高中英语语法定语从句教案及练习 6页

高中英语语法--定语从句　定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。18.1关系代词引导的定语从句　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that　这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：　Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）　Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2）whose用来指人或物，（只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换）。例如：　Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.　那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。　Pleasepassmethebookwhose（ofwhich）coverisgreen.　请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：　　Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语）Thepackage（which/that）youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了。（which/that在句中作宾语）18.2关系副词引导的定语从句　关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构，因此常常和"介词+which"结构交替使用。例如：　Thereareoccasionswhen（onwhich）onemustyield.　任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。　Beijingistheplacewhere（inwhich）Iwasborn.　北京是我的出生地。　Isthisthereasonwhy（forwhich）herefusedouroffer?　这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和"介+which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：　Hisfatherdiedtheyear（that/when/inwhich）hewasborn.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。　Heisunlikelytofindtheplace（that/where/inwhich）helivedfortyyearsago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。及物动词和不及物动词A有些动词只是及物动词;它们不可以单独用，后面必须跟宾语。{False:Theyalwayswantafterlunch.Right:Theyalwayswantacupofteaafterlunch.{False:Heissendingnow.Right:Heissendingaletternow.B有些动词只是不及物动词；它们可以单独用，如果后面想接宾语，动词后面必须加上介词。-6- {Right:Heislookingaround.False:Heislookingme.Right:Heislookingatme.{Right:Heislisteningcarefully.False:Heislisteningtheteachercarefully.Right:Heislisteningtotheteachercarefully.C有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词;但是有时候词义会改变。{Thecustomerisaskingloudly.Thecustomerisaskingforyounow.Thecustomerisaskingaquestionnow.{Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceedinpassingtheexam(samemeaning).Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceedJohnasthemanagerofthiscompany(differentmeaning).18.3判断关系代词与关系副词　方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：　判断改错：　（错）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.　（错）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.　（对）Thisisthemountainvillage（which）Ivisitedlastyear.　（对）I"llneverforgetthedays（which）Ispentinthecountryside.　　习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。　方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.　A.where　B.that　C.onwhich　　D.theone答案：例1D，例2A例2变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld.而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语(状语(adverbial)是句子的重要修饰成分。状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面,从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。)表地点，既可用副词where，又因inthemuseum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。　　关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who,whom,that,which,whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语）。18.5介词+关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。例如：　ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.这是我两年前住过的房子。　ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.　Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？　Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?-6- 18.6as,which非限定性定语从句　　由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：　　Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。　　Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。典型例题　1）Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,___cameasasurprise.A.it　B.that　C.which　　D.he　答案C.此为非限定性从句，不能用that修饰，而用which.，it和he都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.what　B.which　C.that　D.it　答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）Itrainedhardyesterday,____preventedmefromgoingtothepark..A.that　B.which　　C.as　D.it　答案B.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（1）as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。（2）as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。as的用法例1.thesame…as；such…as中的as是一种固定结构,和……一样……。例如：　　Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe（has）.我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。例2.as可引导非限制性从句，常带有"正如"。例如：　　Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。　　Asisknown,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.　As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。18.7先行词和关系词二合一　1）Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.（Whoever可以用anyonewho代替）　2）Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.（what可以用allthat代替）18.8what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever1）what=thethingwhich；whatever=anything。例如：　　　Whatyouwanthasbeensenthere.你要的动词都送来了。　　　Whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。2）who=thepersonthat　whoever=anyonewho。例如：　　（错）Whobreaksthelawwillbepunished.　　（错）Whoeverrobbedthebankisnotclear.　　（对）Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.王子犯法，与庶民同罪。　　（对）Whorobbedthebankisnotclear.谁抢了银行还不清楚。3）that和what　　　当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：　　Ithink（that）youwilllikethestamps.我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。-6- 　　Whatweneedismorepractice.我们需要的是更多的实践。18.9关系代词that的用法1）不用that的情况　　a）引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：　　　（错）Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.　　b）介词后不能用。例如：　　　　Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.我们依赖土地获得食物。　　　　Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.2）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况　　a）　在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which。　　b）　在不定代词，如：anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。　　c）　先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时，只用that。　　　d）　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.　　e）　先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：　Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.所需的只是供油问题。　　Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。练习、定语从句选择填空：1.Theman____visitedourschoolyesterdayisfromLondon.A.whoB.whichC.whomD.when2.Thewoman____istalkingtomymotherisafriendofhers.A.whoseB.whoC.whomD.which3.Becauseofmypoormemory,all____youtoldmehasbeenforgotten.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.as4.Doyourememberthosedays____wespentalongtheseashoreveryhappily?A.whenB.whereC.whichD.who5.Tomdidnottakeawaythecamerabecauseitwasjustthesamecamera____helostlastweek.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.as6.Those____wanttogopleasesigntheirnameshere.A.whomB.whichC.whoD.when7.Whereistheman____Imetthismorning?A.whenB.whereC.whichD.who8.Whoisthewoman____issweepingtheflooroverthere?A.whoB./C.thatD.when9.Theman____youtalkedjustnowisaworker.A.whoB.whomC.towhomD.towho10.Theman____youaregoingtomakefriendsismyfather’sneighbor.A.withwhomB.whenC.towhomD.which11.Thedoctor____isleavingforAfricanextmonth.A.thenurseistalkingtohimB.whomthenurseistalkingC.thenurseistalkingtoD.whothenurseistalking12.Theman____aroundourschoolisfromAmerica.A.whichyoushowedB.youshowedhimC.youshowedD.whereyoushowed13.Hetalkedaboutahero____noonehadeverheard.A.ofwhomB.fromwhomC.aboutthatD.who-6- 14.InfacttheSwededidnotunderstandthethreequestions____wereaskedinFrench.A.whereB.whoC.inwhichD.which15.Haveyoureadthebook____Ilenttoyou?A.thatB.whomC.whenD.whose16.Finally,thethiefhandedovereverything____hehadstolentothepolice.A.thatB.whichC.whateverD.all17.Theforeignguests,____weregovernmentofficials,werewarmlywelcomedattheairport.A.mostofthemB.mostofthatC.mostofwhomD.mostofthose18.Thisistheveryletter____camelastnight.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.as19.Iknowonlyalittleaboutthismatter;youmayask____knowsbetterthanI.A.whoeverB.whomeverC.anyoneD.theone20.Thisistheschool____wevisitedthreedaysago.A.whereB./C.whenD.what21.Thisisthefactory____weworkedayearago.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.onwhich22.Nearbyweretwocanoes____theyhadcometotheisland.A.whichB.inwhichC.thatD./23.Jackispleasedwith____youhavegivenhimandall____youhavetoldhim.A.that,whatB.what,thatC.which,whatD.that,which24.Doyouworknearthebuilding____colourisyellow?A.thatB.whichC.itsD.whose25.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson____shecouldturnforhelp.A.whomB.whoC.towhomD.formwhom26.Isthisschool____wevisitedthreeyearsago?A.theoneB.whichC.thatD.where27.Isthistheschool____wevisitedthreeyearsago?A.theoneB.whereC.inwhichD./28,Howmanystudentsarethereinyourclass____homesareinthecountry?A.whoseB.whoC.whomD.which29.Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,____cameasasurprise.A.itB.whichC.thatD.he30.ThetrainwascrowdedandIhadtogetintoacarriage____alreadysevenotherpeople.A.whentherewereB.whichtherewereC.thattherewereD.wheretherewere31.Iliveinthehouse____windowsfacesouth.A.whichB.whoseC.whereD.inthat32.----Whatgameispopularwiththem?----The____mostistennis.A.gametheylikeitB.gametheylikeC.bestgametheylikeD.bestgametheylikeit33.Theystayedwithmethreeweeks,____theydrankallthewineIhad.A.whichB.whichtimeC.duringwhichtimeD.duringwhich34.Theroom____Mr.Whitelivesisnotverylarge.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when35.Don’tforgettheday____youwerereceivedintotheYouthLeague.A.whenB.thatC.atwhichD.where36.I’vefinishedwritingthenovel,____istobepublishednextmonth.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.when37.Hereturnedhomesafeandsoundafterafiercebattle,____wasunexpected.A.whichB.asC.thatD.it-6- 38.____isknowntoall,Englishisnotverydifficulttolearn.A.WhatB.AsC.ThatD.Which39.Theoldmanhadthreesons,allof____diedduringWorldWarⅡ.A.whoseB.thatC.whomD.who40.Therewas____topreventtheaccident.A.somethingcoulddoB.anythingwecoulddoC.nothingwecouldn’tdoD.nothingwecoulddo41.Doyouknowthereason____shehaschangedhermind?A.whyB.whichC.forthatD.ofwhich42.Hefailedintheexam,____provesthathewasn’tworkinghardenough.A.whichB.whatC.itD.that43.Duringtheweek____hetriedtocollectmaterialsforhisarticle.A.followingB.followedC.tofollowD.thatfollowed44.____wasexpected,hesucceededintheexam.A.ItB.WhichC.AsD.That45.Hestudiedhardandlaterbecameawell-knownwriter,____hisfatherexpected.A.thatwaswhatB.whatwasthatC.andwhichwasD.whichwaswhat46.Weshouldreadsuchbooks____willmakeusbetterandwiser.A.whenB.asC.whoseD.what47.Youmustshowmywifethesamerespect____youshowme.A.whenB.asC.whoseD.what48.Thatisoneofthosebooksthat____worthreading.A.isB.areC.hasD.have49.Thisistheonlyoneofthestudentswhosehandwriting____thebest.A.isB.areC.hasD.have50.Thisistheonlybook____Icanfind.A.thatB.whichC.itD.withwhich1~5ABACD6~10CDCCA11~15CCADA16~20ACCAB21~25ABBDC26~30ADABD31~35BBDCA36~40CABCD41~45AADCD46~50BBBAA-6-