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  • 2022-06-17 15:22:19 发布

小学英语语法讲解与练习

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小学英语语法【一】一般现在时一、一般现在时的功能1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如:Theskyisblue.天空是蓝色的。2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如:Igetupatsixeveryday.我每天六点起床。3.表示客观现实。如:Theearthgoesaroundthesun.地球绕着太阳转。二、一般现在时的构成1.be动词:肯定句:主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如:Iamaboy.我是一个男孩。2.行为动词:肯定句:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:WestudyEnglish.我们学习英语。当主语为第三人称单数(he,she,it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:MarylikesChinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。动词+s的变化规则1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks,2.以s.x.sh.ch.o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses,wash-washes,watch-watches,go-goes3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i,再加-es,如:study-studies特殊:have----has三、一般现在时的变化1.be动词的变化。否定句:主语+be+not+其它。如:Heisnotaworker.他不是工人。一般疑问句:Be+主语+其它。如:-Areyouastudent?-Yes.Iam./No,I"mnot.特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:Whereismybike?2.行为动词的变化。 否定句:主语+don"t(doesn"t)+动词原形(+其它)。如:Idon"tlikebread.当主语为第三人称单数时,要用doesn"t构成否定句。如:Hedoesn"toftenplay.一般疑问句:Do(Does)+主语+动词原形+其它。如:-Doyouoftenplayfootball?-Yes,Ido./No,Idon"t. 当主语为第三人称单数时,要用does构成一般疑问句。如:-Doesshegotoworkbybike? -Yes,shedoes./No,shedoesn"t.特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句?如:Howdoesyourfathergotowork?练习1.Heoften________(have)dinnerathome.2.DanielandTommy_______(be)inClassOne.3.We_______(notwatch)TVonMonday.4.Nick_______(notgo)tothezooonSunday.5.______they________(like)theWorldCup?6.What_______theyoften_______(do)onSaturdays?7._____yourparents_______(read)newspaperseveryday?8.Thegirl_______(teach)usEnglishonSundays.9.SheandI________(take)awalktogethereveryevening.10.There________(be)somewaterinthebottle.11.Mike_______(like)cooking.12.They_______(have)thesamehobby.13.Myaunt_______(look)afterherbabycarefully.14.Youalways_______(do)yourhomeworkwell. 15.I_______(be)ill.I’mstayinginbed.16.She_______(go)toschoolfromMondaytoFriday.17.LiuTao_______(do)notlikePE.18.Thechildoften_______(watch)TVintheevening.19.SuHaiandSuYang_____(have)eightlessonsthisterm.20.-Whatday_____(be)ittoday?-It’sSaturday.小学英语语法【二】现在进行时现在进行时1.现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作,也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。2.现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为be+动词ing.3.现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。4.现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。 5.现在进行时的特殊疑问的基本结构为:疑问词+be+主语+动词ing?但疑问词当主语时其结构为:疑问词+be+动词ing?标志词:looknowlistenIt’s+点钟动词加ing的变化规则1.一般情况下,直接加ing,如:cook-cooking2.以不发音的e结尾,去e加ing,如:make-making,taste-tasting,write—writing,ride—riding,have—havingcome—comingdance—dancinglive—livingtake—takingskate—skating3.如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母,双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing,如:swim—swimmingbegin—beginningrun-running,sit—sittingput—puttingget—gettingshop—shoppingstop--stopping现在进行时练习1.Theboy__________________(draw)apicturenow.2.Listen.Somegirls_______________(sing)intheclassroom.3.Mymother_________________(cook)somenicefoodnow.4.What_____you______(do)now?5.Look.They_______________(have)anEnglishlesson.6.They____________(not,water)theflowersnow.7.Look!thegirls________________(dance)intheclassroom.8.Whatisourgranddaughterdoing?She_________(listen)tomusic.9.It’s5o’clocknow.We_____________(have)suppernow10.______Helen____________(wash)clothes?Yes,sheis. 小学英语语法【三】一般将来时一、概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。句中一般有以下时间状语:tomorrow,nextday(week,month,year…),soon,thedayaftertomorrow(后天)等。二、基本结构:①begoingto+do;②will+do.三、否定句:在be动词(am,is,are)后加not或情态动词will后加not成won’t。例如:I’mgoingtohaveapicnicthisafternoon.→I’mnotgoingtohaveapicnicthisafternoon.四、一般疑问句:be或will提到句首,some改为any,and改为or,第一二人称互换。例如:Wearegoingtogoonanoutingthisweekend.→Areyougoingtogoonanoutingthisweekend?五、对划线部分提问。一般情况,一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况。1.问人。Who例如:I’mgoingtoNewYorksoon.→Who’sgoingtoNewYorksoon.2.问干什么。What…do.例如:Myfatherisgoingtowatcharacewithmethis  afternoon.→Whatisyourfathergoingtodowithyouthisafternoon.3.问什么时候。When.例如:She’sgoingtogotobedatnine.→Whenisshegoing  tobed? 六、同义句:begoingto=willIamgoingtogoswimmingtomorrow(明天).=Iwillgoswimmingtomorrow.练习11.Todayisasunnyday.We___________________(have)apicnicthisafternoon.12.Mybrother_______________(go)toShanghainextweek.13.Tomoften______________(go)toschoolonfoot.Buttodayisrain.He__________(go)toschoolbybike.14.Whatdoyouusuallydoatweekends?Iusually__________(watch)TVand____________(catch)insects?15.It’sFridaytoday.What___she____(do)thisweekend?She______(watch)TVand_______(catch)insects.16.What___________(d0)youdolastSunday?I____________(pick)applesonafarm.What______________(do)nextSunday?I______________(milk)cows.17.Mary____________(visit)hergrandparentstomorrow.18.LiuTao____________(fly)kitesintheplaygroundyesterday.19.David______________(give)apuppetshownextMonday.20.I________________(plan)formystudynow 小学英语语法【四】一般过去时一、一般过去时语法介绍1.一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作感谢。2.Be动词在一般过去时中的变化:⑴am和is在一般过去时中变为was。(wasnot=wasn’t)⑵are在一般过去时中变为were。(werenot=weren’t)⑶带有was或were的句子,其否定、疑问的变化和is,am,are一样,即否定句在was或were后加not,一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。3.句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子  否定句:didn’t+动词原形,如:Jimdidn’tgohomeyesterday.  一般疑问句:在句首加did,句子中的动词过去式变回原形。如:DidJimgohomeyesterday?  特殊疑问句:⑴疑问词+did+主语+动词原形?如:WhatdidJimdoyesterday?⑵疑问词当主语时:疑问词+动词过去式?如:Whowenttohomeyesterday?二、动词过去式变化规则1.一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled,cook-cooked2.结尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted 3.末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加-ed,如:study-studied5.不规则动词过去式:词义现在(原形)过去式词义现在(原形)过去式是am,is(be)was忘记forgetforgot是are(be)were得到getgot成为becomebecame给givegave开始beginbegan走gowent弯曲bendbent成长growgrew吹blowblew有have,hashad买buybought听hearheard能cancould受伤hurthurt捕捉catchcaught保持keepkept选择choosechose知道knowknew来comecame学习learnlearned,learnt切cutcut允许,让letlet做do,doesdid躺lielay画drawdrew制造makemade饮drinkdrank可以maymight吃eatate意味meanmeant 感觉feelfelt会见meetmet发现findfound必须mustmust飞flyflew放置putput读readread将shallshould骑、乘riderode唱歌singsang响、鸣ringrang坐下sitsat跑runran睡觉sleepslept说saysaid说speakspoke看见seesaw度过spendspent扫sweepswept(一) 用be动词的适当形式填空1.I_______atschooljustnow.2.He________atthecamplastweek.3.We________studentstwoyearsago.4.They________onthefarmamomentago.5.YangLing________elevenyearsoldlastyear.6.There________anappleontheplateyesterday.7.There_______somemilkinthefridgeonSunday.五、行为动词的过去时练习一(一)用行为动词的适当形式填空1.He_________(live)inWuxitwoyearsago.2.Thecat________(eat)abirdlastnight.3.We_______(have)apartylastHalloween.4.Nancy________(pick)uporangesonthefarmlastweek.5.I______(make)amodelshipwithMikeyesterday. 6.They______(play)chessintheclassroomlastPElesson.7.Mymother_______(cook)anicefoodlastSpringFestival.8.Thegirls____(sing)and___(dance)attheparty.小学英语语法【五】现在完成时1)现在完成时通常表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。Mydaughterhasjustgoneout.我女儿刚出去。I’msurewe’vemetbefore.我肯定我们以前见过面。Shehasarrived.她到了。 2)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如recently,already,just,lately,for…,since…,yet等。如:Ihaven’theardfromherthesedays.这些日子我没有收到她的信。Wehaven’tseenyourecently.最近我们没有见到你。Theyhavebeenawayfortwoyears.他们离开已经两年了。ShehasbeenwithussinceMonday.3).现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.Wehavehadfourtextsthissemester.6.havebeento和havegoneto的区别havebeento强调“去过”,现已不在那里,如:HehasbeentotheUSAthreetimes.他到美国去过三次。(过去“到美国”,现在已“不在美国”)havegoneto主要强调的是“去了”,现在人不在说话的现场,如:--Where"syourmother?--你妈妈在哪?--Shehasgonetothehospital.--她去医院了。一结构1.肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他2.否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他3.一般疑问句:have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他Yes,主语+have/has.No,主语+have/has+not4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他二常和现在完成时一起连用的时间状语 注意:.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语)如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for,since连用.1.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用如already(肯定),yet(否定,疑问),just,before,recently,still,lately,Just,already,yet,ever,never,before,twice(重复性时间),for+短时间,since+点时间,sofar,howlong提问的疑问句中.......Hehasalreadyobtainedascholarship.  Ihaven"tseenmuchofhimrecently(lately).  Wehaveseenthatfilmbefore.  Havetheyfoundthemissingchildyet?2.现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,  如ever,never,twice,severaltimes等:  HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing  IhaveneverheardBunnysayanythingagainsther.  Ihaveusedthispenonlythreetimes.Itisstillgood.  Georgehasmetthatgentlemanseveraltimes.3.现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,  如uptothesefewdays/weeks/months/years,just,uptopresent(now),sofar等:  Peterhaswrittensixpaperssofar.  Uptothepresenteverythinghasbeensuccessful.三当现在完成时与表示短时间的时间状语连用时,谓语动词必须使用延续性动词。如果谓语动词是非延续性动词则转化为对应的延续性动词。若不是和短时间连用,则不用转化。英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分,使用中应注意两者的区别。 1.持续性动词:表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的study,play,do,read,learn,drive,write,clean,sleep,speak,talk,wait,fly,stay,sit,stand,lie,keep等。2.瞬间性动词:表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。常见的--begin,start,finish,go,come,leave,find,getup,arrive,reach,getto,enter,hear,stop,open,close,become,buy,borrow,lend,happen,join,lose,renew,die,takeaway,putup,setout,puton,geton/off等3.瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常用意思相当的持续性动词来替换Hehasbeeninthearmy/asoldierforthreeyears.(他参军已有3年了。)不用hasjoinedShehasbeenupforquitesometime.(她起床已有好久了。)不用hasgotupHasyourbrotherbeenawayfromhomeforalongtime?(离家已有好久了吗?)不用hasleft常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系:1、go—beaway2、come—behere3、comeback—beback4、leave—beaway(benothere)5、buy—have6、borrow—keep7、die——bedead8、begin——beon9、finish—beover10、open——beopen11、close——beclosed12、lose——belost13、gettoknow—know14、turnon—beon15、getup——beup16、sitdown—sit/beseated17、join—bein(…)或bea…member18、become—be4.瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用例如:Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime.(好久没见到你了。) 一、单项选择1、Bothhisparentslooksad.Maybethey_______what’shappenedtohim.A.knewB.haveknownC.mustknowD.willknow2、Hehas_______beentoShanghai,hashe?A.alreadyB.neverC.everD.still3、HaveyoumetMr.Li______?A.justB.agoC.beforeD.amomentago4、Thefamouswriter_____onenewbookinthepasttwoyear.A.iswritingB.waswritingC.wroteD.haswritten5、—Ourcountry______alotsofar. —Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven____A.haschanged;wellB.changed;goodC.haschanged;betterD.changed;better6、ZhaoLan______already______inthisschoolfortwoyears.A.was;studyingB.will;studyC.has;studiedD.are;studying7、We______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.A.knowB.hadknownC.haveknownD.knew8、HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I_______ittwice.A.willseeB.haveseenC.sawD.see9、—ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates—Really?When_____there?A.willtheygoB.didtheygo C.dotheygoD.havetheygone10、—______you___yourhomeworkyet?  —Yes.I_____itamomentago.A.Did;do;finishedB.Have;done;finishedC.Have;done;havefinishedD.will;do;finish11、Hisfather______thePartysince1978.A.joinedB.hasjoinedC.wasinD.hasbeenin12、—Doyouknowhimwell?  —Sure.We_________friendssincetenyearsago.A.wereB.havebeenC.havebecomeD.havemad113、—Howlonghaveyou____here?  —Abouttwomonths.A.beenB.goneC.comeD.Arrived14、Hurryup!Theplay__________fortenminutes.A.hasbegunB.hadbegunC.hasbeenonD.Began15、It_____tenyearssinceheleftthearmy.A.isB.hasC.willD.Was16、MissGreenisn"tintheoffice.she_______tothelibrary.A.hasgoneB.wentC.willgoD.hasbeen17、Myparents______Shandongfortenyears.  A.havebeeninB.havebeento  C.havegonetoD.havebeen18、Thestudentshavecleanedtheclassroom,? A.sotheyB.don’ttheyC.havetheyD.haven’tthey19hasMrWhitebeenamemberofGreenerChinasincehetoChina?A.Howsoon,comesB.Howoften,gotC.Howlong,cameD.Howfar,arrived20、Hisuncleformorethan9years.A.hascomehereB.hasstartedtoworkC.haslivedthereD.haslefttheuniversity 小学英语语法【六】过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或者某段时间正在进行或发生的动作,常和表过去的时间状语连用,如:Iwasdoingmyhomeworkatthistimeyesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。Theywerewaitingforyouyesterday.他们昨天一直在等你。过去进行时的构成:  肯定形式:主语+was/were+V-ing  否定形式:主语+wasnot(wasn"t)/werenot(weren"t)+V-ing  疑问形式:Was/Were+主语+V-ing。  基本用法:  1.过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语有,atthattime/moment,(at)thistimeyesterday(lastnight/Sunday/week…),at+点钟+yesterday(lastnight/Sunday…),whensb.didsth等时间状语从句,如:   Whatwereyoudoingat7p.m.yesterday?昨天晚上七点你在干什么?   IfirstmetMarythreeyearsago.Shewasworkingataradioshopatthetime.我第一次遇到玛丽是在三年前,当时她在一家无线电商店工作。   Iwascookingwhensheknockedatthedoor.她敲门时我正在做饭。  2.when后通常用表示暂短性动词,while后通常用表示持续性动词,因此它所引导的状语从句中,谓语动词常用进行时态,如:   WhenthecarexplodedIwaswalkingpastit.=WhileIwaswalkingpastthecaritexploded.  3.when用作并列连词时,主句常用进行时态,从句则用一般过去时,表示主句动作发生的过程中,另一个意想不到的动作发生了。如:Iwaswalkinginthestreetwhensomeonecalledme.我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。  4.when作并列连词,表示“(这时)突然”之意时,第一个并列分句用过去进行时,when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如:   IwastakingawalkwhenImethim.我正在散步,突然遇见了他。Wewereplayingoutsidewhenitbegantorain.我们正在外边玩,这时下起雨来了一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较:   一般过去时表示“在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态”,而过去进行时则表示“在过去某个特定时间正在进行的动作”。   如:Tomwrotealettertohisfriendlastnight.   汤姆昨晚给他的朋友写了封信。(信写完了)   Tomwaswritingalettertohisfriendlastnight.  汤姆昨晚一直在给他的朋友写信。(信不一定写完,只是强调了动作的延续性)。过去进行时和一般过去时的差别:   一般过去时表示“在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态”,而过去进行时则表示“在过去某个特定时间正在进行的动作”。例如:IwasreadinganEnglishnovellastnight. 昨晚我在看一本英文小说。(可能没看完) IreadanEnglishnovellastnight  我昨晚看了一本英文小说。(已经看完)二、选择题。 ()1.I______cookedamealwhenyou_____me.a.cooked,wereringing        b.wascooking,rang     c.wascooking,wereringing       d.cooked,rang()2.Hesaidhe_____todrawaplaneontheblackboardatthattime.a.tries    b.tried  c.wastrying    d.willtry()3.Whileshe______TV,she______asoundoutsidetheroom.a.waswatching,washearing       b.watched,washearingc.watched,heard             d.waswatching,heard()4.They_____afootballgamefrom7to9lastnight.a.werewatching b.watchc.watched d.arewatching()5.Whatbook____you______whenI____youatfouryesterdayafternoon?a.did,read,wasseeing       b.did,read,sawc.were,reading,saw        d.were,reading,wasseeing()6.ItwasFridayevening.MrandMrs.Green_____readytoflytoEngland.a.aregetting         b.get     c.weregetting             d.got()7.LeiFeng_____always_____ofotherswhenhe______inthearmy.a.is,thinking,was       b.was,thinking,is       c.did,think,is          d.was,thinking,was()8.Agirl______mypenfalloffthetablewhenshe_____me.a.saw,passed b.wasseeing,passedc.wasseeing,passed d.wasseeing,waspassing()9.We____fortomattenlastSunday.Heoftenkeptus______.a.werewaiting,waiting       b.werewaiting,wait    c.waited,waiting  d.waited,wait ()10.He____hisfatheronthefarmthewholeafternoonlastSaturday.a.helps        b.wouldhelp        c.washelping       d.ishelping()11.Whilemother_______somewashing,I_____akiteforKate.a.did,made          b.wasdoing,madec.wasdoing,wasmaking   d.did,wasmaking()12.“_______youangrythen?”“they______toomuchnoise.”a.are,weremaking     b.were,weremaking   c.are,made   d.were,made()13.He____somecookingatthattime,so_____mea.did,heard  b.did,didn’thear c.wasdoing,heard     d.wasdoing,didn’thear()14.Thistimeyesterdayjack_____hisbike.He_____TVa.repaired,didn’twatch b.wasrepairing,watchedc.repaired,watched      d.wasrepairing,wasn’twatching()15.Hisparentswantedtoknowhowhe_____onwithhisnewclassmates.a.wasgetting        b.gets    c.isgetting    d.willget小学英语语法(七)(Have、Has和Therebe结构)一、Have、Has和Therebe结构1、Therebe结构包括thereistherearetherewastherewere2、意思都是"有"。 3、和have、has、had的区别:(1)Therebe句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)(2)在therebe句型中,主语是单数,be动词用is;主语是复数,be动词用are;如有几件物品,be动词根据最近be动词的那个名词决定。即遵循就近原则。(3)therebe句型的否定句在be动词后加not,一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。(4)therebe句型与have(has)的区别:therebe表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has)表示某人拥有某物。(5)some和any在therebe句型中的运用:some用于肯定句,any用于否定句或疑问句。(6)and和or在therebe句型中的运用:and用于肯定句,or用于否定句或疑问句。(7)针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:Howmany+名词复数+arethere+介词短语?Howmuch+不可数名词+isthere+介词短语?(8)针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:What"s+介词短语?(9)Therebe结构一般用在句子的开头,而have等词只能用于某一个主语后面。 Fillintheblankwith“have,has”or“thereis,thereare”1.I________agoodfatherandagoodmother.2.____________atelescopeonthedesk.3.He_________atape-recorder.4._____________abasketballintheplayground.5.She__________somedresses.6.They___________anicegarden.7.Whatdoyou___________?8.______________areading-roominthebuilding?9.WhatdoesMike___________?10.______________anybooksinthebookcase?11.Myfather_________astory-book.12._______________astory-bookonthetable.13._______________anyflowersinthevase?14.Howmanystudents____________intheclassroom?15.Myparents___________somenicepictures.16._____________somemapsonthewall.17.______________amapoftheworldonthewall.18.David__________atelescope.19.David’sfriends___________sometents.20.______________manychildrenonthehill.