohnhappenstobe,hecanmakehimselfathome.Wheretheancientsknewnothing,weknowalittle.Everywherethevisitorswent,theywerewarmlyreceived. 三、条件状语从句(AdverbialClauseofCondition)引导条件状语从句的从属连词和词组有if,unless,suppose,incase,solongas,incase,sofaras,onconditionthat,provided(that),providingthat等。【例句】Ifthedamhadbrokeninthefloodlastyear,therewouldhavebeengreatlossoflifeandproperty.Provided(that)hewinsthesupportoftheminoritygroups,hewillbeabletowin70
theelection.Incaseitrains,wewon’tbeabletogothereonfoot.Youcangoout,as/solongasyoupromisetobebackbeforeeleven. l提示:if和unless的区别:if表示正面的条件,意为“如果”;unless表示反面的条件,意为“除非,如果不”,语气较强。【例句】Ifhedoesn’tfollowouradvice,wewon’taccepthisinvitation.Wewon’twaitforhimlongunlesshecomesbefore6. 四、原因状语从句(AdverbialClauseofCause)引导原因状语从句的从属连词和词组有:as,because,since,seeingthat,consideringthat,nowthat,notthat…butthat等。【例句】Astherewasnoanswer,Iwroteagain.Sincethespeakercan’tcome,we’llhavetocancelthemeeting.Becauseitwaswet,hedidn’tgooutforawalkthatday.l提示:because表示原因的语气最强,as和since(较正式)表示原因,语气较弱,其原因对方略知一二。For在引导并列句时可以和because相互替换,但因for是并列连词,因此不能用于句首,只能用于连接表示原因的并列句。【例句】Ihavegotthepositionforjusttwomonths.Mybossdoesn’ttrustmebecauseIamnewtohimandhisoffice,Ithink.Sincesomanypeopleareabsent,wehadbetterputthemeetingoff. 五、让步状语从句(AdverbialClauseofConcession)引导让步状语从句的从属连词和词组有as,though,although,nomatter,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever,while,granted(granting)(that)等。【例句】Hepassedtheexaminationalthoughhehadbeenpreventedbyillnessfromstudying,Thoughheshouldstandalone,hewillneveryield.Ishouldn’thavetimetoseehimevenifhewerehere.Richasheis,Mr.Johnsonisbynomeansahappyman.l提示:whatever,wherever,whichever等带-ever的连接代词和连接副词的强调让步用法(=nomatterwhat),常译为:“无论……”。【例句】Whereveryougo,thereIgo!70
Whoeverofyoucomesinfirst,heorshewillreceiveaprize.l提示:动词be可以置于句首引出让步状语从句,现只见于书面语中。【例句】Beitverylate,wemustfinishthework.Electroniccomputersworkonthebinarysystem(二进制)betheylargeorsmall. 六、比较状语从句(AdverbialClauseofComparison)引导比较状语从句的从属连词有than,as;还有“the+比较级,the+比较级”句型。【例句】Theprojectwascompletedearlierthanwehadexpected.YouarealittleheavierthanwhenIsawyoulast.Heworkedasfastasaskilledworker.Thefurtheranobjectisthesmalleritlooks. 七、目的状语从句(AdverbialClauseofPurpose)引导目的状语从句的从属连词和词组有sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等。【例句】Theteachermustspeakclearlysothathisstudentscanunderstandwell.Theyclimbedtothetopofthebuildinginorderthattheycouldgetabird’s-eyeviewofthecity. 八、结果状语从句(AdverbialClauseofResult)引导结果状语从句的从属连词和词组有sothat,so…that,such…that等。【例句】Hehadoverslept,sothathewaslateforwork.WhathaveIdonethatyouweresoangrywithme?Hewasveryangry,sothathelefttheroomwithoutsayingaword.Iwasinthebath,withtheresultthatIdidn’theartheknockatthedoor. 九、方式状语从句(AdverbialClauseofManner)引导方式状语从句的从属连词和词组有as,asif,asthough,theway等。【例句】YoumustdotheexercisesasIshowyou.Marywasbehavingasthoughshehadn’tgrownup.She’sdoingherworkthewayIlikeitdone. 70
l提示:asif/asthough表示“好像,仿佛”。在其引导的状语从句中,谓语动词常用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反。asif比asthough更为常用。【例句】JohnsontalksloudlyasifhewereanativeFrench-speaker.TomandMarrypretendedasthoughnothinghadhappened.l提示:as用于修饰动作或状态。意思相当于inthesamemannerthat…。as与like容易混淆,as是连词,其后接主谓结构;like是介词,其后只可接名词或与之相当的词。二者均为介词时,as意为“实质是,真像,作为”,like意为“表面像”。【例句】LoveistoWilliamsaswateristofish.Hetakescareoftheboyashisfather.(真父亲)Hetakescareoftheboylikehisfather.(像父亲一样的关心,但he不是其生身父亲) 考点:1、大学英语考试中,除上述状语从句最基本的分类和用法外,还有一些其他成分可以在句子中起到与状语从句相同的作用,应加以注意和区分。它们包括:分词短语、分词复合结构、不定式、介词短语、“with+复合宾语”结构等。另外,由“For+n./pron.+todo”构成的不定式符合结构,在句子中有时可充当状语。其中for本身并无词义,其中的名词或宾格代词形式上是for的宾语,但在逻辑上是后面不定式的主语。【例句】Seenfromtopofthemountain,theriverlookslikeabluebelt.Workinghard,you’llsucceed.Theircomingtohelp,weareencouraged.Therainbeingover,wewentonwithourwork.Hemadealongspeechonlytoshowhisignoranceofthesubject.Heshudderedatthethought.Sheisanicegirlinspiteofhershortcomings.Isteppedasideforthecartopass.Withmyfatherbesideme,Iamnotafraidofthebigboys.Witharmsinthepockets,Tomlookedatmeinahostileway. 2、状语从句的倒装:1)在英语正式文体中为了强调“only+状语”时,可将其置于句首,此时句子应半倒装。70
【例句】Onlyinthiswaycanwehopetoimprovethesituation.OnlywhenIvisitedhimdidIrealizehowlonelyhewas.2)以as引出的让步状语从句常常倒装,将谓语、宾语、中心动词、状语或表语提前。有时以though引出的让步状语从句也可以这样安排语序。而表语若为单数名词提前时,该名词省去冠词。【例句】TryasImight,Icouldn’tliftthestone.Poorashewas,hewashonest.Exhaustedthoughshewas,therewasnohopeofherbeingabletosleep.Childashewas,hecoulddeliveralongspeech.3)在带有“so…that……”(如此……以致于……)的状语从句中,为了强调可把“so…”置于句首,此时主句的主谓语要半倒装【例句】Socarelesswasshethatshecouldscarcelyfindanythinginorderatlast.Soloudlydidhespeakthatevenpeopleinthenextroomcouldhearhim.4)在虚拟复合句中,如果虚拟条件从句的连词if被省略,则条件句应半倒装。【例句】WereItodoit,Iwoulddoitwell.HadIbeentoldearlier,Iwouldhavedonesomething. 3、状语从句的省略:1)在表示时间、地点、条件、让步、方式等的状语从句中,如果谓语包含动词be,主语又和主句的主语相同,则从句中的主语与动词be可同时省略。【例句】Ifheated,moleculesmovemorerapidly.(if后省去theyare)Heworkedextremelyhardthoughstillpoorinhealth.(though后省去了hewas)2)比较状语从句中常出现省略【例句】Icanrunasfastashe(can).Iknowyoubetterthanhe(knowsyou). 4、在时间状语从句、条件状语从句中,必须用一般现在时表示将来的动作、行为。【例句】We’llstarttomorrowaslongasitisfine.Mr.Smithwillseeyouwhenhereturns.70
Themachinestartsrunningthemomentthebuttonispressed. l提示:If引出的条件状语从句中,有时谓语中出现will,这个will并不是表示将来时的助动词,而是情态动词,意为“愿意”、“肯”。【例句】Ifyouwillhelpme,Ishallbegratefultoyou.l提示:下面由when,if引出的从句中并没有用一般现在时表示将来,因为其中的when,if并非引出时间、条件状语从句。【例句】Idon’tknowifitwillraintomorrow.Thedayisnotlongincomingwhenweshalluseoilasmaterialratherthanfuel. 第六章动词不定式(TheInfinitive) 一、动词不定式的形式1.动词不定式是一种非谓语动词,在句中不能单独作谓语,由不定式符号“to+动词原形”构成。如tohave,towork等。不定式符号“to”不是介词,无词义。不定式有一般、完成、进行等几种常用的形式,也有主动和被动语态的区别。以do为例: 主动被动一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing 完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone2.动词不定式保持动词的一些特征,即可带宾语和状语等,这样就构成不定式短语,如:todoshoppingtohelpthemintheirwork3.不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not,never等。【例句】Theytoldmenottoopenthewindow.不定式有时带疑问词,如:what,when,where,which,whom,why,whether,how等。可以这样用的动词有ask,consider,explain,findout,know,show,tell,understand,wonder等。【例句】Hedidn’tknowwhethertowaitorgohome. 二、不定式或不定式短语的用法:70
1.作主语不定式或不定式短语作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。【例句】Toservethepeoplewellisourduty.动词不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,用引导词it作形式上的主语。【例句】Itisimportanttolearnaforeignlanguage.2.作表语在系动词如be,seem,appear等之后。【例句】Yourmaintasknowistoimprovethequalityoftheproducts.Heappearstohavecaughtacold.l有时be+动词不定式表示应当、打算、计划做什么的意思。【例句】Peteristoarriveatseventhismorning.3.作宾语有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语:afford,agree,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,tend,wish等。【例句】Johnofferedtohelpme.Shewishestoleaveheresoon.如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补足语时,要用“it”作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语(即不定式)放到补足语后面去。【例句】Wefounditimpossibletofinishtheworkinsuchashorttime.4.作定语用来修饰名词,位于被修饰名词的后面。1)动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系,如果该不定式是不及物动词,其后有必要的介词。【例句】He’sapleasantfellowtoworkwith.There’snothingtoworryabout.2)有些名词后常跟不定式作定语:time,reason,chance,right,ability,willingness,need,anxiety,wish,plan,way,power,order,effort,opportunity,determination,attempt,decision,promise,refusal,failure,tendency等。70
【例句】Womenshouldhavetherighttoreceiveeducation.Thereisnotimetohesitate.Youdon’thaveanyreasontoleaveme.3)在“theonly+名词”,“thelast+名词”,“thebest+名词”,“序数词+名词”等结构中的名词之后,在“序数词”之后,习惯上用不定式做定语。【例句】Themonitorwil1bethefirst(man)tocome.Hewasthelastmantoblame.Longskirtsweretheonlythingtowearatthattime.5.作状语1)作目的状语不定式作状语时,其动作发生在谓语动词之后,一般置于句子末尾。但是,如果表示强调,亦可置于句首。【例句】Hewenttoshanghaitovisithisparents.Tosavetheearth,wemustpreventtheearthfrombeingpolluted.Ishutthedoorquietly,soasnottowakethebaby.2)作结果状语【例句】Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.Shelefthome,nevertoreturnagain.3)作原因状语不定式做原因状语时,一般放在句子末尾。【例句】Sheburstintolaughtertoseehisfunnyaction.Theboywasshockedtoseethefrighteningscene.4)作独立成分有些固定词组带to不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些词有:tobehonest,tobeginwith,tocutalongstoryshort,toget(back)tothepoint.nottomakemuchofit,toputitanotherway,totellthetruth等。Totellyouthetruth,IhaveneverbeentoBeijing.Tobehonest,IhaveneverheardofWinstonChurchill.6.作宾语(主语)补足语在某些及物动词后按照习惯用法用不定式作补足语:advise,allow,ask,bear,beg,cause,command,compel,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,hate,help,instruct,70
intend,invite,leave,like,mean,need,oblige,order,permit,persuade,prefer,press,recommend,request,remind,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,want,warn,wish等。【例句】Shedidn’twantmetogo.Theydon’tallowpeopletosmoke.l在let,make,see,hear,feel,watch,notice,have,listento,lookat,等感官动词和使役动词后用不带to的不定式作补足语。【例句】Ididn’tseeyoucomein.Imadethemgivemethemoneyback.lhelp后面的作宾语补足语的不定式带“to”或不带“to”都可以。l带有宾语补足语的谓语动词变为被动语态时,宾语成了主语,宾语补足语也就相应地成为主语补足语。当动词不定式用作主语补足语时,一律要用带“to”的形式。Theelephantwasmadetodancebeforeaudience.l在cannotbut,donothingbut(except),hadbetter,hadbest,ratherthan,wouldrather…than和wouldsoonerthan等结构后要求接不带to的动词不定式。【例句】IhavedonenothingexceptdowhatIshould. 三、不定式的逻辑主语如果表明不定式或不定式短语的动作发出者(即逻辑主语),就要在不定式前用for+名词(或代词的宾格)。【例句】Istheroadwideenoughfortwocarstopass?Theconferenceistooimportantforyoutomiss. 四、不定式的完成式和进行式的用法1.完成式表示的动作发生在句子谓语表示的动作之前。【例句】I’msorrynottohavecomeonThursday.Theearthissaidtohavebeenpartofthesun.2.进行式一般表示正在进行中的动作,强调与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。【例句】Inoticedthatheseemedtobesmokingalot.Ihappenedtobelyinginbedwhenshecamein70
第七章动名词(TheGerund)一、动名词的形式动名词与动词不定式一样,也是一种非谓语形式,在句中不能单独作谓语,它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语。动名词由动词原形+ing构成,没有人称和数的变化,但有语态的变化,并且有一般式和完成式。以动词do为例: 主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone 二、动名词的用法1.作主语【例句】Swimmingisneverasfastasrunning.Talkingaboutitisnouse.l动名词(或动名词短语)作主语时,有时句中使用形式主语it。【例句】Itisnousetalkingaboutit.Itisworthwhilerepeatingtheexperiment.Itis后面常见的词有nogood,nouse,waste,worthwhile等。2.作表语【例句】Ourdutyisprogrammingthecomputer.Myhobbyisperformingonmusicalinstruments.lbe+动名词(表语)与be+现在分词(构成进行时态)在形式上相同,但在前一种结构中,be是系动词,有词义,而在后一种结构中,be是助动词,只是用来构成一种谓语时态,无词义。二者的区别主要是根据上下文的逻辑意思来定。【例句】Myfavoritesportisskating.(动名词)Mybrotherisskating.(分词)3.作宾语(动词或介词的宾语)有些及物动词常用动名词作宾语,这类动词有:admit,advise,advocate,allow,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,deny,dislike,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keep,mention,mind,miss,pardon,permit,postpone,practise,prevent,quit,require,resent,resist,risk,stop,suggest,understand,can’thelp(couldn’thelp),stand等。【例句】70
Icouldn’thelpfeelingproudofourcountry.SomeonesuggestedorganizinganoutingtotheWesternHi1ls.l某些动词词组也要求动名词作宾语。例如:giveup,leaveoff,putoff(注:这些动词短语均为动词+副词结构)以及amountto,attendto,beaccustomedto.beusedto,beopposedto,devoteto,feellike,lookforwardto,objectto,resortto,submitto等。【例句】Mr.Smithgaveupsmokingaccordingtohisdoctor’sadvice.Doyoufeellikehavingawalkwithusinthewoodsbythesea?Somepeopleintherichworldareopposedtodoingbusinesswithpoorcountries.l有时在形容词后面也要求用动名词,例如:busy,worth,worthwhile等。【例句】Isitworthwhilemakingsuchanexperiment?l还有在point,trouble,difficulty等名词后,也用动词+ing.【例句】Thereisnotmuchpoint(in)thinkingaboutit.Americanbusinessmenhavedifficulty(in)understandingtheirJapanesecounterparts.l在It’snouse,It’snotmuchuse,It’snogood后要求用动名词。但是在Itisofnous则要用动词不定式。【例句】It’snousecryingaboutit.Youmustdosomething.1t’snogoodwritingtohim;heneveranswersletters.It’sofnousetocryoverspiltmilk.l有些动词后面用动名词还是不定式作宾语,其含义有明显的差别。常见的动词有stop(quit),remember,forget,regret,try,want,mean等。如:1)stop(quit)后面跟动名词,通常表示“停止或不再做某事”;跟不定式则通常表示“停止或不再做正在做的事,而去做别的事”。【例句】Stoparguingandstartworking.Ididn’tknowhowtogettheresoIstoppedtoasktheway.2)remember后面跟动名词,通常表示“回忆过去而记得”,跟不定式则通常表示“记住去干,别忘了”【例句】Irememberreadingareviewofthatbook.Pleaseremembertobookseatsforthemtoday.3)regret后面跟动名词,通常表示“对已发生的情况表示后悔”;跟不定式则通常表示“对现在或将来的情况表示抱歉”。70
【例句】Iregrettellinghimthis.Iregrettoinformyouthatyourapplicationhasbeenrefused.4.作定语【例句】Noneisallowedtosmokeinthewaitingroom.(=roomforwaiting)Thesedialoguesmaybeusedaslisteningmaterials.(=materialsforlistening)5.作状语介词+动名词可以作状语用,表示时间、原因、目的、让步、方式等。【例句】Afterfinishingthejob,hewenthome.Hewasblamedforhavingdonesomethingwrong.TheywenttoManchesterwiththeobjectofwinningtheWorldChampionship. 三、动名词的时态与语态动名词分一般式和完成式,一般式表示一般性的动作概念,不明确动作发生的时间(如现在、过去或将来),有主动语态和被动语态。【例句】Besidesreading,heisfondofcollectingstamps.(主动)Wassheupsetatnotbeinginvited?(被动)l动名词完成式用来表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作。它也有主动语态和被动语态。【例句】Irememberhavingreadthearticleoneconomicsystems.(主动)Afterhavingbeentested,theinstrumentwassenttothelaboratory.(被动)l动名词的完成式用得较少,有时动名词表示的动作虽然发生在谓语动作之前,也常用动名词的一般式来代替。【例句】Afterbeingdesalted,seawatercanbeusedfordrinking.l在need,require,want等动词后面,一般不用动名词的被动形式,即使表示被动意思,也用动名词的主动形式代替。【例句】Thehousewantsrepairing(toberepaired). 四、动名词的逻辑主语动名词前可以有自己的逻辑主语,作为该动名词所表示的动作的发出者。用作动名词逻辑主语的词类有:物主代词、名词所有格(即名词后加“’s”,意为“的”70
;复数名词如以s结尾,则其后面只加“’”)、名词通格或人称代词宾格。【例句】Histakingpartintheworkwillhelpusalot.WearelookingforwardtoBetty’scoming.Shedoesn’tlikemyfatherandmeinterferinginheraffairs.l如果这种结构不是在句子开头,常可以用名词通格(或人称代词的宾格),这比用所有格更自然一些;但如果动名词逻辑主语是无生命的东西,就只能用名词的通格。【例句】Hereisanexampleofheatenergyturningintoelectricalenergy. 第八章分词(TheParticiple) 一、分词的形式分词也是一种非谓语动词,在句中不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,它可以带宾语、状语和表语构成分词短语。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。1.现在分词和过去分词构成A.现在分词由原形动词+ing构成,如designing.leaving,stopping等。B.过去分词分两类,一类是规则动词,由原形动词+ed构成,如started,excited,copied,stepped等;一类是不规则动词,如dug,thrown,written等。2.分词的时态和语态现在分词有一般式和完成式,并有主动语态和被动语态。过去分词则只有一种形式,现以动词do为例: 主动被动现在分词一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone过去分词 done3.现在分词和过去分词的区别1)在时态上,通常现在分词表示进行,过去分词表示完成,如:thedevelopingcountries发展中国家thedevelopedcountries发达国家2)在语态上,通常现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动,如:thetouchingtale动人的传说(主动)thetouchedaudience受感动的观众(被动) 二、分词(或分词短语)的用法1.作定语可放在被修饰的名词的前面或后面:70
1)单个现在分词作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词的前面;单个过去分词作定语时,放在被修饰的词前,但有时为了强调,也可放在被修饰的词的后面。【例句】Thegrowingplantsinourgardenneedmoresunlightandwater.Therearenineknownplanetsinthesolarsystem.Scientistsbelievethatseawatercontainseverynaturalelementknown.2)分词短语作定语时,一般总是放在它所修饰的词之后。【例句】Thehousestandingatthecornerofthestreetwasbuiltin1980.Mostofthekindsoftoolsmadeoutofironareveryold.l现在分词作定语时,表示正在进行的动作,或经常性的动作,或表示现状。【例句】Givethenotetothemansittingatthatdesk.ThesunonlylightsthepartofEarthfacingit.过去分词作定语时,表示的动作是在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。【例句】Thecomputermadeinourfactoryhasbeenusedtosellticketstoconcerts.l如果指的是一个未来的动作,可以用不定式的被动形式。【例句】Youarecordiallyinvitedtoapartytobegivenatourcompanyat7p.m.November4.2.作状语分词或分词短语可作状语,说明谓语表示的动作发生的时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓语加以补充说明等。1)表示时间、条件、原因等状语一般放在句子开头或中间,表示结果则放在句末,有时为了强调或明确分词短语所指的是时间,前面可加when,while,所指的是结果,前面可加thus。【例句】Findingnooneathome,heleftthehouseinabadtemper.(=Whenhefound…)Giventheopportunity,hemightwellhavebecomeanoutstandingengineer.(=Ifhewasgiven…)Whenlaboringtoopenafarmintheforest,Lincoln’sgrandfatherwaskilledbytheIndians.Thetruckstoppedsuddenly,thuscausingtheaccident.2)表示伴随情况、行为方式或补充说明。这种分词短语一般不能用状语从句代替,它通常放在句末,但也有放在句首的。【例句】70
Shewentdownthestepsintothekitchen,followedbyherlittledaughter.Sittingstillonastone,thefrogiswaitingforsomethingtoeat.3)作分词独立结构:分词或分词短语用作状语时,一般说明句子的谓语,分词所表示的动作或状态的主体,一般是句子的主语,但有时分词或分词短语作状语时,还可带自己的动作主体,一般用名词或代词表示,放在分词前面。这种结构称为分词独立结构。【例句】Theworkdone,theyputawaytheirtoolsandlefttheworkshop.Hishealthfailing,hedecidedtoretirefromoffice.l分词独立结构有时还可由介词引出,通常用于补充说明或表明伴随情况,有时也有时间、原因、条件、结果等含义,翻译时可根据上下文译为“随着……”,“……之后”,“由于……”等,有时也可不译出。【例句】Withsummercomingon,it’stimetobuyairconditioners.Withthetestfinished,theybegantoanalyzetheresult.3.作补足语分词或分词短语可作补足语。要求分词或分词短语作补足语的常见的动词多为“感觉”和“使役”动词,有feel,find,get,have,hear,imagine,keep,make,notice,see,set,smell,start,watch等。1)作宾语补足语【例句】Heheardtheclockstrikingsix.Wewatchedtheworkmensawingthetrees.2)作主语补足语把上述句子改成被动语态,原来的宾语补足语就成为主语补足语了。【例句】Theclockwasheardstrikingsix.Theworkmenwerewatchedsawingthetrees.l在“have+宾语+宾语补足语(过去分词)”的结构中,过去分词所表示的动作往往是由别人来完成的。【例句】Ihadmytaperecorderrepaired.l有些动词可由不定式作补足语,又可由分词做补足语。用不定式着重说明所发生的事情;用分词着重强调动作进行的情景。【例句】Isawhimclimbingovermywall.Isawhimclimbovermywall.70
4.作表语分词或分词短语可在系动词(如be,become,get,remain,seem,stay等)之后作表语。【例句】John’sstoriesareamusing.Hisfinequalitiesremainunchanged.l用在系动词后面作表语的分词,其中大部分已被看作形容词。 三、分词的时态过去分词没有时态形式的变化。现在分词分一般式和完成式,一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生。l现在分词完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,在句中不作定语,常常用作状语,表示时间和原因。【例句】Havingheardthestorybefore,shedidn’twanttohearitagain.Havingfedthebaby,shesatdowntoherowndinner.第九章虚拟语气 一、虚拟式用于非真实条件句时的构成 if从句主句与现在事实相反动词的过去式(系动词be用were表示)would(should/could/might)+动词原形与过去事实相反动词的过去完成式would(should,could,might)+have+动词的过去分词与将来时间相反1.动词的过去式(be为were)2.were+不定式3.should+动词原形would(should,could,might)+动词原形【例句】IfIhadtime,Iwouldgotothemovieswithyou.(与现在事实相反)IfIwereyou,Ishoulddoit.(与现在事实相反)Ifwehadn’tmadeadequatepreparations,theconferencewouldn’thavebeensosuccessful.(与过去事实相反)Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thegamewouldbeputoff.(与将来时间相反)Weshouldshowyoutheresultoftheexperimentifyoushouldcomethisevening.(与将来时间相反) 70
【实例】Ifthewholeoperation______beforehand,agreatdealoftimeandmoneywouldhavebeenlost.A.wasnotplannedB.hasnotbeenplannedC.hadnotbeenplannedD.werenotplanned(1999.6)要是整个手术当时没有预先计划好的话,大量的时间和钱就白花了。答案C【实例】Jeandoesn’twanttoworkrightawaybecauseshethinksthatifshe______ajobsheprobablywouldn’tbeabletoseeherfriendsveryoften.A.hastogetB.weretogetC.hadgotD.couldhavegot(1996.1)琼不想马上就工作,她想要是找了工作,就不能经常探访朋友了。答案B l说明:1)在非真实条件句中,有时从句的动词所表示的动作和主句的动词所表示的动作并不同时发生,这样的条件句中使用的虚拟式称为混合虚拟式或称为错综时间条件句。此时,动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。而且一般有明确的时间状语如now,then,tomorrow等提示这种差异。【例句】Ishouldhavebroughttheboxofbooksmyselfifitwerenotheavy.如果书箱不是这样的沉重,我自己就把它带来了。(从句用一般时,表示客观情况,主句用了完成时,表示过去没有做的动作)IfIhadtakenmyraincoatwhenIcameoutthismorning,Iwouldnotbewetnow.(从句虚拟过去,主句虚拟现在)IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thavemissedthefilmlastnight.(从句虚拟现在,主句虚拟过去)IfTomintendedtostartoutthismorning,hewouldhavegoteverythingreadylastnight.(从句虚拟将来,主句虚拟过去)Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldbeascientistnow.(从句虚拟过去,主句虚拟现在)Ifheshouldaskforme,tellhimtophoneme.如果他来找我,叫他打电话给我。(从句用了表示将来的虚拟语气,而主句用了祈使句。)【实例】IfIhadn’tstoodundertheladdertocatchyouwhenyoufell,you______now.A.wouldn’tbesmilingB.couldn’thavesmiledC.won’tsmileD.didn’tsmile(1999.1)你掉下来时,如不是我在梯子下面把你接住,恐怕你就不是现在这个样了70
。答案A 2)从句中如有助动词,情态动词,动词be或have时,引导非真实条件从句的连词if在正式文体中有时可以省去,were,had,should等非行为动词这时应提到从句句首,构成倒装结构。【例句】WereIyou(=IfIwereyou),Iwouldn’tfeelsorry.Hadwemade(=lfwehadmade)adequatepreparations,wemighthavesucceeded。要是准备充分,我们本来是有可能成功的。WereI(=If1were)asked,Ishouldtellallthefacts。如果问到我,我将讲出所有事实。Hadyou(=Ifyouhad)nothelpedme,Ishouldfailed.要是没有你的帮助,我就失败了。WereI(=IfIwere)todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherway.要是我做这项工作,我就用另外的办法。【实例】______rightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.A.WouldsheleaveB.IfsheleavesC.WereshetoleaveD.Ifshehadleft(1996.6)她要是现在就走的话,星期天就到那儿了。答案C 3)主从句还可以换位:Wemighthavesucceededhadwemadeadequatepreparations. 4)主句主谓还可以省略:Don’tpressthebutton.----What(wouldhappen)ifIdid?不要按按钮。——要是按了会怎么样? 二、虚拟式也可用于其他情况1.在表示愿望、建议、命令、要求等意义的动词后的宾语从句,用S十should+V结构,should可省可留。常见这类动词如下:request请求,vote建议,propose提议,move提议,decide决定,advise劝告,order命令,ask要求,demand要求,maintain坚持,require要求,insist坚持,urge极力主张,desire渴望,object反对,prefer宁愿,recommend推荐,plead恳求,ask要求,suggest建议,command命令等。【例句】Isuggestthatwe(should)gocampingtomorrow.70
Heinsistedthatourlaboratoryreports(should)behandedinthedayaftertheexperimentwasdone.他坚持要求我们在做完实验后第二天将实验报告交上来。l提示:上句中insist意为”坚持要求”。如insist作”坚持认为”解,则不需用虚拟式。【例句】Heinsistedthathewasright.他坚持认为他是对的。 【实例】AsCommander-in-Chiefofthearmedforces,Ihavedirectedthatallmeasures______forourdefense.A.hadbeentakenB.wouldbetakenC.betakenD.tobetaken(1999.6)我作为武装部队的总司令命令采取一切措施进行防御。答案C 2.在Itis/was+形容词/过去分词+that结构后的主语从句,用虚拟结构,S+should+V。表示必要、应该、建议、要求、惊讶、不相信等意。常见形容词和过去分词如下:possible可能的,urgent紧迫的,ordered命令的,important重要的,imperative迫切的,requested要求的,advisable适当的,appropriate恰当的,commanded命令的,vital非常重要的,keen渴望的,preferred更喜欢的,desirable想望的,probable可能的,asked要求的,essential必要的,preferable更可取的,required要求的,better较好的,insisted坚持的,suggested建议的,recommended推荐的,resolved决定的,necessary必要的等。【例句】It’snecessarythatwe(should)setoutatonce.It’sproposedthatacommittee(should)besetuptolookintothematter.【实例】Idon’tthinkitadvisablethatTom______tothejobsincehehasnoexperience.A.isassignedB.willbeassignedC.beassignedD.hasbeenassigned(1997.6)汤姆缺乏经验,指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。答案C 3.表示愿望、建议、命令、要求等意义的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句用虚拟结构S+(should)+V。常见名词如下:recommendation推荐,preference偏爱,advice忠告,requirement要求,insistence坚持,request请求,proposal提议,motion提议,demand要求,understanding理解,order命令,necessity必要性,importance重要性,significance重要性,plan计划,70
desire要求,command命令,decision决定,suggestion建议,requirement要求,instruction指令,idea想法等。【例句】Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)setupaspecialboardtoexaminetheproblem.我的建议是成立一个特别委员会来研究这个问题。Whatdoyouthinkofhisproposalthatthemeeting(should)bepostponedtillnextSaturday?他建议会议延期到下礼拜六开,你觉得怎么样?【实例】Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion______.A.beputoffB.wasputoffC.shouldputoffD.istoputoff(1998.6)我们都支持你提出的推迟讨论的建议。答案A 4.虚拟语气“should十动词原形”(或完成原形)可以表示惊讶、遗憾、不满、责备、不以为然等含义。用于itisapity,itisashame,itisstrange,itisnatural,itisincredible等词语后的主语从句中。这时should不可省。【例句】Itisapitythatheshouldbesocareless.真遗憾他竟会如此粗心大意。It’sstrangethatsheshouldhavefailedtheexam.真奇怪,这次考试她竟会不及格。Itisquitenaturalthatsuchproblemsshouldarise.出现此类问题是很自然的。 5.虚拟语气可用于wish后的宾语从句中,表示与事实相反的愿望。其虚拟形式为:a)与现在事实相反:行为动词v-ed/系动词were用过去时表示与现在相反b)与过去事实相反:had+v-ed/couldhavedone用过去完成时表示与过去相反c)与将来事实相反:would/could/might+v表示与愿望相反【例句】IwishIhadbeentotheconcertlastnight.(指过去)Iwishhewouldforgiveme.(指现在)IwishIwereashandsomeasheis.但愿我有他那样的一表人材。(指现在)IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontomypronunciation.我以前要是对发音多注意一些就好了。(指过去)Iwishhewouldtryagain。我希望他还能再试一次。(指将来)【实例】IwishI______longerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.A.couldhavesleptB.sleptC.mighthavesleptD.haveslept(1995.6)70
我真希望今天早上能多睡一会儿,可我不得不起床去上课。答案A 6.ifonly引起的感叹句用虚拟语气。其虚拟形式为:a)与现在事实相反:行为动词v-ed/系动词were用过去时表示与现在相反b)与过去事实相反:had+v-ed用过去完成时表示与过去相反c)与将来事实相反:would/could/might+v表示与愿望相反【例句】IfonlyIknewJapanese!我要是懂日语多好啊!(指现在)Ifonlytheletterhadarrivedintime!信要是及时到了就好了!(指过去)IfonlyIcouldonlyseehimagain!我要是能再见他一面就好了!(指将来)【实例】Ifonlythecommittee______theregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.A.approveB.willapproveC.canapproveD.wouldapprove(1997.1)要是委员会尽快批准这些规章制度并付之实施就好了。答案D 7.在asif(though)引导的状语从句中,谓语动词大多用虚拟语气。其虚拟形式为:a)与现在事实相反:行为动词v-ed/系动词were用过去时表示与现在相反b)与过去事实相反:had+v-ed用过去完成时表示与过去相反c)与将来事实相反:would+v表示与愿望相反【例句】Shelooksasifsheknewallaboutit.(指现在)Theytalkedasthoughtheyhadgotacquaintedwitheachotherforyears.(指过去)Irememberthewholethingasifithappenedyesterday.这件事我记忆忧新,就象是昨天发生的事似的。(指现在)Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.他们说话很亲热,就象多年老朋友似的。(指过去) l提示:look,seem,sound,feel,taste等动词后的asif(asthough)从句中,当表示真实情况时,用陈述语气,不用虚拟语气。【例句】Itlooksasifweshallhavetodotheworkourselves.Itsoundsasifsomeoneisknockingatthedoor. 70
8.lest(以防),forfearthat(惟恐)和incase(以防)引起的从句。lest和incase引导的目的状语从句出现在过去时中,多用虚拟结构,should可省略。否则,也可用陈述语气。forfearthat引导的目的状语从句,可用should也可用may或might。【例句】I’llkeepaseatforyouincaseyou(should)changeyourmind.我给你留了一个座位,说不定你会改变主意。Sheputthecoatoverhersonforfearthat(或lest)heshouldcatchcold.她把大衣盖在儿子身上怕他着凉。【实例】Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllesthe______himself.A.injureB.hadinjuredC.injuredD.wouldinjure(1998.1)疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房,以防他自伤。答案A 9.Itis(high,about)time后的定语从句常用虚拟语气,结构为:It’stime+主语+动词过去式。表示应该做还没做的事。其含义是现在或将来,不是过去。【例句】Itishightime(that)Iwasgoing.现在我该走了。It’shightimethathestoppedsmoking;It’sabouttimethatwetookourleave.【实例】Youareveryselfish.It’shightimeyou______thatyouarenotthemostimportantpersonintheworld,Edgarsaidtohisbossangrily.A.realizedB.haverealizedC.realizeD.shouldrealize(1999.1)埃德加怒气冲冲对老板说:你太自私了;你也该想想你到底有什么了起。答案A 10.在Iwould(had)rather后的句子中,动词也要求用虚拟式,表示某人的愿望。wouldrather/sooner/assoon后的宾语从句,从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气。用过去时,过去完成时可分别表示对现在、将来和过去的一种愿望。【例句】I’dratheryoulefttomorrowinsteadoftoday.(指将来)I’dratherhehadn’tdoneanythinglikethat.(指过去)Iwouldsoonerhecameherenow.我倒希望他现在来这里。(指现在)【实例】I’dratheryou______makeanycommentontheissueforthetimebeing.A.don’tB.wouldn’tC.didn’tD.shouldn’t(1998.6)70
我倒是希望你对这个问题暂时先别发表什么看法。答案C 11.有时假设的情况不是以if引导的非真实条件从句的形式表示出来,而是通过介词。这种情况下主句动词仍需用虚拟式。如without或介词短语butfor,exceptfor,intheabsenceof,if(itwere)notfor/wereitnotfor,ifithadnotbeenfor/haditnotbeenfor,butthat+从句,savethat+从句等词或词组,或由连词but,or,副词otherwise,orelse等,或通过上下文以及其他方式表现出来。【例句】Withoutthesun,nolifecouldliveonearth.如果没有太阳,地球上任何生物便不能生活。Butfortheair,wewouldsoondie.要不是因为有空气,我们便会很快死去。Ifnotforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.要不是碰上暴雨我们还会早到一些的。Wewouldhavedonebetterunderotherconditions.别的情况下,我们本来会做得更好些。Intheabsenceoffriction,itwouldbeimpossibletowalk.没有摩擦便不可能走路。Thischangecouldnothavetakenplacewithoutasolidindustrialfoundation。没有坚实的工业基础发生这种变化是不可能的。Iwasillthatday;otherwiseIwouldhaveattendedthemeeting.Ifitwerenotforhishelp,Icouldnevergotocollege.要不是他的帮助,我绝不可能上大学。Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wecouldn’thavegotoverthedifficulties.要不是他们的帮助,我们不可能克服那些困难。Haditnotbeenforthereservoir,we’dneverhavebeenabletobeatthedrought.要不是有这个水库,我们就不可能战胜干旱。Butthathesawit(=Ifhehadnotseenit),hecouldnothavebelievedit.要不是他亲眼看见,他早就不相信了。【实例】Wedidn’tknowhistelephonenumbersotherwisewe______him.A.wouldhavetelephonedB.musthavetelephonedC.wouldtelephoneD.hadtelephoned(1995.6)我们不知道他的电话号码,否则,我们会打电话给他。答案A【实例】We______tostartourownbusiness,butweneverhadenoughmoney.A.havehopedB.wouldhopeC.hadhopedD.shouldhope(1994.1)我们原本就希望开业,可是钱总是不够。答案C70
【实例】Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhe______then.A.wouldhavebeenhereB.hadtobehereC.shouldbehereD.wouldbehere(1990.1)他准是出事了,否则他已经到这儿了。答案A12.含蓄条件句含蓄条件句常用一些标识词或词组含蓄地暗示条件,要从上下文的语言环境中判断属于哪种假设的情况。Itwouldbeamistakenottohelphim.(=Itwouldbeamistakeifwedidnothelphim.)要是不帮助他,就会是一个错误。Iwouldhavewrittenthepaperbefore,butIhavebeenill.(=IfIhadnotbeenill,Iwouldhavewrittenthepaperbefore.)我本来早就该写好这篇论文,但我一直在生病。Atruefriendwouldhaveacteddifferently.(=Afriend,ifhehadbeentrue,wouldhaveacteddifferently.)一个忠实的朋友就不会这样做了。13.在providing/provided(that),onconditionthat,suppose,supposing引导的条件从句中,根据语意,可以用虚拟语气,也可以用陈述语气Supposehecame,whatwouldyousaytohim?假设他来了,你会对他说些什么?Onconditionthatyousignthisreceipt,Iwillpayyouthemoney.如果你在这张收据上签字,我就付款。Shewaspreparedtocome,provided/providingthatshemightbringherchildren.如果她可以带上孩子的话,她就准备来了。 第十章形容词、副词 一、形容词1.形容词在句中主要用作定语,表语,复合宾语的补语,特殊结构中的状语:【例句】MissSmithisaverygoodteacher.(前置定语)Hehasnothingpleasanttotellyou.Somethingterriblewillhappen.(后置定语)Don’tfeelsad,everythingwillbeallright.(表语)Theyfoundthebookquiteinstructive.(补语)Theyspentsixdaysonthesmallisland,coldandhungry.(状语)2.形容词的某些特殊用法1)当某些表示行为的动词用作系动词时,作表语有些行为动词常用作系动词,后面应跟形容词作表语,不能误用副词。常见这类动词有:appear,act,become,feel,fall,get,grow,look,remain,seem,sound,smell,stay,taste,turn,etc.【例句】70
Webelievethathealreadyfeelsverysadabouthismistakeandwehavedecidedtotakenofurtheraction.SinceoneoftheirmemberswasaprisonerofwarinVietnam,thefamilyfeltbadwhentheyheardovertheirradiothatthepeaceweretobediscontinued.2)表示人品的形容词的常用结构“Itis十表示人品的形容词十of十代词十不定式”,这种结构用来表示对某人所做的事的一种赞赏,或者厌恶。用在这种结构中的形容词有:brave,clever,considerate,cruel,foolish,good,kind,nice,rude,silly,stupid,thoughtful,wicked,wise,wrong,etc.【例句】Itwasverykindofyoutolendhimsomemoneytoescapethebankruptcy.It’sconsiderateofyoutomeetmeattheairport.3)易误作副词的形容词通常形容词加后缀-ly可变为副词;但有些带-ly词尾的词却是形容词,特别容易引起误用,如:lovely(可爱的)likely(很可能的)deadly(致命的)earthly(现世的)leisurely(有闲的)weekly(每周一次的)yearly(每年一次的)manly(丈夫气概的)brotherly(友爱的)friendly(友好的),badly(糟糕的)【例句】AsIdidn’thaveanyexperience,Iwaslikelytohaveproblems.“ElectronicWorld”isaweeklymagazine,weareitspermanentsubscriber. 二、副词1.副词通常在句中作状语,修饰动词,形容词,副词,或整个句子。【例句】Iusuallytakesandwichesformylunch,butnowIgotoacafé.(修饰动词)Heisveryhonest.(修饰形容词)Shesingsquitewell.(修饰副词)Personally,Ididn’tapproveoftheidea.(修饰整个句子)2.副词的位置1)地点副词与态度副词地点副词如:abroad,away,downstairs,everywhere,outside,around,here,there,below,anywhere,somewhere,态度副词如;kindly,badly,well,quickly,distinctly,intentionally通常应放在宾语之后,若无宾语,应放在该动词70
之后。但态度副词还常可放在系动词之后,行为动词之前。【例句】Irememberhavingseenhimsomewhere.Shedidn’tdoitintentionally.2)时间副词时间副词,如:already,before,finally,immediately,lately,shortly,presently,then,yet,still,now,soon,recently可以放在句子的前或后。但是yet,before放在句末。【例句】Finally,hereturnedhomepenniless.Ihaveneverseenhimbefore.3)频度副词频度副词如:sometimes,seldom,rarely,always,ever,usually,often,never,constantly,frequently,occasionally,ordinarily通常应放在动词前,系动词与助动词之后。Ever与never有时可放在助动词之前,以示强调。频度副词frequently,generally,normally,occasionally,ordinarily,usually,和sometimes在表示强调和对比时,可放在句首。【例句】Wemustalwaysbearthisinmind.Sheisseldomill.Andsoshehasneverbeenlate.Ordinarily,tariffdutiesareplacedoncommoditiesaccordingtotheirvalue.4)程度副词程度副词,如:almost,nearly,quite,Just,too,fairly,extremely,completely,considerably,deeply,partly,terribly,definitely,greatly,hardly可用来修饰一个形容词,另一个副词;它通常放在被它修饰的那个词的前面。【例句】Hestumbledandalmostfell.Iamawfullysorryforit.5)程度副词与额度副词之间的位置当程度与频度副词同时在句中出现时,通常是程度副词修饰频度副词。【例句】Theynearlyalwaysspendtheirholidaysinthemountain.Theseatsinthesecondplanehadalmostallbeencompletelyfilled. 三、形容词与副词的比较级:1.比较级的构成:单音节形容词和副词通常都以加-er和-est的方式构成比较级和最高级:但在加词尾时要注意:70
1)一般加-er,-esttalltallertallestkindkinderkindestgreatgreatergreatest2)以e结尾的词,只加-r和-st:largelargerlargestwisewiserwisestfinefinerfinest3)“辅音字母十元音字母十辅音字母”构成的词,末尾字母要双写,再加-er和-est:hothotterhottestthinthinnerthinnestflatflatterflattestbigbiggerbiggest4)下面双音节词以加词尾方式构成比较级及最高级:以y结尾的词,先变y为i,再加词尾,如happy,happier,happiest:这类动词有:happy,angry,dingy,naughty,likely,lucky,misty,stormy,lovely,kingly,timely,beastly.5)上面未提到的双音节词和更多音节的词,通常多加more和most:foolishmorefoolishmostfoolishactivemoreactivemostactivecharmingmorecharmingmostcharmingbeautifulmorebeautifulmostbeautifulaffablemoreaffablemostaffabledigestiblemoredigestiblemostdigestible7)但加-er和-est的双音节形容词,在加上un-这样否定前缀时,仍保持加-er,-est的方式:untidyuntidieruntidiestunluckyunluckierunluckiestunhappyunhappierunhappiest8)现在分词和过去分词(起形容词作用的),不管有多少音节,都加more和most。eg:tired→moretired2.形容词与副词比较结构的用法1)同级比较(1)“as十形容词或副词的原级十as”形容词与副词的同级比较,其肯定式要用“as十形容词或副词的原级十as”;而否定形式要用“notas(so)形容词或副词的原级十as,”用于表示两个70
人或事物之间的差别。句子中两个as作用不同,前一个as是副词,含“如此”的意思;后一个as是连词,表示“比”或“如同”的意义。【例句】Wehaveaccomplishedasmuchinthepastthreeyearsaswouldhavebeentakentenyearsinthepast.Hedidn’tdosomuchpreparationfortheexamasIdid.Johndoesn’tworksohardasHenry.(2)当同级比较的形容词是same时,前面一般不用as,而要用the,“thesameas。”【例句】Hesaidthesameatthemeetingashehadpromisedme.(3)使用原级比较应注意的问题l当同级比较的形容词跟单数名词连用时,要注意不定冠词的位置:as+形容词+a+单数可数名词+as【例句】Exercisingisasgoodawayasanytoloseunwantedweight.l同级比较前也常用状语just,almost,twice,threetimes等修饰。状语应放在第一个as或so之前。【例句】Lastyear,Mattearnedtwiceasmuchashisbrother,whohasabetterposition.l同级比较结构后面那个as是个连接词,后面应接省略了某些成分的状语从句。【例句】Sheisinasgoodhealthnowas(shewas)lastyear.We’llgiveyouasmuchhelpaswecan(giveyou).2)比较级句型比较级句型用于表示两个人或事物之间的差别。(1)主语十谓语十形容词/副词比较级十(名词)+than十被比对象或:主语十谓语十more/less十形容词/副词十than十被比对象【例题】Factsspeaklouderthaneloquence.Theneweditionofthedictionaryismoreexpensivethantheoldone.(2)比较级程度状语的位置要放在比较级结构前,常用的比较级程度状语有much,no,hardly,far,alot,alittle,still,ever,threetimes,probably,40percent等【例句】Filmdirectorscantakefargreaterlibertiesindealingwithconceptsoftimeandspacethanspacedirectorscan.IthasbeencalculatedthattheEarth’scircumferencearoundtheequatorisoverforty70
mileslongerthanthataroundthetwopoles.(3)下面这种句型的意思是“不比…多”或“不少于…”:主语十谓语十nomore/less十形容词/副词比较级十than十被比对象是表达“相等”或“近似”的一种说法。【例句】Sheisnolessdiligentthanherclassmates.(4)否定词十比较级该句型的原意思是“再没有…比…更…”,也表示“最”的概念。【例句】Thereisnothingintheworldmorepotentandmoreimpotentthanwords.(can/couldnotbe/domore)Icouldn’tthankyoumore.Icouldn’texpectbetterthanthis.(5)themore…,themore.:表示“越…,越…”【例句】Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.Thehottertheweatheris,themoretiredwefeel.Themorehebecamewealthy,thelesshefeltsatisfied.(6)少数形容词表示比较时,用to不用连词than:superior(优于),inferior(低于),senior(年长于),junior(年幼于)等词之后用to,而不用than.【例句】Hisstrengthissuperiortomine.Myknowledgeisinferiortohis.(7)比较级十名词十关系代词型的“than”:【例句】Hehasabettercarthan(=thanthecarwhich)hehadbefore.(than在这里起关系代词的作用)Hehasnowbettercarsthan(=thanthosethat)belongedtohimbefore.Hewantsamorebeautifulwifethan(=thanthewifewhom)hemarried.(8)Than=thanwhat的情况:【例句】Sheisolderthan(=thanwhat)issupposed.Thesituationismoreseriousthan(=thanwhat)isexpected.Heismorecunningthanwebelieve.(=thanwhatwebelieve.)HeworksharderthanIexpected.(9)主体词(即形容词后的名词)(如果读者清楚)可以省略或用one70
或ones代替。【例句】Thebiggerboysstoodandthesmaller(boys)wereseated。Themorefortunatepeopleshouldhelpthelessfortunate(people).ThelargerappleshegavetoJohn,andthesmalleroneshegavetoMary.(10)moreandmore“越来越……”:【例句】Thesituationgrewworseandworse.Shelooksmoreandmorebeautifuleveryyear.Shelooksmorebeautifulandmoreintelligent.(=moreandmorebeautifulandmoreandmoreintelligent).(11)morethan+形容词或动词,表示“最”。【例句】Heismorethanhonest.Iammorethanobligedtoyou.3)最高级句型:the十形容词/副词最高级十(名词)十范围词(1)最高级句型用于表示某一事物在一定范围内最突出或某一动作达到最高程度的句子,一般要有一个表示范围的结构,它可以是:单词、短语、从句、或“the十形容词/副词最高级十(名词)十范围词”【例句】Itisthebestbookimaginable(oravailable,conceivable,possible,known).(形容词)Janeisthetallestgirlinthedepartmentofpublicrelations.(介词短语)Ofallmystudents,Bethworkshardest.(介词短语)IamdrivingthebestcarthatIcanget.(从句)l提示:引导范围的介词,如果为同一范畴,用of,否则用in。(2)作定语用的形容词最高级前如没有定冠词the,通常表示“非常”,“极端”,“特别”等意思。【例句】Heisamostintelligentstudent.Heisamanofgreatestability.Hereceivedmygiftwithwarmestthanks.第十一章倒装 倒装结构主要用于某些特定的句型和强调某个句子成分。倒装语序有两类:一种是将谓语的一部分助动词提到主语之前,没有助动词,则加do,does或did,称为“不完全倒装”或“部分倒装”;另一种是将整个谓语动词部分全部提到主70
语之前,不用助动词,称为“完全倒装”或“全部倒装”。针对全真考题,我们将详细说明以下几种倒装形式。 1.为避免句子部分内容重复,英语中常用倒装句,即:so(neither,nor)+be动词(助动词,情态动词)+主语。表示“前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)”的句子,neither,nor为否定句。【例句】Myfatherisanengineer;soismyhusband.Janedidn’tattendmyclassyesterday;nordidTom.Societyhaschangedandsohavethepeopleinit.社会变了,人也跟着变了。Wedonotbelievetheirnicewordandnorareweintimidatedbytheirbluster.我们既不相信他们的甜言蜜语,也不怕他们的恐吓威胁。【实例】Theorganizationhadbrokennorules,but______haditactedresponsibly.A.neitherB.soC.eitherD.both(1996.1)该组织虽没有违反规定,却也不够负责。答案A l注:如表示赞同别人的陈述,so后面的部分不倒装。“Jimisagood-swimmer.”“Soheis,andsoisDick.” 2.具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时,句子一般部分倒装,即将be动词、助动词或情态动词提到主语,用于进行“对比”。这类词或短语包括:not,never,nowhere,seldom,hardly,rarely,little,scarcely,bynomeans,undernocircumstances,innoway,atnotime,innoway,onnoaccount,atnopoint,innocase,nosooner…(than),hardly...(when),notonly...(butalso),notuntil,invain,notonce,stillless等,只要是放在句首,句子就要倒装。【例句】Neverhasmybrotherbeenabroadbefore.HardlyhadIsatdownwhenIheardsomeoneknockingatthedoor.Nosoonerhadhereturnedthanheboughtafinehouseandwenttolivethere.Rarelycouldhehavebeenfacedwithsodifficultachoice.他很少碰到过这样两难的局面。Neverbeforehasourcountrybeenasunitedasitistoday.今天我们的国家空前团结。Hardly/Scarcelyhadhefinishedwhensomeonerosetorefutehispoints。他还没说完,就有人起来驳斥他的论点。Nosoonerhadhearrivedtherethanhefellill.他一到那儿就病了。70
Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.任何情况下,我们不应当做只对自己有利而损害国家利益的事情。【实例】Wehavebeentoldthatundernocircumstances______thetelephoneintheofficeforpersonalaffairs.A.mayweuseB.wemayuseC.wecoulduseD.didweuse(1999.6)我们被告之在任何情况下都不能用办公室的电话办私事。答案A l注:如果句首的否定词修饰主语,是主语的一部分,则句子不用倒装。Scarcelyadropofrainfelllastmonth. 3.as引导的让步状语从句,意思为“虽然……”、“尽管……”常用倒装。as相当于though,常用于名词(形容词、副词、动词)+as+主语+be或其他动词(名词单数省去冠词)。【例句】Childasheis,heknowsagreatdeal。Prominentasheisinhisfield,heremainseasy-going.Wealthyasheis,Idon’tenvyhim.Muchas1wouldliketohelp,IhaveotherworkImustdo.虽然我很愿意提供帮助,但是我有其他工作一定得我去做。 4.当only,so,often,well,manyatime,nowandagain等表示程度、方式或频率的副词置于句首时,句子一般部分倒装。【例句】Onlyinthiswaycanweaccomplishitontime.Sogreatwasthedestructionthatthesouthtookdecadestorecovery.Oftendoeshewarnusnottotouchthepoisonouschemical?WelldoIrememberthestorieshetoldusaboutourbelovedPremierZhou我清楚记得他给我们讲的敬爱的周总理的事迹。ManyatimehasJohngivenmegoodadvice。约翰多次给我提了中肯的意见。【实例】Onlyunderspecialcircumstances______totakemake-uptests.A.arefreshmenpermittedB.freshmenarepermittedC.permittedarefreshmenD.arepermittedfreshmen(1997.6)70
大学一年级学生只有在特殊情况下才被允许补考。答案A l注:only用来说明主语,则主谓语不倒装。Onlyyoucoulddoathinglikethat。只有你才能干那样的事。 5.“so/such+形容词/副词”位子句首的半倒装:在带有”so/such…that…”(如此……以致……)的复合句中,为了强调可把”so/such…”置于句首,此时主句的主谓语要半倒装。【例句】Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.光这么快,我们很难想象它的速度。Sobusyishethathehasnotimetowritealetter.他忙得没有时间写信。Soloudlydidhespeakthatevenpeopleinthenextroomcouldhearhim.他讲话声音如此之大连隔壁房间里的人都听得见。Sogreatwasthehonorthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhisvictory.赛跑手获胜的荣誉非常之高,他的名字用来命名他获胜的年份。Suchanoisedidhemakethathisroommatetoldhimtobequiet.他发出那么大的噪音,他的室友让他安静。Tosuchanextentdoparentslovetheirsonthattheyhavetriedtosatisfyeverydemandofhis.父母如此爱儿子以致于他们会尽量满足他的每一个要求。 6.反意问句后半部的半倒装:反意问句前半部若为肯定句,则后半部的疑问部分为否定半倒装;若前半部为否定句,则后半部为肯定半倒装。【例句】Youoweme$20,don’tyou?你欠我二十美元吧?YouarefromNewYork,aren’tyou?你是纽约人,是吗?JohnspeaksChinese,doesn’the?约翰会说中文,是吧?YouhavebeentoEngland,haven’tyou?你去过英国,是吗?Youdon’tsmoke,doyou?你不吸烟吧?Youaren’ttired,areyou?你不累吧?Janedoesn’tknowJapanese,doesshe?珍妮不懂日文,是吗?Youhaven’theardfromhim,haveyou?你还没有收到他的信,是吗?7.为了强调或保持句子平衡的全倒装:当一个句子没有宾语而主语又比较长,常可把状语或表语提前到句首,同时谓语全部放到主语前,形成全倒装。这样做的目的是使句子保持平衡避免头重脚轻,同时也给句首的状语,表语以一定的强调。70
【例句】UnderatreewassittingoneofthebiggestmenIhaveeverseen.树下坐着一个人,我从来没有见过象他这么大的个子。Onthebedlayabeautifulyounggirl。床上躺着一位年轻貌美的女子。Inthesewatersarefoundvariousmineralelementsthatarebeneficialtoourhealth.这些水源中存在有对人体健康有益的各种矿物元素Thusbegantheplunderofthecountry’swealth.就这样开始了对该国财富的掠夺。Amongthemwasasoldierwhowaswoundedinthestomach.Hiddenundergroundisawealthofgold,silver,copperandlead.地下埋藏着大量的金、银、铜和铅。RunningacrossitisastreamnamedPeachBrook.穿过这里有一条小溪叫桃花溪。 8.为了叙述生动的全倒装:写一个情景时,为了使之形象生动,我们把句中的副词如:up,down,off,away,in,out,及bang等拟声词置于句首时,句子一般全部倒装。句中主语必须是名词,而谓语则是不及物动词。【例句】Upwenttherocket.火箭轰地上了天。Downcamethehammerandoutflewthesparks.哨地一声槌子打了下来,火星飞散出去。Awayhurriedthehunters.猎人们匆忙走了。Awayflewthebird.Outrushedtheboys.小男孩们呼地冲了出去。Bangcameanothershot.砰的又是一枪。Bangwentthefireworks.Click-clickwenttheweavingloom.织机卡嗒卡嗒地响着。l注:但如果句中主语是代词,则主谓语不倒装:Awaytheyhurried.他们匆忙地走了。Outherushed.他冲了出去。Backhewentagain.他又回去了。 9.当there,here,then,now等副词置于句首,且谓语动词为come,go,be,follow等动词时,句子—般全部倒装。此类倒装句旨在引起别人注意。此时主语是名词,如果主语是代词,则句子不倒装。【例句】Herecomesthebus.公共汽车来了。Hereisaletterforyou.这是你的信。70
Theregoesthebell.铃响了。Thereisamanatthedoor.门口有个男子。Thencamewind,hailandfrost.接着是风灾、雹灾和霜冻。Thenfollowedaseriesofbattlesagainsttheinvaders.接着是抵抗入侵者的一系列战役。 10.比较状语从句中为平衡而倒装Heisyoungerthanaretheotherstudentsinhisclass.他比班里其他同学年龄小。Hetravelledagreatdealasdidmostofhisfriends.他去过许多地方旅行,他的大多数朋友也是。 第十二章强调 1.一般强调结构强调结构为:Itis(was)…that…。句型中的that可用于各种场合。它可以用来强调句中的某些成分,如主语(从句)、宾语(从句)、状语(从句)等。如强调主语或宾语,则that可用who(指人),whom或which(指物)来代替;如强调状语,则不能用when,where等代替,只能用that,注意强调结构不能用来强调谓语动词和表语。【例句】Itwasmyunclethat(who)sentmetheparcel.Itisthearticlethat(which)theydiscussedlastweek.Itwasbecausehewastoocarelessthathebrokealltheglasses.ItisinthisroomthatIwasborn30yearsago.【实例】______shefirstheardofthemanreferredtoasaspecialist.A.ThatwasfromStephenB.ItwasStephenwhomC.ItwasfromStephenthatD.ItwasStephenthat(1990.1)她是从斯蒂芬那儿第一次听说那个被称为专家的人。答案C 2.谓语动词前用do,does,did表示强调在肯定句中,可以用do强调谓语部分,可译为“务必”、“一定”、“真的”、“确实”等。这时动词要用原形。【例句】Hedoesliketoeatnoodles.ShedidsendmeapostcardasIexpected. 3.强调词very用来加强名词的语气70
1)very用在the,this,that,my,your,his等和名词之间,含义为“正(是)”,“就是”,“即使”,“仅仅”。【例句】Thisistheverydictionarywewant.这正是我们所要的词典。Heknowsourverythoughts.他知道我们的真实想法。2)very可用来修饰作名词用的many,few,little等,含义为“非常的”,“极”。【例句】Veryfewbelievewhathesays.几乎没有人相信他的话。Givemeonlyaverylittle.给我极少一点就行了。3)my(your,his等)very,own表示“绝对是某人自己”的意思。【例句】Thefaultisyourveryown.这完全是你的过错。Ifinallyhavemyveryownroom;Idonothavetoshareit.我终于有了自己的房间,不必和别人合用一间屋子了。 4.其他1)much,still,alot/lots,alittle,far/byfar,agood/greatdeal常用来强调比较级,much和byfar还可以强调最高级。【例句】Thisfilmismuchbetterthanthatone.Tomisbyfarthetallestinourclass.Johnspentalittlemorethantendollarsonthisbook.2)含有“究竟”意义的词组thedevil,thehell,themischief,onearth,underthesun用来加强疑问句。【例句】Whothedevilishe?Whereunderthesundidhego?他究竟去哪了?3)强调句中可以用might,musthavebeen等表示“推断”“可能”之类的词,这样强调程度有所减弱。【例句】Itmightbetomorrowthatheshouldcome.可能明天他会来。第十三章主谓一致 一致指句子成分之间或词语之间在性、数等方面应保持一致。主谓一致指谓语动词与主语必须在人称、性、数上保持一致。在具体处理一致关系时可遵循以下三原则:语法一致、意义一致、就近一致。 70
1.集体名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致(AgreementbetweenSubjectandPredicate)如集体名词在句中意指整体概念,谓语动词用单数形式;如在句中意指其具体成员,谓语动词用复数形式。这类集体名词包括:army,audience,class,school,committee,crowd,crew,couple,family,faulty,group,staff,team,public,party,cabinet,band,orchestra,personnel,club(俱乐部),company(公司),council(理事会),government(政府),jury(陪审团)等。【例句】ThepopulationoftheearthisincreasingveryfastOnethirdofthepopulationherearefarmers.Thepublichaseveryreasontobecautiousofprofessionaldeception.Thepublicnowknowthewholestory.Thecrewconsistsof20sailors.船上人员由二十名水手组成。Thecrewaredividedastothebestwaytocookthefish.船员们对于用什么方法煮鱼最好意见不一。Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.听了这些话听众都很感动。Theaudiencewasenormous.观众人很多。Thepresentgovernment,whichhasn’tbeeninpowerlong,istryingtocontrolinflation.Itisn’thavingmuchsuccess.现政府上台不久,就试图控制通货膨胀,但收效不大。Thegovernment,whoarelookingforaquickvictory,arecallingforageneralelectionsoon.政府希望很快获胜,要求立即进行大选。 2.学科名称和疾病名称作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致某些学科名称和疾病名称虽是复数形式,但这些词作主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。这些词包括:electronics(电子学),mechanics(力学),classics(古典文学),linguistics(语言学),economics(经济学),statistics(统计学),physics(物理学),mathematics(数学)等。【例句】Electronicsisapieceofcaketohim.Quantummechanics(量子力学)suppliesmethodsforcalculatingtheresultsofexperimentsinallthoserealms.以-ics结尾的名词如表示的是一门学科,动词用单数,如指特定事物,动词用复数。 单数复数statistics统计学统计数字70
tacticsathleticsmathematicspoliticseconomicsmechanicsacoustics兵法体育课数学政治经济学机械学声学策略体育运动数学能力政见经济情况技巧,机械部分音响效果 3.表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词或词组作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等的名词(或词组)作主语时,如只指一种、一本或一个,不论它形式上是单数还是复数,谓语动词只用单数形式。【例句】TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnwaswrittenbythefamousAmericanhumoristMarkTwain.TheNewYorkTimesisnotavailablehere.TheUnitedStateswasfoundedin1776. 4.单复数同形的名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致单复数同形的名词作主语时,要根据句子意思来确定诅语动词的单复数形式,单复数同形的名词包括:aircraft,deer,fish,sheep,means,species,series,works,crossroads,headquarters等。【例句】Variousmeansoftransportareintroducedinthisarticle.Therearealready137speciesofbutterfliesknownintheworldtoday. 5.people,police,cattle,folk,militia,youth,vermin,puultry等作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致是复数。【例句】Therearemanypeoplepresentatthemeeting.许多人出席了这次会议。Thepolicehaveadifficulttimekeepingorder.警察很难维持秩序。Thecattlearegrazinginthefield.牛群在田野上吃草。 6.表示时间、距离、度量、价值的复数名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致。这些复数名词,如表示抽象概念,被视作一整体时,谓语动词用单数形式;如表示具体的多少,强调复数意义时,谓语动词用复数形式。【例句】70
TenminutesisallthatIcanspareforyou.Sixthousanddollarsisalargesumofmoneytoher.Thefiftymileswerecoveredbythewinnerinthreehours.Eightymileswascoveredinasinglenight.一夜之间就走了八十英里。Tendollarsisnotenoughtopayforthebook.买这本书十美元不够。Fifteentonsisthemaximumcapacityofthebridge.这座桥的最大载重量是十五吨。l注:1)若强调这类词的复数意义,谓语动词亦可用复数。如:Onehundredtonsofwaterwereusedlastmonth.上个月用了100吨水。Twentyyearshavepassedsincehisparentsdied.自他的父母亲死后,已经过去20年了。2)分数和百分数修饰名词作主语时,谓语的单复数取决干名词0nly20%oftheworkwasdone.只干了20%的活。About20%ofthestudentsareabsent.约20%的学生缺席。Twothirdsofthebooksareworthreading.三分之一的书值得一读。 7.由with,aswellas等词或词组修饰的单数名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致如作主语的单数名词后有下列词或词组修饰时,谓语动词仍用单数形式:with,alongwith,togetherwith,besides,aswellas,inadditionto,accompaniedby,combinedwith,including,insteadof,nolessthan,ratherthan,but,except等。【例句】Theteacheraswellasthestudentslikesthisnovel.Ascientist,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpsolvethatproblem.Theboss,ratherthanhisemployees,istoblame.Nooneexceptmyparentsknowsanythingaboutit.除了我父母谁也不知道此事。Onemanwithhiswife,bothlookingveryanxious,wasaskingtheguardtoletthemthrough.有个男人和他的妻子看上去都很着急,正在那儿央求卫兵放他们过去。Theactress,alongwithhermanagerandsomefriends,isgoingtoapartytonight.这位女演员今晚和她的经理人和一些朋友一起去参加晚会。Physics,aswellasmathematics,isanimportantbranchofscience.物理学如同数学是一门重要的科学学科。 8.and连接的两个名词作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致一般情况下,and连接的两个名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。但有些情况下,and连接的两个名词意指同一人物、同一事物、同一概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式。通常,如果两个名词只有一个限定词或无限定词修饰时,它们常常表示70
一个概念,如果两个名词分别有两个限定词修饰时,它们往往表示两个不同的概念。另外,如果and连接的两个单数名词均有each,every,manya,no等词修饰时,谓语动词用单数形式。【例句】Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.战争与和平是历史上永恒的主题。Breadandbutterisadailyfoodinthewest.抹黄油的面包是西方的日常食品。Whiskyandsodaisalwaysmyfavoritedrink.威士忌酒加苏打水是我最喜爱的饮料。Acartandhorsewasseeninthedistance.可以看见远处有一辆马车。Thesecretaryandmanagerwaspresentatthemeeting.Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasbeentotheexhibition.Everyhourandeveryminuteisvitaltomenow.Eachmanandeachwomanisaskedtohelp.要求所有男人和妇女都来帮忙。ThetenthandthelastchapterarewrittenbyBruce.第十章和最后一章是布鲁斯写的。ThetenthandlastchapteriswrittenbyBruce.第十章即最后一章是布鲁斯写的。Theredandthewhiterosewerewitheringinthecold.红玫瑰和白玫瑰冻得凋谢了。Theredandwhiterosewaswitheringinthecold。那朵红白相间的玫瑰冻得凋谢了。Thesingerandthedancerhavearrived。那位歌唱家和那位舞蹈家(两个人)已经到过。Thesingeranddancerhasarrived.那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家已经到达。 9.由“表示种类、数量、单位的名词+of”修饰名词作主语时其动词往往与表示种类、数量、单位的名词保持一致。【例句】Thereisakindofrosesinthegarden.花园里有一种玫瑰花。Therearemanykindsofapples.苹果有许多种。Inthelastthreeyears5millionsquaremetresofhousinghavebeenbuiltinthecity.过去三年间该市建了五百万平方米的住房。Threemilliontonsofcoalwereexportedlastyear.去年出口了三百万吨煤。Twopiecesofcakeweredividedamongthechildren.孩子们分吃了两块蛋糕。 10.并列连词or等连接两个名词(或代词)作主语时,主语与谓语动词的一致连词or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso连接两个并列名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词必须和靠它较近的一个名词或代词取得一致,这就是就近一70
致原则。【例句】EitherIortheyareresponsibleforit.Neitheryourunkindwordsnoryourunfriendlyattitudehascausedmeanydistress.Notonlyhebutalsohisfamilymembersareinterestedinfootballmatch.Nosacrificeorriskistoogreatwhenfateofthecountryisatstake.当国家命运悠关时任何牺牲与风险都算不了什么。 11.其他情况下的主谓语一致1)none本身作主语时或它修饰的名词或代词作主语时,如代表不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式,如代表可数名词,谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式。2)oneandahalf后接的名词应是复数形式,但谓语动词用单数形式。如:Oneandahalfyearshaspassed.3)each和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词;manya或morethanone后接单数可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,但如果morethanone本身作主语,谓语动词则用复数形式。如:Manyaworkerhasbeenoutofwork.许多工人已经失业。Morethanonepersonwasinvolvedinthecase.不止一个人牵涉在这个案子中。Nothingbuttreeswastobeseen.除了树,什么都看不见。Anotherisprefered.我更喜欢另一个。4)either,neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Eitheroftheroomsisbigenough.两个屋子中,哪个都够大的。Neitherplansuitsme.两个计划都不合我的意。l注:在neitherof或者eitherof的否定式中,亦可用谓语动词的复数形式。如:Neitherofthemwant(s)tocome.没人想来。Idon’tthinkeitherofthemis(are)athome.想他们都5)oneortwo后接复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:Oneortwopeoplecan’tcome.有一两个人不能来。6)oneof后接复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Oneofourcatshasdisappeared.我们的一只猫不见了。l注:oneof十复数名词十定语从句,定语从句一般看作修饰复数名词,从句中的谓语动词用复数。在“theonlyoneof+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,定语从句应视为修饰单数名词,从句谓语动词用单数。Thisisoneofthelaboratoriesthathavebeenbuiltthisyear.这是今年建成的实验室之一。Sheistheonlyoneofthegirlswhoisinterestedinliterature.她是这些人中唯一喜欢文学的女孩。70
7)由there或here引起的而主语又不止一个时采用毗邻一致的原则,来确定谓语的数。如:Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforhim.这儿有一支笔,几个信封和一些纸给他。8)动词不定式、动名词短语、和疑问词how,what,who,why,whether)引导的名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。如:Seeingisbelieving.Tohesitatemeansfailure.Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.这本书好不好卖取决于作者的水平。【实例】Howcloseparentsaretotheirchildren______astronginfluenceonthecharacterofthechildren.(1991.6)A.haveB.hasC.havingD.tohave父母与孩子亲近的程度对其性格有很大影响。答案B l注:1)what引导的从句作主语,如果表语是复数名词,谓语动词用复数。Whattheywantarefinancialaids.他们需要的是经济援助。2)当what引导的从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,谓语动词用复数。WhatIsayandthinkarenobusinessofyours.我说的和我想的不关你的事。3)that引导的从句作主语,无论置于句首还是句末,谓语动词通常用单数。例如:Itissheerluckthatheisstillalive.(=Thatheisstillaliveissheerluck.)他仍活着纯属侥幸。12.代词/名词十定语从句,从句谓语动词的单复数与所修饰的词一致I,whoamwrong,shouldapologizetohim.我错了,应该向他道歉。Shecameacrossaformerclassmatewhoisverywealthy.她碰上了一个富有的老同学13.谓语动词可用单数也可用复数情况:1)“the+形容词”作主语,表示一类人或可数事物时,谓语动词用复数,否则用单数。【例句】Theagedarewelltakencareofbythegovernment.老年人受到政府很好的照顾。2)none,neither和either+of+复数名词或代词,正式文体中谓语动词用单数,非正式文体中可以用复数。考试中对语法的测试,常属于正式文体范畴。【例句】Neitherofthealternativesthathadbeenoutlinedatthelastmeetingwasacceptable70
totheexecutivecommittee.上次会议拟定的两种选择方案都不能被执行委员会所接受。3)anumber/variety/groupof+复数名词或代词作主语,谓语动词为复数thenumber/variety+名词作主语,谓语动词为单数。themajorityof+名词视名词单复数来确定动词的数。anamountof+不可数名词;quantityof+不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。【例句】Anumberofapplicantshavealreadybeeninterviewed.若干名求职者已经过面试了。Thenumberofforeignstudentsattheuniversityisconsiderable.该所大学留学生人数很多。Agreatvarietyofflowerswereshownthere.那里展出了很多品种的花。4)由kind,form,sort,type,species,portion,series,quantity+of修饰主语时,其谓语形式取决于这些词本身的单复数而不是后面跟的名词。series和species无单数形式,其单复数形式取决于修饰它们的数词。【例句】Largequantitiesofwaterareneededforcoolingpurposes.冷却需要大量的水。Asubstantialportionofthereportsismissing.那些报告里有相当一部分不见了。 其他:l代词与其指代名词的一致:代词与其指代的名词在性、数、格上必须保持一致。下面句中的斜体字都是错误的:1.Assoonasthefruitonthetreesgetsripe,pickthem.(应该是it)2.Oneoftheadvantagesoftransistorsisthatitisverysmallinsize.(应该是theyare)3.Metalsareeverywhere,weseeitanduseiteveryday.(应该是them)4.Everyonehastodotheirownresearch.(应该是his)5.JohnspeakstoMaryandIeverymorning.(应该是me)6.Sometimesamanisnotassuccessfulastheyhopetobe.(应该是hehopes)7.IhavetalkedtoMaryandhissisteraboutitseveraltimes.(应该是her)l非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的一致:按照英语的正确用法,分词作状语时其逻辑主语必须是句中的主语,否则就是不正确的。不定式作状语和”介词+动名词”作状语也有类似情况。注意以下句子的正误:1.Incorrect:Enteringthecrowdedroom,noseatcouldbefound.Correct:Enteringthecrowdedroom,wecouldnotfindaseat.2.Incorrect:Walkingdownthestreet,agustofwindblewmyhatoff.Correct.WhenIwaswalkingdownthestreet,agustofwindblewmyhatoff.70
3.Incorrect:Tolearnalanguagewell,patienceandhardworkareneeded.Correct:Tolearnalanguagewell,onemustbepatientandworkhard.4.Incorrect:Byreadingnewspapersandwatchingtelevision,yourEnglishwillimproverapidly.Correct.Byreadingnewspapersandwatchingtelevision,youcanimproveyourEnglishrapidly. l形容词、副词与其被修饰的一致:形容词说明名词,副词修饰动词或其它形容词、副词,因此以下句中的斜体字都是错的:1.Sheplaystheviolingood.(应该是well)2.Nancytypesfastlyandefficiently.(应该是fast)3.Hewavedtomefriendly.(inafriendlyway)4.Theshopassistantlookedimpatientatthefatlady,whowasreluctanttoleave.(应该是impatiently)5.Theshopassistantlookedimpatientlywhenthefatladywasreluctanttoleave.(应该是impatient)6.Mikefelthappilyafterpassinghislawschoolexam.(应该是happy)7.Thedoctorfeltthelegcarefultoseeiftherewereanybrokenbones.(应该是carefully)8.Theladyissmellingtheflowerscautious.(应该是cautiously)9.Theflowerssmellsweetly.(应该是sweet)10.Thestudentsoftencomplainthatthefoodtastesbadly;(应该是bad)11.Thecooktastedthemeatcarefulbeforepresentingittotheguests.(应该是carefully) l并列成分的结构一致:1.Incorrect:Janeisyoung,enthusiasticandhastalent.Correct:Janeisyoung,enthusiasticandtalented.2.Incorrect:Thedutiesofthenewsecretaryaretoanswerthetelephone,totypelettersandbookkeeping.Correct:Thedutiesofthenewsecretaryaretoanswerthetelephone,totypelettersandtodothebookkeeping.3.Incorrect:SheisnotonlyfamousintheUnitedStates,butalsoabroad.Correct:SheisfamousnotonlyintheUnitedStates,butalsoabroad.4.Incorrect:Apersonwhobuysagunforprotectionissixtimesmorelikelytokillafriendorrelativethankillinganintruder.Correct:Apersonwhobuysagunforprotectionissixtimesmorelikelytokillafriend70
orrelativethantokillanintruder.第十四章词汇 词汇题是大学英语四、六级考试中必考的内容,在词汇与结构部分中,词汇题占多半数以上。它的测试目的是检验学生运用词汇、短语的能力。词汇重在积累。没有一定的积累,就做不好词汇题。词汇量不足也会使其他各项受到影响。因此,考生平时一定要注重词汇的积累。只有在拥有一定的词汇量的基础上,才可以谈解题技巧和方法。本章将分析大学英语四、六级考试中出现的词汇题目,将它们归类,词汇题大概可以归纳成如下几类。 1.同义或近义词这类词的词义相同或相近,但由于用法或搭配不同而不能互相替换。【例句】Theyhavegoteverythingreadytomakea____C___acrosstheAtlantic.A.tripB.travelC.voyageD.journey正确答案为C。译文:他们已作好一切准备横渡大西洋。voyage的意思是:“航行。”以上词汇题所提供的四个选择词的含义很相似,均有“旅行之意”,但它们各有侧重。trip指娱乐性的旅行,travel是指到各处旅行,voyage是指航行,journey是指到某地去旅行。根据Atlantic(大西洋)一词,得出C.voyage为正确选择。【例句】Shewasso___B___inherjobthatshedidn’thearanybodyknockingatthedoor.A.attractedB.absorbedC.drawnD.concentrated正确答案为B。译文:她如此专心致志于工作,以至于没有听到敲门声。Beabsorbedin为固定搭配,意为“专心致志作某事”。其他三个词搭配不对。 2.形近义异词一些词的词形相似,词义相异,也是测试的重点之一。它们有些是同根词,但词义和用法不同。例如,assure,insure和ensure,均有词根sure,但含义却不同。有些是同缀词,虽然前、后缀相同,但词义和用法都不同。例如,cooperation,operation和corporation均有后缀-tion。【例句】Mr.Browngradually____D____aknowledgeofthesubject.A.requiredB.inquiredC.enquiredD.acquired正确答案为D。译文:布朗逐步掌握了这门学科的知识。Acquire意为:后天获得知识和技能等。上述四个选择看上去词形相似,但词义相异。Require的意思是:要求,inquire和enquire同义,意思是:询问。70
【例句】Itwas_______ofyounottoplaythepianowhileIwashavingasleep.A.considerateB.considerableC.consideringD.considerably正确答案为A。译文:你真体贴人,在我睡觉的时候不弹钢琴。considerate意为:体贴的。上述四个选择看上去词形相似,属于同源词,但词义相异。considerable的意思是:相当的。considering的意思是:正在考虑。Considerably是considerable的副词形式。 3.难词辨析有些题四个选项为没有太大联系的词,既不是同义词或近义词,形近义异词,也不是固定搭配。做这类题时,一定要理解句子,弄清四个词的不同含义,在某些情况下,还可用排除法进行选择。【例句】Theinsurancecompanypaidhim$10,000in___A____afterhisaccident.A.compensationB.installmentC.substitutionD.commission答案为A。译文:他出事故之后,保险公司付给他10000美元的赔偿金。Compensation意为“赔偿,补偿”,installment意为“分期付款”,substitution意为“替代”;commission意为(委托业务的)“酬金,佣金,回扣”。【例句】Atfirst,thespeakerwasreferringtotheproblemofpollutioninthecountrybuthalfwayinherspeech,shesuddenly____B____toanothersubject.A.committedB.switchedC.favoredD.transmitted答案为B。译文:最初,演讲者谈的是国家环境污染的问题,但中途转换了话题。committed意为犯(错误,罪行),干(坏事,傻事)。switched意为“转换或改变话题”,favored意为“喜爱支持”,transmitted意为“传送,传递,发射”。 4.短语短语试题在英语测试中一直占有很大的比例。短语是指词组的固定搭配。短语的固定搭配包括名词与介词的搭配,形容词与介词的搭配,动词与介词和副词的搭配。做这类题时,一定要牢记各固定短语的意思,结合句子上下文进行选择。【例句】Themanagerneedsanassistantthathecan___A____totakecareofproblemsinhisabsence.A.countonB.countinC.countupD.countout(1996年1月)70
正确答案为A。译文:这位经理需要一位助手,在他离开的时候依靠他来处理问题。这四个选项为同一动词与不同介词组成的动词短语。counton意为“依靠,依赖”;countin意为“把……算在内”;countup的意思是:“加起来”,countout的意思是:“点数”。固定搭配是英语学习中的一个难点,也是考试的重点。学生在学习中要特别注意常用的固定搭配。 一、名词与介词的搭配1.名词与for的搭配这些名词主要有:affection,admiration,appetite,fancy,need,reason,demandcharge,sympathy,contempt,wish,substitution,consideration,responsibility,desire,cure等。【例句】Ifeelnothingbutcontemptforsuchdishonestbehavior.Thereasonforhissuccessiswhyheworkshard.2.名词与in的搭配这些名词主要有:advance,difficulty,faith,success,confidence,point,proficiency等。【例句】Haveyonanyfaithinwhathesays?Hissuccessinbusinessliesinhishonestdealing.3.名词与on的搭配这些名词主要有:comment,dependence,effect,emphasis,impact,influence,operation,pressure,stress,judgment,mercy等。【例句】Weplacemoreemphasisonlayingasolidfoundation.Thedoctorsdecidedtohaveanoperationonthepatient.4.名词与to的搭配这些名词主要有:access,adjustment,insult,approach,attention,attitude,contribution,damage,exposure,introduction,key,objection,preface,reaction等。【例句】Shecouldn’tforgivesoterribleaninsulttoherpride.TheoldladymadeagenerouscontributiontotheFund.5.名词与with的搭配这些名词主要有:accordance,acquaintance,association,combination,connection,contact等。【例句】Hehasnoassociationwiththecompany70
Everythinghereisinaccordancewithitssurroundings.二、形容词与介词的惯用搭配1.形容词与about的搭配这些形容词主要有:anxious,concerned,enthusiastic,excited,happy,nervous,particular,careful,curious,suspicious,worried等。【例句】Heisparticularabouthisfood,clothes,etc.Sheisworriedaboutherapproachingexamination.Thecoupleisenthusiasticaboutdancing.2.形容词与at的搭配这些形容词主要有:angry,annoyed,good,amazed,quick,slow,surprised等。【例句】TheteacherthoughtEdisontobealittle(very)slow(quick)athisstudy.Thevisitorswereamazedatthebeautifulsceneofthemountain.Thebosswasfuriousatthesecretary’sdelayinhandinginfile.3.形容词与for的搭配这些形容词主要包括:adequate,appropriate,competent,eager,famous,fit,convenient,grateful,known,late,necessary,responsible,useful,regretful,sorry等。【例句】Besuretogetacompetentelectricianforthejob.Theywereheldresponsiblefortheloss.Theareaisfamousforitslocalproducts.4.形容词与from的搭配这些形容词主要有:absent,different,distant,distinct,free,sale,derived,remote等。【例句】AlienandIareinthesamehistoryclass,buthisassignmentisdifferentfrommineManystudentsareabsentfromclassduetotheapproachingoftheholiday.Thepaperisfreefromspellingerrors.(本文没有拼写错误)5.形容词与of的搭配这些形容词主要有:ashamed,aware,capable,careful,certain,composed,confident,considerate,deprived,envious,greedy,guilty,ignorant,independent,jealous,proud,worthy等。【例句】Itwasveryconsiderateofyoutosendmeacreditcard.70
Thebravemenwereawareofthedangerconfrontedwiththem.“Youarejealousofmybigoven!”saidtheneighbor.6.形容词与to的搭配这些形容词主要有:attentive,applicable,accustomed,adaptable,agreeable,beneficial,faithful,favorable,loyal,opposite,prior,superior,inferior,similar,devoted,equal,grateful,polite,harmful,subject,thankful等。【例句】Healthwithoutrichesispreferabletoricheswithouthealth.Manyofusholdthemistakenbeliefthatlocalgoodsareinferiortoimportedones.TheweatherinNewYorkissimilartothatinBeijing.7.形容词与With的搭配这些形容词主要有:busy,associated,bored,familiar,strict,wrong,concerned,annoyed,satisfied,disappointed,friendly,popular,generous,pleased等。【例句】Heisbusywithhiswork.Heisquitegenerouswithhismoney.Thecriminalwaschargedwithmurder.Theplanisverypopularwiththemass.8.形容词与in的搭配这些形容词主要有:rich,interested,expert,engaged,absorbed,firm,abundant,lacking,weak,strong等。【例句】Sheisengagedinplanninghissummertrip.Chinaisabundantincoal. 三、动词与介词的搭配1.动词与after的搭配这些动词主要有:long,thirst,run,go,keep,look,take,ask,make,name等。【例句】Thegirltakesafterhermotherintheeye.Thebridgewasnamedaftertheherowhogavehislifetotheconstructionofit.Shehasbeenlookingafterthedisabledformorethantenyears.2.动词与at的搭配这些动词主要有:laugh,gaze,hesitate,get,work,call,look,stare等。【例句】70
Thestrangermademequiteuncomfortablewhenhestaredatmeonthelift.Itisnotpolitetolaughatthehandicapped.Hehasbeenworkingattheprojectformorethantwomonths.3.动词与away的搭配这些动词主要有:carry,take,throw,give,pass,clear,put等。【例句】Donotgiveawaymysecret.Hepassedawaypeacefully.4.动词与down的搭配这些动词主要有:back,bring,cut,burn,run,keep,break,settle,hand,turn,put,take,get,go,knock,let,lay,pull,set等。【例句】Mycarbrokedownonmywayupthehill.Ourhouseisbeingknockeddowntomakewayforanewroad.Thiscustomhasbeenhandeddownsincethe18thcentury.5.动词与for的搭配这些动词主要有:allow,answer,ask,call,care,no,head,look,make,apply,count,search,leave,exchange,take,qualify,send等。【例句】Iexchangemywatchforhiscamera.Shemadeforthenearesttreeforshelterwhenitbegantorain.Yearsofexperiencequalifiedhimforthepostofchairmanoftheunion.6.动词与from的搭配这些动词主要有:arise,originate,vary,separate,remove,derive,emerge,result,infer,keep,prevent,prohibit,release,resign,shelter,distinguish等。【例句】Manyproblemshavearisenfromthechangeovertoanewkindoffuel.Notallblacksweresatisfiedwiththeslowprogressresultingfrompeacefulprotestsintheearly1960s.Hiscolorblindnesspreventedhimfromattendingamedicaluniversity.7.动词与in的搭配这些动词主要有:break,deal,draw,look,put,drop,give,hang,result,step,take,trade,check,cut,fill,get,send等。【例句】Youmustcheckinattheairportanhourbeforeyourplaneleaves.Ittookmealongtimetotakeinwhatyouweresaying.8.动词与on的搭配70
这些动词主要有:call,carry,comecount,draw,get,go,hand,hold,hang,keep,live,pass,put,take,insist,rest,feed,depend,turn等。【例句】Wearegoingtotakeonmoreemployeesduetothefastexpansionofbusiness.Youcannotcountonhim,becauseheisaliar.Ifinishworkat5butI’llhangonhalfpasttomeetyou.9.动词与out的搭配这些动词主要有:lay,put,keep,come,figure,hold,wear,think,watch,give,leave,rule,turn,work,break,go,hand,let,look,pick,point,pull,run,burst,set等。【例句】Herearesometoys.Youcanpickoutoneortwoforyourlittlesonasabirthdaygift.Whenwesawthemesshewasin,weburstoutlaughing.Thefiremusthavebrokenoutaftertheworkershadleft.10.动词与to的搭配这些动词主要有:apply,adjust,object,attend,appeal,attribute,belong,contribute,refer,set,yield,conform,correspond,add,amount,adapt,come,relate,see,take,turn,keep等。【例句】Onemusttryhisbesttoadapttothenewenvironment.Shefainted,anditwashalfanhourbeforeshecametoagain.Thegovernmentisappealingtoeveryonetosavewater.11.动词与up的搭配这些动词主要有:back,break,call.end,put,mix,cut,draw,hang,take,show,dress,bring,hold,clear,burn,eat,brush.clean,turn,make,come,cover,count,give,go,keep,line,look,pick,pull,set,sum,stand,use,wash等。【例句】Wedidn’texpectthemtoturnup;wethoughttheywereinCanada.Thecarinfrontpulledupsuddenlyatthetrafficlight.Ifyoudriveacarlikethat,youwillendupinthehospital.Theactorshavetomakeupbeforetheyappearinfrontofthestronglightsonthetelevision.12.动词与with的搭配这些动词主要有:catchup,comeup,compare,deal,doaway,findfault,geton,goalong,keepup,putup,comply,match,agree,cope,collide,compete,interfere,makeaway等。70
【例句】Shedecidedtoleaveherhusbandbecauseshecouldn’tputupwithhisbadtemper.Allvisitorsarerequestedtocomplywiththeregulations.Hecouldn’tcomeupwithanexcusewhentheteacheraskedwhyhewasabsent. 70