日常交际英语语法总结 24页

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  • 2022-06-17 15:22:45 发布

日常交际英语语法总结

  • 24页
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日常交际英语语法词类英语名称意义例词名词TheNoun(缩写为n)表示人或事物的名称Basket,mouth,hospital,year,train冠词TheArticle(art)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a,an,the代词ThePronoun(pron)用来代替名词、形容词或数词They,his,him,mine,which,all形容词TheAdjective(adj)用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征Long,empty,heavy,different,cheap,hungry数词TheNumeral(num)表示数量或顺序Three,thirteen,twenty,second动词TheVerb(v)表示动作或状态Hear,write,swim,eat,borrow,sing副词TheAdverb(adv)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词Quickly,early,out,soon,then,sometimes介词ThePreposition(prep)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系From,with,at,into,behind,between,for连词TheConjunction(conj)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句And,or,but,so,because感叹词TheInterjection(interj)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感Oh,hey,ouch,well,there,dear一、名词I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名,团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数:1.规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esthief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs,,roof-roofs,4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,5以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,zoo-zoos2.不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:规则例词otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,3只有复数形式trousers,clothes,glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)class,family,group,government,population,team,public,party6表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,FrenchwomenIII.名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的用法:1表示时间today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表示工作群体theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory3.of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook有时也用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents1.名词个体名词:表示单个的人或事物。如boat,chair,desk,apple.可数名词集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如family,people,class,police.专有名词:表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如China,John,London,theUSA,Harbin.物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质。如water,air,tea,sea,money,cotton.抽象名词:表示抽象概念的词。如health,help,work,friendship.不可数名词2.名词的数。可数名词有单复数,不可数名词没有单复数。3.名词的格:名词有三个格:主格(作主语)、宾格(作宾语)、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。【名词】1.名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量,它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目,来统计,都成为不可数名词。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量,没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念,就须加apieceotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词,在英语里却不可数。如:chalk,paper,bread,rice,grass,news等。2.名词的复数(1)规则变化(2)不规则变化A.元音发生变化。如:man---men,woman---women,foot---feet,tooth---teeth,mouse---miceB.词尾发生变化。如:child---childrenC.单、复数同形。如:fish---fish,Japanese---Japanese,Chinese---Chinese,sheep---sheep3.物质名词(不可数名词)量的表示方法(1)用much,alittle,alotof等表示(2)用容器表示abowlofrice,aglassofwater,acupoftea,apieceof,orange,twoglassesofmilk,twopiecesofpaper4.名词的所有格(1)名词所有格的构成法A.单数名词词尾加’s,复数名词词尾若没有s,也要加’s。theworker"sbike,theChildren’sballB.表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’s若表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后’s。如:ThisisLucyandLicy’sroom.TheseareKate"sandjack’srooms.C.如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词,只加’。如:thestudents’books,thegirls’blouses(2)名词+of+名词名词是有生命的,我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如:thelegsofthedesk,thedooroftheroom但在表示名词所有格时,’s结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加’s来构成所有格.如:tenminutes"walk,today"snewspaper[例1](1)—Howfarisyourschoolfromhere?—Notveryfar.It"sabouttwenty______walk.A.minute"sB.minutes’C.minutesD.minute(2)Itisabout______fromtheschooltomyhome.A.tenminuteswalkB.tenminutes’walkC.tenminutes’swalkD.tenminute’swalk分析上述两题考查名词所有格的构成及用法。由句意可知空格处所填内容是表示距离的名词,选项中的名词minute和walk存在所有关系,因此必须用名词的所有格。名词所有格的’s也可以加在一个短语之后,若该短语最后一个名词的词尾是-s,则只加“’’。如:anhour’sride,twoweeks’time。因而(1)、(2)小题答案均为B。[例2]Haveyouseen______atthefootofthehill?A.anysheepB.somesheepsC.anysheepsD.somesheep分析此题考查名词复数的特殊例子。sheep的单复数同形;any一般用在疑问句和否定句里,some用在肯定句里。答案为A 二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a,an),定冠词(the)。I.不定冠词的用法:1第一次提及某人某物,非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 3表示“每一”相当于every,oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereout5用于固定词组中abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,6用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.7用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.定冠词的用法:1表示某一类人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon。3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于乐器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5表示“一家人”或“夫妇”theGreens,theWangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派名词前theUnitedStates,,theFrench9在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代inthe1990’s10用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.1.定冠词-the.○1特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。Thestudentsareverygood.○2说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Whereisthetoilet?○3重复提到上文的人或事物。Ihaveacat,thecatiswhiteandblack.○4表示世界上独一无二的事物。Themoonmovesaroundtheearth.○5形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。Iamtheoldest.Heisthefirsttoschool.Iliveinthesouth.○6洋乐器的名称前常用定冠词-the。Ilikeplayingthepiano/violin.○7和某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表某一类人。Weshouldhelpthepoor.但playErhu.○8放在某些专有名词前。WewillgotovisittheGreatWallnextweek.thePeople’sRepublicofChina.○9放在姓氏的复数形式前,表示全家人或夫妇两人。TheWhitesarewatchingTV.○10固定词组中。Inthemorning/afternoon/evening.2.不定冠词-a/an.○1指人或事物的某一种类。Ahorseisausefulanimal.Atablehasfourlegs.○2指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Passmeapencil,please.Wewritewithapen.○3指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。Thebookwaswrittenbyapeasant.Lastmonthwewereworkinginafactory.○4不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位”,如“每日”、“每斤”等。Hereisaletterforyou.Themeatis18yuanakilo.3.零冠词。○1泛指人类或男女。Manwillconquernature.○2抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时,通常不加冠词。Knowledgebeginswithpractice.○3有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义,其前面也常不加冠词。Wehadbettersendhimtohospitalatonce.○4在专有名词前一般不用冠词。Chinaisagreatcountry.MrSmithisanartist.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand ○5在三餐饭、球棋类运动名称之前不用冠词。Heoftengoesoutforawalkaftersupper.SometimesIplaybasketball.○6在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。September10thisTeachers’Day.○7称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Grannyissleepingnow.Wecallhimmonitor.○8在语言名词前,名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时,不用冠词。Thisishisbook.IcanspeakEnglish.○9不用冠词的惯用语。Atnight/onfood/gototown/athome/inclass/atwork等。【冠词】1.不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前,其余用不定冠词a.2.定冠词的基本用法A.用在重新提到的人或事物前面。B.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。C用在单数可数名词前面,表示某一类人或事物。3.定冠词的特殊用法A.用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。B.用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。C用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。D.用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。E.用在姓氏的复数形式前面,表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。F.用在乐器名称前。G.和某些形容词连用,表示某一类人或事物。4.名词前不用冠词的情况A.在专有名词(包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节)、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。B.表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。C.名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词。D.三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。(sit)attable就餐;sitatthetable坐在桌边gotoschool去上学;gototheschool去那所学校;inhospital住院;inthehospital在那个医院三.代词:I.代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代词形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand other/another,all/both,neither/either四.形容词和副词I.形容词:1.形容词的位置:1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置theonlypersonawake4和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong5成对的形容词可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith1.形容词的构成。○1简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good,long,green,large,bright,interesting,surprised,learned,developing,sleeping.○2复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute,second-hand,500-word,8-year-old,three-legged,round-trip,part-time,good-looking.2.形容词的用法。○1修饰名词作定语。Sheisabeautifulgirl.○2作表语。Heisverystrong.○3作宾语补足语。Letthedooropen.Youmustkeepyourclassroomclean.○4“定冠词+形容词”表示一类人或物,在句子中可作主语或宾语。Weshouldspeaktotheoldpolitely.○5大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语,但少数形容词只能作表语,不能作定语。如:asleep,ill,awake等。○6有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如:many,little,wooden,golden等。3.形容词的位置。○1形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。Aheavybox.○2与表示度量的词连用,形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3metreslong.12kilometersaway.○3与不定代词something,anything,everything,nothing等连用时,可以放在这些词之后。Somethingimportant.nothingserious.○4当名词前有多个形容词修饰时,一般按下面的词序排列:冠词(包括物主代词、序数词、基数词)-描述形容词(brave,beautiful)-表示形状(大小、长短、高矮)的形容词-表示年龄或新旧的形容词-表示颜色的形容词-表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词-表示材料、物质的形容词-表示用途或类别的形容词-被修饰的词。Mynicesmallbrownleatherbag.thoselargeroundblackwoodentables.4.形容词的比较级和最高级。(一般加er/est,不规则见表)○1原级的用法:“……和……相同”A.肯定句:A+动词+as+形容词原级+as+B.Heisastallasme.B.否定句:A…+notas+形容词原级+as+B(即A不如BotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 那么…)A…+notso+形容词原级+as+B=A…+less+形容词原级+than+B.○2比较级的用法:A.A+动词+形容词的比较级+than+B.(A比B更…,在这种句型中,比较级前面可用much,even,still,alittle,abit,alot,any,far等修饰,表示“…得多”,“甚至…”,“更…”,“…一点儿”。B.“比较级+and+比较级”、“moreandmore+部分双音节或多音节的原级”译为“越来越…”。○3最高级的用法:(个体用-of,范围用-in,最高级前面要用定冠词-the)A.三种最高级表示法。最高级:ShanghaiisthelargestcityinChina.比较级:ShanghaiislargerthananyothercityinChina./ShanghaiislargerthantheothercitiesinChina.原级:NoothercityisaslargeasShanghaiinChina./NoothercityislargerthanShanghaiinChina.【形容词】1.      有些表语形容词前不可用very,而要用much,verymuch等副词,如用muchafraid,fastasleep。2.      alive也可用定语形容词,常后置。Heistheoldestmanalive。3.      名词化的形容词用于指人时,应看作是复数,用于指物时,表示整体抽象概念,应看作是单数,谓语动词用单三:Theoldlikeaquietplace。Theunusualisnotalwaysthebest。4.      名词化的形容词连在一起使用时可省略冠词:Oldandyoungshouldhepleachother。5.      当有两个以上的形容词用来修饰一名词时,其顺序如下:限定词(冠词,物主代词,指示代词,不定代词)→数词(序数词,基数词)→表性质、状态的描绘形容词(短语在前,长语在后)→表特征的形容词(大小、长短、形状、新旧、年龄、温度)→表颜色的形容词→表属性的形容词(包括国籍等专有名词)→表材料、质地的形容词→名词性定语(包括名词、动名词)+名词:thelastfourbeautifulbignewblueSpanishwoodencitizenhouses6.      good的反义词是bad,而well的反义词是ill。7.      elder和eldest是用来表示家族关系的长幼顺序,只作定语形容词。而older和oldest是用来表示年龄的比较,以及事物的新旧,既可作定语形容词,也可作表语形容词。8.      later和latest指时间的先后,但latter和last指顺序的先后。9.      farther和farthest主要反映“距离”或“时间”的比较,表示“较远的”“最远的”。而further和furthest主要指“程度”,表示“进一步的”和“最大限度的”。10.  A两者比较,表示一方高于另一方:比较级+thanotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand B两者比较,表示同样的程度:as+原级+asC两者比较,表示一方不如另一方:notso(as)+原级+asD两者比较,表示一方程度浅一些:less+原级+thanE用于三者或三者以上,表示其中一方最…:the+最高级+比较范围II.副词副词的分类:1时间副词soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5频度副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地点副词here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑问副词how,where,when,why3方式副词hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副词almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8关系副词when,where,why1.副词的种类:○1时间副词:often,always,usually,early,ago,already,before,ever,late,now,soon,since,tomorrow,justnow…○2地点副词:here,there,above,below,outside,anywhere,back,down,home,out,everywhere…○3方式副词:hard,well,badly,fast,slowly,angrily,simply,carefully…○4程度副词:very,quite,much,still,almost,little,too,enough…○5疑问副词:how,when,where,why…○6关系副词:when,where,why…(引导定语从句)○7连接副词:how,when,where,why,whether…○8频率副词:often,seldom,usually,never,sometimes,everyday,always,hardly…○9其他副词:really,certainly,surely,maybe…2.副词的用法:○1作状语:Hecanfinishtheworkeasily.○2作定语(要后置):ThestudentsherearefromHarbin.○3作表语:Imustbeoffnow.○4作宾补,构成复合宾语:Showhimup.Isawhimoutwithmysisterlastnight.3.副词的比较级和最高级。(一般加er/est,不规则见表)○1副词的原级:A.as+副词的原级+as“与…一样”B.notas(so)+副词的原级+as“与…不一样”C.too+副词的原级+todosth.“太…而不能”D.so+副词的原级+that从句“如此…以致于…”E.副词的原级+enoughtodosth.“足够…能做…”○2副词的比较级:otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand A.A+动词+副词比较级+than+BB.副词比较级前也可以用much,even,still,far,any,alittle,abit,alot等修饰。C.比较级+and+比较级,表示“越来越…”,themore…themore…表示“越…就越…”D.副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词the.【形容词,副词】形容词1.形容词的位置(1)形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面,但当形容词修饰不定代词something,nothing,anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如:somethingimportant,nothingserious。(2)当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时,定语或表语要后置。如:Wehavedugaholetwometersdeep.Theholeisabouttwometresdeep.2.形容词的比较等级(1)单音节词和少数双音节词,在词尾加—(e)r,—(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。如:popular———morepopular———mostpopularimportant—moreimportant—mostimportant(2)不规则变化原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestwellbadworseworstilloldolderoldesteldereldestmanymoremostmuchlittlelessleastfarfartherfarthestfurtherfurthest3.形容词比较级的用法形容词比较级通常可分为原级、比较级、最高级三种基本形式,具体而言,它们分别以下列形式出现在句中:它们分别以下列形式出现在句中:(1)as+原级+as(2)比较级+than(3)the+最高级+of(in)...需注意的原级的用法:(1)否定结构有A..。notas+形容词原级+asB及A...notso+形容词原级+asB两种结构。(2)表示倍数有...timesas+形容词原级+as的句型。如:Thisgardenistentimesaslargeasthatone.Thisroomistwiceaslargeasthatone.(3)halfas+形容词原级+as表示“……的一半”otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 。如:Thisbookishalfasthickasthatone.需注意的比较级的用法:(1)than后面接代词时,一般要用主格,但在口语中工也可换成me。(2)比较级前还可以用much,even,still,alittle来修饰。(3)表示倍数时,试比较Ourroomistwiceaslargeastheirs.我们的房间是他们的两倍那样大。Ourroomistwicelargerthantheirs.我们的房间比他们的大两倍。(4)I’mtwoyearsolderthanyou.我比你大两岁。(5)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。如:Hebecomesfatterandfatter.(6)"The+比较级…,the+比较级”表示“越……,越……”。如:Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.他越忙就越高兴。需注意的最高级的用法:(1)常见结构有:“of+复数意义的词”表示“在……之中的”,“在……中”;“in+范围、场所”表示“在……之中”。如:Heisthetallest“alltheboys”.Chinaisthegreatestintheworld.副词1.副词比较级的构成(1)单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。(2)绝大多数副词借助more,most来构成比较级和最高级。(3)少数副词的不规则变化:原级比较级最高级wellbetterbestbadlyworseworstmuchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfartherfarthestfarthestfurthestlatelaterlatest(4)副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。(5)常用句型有likeAbetterthanB和likeA(the)bestof(in)…其余变化和形容词类似。2.常见副词用法(1)too,eitherToo一般用于肯定句,常放在句末,否定句时用either。(2)ago,beforeago以现在为起点,和动词的过去时连用。before以过去某个时间为起点,常和过去完成时连用。当before前没有“一段时间”而单独使用时,泛指“以前”,常和完成时连用。如:Ihaveheardthemanbefore。我以前听说过那个人。III.形容词和副词比较等级:形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 1可以修饰比较级的词有:much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,any,。2.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore…themore…”句型。如:Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.3用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.4.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.5.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。五、基数词:1-1213-1920-90100-1one13thirteen20twenty100ahundred2two14fourteen21twenty-one300threehundred3three15fifteen22twenty-two1,000athousand4four16sixteen30thirty5,000fivethousand5five17seventeen40forty1,000,000amillion6six18eighteen50fifty1,000,000,000abillion7seven19nineteen60sixty8eight70seventy9nine80eighty10ten90ninety11eleven12twelve2.序数词:1-1011-1920-90100-1first1st11eleventh11th20twentieth20th100onehundredth100th2second2nd12twelfth12th21twenty-first21st103onehundredandthird103rd3third3rd13thirteenth13th30thirtieth30th134onehundredandthirty-fourth134th4fourth4th14fourteenth14th37thirty-seventh37th200twohundredth200th5fifth5th15fifteenth15th40fortieth40th1000onethousandth1,000th6sixth6th16sixteenth16th50fiftieth50th1,000,000onemillionth1,000,000th7seventh7th17seventeenth17th60sixtieth60th1,000,000,000onebillionth1,000,000,000th8eighth8th18eighteenth18th70seventieth70th9ninth9th19nineteenth19th80eightieth80th10tenth10th90ninetieth90th○1作主语:Thefirstisbetterthanthesecond.○2作宾语:Hewasamongthefirsttoarrive.○3作表语:Heisthefirsttocometoschool.○4作定语:Theninthletteroftheword“restaurant”is“n”./Therearethreethousandworkersinthefactory.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 【数词】1.数字的表示三位数数词要在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and。1,000以上的数字,从后向前第三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand,第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion。2.序数词除了first,second,third外,其余都在基数词尾加-th构成。3.分数分子在前,分母在后,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于1小时,分母序数词要变成复数。4.Hundreds(thousands,millions)of……用法。六、代词1.人称代词--代替人或事物,主格作主语,宾客作宾语2.物主代词--形容词性只作定语,名词性可以作主、宾、表语等,表示所属关系词义人称代词物主代词单数复数单数复数主格宾格主格宾格形容词性(短)名词性(长)形容词性(短)名词性(长)Imeweusmymineouroursyouyouyouyouyouryoursyouryourshehimtheythemhishistheirtheirssheherherhersitititsits3.反身代词--起强调作用,只作同位语和宾语单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves4.相互代词--表示相互关系,作宾语Weshouldhelpeachother.Pleasecorrecteachother’smistakes.eachother(两者相互)eachother’s(相互的)oneanother(三者或三者以上)oneanother’s(相互的)5.指示代词--起指示作用,作定语、主语、宾语、表语等This,that,these,those,it,such,sameTakethisbooktohisroom.Mypointisthis.6.不定代词--代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物some,any,no,none,many,few,little,all,both,every,one,either,neither,other,afew,alittle,another,somebody,nobody,nothing,eachIhavesomethingtotellyou.Neitheranswerisright.7.疑问代词--表示疑问,构成特殊问句who,what,whose,which,whomWhomdidyousee?8.关系代词--引导定语从句which,that,who,whom,whoseThebookthatIlostwasnew.9.连接代词--引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)what,who,thatIknowwhatyouaredoing.at’swhatIhope.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 【代词】1.人称代词人称代词it的特殊用法:一般it指“它”,但在表示天气、时间、距离等时,用it来代替,此时的it并不译为“它”。当三个人称代词(单数)同时出现时,其先后顺序为you,he,I。而复数一般采用we,you,they顺序。2.物主代词物主代词的用法:形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。3.反身代词1)反身代词的构成分两种:第一、二人称反身代词在形容词:性物主代词后加上self或selves,第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves.2)反身代词的用法:一种是作宾语,由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如:Ienjoyedmyselfattheparty.另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如:Icandoitmyself.3)初中阶段由反身代词构成的常用词组有:enjoyoneself,helponeselfto,learnbyoneself,teachoneself,(all)byoneself,leave...byoneself,loseoneselfin等,在运用反身代词时,应注意它在数、性别上与哪一个保持一致。试比较:“Helpyourselvestosomefish,TomandMike.”与Ican’tleavethegirlbyherself.指示代词指示代词的特殊用法:(1)为了避免重复,可用that,those代替前面提到过的名词,但是this,these不可以。(2)this,that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。不定代词主要不定代词的用法:(1)one的用法A.one作为代词可以指人,也可以指物。B.one,ones(one的复数形式)可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词,以避免重复。C.one的前面可用this,that,the,which等词来修饰。D.常有a+形容词+one这一形式。it和one的用法区别:it用来指特定的东西,而one则用于替代不特定的东西。(2)some和any的用法区别A.some,any可与单、复数可数名词和不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句,any一般用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中。B.some,any与—thing,—body,—one构成的合成词的用法与some,any一样。C.在疑问句中,一般不用some,只有当问句表示一种邀请或者请求,或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。D.some在否定句中表示半否定,any表示全否定。E.some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某个”而不是“一些”。(3)other,another的用法数种类单数复数otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 泛指another=anotherother(boys)others特指theothertheother(boys)theothers功能作主语、宾语、定语作定语作主语、宾语A.another=another"另一个”,泛指众多者中的另一个,在原有基础上自然增加的另一个。一般后面接单数名词,前面不能加定冠词。有时another可以用在复数名词前表示“又”“再”,如:Iwanttohaveanothertwocakes.我想再吃两个蛋糕。B.theother表示两个中的另一个,常与one连用。常见形式是“one...theother...”。C.other+复数名词=othersD.theother+复数名词=theothers(4)a11、both的用法both表示“两者都……”,而a11表示“三个或三个以上的人或物都……”。a11、both在句中放在be动词,情态动词及助动词之后,放在实义动词之前。(5)each和every的用法A.each用来指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个。every则指两个以上的人或物中的一个。B.从含义和语法功能上看,each是“单个”的意思,侧重个体,在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语。而every是“每一个”之意,侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语,也就是说它后面必须跟着名词。而由every构成的合成词后面绝不能跟名词。(6)either,neither,both的用法either:指两者中的任意一个。作主语谓语用单数。neither:指两者都不,全否定。作主语谓语用单数。both:指两者都。作主语谓语用复数。(7)many和muchmany只能和复数可数名词连用。much只能和不可数名词连用。注意:alotof/lotsof/plentyof=much/manyalarge/greatnumberof=manyagreat/gooddealof=much(8)few,afew,little,alittlefew,little表示否定含义,“很少”“几乎没有”;afew,alittle表示肯定含义,有一些”。few,afew用在可数名词前,little,alittle用在不可数名词前。七、介词otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 1.介词的种类:○1简单介词:in,at,of,from,since,around,to…○2合成介词:onto,into,without,upon,within…○3短语介词:becauseof,infrontof,accordingto…○4分词介词:regarding,following,concerning…2.介词短语在句子中的作用:○1作定语。Iknowtheanswertothequestion.○2作状语。Thechildrenareplayingbasketballintheplayground.○3作表语。Mikeisintheclassroom.○4作宾语补足语。Hefoundhimselfinthemiddleoftheriver.○5作主语补足语。Tomwasseeninsidethecinema.3.常用介词的基本用法:○1表示时间的介词(at,in,on,for,since,after,by,during,before,from,to,until,within…)○2表示位置,方位的介词(in,at,on,to…)○3表示交通方式的常用介词(by,on,in…)○4其他一些词组搭配介词(beangrywith/at/aboutsb/sth.bestrictwith/in/sb/sth…)【介词】一些容易混淆的介词1.表示时间的at、on、in的用法区别at主要表示:(1)在某具体时刻之前,如atseveno’clock,at7:30。(2)在固定短语中,如:atnoon,atnight,atthattime,attheageofattheweekend,atChristmas。On用来表示“在……天”,如:OnMonday,OnMaylst,OnChildren’sDay。in用来表示:(1)在某年、某月、某季节。(2)在—段时间之后,如:intwohours,inafewdays。注意:在纯粹地表示在上午/下午/晚上时,用inthemorning/afternoon/evening,但在某一天的上午、下午、晚上前要用介词on。如:onMondaymorning,onthemorningofChildren’sDay。2.表示地点的at,in,on的用法区别(1)at通常指小地方,in一般指大地方。(2)at所指范围不太明确,in指“在……里”。(3)in指在内部,on指“在……之上”。3.表示“一段时间”的for与since的用法区别for后面接时间段,since之后接时间点。4.表示时间的before与by的用法区别before与by都可表示“在……之前”,但by含有“不迟于……”、“到……为止”的意思。如果by后是将来的时间,则与将来时连用,若by后是过去的时间,则与过去完成时连用。5.over与above(under与below)over,above都表示“在……的上面”,over表示“正上方”,而above只表示“在上方”但不一定在“正上方”。above还可表示温度、水位等“高于”,over还可表示“越过……”。over的反义词是under,above的反义词是below.例如:otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand ThereisabridgeovertheriverOurplaneflewabovetheclouds.6.表示“用”的with,by,in的用法with多指用工具,用身体的部位或器官;by表示使用的方法、手段;in指使用某种语言。如:Weseewithoureyes.Wegotherebybike.PleasesayitoutinEnglish.Hecutitopenwithaknife.介词的省略表示时间介词at,on,in的省略(1)在next,last,this,these,today,yesterday,tomorrow,one,every,each,all等词前,一般不用at,in,on.(2)在某些名词词组前,可以省略(也可不省)如:(on)thatday,(in)theyearbeforelast常见搭配1.动词+介词,如:listento,laughat,writeto,hearfrom,getto,lookat,shoutat,shoutto,knockat,lookfor,lookat,askfor,waitfor,geton,getto,puton,turnon,operateon,takeoff,turnoff,learnfrom,worryabout...2.形容词+介词,如:afraidof,fullof,angrywith,strictwith,busywith,goodat,good/badfor,latefor,sorryfor,readyfor,famousfor,politeto,farfrom...3.名词+介词/介词+名词keyto,visitto,athome,insurprise,afterclass,forever,ontime,atlast,atfirst,forexample...八、连词1.并列连词:○1表联合关系连词。(and,or,but,for,notonly…butalso,aswellas,both…and…,neither…nor.)○2转折连词。(but,while,yet,however.)○3选择连词。(or,orelse,either…or…,otherwise.)2.从属连词:○1引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的连用,主要有三个:that,whether,if.Ihearthatheisastudent.○2引导状语从句的从属连词:A.连接时间状语从句:when,before,after,while,assoonas,since,until,as,whenever,eversince…B.连接让步状语从句:although,though,evenif,however…C.连接原因状语从句:as,because,since,nowthat,for…D.连接目的状语从句:that,sothat,inorderthat…E.连接条件状语从句:if,unless,once,incase…F.连接结果状语从句:so…that,such…that…G.连接方式状语从句:as,asif,asthough…otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand H.连接地点状语从句:where.I.连接比较状语从句:as,as…as,notas/so…as,than…九、动词I.动词的时态:1.动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关)3.一般将来时的表达方式:将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+动词原形含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事It’sgoingtoclearup.We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing进行时表示将来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.5beto+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.行为动词含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句中能独立作谓语。及物动词后面一定接宾语Open,visit,hear…HevisitedGaozhouyesterday.不及物动词后面可以不接宾语Laugh,cry,live…HelivesinBeijing.连系动词(linkv)本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。Be,become,grow,get,turn,look,sound,smell,taste,feel,seem…Themeatsmellsbad.Heisastudent.助动词(v.aux.)本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式Do,does,did,am,is,are,have,has,had,shall,will,should,would…Hedoesn’tspeakEnglish.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand Weareplayingfootball.HehadgonetoBeijing.情态动词(ModalVerbs)本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。Can,may,must,should,need,dear,shall,will,haveto…ShecanspeakEnglish.MayIspeaktoAnn,please、Wemustgonow.注:动词(除情态动词,只有原形和过去式)有原形、第三人称单数、动词-ing、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。十、动词的时态:时态表示内容谓语动词的构成常用的时间状语例句一般现在时现阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态动词原形(包括第三人称单数形式+s/es)often、usually、always、sometimes、everyday、inthemorning(afternoon…)等Heisoftenlateforschool.Sheusuallygoestoworkonfoot.一般将来时将要发生的动作或存在的状态shall/will+动词原形am/is/aregoingto+动词原形am/is/areto+动词原形am/is/areaboutto+动词原形am/is/are+动词-ingtomorrow、nextweek、thismonth、inanhour、thedayaftertomorrow等HewillgotoShanghainextweek.Iamgoingtobuyabooktomorrow.Theyaretoseeafilminahour.Sheisabouttomendthebikelater.IamflyingtoGuangzhounextweek.一般过去时过去发生的动作或存在的状态动词过去式(一般+ed,特殊见课本不规则表)yesterday、lastweek、threedaysago、before、thedaybeforeyesterday等Ifinishedmyhomeworkyesterday.HewenttoGaozhouthreedaysago.现在进行时现在正在进行的动作am/is/are+动词现在分词now、It’ssixo’clock.也可用look、listen等词提示Theyaredoingtheirhomeworknow.Look!Theboyisplayingbasketball.过去进行时过去某个时刻正在进行的动作was/were+动词现在分词atsixyesterdaymorning、thistimeyesterday、也可用when等引导的从句Iwassleepingat11lastnight.Theywerecookingwhenthebellrang.现在完成时动作发生在过去,已结束,对现在有影响;或者开始在过去一直持续到现在的动作。have/has+动词过去分词(一般+ed,特殊见课本不规则表)already、ever、never、justforthreedays、since1998、bytheendofthisterm、yet等Ihavealreadyfinishedmywork.Hehasn’tfoundoutwhobrokethedoor.过去完成时过去某个时间之前已经完成了的动作had+动词过去分词BytheendotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand oflastmonth、when、before等引导的从句IhadseenthefilmwhenIwasincollege.Themeetinghadbegunbeforewearrived.过去将来时从过去某个时间看将来发生的动作should/would+动词原形was/weregoingto+动词原形was/wereto+动词原形was/wereaboutto+动词原形was/were+动词-ing通常在宾语从句中出现,主句为共有4条文章页次:2/4分页:过去时Hesaid(that)hewouldgotoMaomingthenextday.Shetoldme(that)shewasmovingtoFranceintwodays.十一、动词的语态1.语态定义:英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。WeteachEnglishinourschool.(主动)Englishistaughtinourschool.(被动)2.被动语态:助动词Be+及物动词的过去分词(be+p.p.),be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表:时态谓语动词的形式例子一般现在时Am/is/are+动词过去分词ColourTVsaremadeinthefactory.一般过去时Was/were+动词过去分词Myhometownwasliberatedin1949.一般将来时Shall/will+be+动词过去分词Thefilmwillbeshownagain.现在进行时Am/is/are+being+动词过去分词Thewallsarebeingpainted.过去进行时Was/were+being动词过去分词Theticketswerebeingwellsoldthen.现在完成时Has/have+been+动词过去分词Anewroadhasbeenbuilthere.时态谓语动词的形式例子过去完成时Had+been+动词过去分词Muchhadbeendonebeforemothercameback.含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词+be+动词过去分词Thecompositionmustbehandedintoday.Ⅱ句子1.句子的成分1.定义:组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分,即:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分。2.句子成分意义例句2.1主语表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。LucyisanAmericangirl.WestudyinNo.1MiddleSchool.2.2.谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)用动词。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致WeloveChina./Sheissinging.Mikehopestobeadoctor./Hisparentsarefarmers.2.3.表语说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。Herauntisadriver./Areyouready?Wewereathomelastnight.2.4.宾语表示动词、行为的对象,由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当,和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。Heoftenhelpsme./WestudyEnglishatschool.Didyouseehimyesterday?2.5.定语用来修饰名词或代词。作定语的除形容词外,还有代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。Theblackbikeismine./What’syourname,please?Wehavefourlessonsinthemorning?2.6.状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示。Peopleareallworkinghard./Itisverynice.Wehadameetingthisafternoon.2.7.宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。这类词有:make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let等。Hemademeveryangry.Ifindhimagoodboy.2.8独立主格  (一):独立主格结构的构成:  名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;  名词(代词)+形容词;  名词(代词)+副词;  名词(代词)+不定式;  名词(代词)+介词短语构成。   (二)独立主格结构的特点:    1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。    2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。    3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。  举例:    Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.   =Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.    考试结束了,我们开始放假。    Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.   =Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.    总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。    Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.     如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand   Thisdone,wewenthome.       工作完成后,我们才回家。    Themeetinggoneover,everyonetiredtogohomeearlier.     会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。    Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.  他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。    Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm.   他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆With的复合结构作独立主格    表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。    with+名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语  举例:Hestoodthere,hishandraised.   =Hestoodthere,withhishandraise.  典型例题    Themurderwasbroughtin,withhishands___behindhisback。  A.beingtied B.havingtied  C.tobetied  D.tied      答案D.with+名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.    注意:  1)独立主格结构使用介词的问题:   当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但with的复合结构不受此限制   Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand.    (hand前不能加his)。       2)当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。   Helaythere,histeethset,hishandclenched,hiseyeslookingstraightup.  典型例题:   Weather___,we"llgooutforawalk.   Apermitted Bpermitting Cpermits Dforpermitting   答案B.本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号,且we小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为"天气允许",表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。   如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为Ifweatherpermits,we"llgooutforawalk.然后将if去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。2.句子的种类英语中按使用目的或功用分为四类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。2.1.陈述句○otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 1陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句两种。a.陈述句的肯定式。Ihavealreadypostedthephotos./Theyarestudents./Imustgonow./Hewasreadingabookat8:00lastnight.b.陈述句的否定形式。(1)谓语动词是系动词be,助动词have,will,shall,be或情态动词,只须在其后面加not构成否定句。Sheisn’tastudent./Hehasn’tbeentotheGreatWall./Icannotswim./Youwillnotgotheretomorrow./Theyaren’tsleeping.(2)若谓语动词是实义动词,在实义动词前加上donot,第三人称单数现在时用doesnot,过去时用didnot。Hedidn’tsendmeaninvitation.(3)由具有否定含义的词never,nobody,hardly,little,dislike,seldom,few,too…to等构成的否定句。Notallthebooksinourschoollibrarycanberenewed.2.2.疑问句○1疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。a.一般疑问句:以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始,语调为升调,通常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。(1)一般疑问句的基本结构:Be动词(is,am,are,was,were)+主语+表语…?Have动词(表示“有”:have,has,had)+主语+宾语…?情态动词(can,may,must等)+主语+行为动词或be…?助动词(do,does,did)+主语+行为动词…?助动词(shall,will,have,has)+主语+行为动词…?(2)否定形式的疑问句,通常把助动词与not缩写,放在句首。构成回答:Aren’tyouastudent?Yes,Iam.(不,我是)No,Iamnot.(对,我不是)b.特殊疑问句:以疑问代词who,what,whom,whose,which或疑问副词when,where,why,how开头。(1)如果疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时,其语序如陈述句。Whoisondutytoday?/Whichbookisyours.(2)如果疑问词在句中不作主语或其修饰主语,用“疑问词+一般疑问句”形式。Wherehaveyoubeen?c.选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上的情况,供回答者选择,并由or连用,但不能用Yes或no来回答。(1)疑问句+选择成分1+or+选择成分2?Doyouwantcoffeeorcocoa?/AreyouanEnglishmanoranAmerican?(2)特殊问句+选择答案1+or+选择答案2?whorunsfast,Tom,MaryorLilei.d.反意疑问句:陈述部分+提问部分。(1)◎前肯后否,前否后肯。◎前后人称、数和时态要一致,疑问部分要用代词。◎事实回答用Yes,非事实回答用No.◎前陈述句用降调,后问句用升调;如对前陈述句内容有把握,后问句也可用降调。◎otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 如果前面陈述句中有否定词:hardly,little,few,never,rarely,nothing,none,nobody,not,no等,后面疑问句应该用肯定式。(2)陈述句中有:haveto,hadto,oughtto,usedto,don’t(imperative),somebody/someone,everybody/everyone时,附加疑问句需分别用:don’t,didn’t,shouldn’t,usedn’t/didn’t,will,they等。Mygrandmausedtobeateacher,usedn’t/didn’tshe?Don’tturnontheTVset,willyou?(3)陈述句部分是复合句时,提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。Hewasreadingwhentheteachercamein,wasn’the?(4)在“Ithink(guess,suppose,believe)+宾语从句”中,当主语是第一人称时,附加疑问句的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从句相一致;但若主语不是第一人称时,则附加问句与前面主句一致。Idon’tthinkhecanpasstheexam,canhe?Hebelievedyouhadseenherbefore,didn’the?(5)在含有情态动词must的句子中,若must表示推测,提问用must后面的动词。若must表示有必要时,用needn’t。若mustn’t表示禁止时,提问用must。Hemustbetired,isn’the?YoumustgotoGaozhou,needn’t?Youmustn’tsmokehere,mustyou?(6)陈述句部分为祈使句,疑问部分常用willyou(表请求)。注:let’s用shallwe(包括说话人),letus用willyou(不包括说话人)。Haveacupoftea,willyou?Let’sgonow,shallwe?Letusgonow,willyou?2.3.祈使句可表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等。(省主语,动词用原形)(1)let+第一人称,第三人称+(not)动词原形。Letmetryagain.(2)动词原形+其他成分。Listentomecarefully.(3)Don’t(never)+动词原形+其他成分。Don’tlookoutofthewindow.(4)Do+动词原形+其他成分。Dogivehimanotherchance.主谓一致1.主谓一致是指谓语动词要与主语单、复数形式及人称变化相一致。主要包括三方面:形式一致、意义一致、就近原则。2.单数名词、不可数名词作主语,谓语用单数;复数名词作主语,谓语用复数;若主语表示单数或整体概念时,谓语应用单数。Timeismoney./Mybookisnew./Ourbooksarethere./Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge./Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.3.有些名词以“s”结尾,但谓用单数。(news,physics,maths,politics等)Mathsisveryimportanttous.4.People,police,youth,cattle等常作复数处理。Theyoutharefullofliving.5.既作单数又是复数的名词,可作单、复数。(sheep,fish,deer,Chinese,Japanese…)Thereisonedeer/aresomedeerinthezoo./ImetaJapaneseinthestreet./TheJapaneseImetinthestreetwerefriendly.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand 6.当主语是两个名词由and连接时,若表示一种事物或一种概念时,谓语用单数。Theteacherandwriteriscoming(同一个人)./Theteacherandthewriterarecoming.(不同人)7.有every或each修饰的单数名词并列时,谓语动词用单数,第二个every或each可省略。Everyboyand(every)girlhasanewbook.8.表示时间、距离、金钱或数量的复数名词,一般视为一个整体,谓语用单数。Ahundredmilesisalongdistance.9.有些形容词前加定冠词构成表示一类人的名词,常用复数处理。Thericharegettingricher./Theblindaresittingontheroad.10.Number,population等词可作单数或复数,主要从意思决定。Anumberofbooksarenew./Thenumberofbooksis3,000.ThepopulationofChinaisverylarge./Onethirdofthepopulationhereareworkers.11.当名词后有with,together,like,but,except等介词短语时,谓语随名词的数而变。TomwithhisparentshasbeentoBeijingtwice.12.Each和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待。Eachofushasanapple./Somebodyisusingthephoto.13.What,who,which,any,more,most,all等代词可以是单、复数,主要靠意思决定。Whichisyourroom?/Whichareyourrooms?14.“None或noneof+名词(代词)复数”可作单、复数,若名词为不可数,则谓语只用单数。Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus./Noneofushasgotacamera./Noneofmilkisgood.15.“Either,neither(+of+名(代)词复数”作主语时,通常看作单数。NeitherofushasbeentoHongKong./Eitheransweriswrong.16.“manya+单数名词”或“morethanone+单数名词”作主语时,谓语多用单数形式。Morethanonepersonhasthatkindofexperience.17.All/most/half/part/some/therestof+不可数名词,谓语用单数。Allofmeatisbad.18.All/most/half/part/some/therestof+可数名词复数,谓语用复数。Someofstudentsareabsent.19.“oneof+名(代)词复数”为主时,谓语通常用单数。OneofthegirlsisfromAmerica.20.“apairof+名词复数”作主语时,谓语常用单数,若pair是pairs时谓语用复数。21.“(a)partof+名词”作主语时,若名词是单数,谓语用单数;若名词是复数,谓语用复数。22.“agroupof+名词”作主语时,强调整体,谓语用单数;若强调group中的各成员,谓语用复数。23.“alotof/lotsof+名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand