初中英语语法知识难点大全 17页

初中英语语法知识难点大全英语语法知识难点(一)(一)形容词和副词I．要点A．形容词1、形容词的基本用法形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：Heishonestandhardworking.Ifoundthebookinteresting.某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：Therichandthepoorliveindifferentpartsofthecity.TheEnglishliketobewiththeirfamilies.多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态(描述性)+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：thesecondfiveinterestingbignewredChinesewallpapers.2、形容词比较等级的形式(1)规则形式一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er;--est来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more,most.如：great-greater-greatestbusy-busier-busiestimportant-moreimportant-(the)mostimportant(2)不规则形式good(well)-better-bestbad(ill)-worse-worstmany(much)-more-mostlittle-less-least(3)形容词比较等级的用法①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than.如：Heisclevererthantheotherboys.Thisoneismorebeautifulthanthatone.②表示两者以上的比较，用"the+形容词最高级(+名词)+of(in)…"如：Heisthecleverestboyinhisclass.③表示两者是同等程度，用"as+形容词原级+as".如：HeisastallasI.Ihaveasmanybooksasyou.④越…越…例如：ThemoreIlearn,thehappierIam.⑤Youcanneverbetoocareful.越小心越好又如：Youcanneverpraisetheteachertoohighly.你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。⑥Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.那一天是最令我担心的一天。Ihaveneverhadabetterdinner.这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。⑦MyEnglishisnobetterthanyours.我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。B．副词otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 1、副词的种类(1)时间副词如：ago,before,already,just,now,early,late,finally,tomorrow等(2)地点副词如：here,there,near,around,in,out,up,down,back,away,outside等。(3)方式副词如：carefully,angrily,badly,calmly,loudly,quickly,politely,nervously等。(4)程度副词如：almost,nearly,much,greatly,abit,alittle,hardly,so,very等。2、副词比较等级的用法其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：Ofalltheboyshesings(the)mostbeautifully.Wemustworkharder.3、某些副词在用法上的区别(1)already,yet,stillalready表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：We"vealreadywatchedthatfilm.Ihaven"tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.Hestillworksuntillateeverynight.(2)too,aswell,also,eithertoo,aswell和also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和aswell多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：Hewenttheretoo.Hedidn"tgothereeither.Ilikeyouaswell.Ialsowentthere.(3)hard,hardlyhardly意为"几乎"与hard在词义上完全不同。如：Iworkhardeveryday.Icanhardlyrememberthat.(4)late,latelylately意为"最近、近来"，late意为"晚、迟"。如：Henevercomeslate.Haveyoubeentothemuseumlately?II．例题例1Tom"sfatherthinksheisalready____AhighenoughBtallenoughCenoughhighCenoughtall解析：该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall,而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。例2____theworseIseemtobe.AWhenItakemoremedicineBThemoremedicineItakeCTakingmoreofthemedicineDMoremedicinetaken解析：该题正确答案为B。"the+形容词比较级+…,the+形容词比较级+…"意为越…，越…。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。例3"Ihaven"tbeentoLondonyet"."Ihaven"tbeenthere____".otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 AtooBalsoCeitherDneither解析：该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定"两者都不"，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为"也"。例4MrSmithwas____movedatthenews.AdeepBdeeplyCverydeepDquitedeeply解析：该题正确答案为B。A.deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如digdeep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeplymoved.另如deeplyregret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词，不能互相修饰。(二)介词I．要点1、介词和种类(1)简单介词，常用的有at,in,on,about,across,before,beside,for,to,without等。(2)复合介词，如bymeansof,alongwith,becauseof,infrontof,insteadof等。2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系(1)和动词的搭配，如agreewith,askfor,belongto,breakawayfrom,careabout等。(2)和形容词的搭配，如afraidof,angrywith,differentfrom,goodat(3)和名词的搭配，如answerto,keyto,reasonfor,causeof,visitto等.3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right,just,badly,all,well,directly,completely等少数几个副词。如：Hecamerightafterdinner.Helivesdirectlyoppositetheschool.4、某些介词的意义与用法举例(1)at,on,in表时间表示时间点，某一时刻/年龄用at,如atfouro"clock,atmidnight,attheageof等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如atthattime,atChristmas等。指某天用on,on表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时如onMonday,ontheendofNovember等。in表示时间段,一天的三个时间段以及月份,年,季节,世纪,人生的某个时期(某人几十岁时)　　inthemorning/afternoon/evening,inspring/in2007/inMarch,inthetwenty-firstcentury,inhisfifties。表地点:　　1)at一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置　　atthestationatthecinema　　2)in表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里.　　inChinaintheclassroom　　3)on指在某物体的表面上.　　onthedesk　　注意:写街道时,若有门牌号用at,否则用on/in都可.Helivesat270DongChang’anStreet.(2)between,among(表位置)between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between,如I"msittingbetweenTomandAlice.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 Thevillageliesbetweenthreehills.among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：Heisthebestamongthestudents.(3)beside,besidesbeside意为"在…旁边"，而besides意为"除…之外"。如：Hesatbesideme.Whatdoyouwantbesidesthis?(4)inthetree,onthetree　　onthetree表示“树上本身长的东西”在树上.而inthetree表示“外界的物体进入树中”人或物在树上.　　Therearesomeapples_____thetree.Thereisaboy____thetree(5)ontheway,intheway,bytheway,inthiswayontheway指在路上intheway指挡道bytheway指顺便问一句inthisway用这样的方法(6)inthecorner,atthecornerinthecorner指在拐角内atthecorner指在拐角外(7)inthemorning,onthemorninginthemorning是一般说法onthemorning特指某一天的早晨(8)bybus,onthebusbybus是一般说法onthebus特指乘某一辆车(9)介词in/on/to表方位:　　in表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系)　　Tanwanis____thesoutheastofChina.　　on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系)　　Hubeiis____thenorthofHunan.　　to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系)Japanis_____theeastofChina.(10)after/in在……之后　　after　　1)after+时间段.表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后,用于过去时.　　2)after作介词.afterdoingsth　　in+一段时间.表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后.用于将来时.　　Hecameback______twodays.　　Hewillgohome___finishinghishomework.Hewillcomeback_____twodays.(11)with/in/by表示“用……”　　with表示“用…”一般指有形的工具/手段/人体器官.　　Hecuttheappleintohalves____aknife.　　注:with表伴随,“带有,含有”　　Hecamein_____abigsmileonhisface.　　in表示用某种语言,方式,途径.或书写/绘画所用的材料.也可表交通方式.　　Canyousayit_____English?　　Hewrotealetter____blueink.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 　　by表示乘坐交通工具,表示方式,方法　　Istudyforatest_____workingwithagroup.　　Hemakesaliving____sellingnewspapers.　　注意:同义词组　　1).byphone=onthephone　　2).bycar=inacar3).inpen=withapen=withpens(12)across/through/over/by经过　　across指横穿,穿过.表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.　　through指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过.　　over表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触.　　by表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.　　Canyouswim______theriver?　　Theelephantissobigthatitcan’tgo_____thegate.　　Idon’tthinkanyonecanjump___thefence.Iwalked_____thebankofChinayesterday.(13)infrontof/inthefrontof　　inthefrontof表示在…….内部的前面　　infrontof表示在……外面的前面　　Thereisadeskin_____frontofourclassroom.Thereisabigtreein_____frontofourclassroom.(14).其它介词的用法：　　1.at的其它用法.　　1).表示“从事或正在做某事”,其后加的名词往往不加冠词.　　Sheisatworknow=Sheisworkingnow.　　2)at表示“价格或速度”　　Thetrainranat120kilometresanhour.　　2.in的其它用法:　　1)in表示“在……方面”　　词组:dowellin=begoodat　　beweakin　　2)in表示“穿着”后接表颜色的词或衣服.　　词组:bein+衣服=bewearing+衣服　　3)in作副词,“在家”=athome　　3.like的用法:　　1).像/和……一样.常与系动词连用.　　词组:looklikesoundlike　　2).与what连用,“是什么样子,怎样”.　　Whatishelike?Heiskind.　　4.off的用法:　　1).从……下来,脱离某物体.　　词组:falloff　　2).“休假”通常放在时间名词之后.　　词组:have+时间+offotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 　　Hehasn’thadanightofffortwohours.　　5.except/besides　　1).except除了…….之外,都……..不包括在范围之内.　　注:nothingbut…除了……之外,什么也没有.　　2).besdies除了……之外,还有…….包括在范围之内.　　Weallwentswimming______Lucy.　　Thereis_______aletterinthebox.　　WestudyJapaneseandFrench____English.　　6.with/without　　1).with具有,含有-----反义词:without没有　　词组:withthehelpof=withone’shelp=becauseof=thanksto　　withoutone’shelp　　2).without的用法:　　A).without+sb./sth.没有某人或某物　　B).without+doingsth.　　Heleftherewithout____(say)“Goodbye”tous　　C).withoutsth常与if引导的否定的条件句.　　Ifthereisnowater,wecan’tlive.=Wecan’tlive_____________.  　7.since/for　　注:since/for用于现在完成时.　　1).since:　　a).since+时间点　　b).现在完成时+since+一般过去时　　c).since+一段时间+ago.　　2)for:for+一段时间=since+一段时间+ago　　8.bemade+介词的区别:　　bemadeof由…制成(看得见原材料)　　bemadefrom由…制成(看不见原材料)　　bemadein+地点由哪儿生产　　bemadebysb.由某人制造　　9.表示“数量的介词”　　about,roundaroundover　　1).about,roundaround表示“大约……”　　2).over表示“超过”=morethan.　　10.inside/outside　　Inside在……里面------反义词:outside在….外面　　11.inthewall/onthewallinthewall表示“门窗在墙上”onthewall表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”12.不用介词的情况:　　1).当时间状为:tonight,today,yesterday,tomorrow等时,不用介词.　　Whatareyougoingtodotonight?　　2).含有this,that,these,those,last,next,every,each等时间状语.　　HewenttoWuhanlastweek.　　3).以all开头的时间状语前面不用介词.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 　　Hehasworkedallday.　　4).以some,any,one等构成的时间状语前不用介词II．例题例1Doyouknowanyotherforeignlanguage____English?AexceptBbutCbesideDbesides解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为"除了…"，C-beside意为"在…旁边"，不符合题意。而D-besides,意为"除了…之外，还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？例2Hesuddenlyreturned____arainynight.AonBatCinDduring解析：我们均知道，atnight这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。例3I"mlookingforward____yourletter.AtoBinCatDon解析：该题正确答案为A。lookforwardto为固定搭配，意为"期望、盼望"。(三)连词I．要点1、连词的种类(1)并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and,for,or,both…and,either…or,neither…nor等。(2)从属连词用来引导从句，如that,if,whether,when,after,assoonas等。除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句)，关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。2、常用连词举例(1)and和，并且Theydrankandsangallnight.(2)both…and和，既…也…BothmyparentsandIwentthere.(3)but但是，而I"msad,butheishappy.(4)either…or或…或…，要么…要么…Eitheryou"rewrong,orIam.(5)for因为Iaskedhimtostay,forIhadsomethingtotellhim.(6)however然而，可是Atfirst,hedidn"twanttogothere.Later,however,hedecidedtogo.(7)neither…nor既不…也不Neithermyparentsnormyauntagreeswithyou.(8)notonly…but(also)不但…而且…Henotonlysingswell,butalsodanceswell.(9)or或者，否则Hurryup,oryou"llbelate.Areyouaworkeroradoctor?(10)so因此，所以otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 It"sgettinglate,soImustgo.(11)although虽然Althoughitwaslate,theywentonworking.(12)assoonas一…就I"lltellhimassoonasIseehim.(13)because因为Hedidn"tgotoschool,becausehewasill.(14)unless除非，如果不Iwon"tgounlessitisfinetomorrow.(15)until直到…Hedidn"tleaveuntileleven.(瞬间动词用于not…until结构)Hestayedthereuntileleven.(16)while当…时候，而(表示对比)WhileIstayedthere,Imetafriendofmine.(while后不可用瞬间动词)Mypenisredwhilehisisblue.(17)for因为Hewasill,forhedidn"tcome.(结论是推断出来的)(18)since自从…Ihavelivedheresincemyuncleleft.(19)hardly…when一…就Ihadhardlygottothestationwhenthetrainleft.(20)asfaras就…来说AsfarasIknow,thatcountryisverysmall.Youmaywalkasfarasthelake.(一直走到湖那里)II．例题例1Johnplaysfootball____,ifnotbetterthan,David.AaswellBaswellasCsowellDsowellas解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。和…一样好为aswellas.故该题正确答案为B。例2ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.AwhenBwhereCwhichDwhile解析：该处意为"然而"，只有while有此意思，故选D。例3Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwise解析：该处意为"或者"，正确答案为C。英语语法知识难点(二)(四)动词时态、语态I．要点1、一般现在时(1)表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes,always,often,everyday等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes,wegoswimmingafterschool.(2)表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：Theearthgoesroundthesun.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 2、现在进行时(1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now,atpresent等时间状语连用。如：Whatareyoudoingnow?(2)和always,continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：Heisalwaysdoinggooddeeds.3、现在完成时主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just,already,sofar,once,never等词连用。如:HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?4、一般将来时表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow,nextyear等连用。如：I"llmeetyouattheschoolgatetomorrowmorning.We"regoingtoseeafilmnextMonday.5、一般过去时表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday,lastyear,in1998,amomentago等词连用。如：Ithappenedmanyyearsago.6、过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?7、过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：Thetrainhadalreadyleftbeforewearrived.８、一般过去将来时表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：Hesaidhewouldcome,buthedidn"t.９、被动语态被动语态的时态，以give为例。II．例题例１Ilearnedthatherfather____in1950.AhaddiedBdiedCdeadDisdead解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in1950,所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。例２Thefive-year-oldgirl____byherparents.AislookedBhaslookedforCisbeinglookedforDhasbeenlooked解析：该题正确答案为Ｃ。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。(五)动词虚拟语气I．要点表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。１、虚拟语气的构成情景条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与现在事实相反动词过去式(be要用were)shouldotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 +动词原形would与过去事实相反had+过去分词should+have+过去分词would与将来事实相反１、动词过去时２、should+动词原形３、wereto+动词原形should＋动词原形would如：与现在事实相反IfIhadmoretime,IshouldstudyGerman.(fact:Ihavenomoretime,soIshallnotstudyGerman.)Ifshewerenotsobusy,shewouldattendthemeetingthisafternoon.(fact:sheisverybusy,soshewillnotattendthemeetingthisafternoon.)Iftheydidn’ttakephysicalexerciseseveryday,theywouldn’tbesohealthy.(fact:theytakephysicalexerciseseveryday,sotheyareveryhealthy.)与过去事实相反：IwouldhavecheckedmypaperagainifIhadhadmoretimeatyesterday’sexamination.(fact:Ihadnomoretimeatyesterday’sexam,soIdidn’tcheckmypaperagain)Youwouldhavealreadyrecoveredfromhisillnessifhehadseenthedoctoringoodtime.(fact:Hedidn’tseethedoctoringoodtime,sohehasn’trecoveredfromhisillness)与将来事实相反：Ifitrainstomorrow,ourpicnicwillbeputoff.(Theweatherhasbeenchangeablethesedays.)Ifitrainedtomorrow,ourpicnicwouldbeputoff.(Theweatherhasbeenverygoodthesedays.)Ifitshouldraintomorrow,ourpicnicwouldbeputoff.(Thatwouldbeoutofourexpectation.)Ifitweretoraintomorrow,ourpicnicwouldbeputoff.(条件从句谓语动词用wereto+动词原形，表示下雨的可能性极小。Weretorain和shouldrain都表示“出乎意料之外”，但wereto加强表示“当初没想到以后的事”)注：(1)如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had,should,could有时可将if省去,但要倒装。如：Hadyou(Ifyouhad)invitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.(2)混合时间条件句的用法：有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致。这时动词的形式，应根据它所要表达的具体时间来决定用什么形式。1)Ifshehadn’ttrainedsohard,shewouldn’tberunsofast.(从句叙述过去，主句叙述现在。)(fact:shehastrainedveryhard,soshewouldabletorunfast.)2)YouwouldspeakEnglishwellenoughifyouhadpractisedreadingandspeakingiteveryday.(主句叙述现在，从句叙述过去)(fact:Youdidn’tpractice(hasn’tpracticed)readingandspeakingiteveryday,soyoucan’tspeakEnglishwellenough.)(3)在其他状语从句中的用法otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 主要用于由asif(asthough)引导的比较状语从句，从句中谓语动词一般用“动词的过去式(be变were)或had+过去分词。”如：Shelookedasifshewereill.(实际上她没有病，在这里用虚拟语气补语比喻她精神不佳)XiaoLiuspeaksEnglishsowellasifhehadstudiedinEngland.(这里用虚拟语气表现他的英语说得好)２、虚拟语气在各种从句的应用(１)在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是"should(可省)＋动词原形"，常用于以下三种句型中。句型一：Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that…句型二：Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc)that…句型三：Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc)that…如：Itisstrangethathe(should)havedonethat.Itisapitythathe(should)besocareless.Itisrequestedthatwe(should)besocareless.(２)在宾语从句中用于suggest,propose,move,insist,desire,demand,request,order,command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如：Isuggestthatwe(should)goswimming.(３)在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion,proposal,request,orders,idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)leaveatonce.(４)在同位语从句中，谓语形式是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：Wereceivedorderthattheworkbedoneatonce.(５)在Itistimethat…句型中，其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或"should＋动词原形",should不可省。如：It"stime(that)wewent(shouldgo)toschool.II．例题例１Wehadhopedthathe____longer.AstaysBhavestayedCstayedDwouldstay解析：该题正确答案为Ｄ。hadhoped表示"本希望"，同样用法的动词还有think,expect等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气例２"Marywantstoseeyoutoday"."Iwouldrathershe____tomorrowthantoday."AcomesBcameCshouldcomeDwillcome解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。wouldrather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。例３Hadshebeenolder,she____itbetter.AhaddoneBmighthavedoneCmightdoDwoulddo解析：Hadshebeenolder=Ifshehadbeenold.故该题正确答案为Ｂ。(六)短语动词I．要点英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：(１)动词＋介词常见的有lookfor,lookafter,sendfor,careabout,askfor,laughat,hearof(from),addto,leadto等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 Don"tlaughatothers.Ididn"tcareaboutit.(２)动词＋副词常见的有giveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,pointout等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：You"llhandinyourhomeworktomorrow.Pleasedon"tforgettohanditin.(３)动词＋副词＋介词常见的有lookdownupon,goonwith,breakawayfrom,addupto,catchupwith等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：Allhismoneyaddeduptonomorethan$100.Afterashortrest,hewentonwithhisresearchwork.(４)动词＋名词＋介词常见的有takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,makefunof等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：Youshouldpayattentiontoyourhandwriting.Weshouldmakefulluseofourtime.(５)动词＋形容词常见的有leaveopen,setfree,cutopen等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：Theprisonersweresetfree.Hecutitopen.(６)动词＋名词常见的有takeplace,makefriends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：Thisstorytookplacethreeyearsago.Imakefriendswithalotofpeople.(7)辨析giveaway(让给，暴露)和giveup(放弃，停止)putaway(放起，收起)和putout(扑灭)turnup(出席，放大)和turnon(打开)keepout(阻止)和keepoff(不让靠近)makeup(编造，补上)和makeout(辨认)takeoff(脱，起飞)和takeout(拿出)II．例题例１Itiswisetohavesomemoney____foroldage.AputawayBkeptupCgivenawayDlaidup解析：该题正确答案为Ａ。意为"存"；keepup意为"继续"；giveaway意为"分发"；layup"贮藏"。例２Here"smycard.Let"skeepin____.AtouchBrelationCconnectionDfriendship解析：该题正确答案为A.keepintouch为短语动词，意为"保持联系"。例３____!There"satraincoming.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 ALookoutBLookaroundCLookforwardDLookon解析：该题选A.lookout意为"小心"。(七)动词不定式I．要点１、不定式的形式。以动词write为例。２、不定式的句法功能(１)作主语Tohearfromyouisnice.Tobeagoodteacherisnoteasy.不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：It"snicetohearfromyou.It"snoteasytobeagoodteacher.(２)作宾语通常用于want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help等词后。如：Iforgottolockthedoor.Pleaseremembertowritetome.(３)作表语Myjobistopickupletters.Heseemedtohaveheardnothing.(４)作定语不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：Ihavetwoletterstowrite.Ihavealotofworktodo.(５)作宾补通常用于want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force等词后。如：Heorderedhertoleaveatonce.Hewasforcedtoobeyhisorder.(６)作状语Hegotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.Heworkedhardtocatchupwiththeotherstudents.(７)作独立成分Totellyouthetruth,Itoldalie.(８)"疑问词＋不定式"结构。如：Idon"tknowhowtochoosethem.Icannotdecidewheretogo.(9)不定式的否定式。如：Idecidednottogo.(10)不定式的完成式。如：HeseemedtohavecleanedtheroombeforeIcamein.Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttothehospitallastweek.(11)too…to结构。如：Hewastooexcitedtogotosleep.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 Hewasonlytoogladtogo.(他太高兴了，乐意去)(12)主动表被动。如：Thebookiseasytoread.Ihaveabooktoread.II．例题例１Ihaven"tgotachair____.AtositBfortositonCtositonDforsitting解析：该题选C。不定式tositon在句中作定语，修饰名词chair.因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是"动宾关系"，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。例2Hewasmade____.AgoBgoneCgoingDtogo解析：该题选D。makesb.dosth.如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。例3Anewfactoryis____verysoon.AtobebuiltBbuiltCtobuildDtobuilding解析：该题选A。istobebuilt意为"将要被建"。(八)动名词I．要点动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。１、动名词的形式，以write为例。否定式not+动名词２、动名词的用法(１)作主语Playingfootballismyfavoritesport.Travellingwithfriendsatweekendisfun.作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时，可用it作形式主语。如：Itisfuntravellingwithfriendsatweekend.(２)作宾语IenjoyplayingPCgame.Hegaveupwritingfiveyearsago.(３)作表语Whathehatedmostwasdoingnothing.Seeingisbelieving.动名词作表语时，句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。(４)作定语There"sadiningroominmyschool.Allthepeoplewatchinglaughed.(５)动名词的复合结构"物主代词(或名词的所有格)+动名词"。如：Tom"sgoinghomelatemadehermotherangry.Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格(或人称代词的宾格)。①无生命名词Thegirlswereafraidofthedoorsuddenlyclosing.Fireburnsbetterbyoxygenbeingatwork.②有生命名词，但表泛指。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 Haveyoueverheardofgirlssmoking?③两个以上的有生命的名词并列。Doyoustillremembermyparentsandmecomingtoseeyouthatday?3．后面常接动名词的动词和短语mind,enjoy,finish,consider,practise,imagine,keep,suggest,advise,allow,permit,beworthdoing,beusedtodoing,bebusydoing,can"thelpdoing,itisnogooddoing,itisnousedoing,lookforwardtodoing,sticktodoing,payattentiontodoing,devotetodoing,leadtodoingII．例题例１Shesaysshedoesn"tfeellike____outwithyou.AgoingBtogoCforgoingDwent解析：该题正确答案为A。feellike=want,此处like为介词，后面要接名词或动名词作宾语例２Thegardenneeds____.AwaterBwateringCtowaterDwatered解析：该题正确答案为B。need=want=require.如果物作主语，此三者后要接动名词或tobedone这一结构作宾语。例３Excuseme____you.AinterruptingBtointerruptCinterruptedDtohaveinterrupted解析：该题正确答案为A。excuse后接动名词作宾语，此句中的me为动名词的逻辑主语(常用于口语中)。(九)分词I．要点分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。过去分词的句法功能：１、作定语IliketoreadthenovelwrittenbyLuXun.Thewomansittingbesidethebrokenwindowwasafriendofmine.２、作表语WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundthewindowwasbroken.I"minterestedinthisbook.３、作宾语补足语I"mgoingtohavemybikerepaired.WhenIwalkedhome,Isawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.4、作状语Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thecitylookssmall.Theteachercameintotheclassroom,followedbyhisstudents.现在分词的句法功能。1、作状语Seeingfromthetopofthemountain,Ifoundthecitywasbeautiful.Walkingalongthestreet,theysuddenlysawhim.2、作宾语otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 Ihatebeingspokenillof.HeconsideredvisitingJapanduringthewintervocation.3、作表语Seeingisbelieving.Thebookisinteresting.4、作宾语补足语Inoticedhimcrossingthestreet.Mothercaughthimsmokinginthekitchen.5、作定语Doyouknowthemanwritingaletter?Theworkerrunningamachineismybrother.分词使用中的几个问题1、现在分词的完成式Havingcleanedtheroom,Iwentout.2、现在分词的否定式Nothavingreceivedanyletter,hefeltalittleworried.3、现在分词与过去分词的不同现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成Ifoundthemankilledthere.Ifoundthemanstandingthere.4、have结构Wehavethecarrepaired.Wehaverepairedthecar.WehaveTomrepairthecar.WehaveTomrepairingthecarthewholemorning.5、分词作表语Wewereexcitedatthenews.Thefootballgameisexciting.6、独立主格结构Itbeingafineday,wewentouttovisitthepark.II．例题例1、Time_______，I"llgoonapicnicwithyou.A.permitB.topermitC.permittedD.permitting解析：该题答案为D。Timepermitting…是独立主格结构，意为"如果时间允许的话…"例2、_______ifhehadanybadhabit,sherepliedthathewasaheavysmoker.A.AskB.ToaskC.AskedD.Asking解析：该题答案为C。主语she是被问。初中英语语法重难点集汇(二)主谓一致主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持数的一致关系。一个句子中主谓一致，通常指三个基本原则：语法一致，即形式上一致；概念一致，即概念或意念上的一致；毗邻一致，即谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致。一、语法一致原则1、otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17 在通常情况下，一个句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致。即主语为单数形式，谓语也为单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语也为复数形式。如：ThisexerciseonEnglishidiomsisnoteasy.这个英语短语练习不容易。2、在“therebe”结构中，“be”的单复数取决与后面主语的数.如：Therehasbeenlittlechangeinthiscity.这个城市没有多少变化。3、“oneof”结构，位于用单数，“twoof”结构位于用复数OneofthethingsIwanttodoistraveling.我想做的一件事是去旅行。Twooftheboyshavelosttheirwayhome.有两个男孩回家迷路了。3、倒装句的主语在谓语之后，避免误用。NeverbeforehasshebeentoParis!她以前从未去过巴黎。二、概念一致1、主语是抽象概念、短语或从句，谓语用单数形式。如：Totellliesiswrong.说谎是不正确的。(不定式做主语)Keepingthehouseisatiringjob.管理家务是一件很劳累的事。(动名词做主语)Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.(从句做主语)注意：(1)用what或which引导的主语从句或简单句中的数的概念取决于后面的表语，因为它们在逻辑上的意义是相同的。如：Whichisyourseat?你的座位是哪一个？Whichareyourseats?你们的座位是哪些？(2)单个的分词作主语，不定式作主语，以及主语从句，谓语都用单数，若用连接上述的相同两个成分，谓语才用复数。2、两个或两个以上的主语用and和both连接时，谓语用复数形式。3、and连接的并列主语指同一人或同一样东西，and后的名词前没有冠词，谓语用单数；若有，则用复数。如：Mybestfriendandadviserhaschangedhismindagain.我的密友兼顾问又改变他的想法了。MyfriendandthestudentSueareintheclassroom.我的朋友和那位叫苏的同学在教室里。注意：a.若and后面加not,谓语用单数。如：Lilei,andnotI,haswonthegame.是Lilei赢了比赛，而不是我。b.用and连接的单数主语，前面有each,every,manya,no等词修饰时，谓语用单数。c.复数主语前加each,谓语仍用复数。d.no后面名词为单数，谓语用单数；后为复数，谓语用复数。三、毗邻一致由notonly…butalso,neither…nor…,either…or…,or连接的并列主语，在肯定句中谓语变化取决于后面的饿主语，在疑问句中取决于前面的主语。如；EitherheorIammistaken.他和我都没错。Eitherheoryouaretogothere.不是他就是你要到那儿去。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand17