2016高考总复习英语语法专项训练非谓语动词课件 90页

语法专项训练(九)——非谓语动词 非谓语动词就是在句中不能单独作谓语的动词,有动词不定式、动词的-ing形式和-ed形式三种.语法精讲 考点一　动词不定式动词不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成,有三种时态:(1)一般式todo,不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之后或几乎同时发生；(2)进行时tobedoing,不定式与谓语动词的动作同时发生； (3)完成时tohavedone,不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生.被动形式tobedone和tohavebeendone.否定形式为nottodo.不定式在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语. 1．作主语Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnecessary.掌握一门外语是必要的.2．作宾语(1)可用不定式作宾语的动词常见的有:want,wish,agree,like,decide, begin,start,learn,pretend,ask,promise,plan,intend,refuse等.Iwishtoseeyousoon.我希望能早日见到你.(2)可用疑问代词或疑问副词what,which,whom,where,when,how加不定式作宾语,但不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语要一致. 【注意】若主语部分有行为动词do时,作表语的不定式可带to,也可省to.Allwecoulddowas(to)watchhim.我们能做的就是监视他. 4．作定语Ihavealotofworktodotoday.我今天有很多工作要做.5．作状语HewentabroadtolearnEnglish.他去国外是为了学习英语.(表目的,相当于inorderto) Hehurriedtothestationonlytofindthetrainhadleft.他匆忙赶到车站却发现列车已开走了.(表结果)表结果时常见于下列句型:too...to...,so/such...asto...,enough...to...,onlyto.... Hewepttohearthenews.听到那消息后他哭了.(表原因)【注意】作目的状语时,不定式表示的动作在谓语动作之后发生；作原因状语时,不定式表示的动作在谓语动作之前发生. 6．作补语接不定式作宾补的动词常见的有:advise,allow,permit,ask,beg,persuade,want,order,encourage,force,get,invite,expect,teach,wish,warn等.I’lltrytogethertoseethedoctor.我会尽力让她去看医生. 【注意】感官动词和使役动词后作宾补的不定式要省to,但当句子为被动语态时,则不能省to.这类词有:一感(feel),二听(hear,listento),三让(let,have,make),五看(see,watch,notice,observe,lookat). Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenhergrowupfromchildhood.他们很了解她,是看着她长大的.(省to)Thepatientwasmadenottoeatoilyfoodaftertheoperation.病人术后不准吃油腻食品.(不能省to) 完成下列句子(1)Ittakesabout10minutes_____________________________(步行去汽车站)．(2)Heisalwaysthefirstone___________________(到达学校)．togettothebusstationonfoottogettoschool (3)HaveyouhadPeter________(clean)thewindows?(4)I’vecomehere________(tell)youthatyourparentsaregoingtoseeyouthisevening.cleantotell (5)HemadeTomdohishomeworkinthestudyroomallnight.(改用被动语态)Tom__________________hishomeworkinthestudyroomallnight.wasmadetodo (6)Tocompletetheprojectbytheendofthismonthisnecessary.(改用形式主语)____________________________theprojectbytheendofthismonth.Itisnecessarytocomplete (7)Theboypretendedthathedidn’tseemewhenhepassedbyme.(改用不定式作宾语)Theboypretended______________whenhepassedbyme.nottoseeme 考点二　动词-ing形式1．作主语动名词作主语时,往往指规律性或经常性发生的事.谓语动词用单数.有时可用it作形式主语. 【注意】Itisnouse/gooddoingsth.“做某事没有用”是固定句式.如:It’snousereasoningwithhim.和他理论是没有用的. 2．作宾语(1)作动词宾语.在某些动词后面,只能接动名词作宾语.如:enjoy,mind,suggest,miss,can’thelp,beworth,imagine,escape,avoid,admit,allow,forbid,keep,finish,consider(考虑),appreciate等. (2)作介词宾语.如:Bydoingso,wecanmakeiteasier.【注意】有些带to的短语后只能接doing,即to是介词.如:referto,leadto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,bedevotedto,beusedto等. 3．作表语(1)动名词作表语,说明主语的内容,指一般性、经常性的动作.HisjobisteachingEnglish.他的工作是教英语.(可以说成TeachingEnglishishisjob.) (2)现在分词作表语,相当于形容词,说明主语的性质；可有比较形式,亦可被very等副词所修饰.Hewasveryamusing.他很有趣.Skiingismoreexcitingthanskating.滑雪比溜冰更刺激. 4．作定语(1)动名词作定语表示所修饰名词的功能；被修饰的名词与动名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系；可用“名词＋for＋动名词”来表达；动名词通常只能位于所修饰的名词前. Here’saswimmingpool(＝apoolforswimming)．这里有一个游泳池.(pool与swimming没有主谓关系)(2)现在分词作定语表示性质、特征、状态或动作；被修饰的名词与现在分词在逻辑上有主谓关系,可换成定语从句来表达； 单个的现在分词作定语,常置于被修饰的名词的前面；现在分词短语作定语,须置于被修饰名词的后面.Nobodycanstoptherunninghorse(＝thehorsethatisrunning)．没有人能阻止那匹奔马.(horse与running在逻辑上有主谓关系) Iknowthemanstandingthere(＝whoisstandingthere)．我认识站在那儿的那个人.(theman与standingthere在逻辑上有主谓关系) 5．作状语现在分词作状语表示在进行某一动作的同时所进行的另一动作,它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用.现在分词或分词短语作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、行为方式或伴随状况等. Walkingaroundthecity,wewereimpressedbythedevelopmentofindustry.在城市里走时,这个城市工业的发达给我们留下了深刻的印象.(时间)Usingyourmind,you’llworkouttheproblem. 用用你的脑子,你就会解出这道题.(条件)Beingill,hecan’tgotoschoollikeotherchildren.因为生病,他不能像其他小孩一样去上学.(原因) Heworkedlateintonight,preparingforthecomingtest.他工作到深夜,准备即将到来的考试.(伴随)Travelingbytrain,wevisitedalotofcities.我们坐火车访问了许多城市.(方式) 6．作宾语补足语(1)动词-ing形式用作宾语补足语,宾语与补足语有主动关系,表示“动作正在发生(即处于发生的过程中)”.Shecaughtthemstealingherapples.她撞见他们偷她的苹果. (them与stealing有主动关系；在“撞见”时,正在偷)Icouldfeelthewindblowingonmyface.我能感到风迎面吹来.(thewind与blowing有主动关系；在“感觉到”时,`正在吹) (2)试比较以下句子:Isawtheboyclimbthewall.我看见小孩爬墙.(强调爬墙这件事)Isawtheboyclimbingthewall.我看见小孩正在爬墙.(强调爬墙的情景) 【考点链接】1．用动词的-ing形式转换下列句子(1)It’snecessarytogetwaterfromwettodryplaces.→________________fromwettodryplaces________necessary.解析:动名词作主语.Gettingwateris (2)Tomwaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherangry.→___________________againmadehisteacherangry.解析:动名词作主语.Tom’sbeinglate (3)Whenheapproachedme,hegavemeahug.→___________________me,hegavemeahug.解析:现在分词作状语.Whenapproaching (4)Becausehewasabsentfrommanyclasses,hefailedtheexam.→________________frommanyclasses,hefailedtheexam.解析:现在分词作状语.Beingabsent (5)Hesatthereandreadanovel.→Hesatthere________________解析:现在分词作状语.2．用所给动词的适当形式填空(1)________(do)researchisnoteasyinthecountryside.解析:动名词作主语.readinganovelDoing (2)Mikeenjoys________(talk)toforeignersinEnglish.解析:动名词作动词宾语.enjoydoingsth.固定搭配.(3)Manycitykidslookforwardto________(visit)thefarm.解析:动名词作介词的宾语.lookforwardtodoingsth.固定搭配.talkingvisiting (4)Iremember________(give)himthebookyesterday.解析:表示记得做了某事,remember后接动名词作宾语.(5)Thespeedofthehorseswas____________(amaze)．解析:现在分词作表语.givingamazing (6)Thisisa________(bore)story.解析:现在分词作定语.(7)Doyouknowtheman________(talk)toJack?解析:现在分词短语作定语,相当于whoistalking.boringtalking (8)Idon’tlikethat________(wash)machine.解析:动名词作定语,表示用途.(9)Don’tleavehim________(wait)outsideintherain.解析:现在分词作宾补.washingwaiting (10)Her________(shake)handssuggestedthatshefeltscared.解析:动名词短语作主语.shaking 考点三　动词的-ed形式1．作定语单独一个过去分词作定语,一般放在被修饰的名词之前；分词短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词之后. Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.兴奋的人们冲进了大楼.Thenovelwrittenbyhimisverypopular.他写的那本小说很受欢迎. 【注意】及物动词的过去分词作定语时,既有被动意义又表示动作的完成.不及物动词的过去分词作定语时,则没有被动意义,只表示动作的完成.Thefoodboughtyesterdayisforthedinnerparty.昨天买的食物是为晚会做准备的. Theywillvisitsomedevelopedcountries.他们将访问一些发达国家.2．作表语过去分词作表语,表示主语的性质、特征或状态. (1)用作表语的过去分词,被动意味很弱,主要表示动作的完成和状态.此时的过去分词相当于一个形容词.Thepathiscoveredwithice.路上覆盖着冰. (2)表示感觉的一些过去分词(disappointed,excited,surprised,pleased等)及其他一些过去分词(lost,known,married,dressed,drunk,devoted,recovered,separated等)常可用作表语,表示状态.其中有些只表状态,毫无被动意义. Thehappytimeisgoneforever.那快乐的时光一去不复返了.Latertheyfoundthattheywerelost.后来他们发现迷路了.【注意】过去分词作表语时,主语通常为人. 3．作宾语补足语作宾语补足语的过去分词一般是及物动词,与宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系,或者说宾语与作宾补的过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系.可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有以下三种情况: (1)表示感觉和心理状态的动词,如hear,see,find等.Iheardthesongsung.我听到有人唱过这首歌.(2)表示“使役”意义的动词,如have,get等. Hegothiswatchrepaired.他让人修了他的手表.(3)表示“希望、要求”等意义的动词,如want等.IwantthejobfinishedbyFriday.我希望这项工作在星期五前完成. 4．作状语作状语时,过去分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语,且与主语之间存在被动关系.过去分词作状语可表时间、原因、条件等,相当于一个状语从句.Given(＝Ifheisgiven)moretime,hewilldoitbetter. 再给他多点时间,他会做得更好.Born(＝Ashewasborn)intoapoorfamily,hehadonlytwoyearsofschooling.他出身于贫困家庭,(因此)只上了两年学. 【注意】①有些过去分词源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.此用法的过去分词及短语有:seated(坐)；hidden(躲)；dressedin(穿衣)；tiredof(厌烦)；born(出身于)；lost/absorbedin(沉迷于)；lost(迷路)；determinedto(决定)等. Lostinthought,hedidn’tnoticethateveryonehadgone.因沉迷于思考之中,他没注意到所有人都走了.②过去分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致,若不一致,需在过去分词前另加主语, 构成过去分词的独立主格结构.Thesignalgiven,thebusstarted.信号一发出,汽车就开动了. Ⅰ.单句填空用所给单词的适当形式填空1．(2011·高考天津卷改编)Passeagersarepermitted____________onlyonepieceofhandluggageontotheplane.(carry)提升演练tocarry 解析:固定搭配permitsb.todosth.,其被动式sb.bepermittedtodosth..句意:乘客只被允许带一件手提行李上飞机. 2．(2011·高考江西卷改编)Onreceivingaphonecallfromhiswife____________shehadafall,Mr.Gordonimmediatelyrushedhomefromhisoffice.(say)saying 解析：句意：在接到妻子的电话说她摔倒的时候，Mr.Gordon立刻从办公室冲回家。非谓语动词修饰phonecall，前后动词的动作在同一时间发生，表主动与进行用现在分词的形式。 3．(2011·高考天津卷改编)____________intoEnglish,thesentencewasfoundtohaveanentirelydifferentwordorder.(translate)解析:考查非谓语动词.English与translat之间为被动关系,时态为一般过去时.所以用过去分词.Translated 4．(2011·高考北京卷改编)It’simportantforthefigures______________regularly.(update)解析:考查固定搭配和语态.It’simportantforsb./sth.todo/bedone是固定用法.句意:对数字进行定期地更新非常重要.数字thefigures被更新,故用tobedone.tobeupdated 5．(2011·高考四川卷改编)Lydiadoesn’tfeellike____________abroad.Herparentsareold.(study)解析:feellikedoing为固定搭配.此处用studying作feellike的宾语.studying 6．(2011·高考四川卷改编)Simonmadeabigbamboobox__________thelittlesickbirdtillitcouldfly.(keep)解析:句意:Simon做了一个大竹筐来饲养这只生病的小鸟,一直到它会飞.此处使用动词不定式tokeep作目的状语.tokeep 7．(2011·高考四川卷改编)____________animportantroleinanewmovie,Andyhasgotachancetobecomefamous.(offer)解析:考查非谓语动词作状语.作状语的offer与主语Andy之间存在被动关系,故用过去分词offered.Offered 8．(2011·高考辽宁卷改编)____________aroundthefire,thetouristsdancedwiththelocalpeople.(gather)Gathering 解析:考查非谓语动词作时间状语.根据句子意思“围在火堆边,游客和当地人跳起舞来.因为thetourists和gather之间存在主动关系,故填gathering. 9．(2011·高考湖南卷改编)Doyouwakeupeverymorning_________energeticandreadytostartanewday？(feel)解析:句意:你每天早上醒来觉得充满活力并且准备好开始新的一天吗？用现在分词feeling作伴随状语.feeling 10．(2011·高考重庆卷改编)MoreTVprograms,accordingtogovernmentofficials,willbeproduced____________people’sconcernoverfoodsafety.(raise)toraise 解析:句意:据政府官员所说,为了唤起人们对食品安全的关注,将有更多的电视节目被录制.此处用不定式toraise作目的状语. 11．(2011·高考江苏卷改编)Recentlyasurvey____________pricesofthesamegoodsintwodifferentsupermarketshascausedheateddebateamongcitizens.(compare)comparing 解析:分析句子结构可知,该句的主语是asurvey,谓语动词是hascaused,宾语是heateddebate.可见,句子结构是完整的,因此我们要选择的只能是非谓语动词形式.survey与compare之间存在主动关系,因此用现在分词短语作后置定语. 12．(2011·高考浙江卷改编)Batsaresurprisinglylong-livedcreatures,some____________alifespanofaround20years.(have)解析:本题的考点为独立主格结构,判断依据是逗号前后主语不同,前者是所有蝙蝠,而后者是某些蝙蝠having (主语前后不一致又没有用连词引导的从句结构,这是少见的“独立主格”标志).题干主句意为“蝙蝠是一种长寿得令人吃惊的动物”,主谓宾成分俱全,可以确定后面的部分为修饰性的“补充说明型”独立主格, 相当于一个并列句,通常放在句末,主动关系,形式为:逻辑主语＋现在分词＝somehaving. 13．(2011·高考新课标全国卷改编)Thenextthinghesawwassmoke____________frombehindthehouse.(rise)rising 解析:考查非谓语动词作定语.本句结构为:主语是thenextthing,表语为smoke,是主系表结构.可见,句子结构是完整的,因此空格处填非谓语动词,somke与rise之间存在主动关系,因此现在分词作后置定语. 14．(2011·高考福建卷改编)ThedifferenceinthicknessandweightfromtheearlierversionmakestheiPad2morecomfortable____________.(hold)解析:考查make的用法.make＋名词/代词＋形容词/名词＋todosth.tohold 15．(2011·高考福建卷改编)TsinghuaUniversity,____________in1911,ishometoagreatnumberofoutstandingfigures.(find)解析:考查过去分词作后置定语.此处相当于一个非限制性定语从句.founded Ⅱ.语篇填空用括号内所给词的适当形式完成下面的短文.Freudwasoneofthefirstscientists1.____________(make)seriousresearchofthemind.Themindisthecollectionofactivitiestomake 2.________(base)inthebrainthatinvolvehowweact,think,feelandreason.Heusedlongtalkswithpatientsandthestudyofdreams3.____________(search)forthecausesofmentalandemotionalproblems.Healsotriedhypnosis(催眠)．basedtosearch Hewantedtoseeif4.__________(put)patientsintoasleep-likeconditionwouldhelpease5.____________(trouble)minds.Inmostcaseshefoundtheeffectsonlytemporary.Freudworkedhard,althoughwhathedidmightsoundeasy.puttingtroubled Hismethodinvolved6.________(sit)withhispatientsand7.____________(listen)tothemtalk.Hehadthem8.______(talk)aboutwhatevertheywerethinking.Allideas,sittinglisteningtalk thoughtsandanythingthatenteredtheirmindhadto9._________________(express)．Therecouldbeno10.__________(hold)backbecauseoffearorguilt.beexpressedholding