中考英语语法复习------主谓一致 8页

中考英语语法复习------主谓一致概念︰主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致。1.语法或形式一致原则遵循三个原则2.意义一致原则3.就近一致原则主谓一致是初、高中阶段的重要语法项目之一，从近年中考的试题来看，中考对于主谓一致的考题主要考知识的记忆情况。考查主谓一致的常见题型有单项选择、完形填空、翻译句子、同义句转换、时态填空、单句改错、短文改错等等，尤其要注意书面表达，因为汉语中没有相应的这种谓语动词的变化，所以英语的主谓一致也是困扰广大中国学生的一大心病，很多学生在挥毫泼墨之时，此类错误比比皆是，严重影响文章的水平，考试中必将拉低得分的档次。因此，掌握好主谓一致对于提高英语水平和取得理想成绩都至关重要,找出句子的真正主语是关键。同时，必须遵循三个原则，下面，我们就来看一下具体情况：1.语法或形式一致原则(1)单数名词(代词)、不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；复数名词(代词)作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Heatallman.(be)Somebreadonthetable.(be)Theboysplayingfootball.(be)(2)当and或both...and...连接两个或三个名词(代词)作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：（Both）LucyandLilygoodstudents.(be)﹡注︰在意义上指同一人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时and后面的名词无冠词。如：Thesingeranddancertalkingwithhisstudentsoverthere.(be)Thesingerandthedancertalkinghappily.(be)﹡注︰and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，当breadandbutter(黄油抹面包),knifeandfork(刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Fishandchipsalwayshisfavoritefood.(be)(3)单数主语后面即使带有由with,togetherwith,like,but,except,besides,aswellas等构成的介词短语时，谓语动词仍用单数。介词短语一般不作主语。如：Sheaswellastheotherstudentslearnedhowtotype.(have)MrGreenwithhischildrenwatchingTVnow.(be)EveryoneexceptLiLeiherewhenthemeetingbegan.(be)(4)不定代词each,another,theother,either,neither和由some,any,no,every＋one或thing构成复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Everythingready.(be)﹡(5)every...,every...andevery...,each...,each...andeach...,no…andno…作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Eachboyand(each)girlanappleintheirhands.(have)Nomanandnowoman______(like)theseshoes.(6)one,everyone,each,eachone,anyone,neither,either＋of＋复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。如：Eachofusabike.(have)Everyoneofthestudentslisteningtotheteachercarefully.(be)注︰each作同位语时，谓语动词与主语保持一致。如︰Weeachapenfriend.=Weapenfriendeach.(have)8 (7)none作主语，指人或可数的物，表示数目,谓语单数复数都可以。如果指不可数名词，表示量，谓语动词用单数。如：Noneofthemtherightsize.(be)Jimhasusedupallthemoney.Noneleft.(be)(8)只有复数形式的名词(clothes,pants,shoes,shorts,gloves,trousers,glasses,scissors)作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Mytrousersnew.(be)(9)“数量词+单位词+of+不可数名词或可数名词复数”结构作主语，谓语动词与单位词一致。e.g.Thispairoftrouserstooshortforme.(be)Twocupsofteaonthetable.(be)﹡(10)morethanone+单数名词，“不止一个”，意义复数，谓语动词用单数。manya+单数名词，“许多”，意义复数，谓语动词用单数。oneandahalf＋复数可数名词作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。e.g.Morethanonepersonhurtintheaccident.(be)Manyastudentplayinggamesontheplayground.(be)Oneandahalfapplesleftonthetable.(be)(11)不定式、动名词或从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。e.g.Tostudyhardourjob.(be)Swimminggoodforourhealth.(be)﹡在“主系表”结构中，如果以what从句作主语，表语又是单数，主句的谓语动词一般用单数；如果表语是复数，主句的谓语动词一般用复数。Whathesaidtrue.(be)WhathisfatherlefthimafewEnglishbooks.(be)﹡注：如果主语是两个(或两个以上的)名词性从句，谓语动词常用复数。e.g.Whathesaidandwhathedidalwaysdifferentlastnight.(be)(12)alotof(lotsof,plentyof,mostof)＋名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于名词。如：Thereplentyofraininthisareaeveryyear.(be)Alotofpeopleswimmingintheriveratthemoment.(be)(13)百分数(或分数)＋of＋名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于名词。如：Over70percentoftheearthcoveredwithwater.(be)Onethirdoftheworkersinthefactorywomen.(be)注：population作为整体，谓语动词为单数；主语指“人口中的一部分”时，其谓语动词为复数。如︰ThepopulationofChinalargerthanthatofIndia.(be)80percentofthepopulationofChinafarmers.(be)⒁anumber/groupof+cn（pl）“许多…”谓语动词用复数，thenumberof+cn（pl）“…的数目”，谓语动用单数。e.g.Anumberofbooksmissingfromthelibrary.(be)Thenumberofworkersinthisfactorygrowing.(be)Look!Thereagroupofpeopleoverthere.Whatishappening?(be)⒂在定语从句中，关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中谓语动词与先行词保持一致。oneof+n.(pl.)为先行词，从句谓语动词用复数；theonly/very/rightoneof+n.(pl.)为先行词，从句谓语动词用单数。e.g.Jimisoneofthestudentswhopraised.(be)Jimistheonlyoneofthestudentswhopraised.(be)﹡⒃在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。　e.g.ItisMary’sbrotherwhohurtinthecaraccidentyesterday.(be)8 2.意义一致原则(1)集体名词(family,group,crowd,class,team，government)作主语时，谓语动词要根据主语的意思来决定。如表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数；如表示集体中的成员，谓语动词用复数。如：Ourclassverybig.(be)Ourclasstalkingaboutthefilm.(be)(2)有生命的people，police，cattle（家畜），youth等集合名词作主语时，谓语动词一律用复数；但traffic等无生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Howmanypeoplethereinyourfamily?(be)Thetrafficveryheavyinthemorning.(be)﹡注︰people当“民族”讲时，有单复数的变化，谓语动词由它的形式决定。如：TheChinesepeopleagreatpeople.(be)There56peoplesinChina.(be)(3)表示时间、金钱、距离、度量、数学运算等的词或短语作主语，尽管是复数形式，通常被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。如：TenyearspassedsinceMrGreencametoChina.(have)Tendollarsenough.(be)Whatoneandtwo?Itthree.(be)(4)以-s结尾，而意义为单数的名词或不可数名词(如news,physics,maths，politics等),或专有名词(如theUnitedStates,theNewTimes,theUnitedNations等)作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Itexcitingnews.(be)﹡注︰表示群岛、山脉、瀑布、奥运会等专有名词被看做复数，谓语也用复数形式，e.g.TheOlympicGamesheldeveryfouryears.(be)(5)Chinese,French,English,Japanese等作主语，表示语言，谓语用单数；与the连用，表示人，谓语用复数。e.g.Englishspokeninmanycountries.(be)TheChineseveryfriendly.(be)⑹“the＋形容词(或分词)”表示一类人，如：therich(富人)，theliving(活着的人)作主语时，谓语动词用复数；表示抽象事物，谓语动词用单数。e.g.Therichbetterlifethanthepoor.（have）Thenewalwaystakingtheplaceoftheold.(be)⑺the＋姓氏复数（=the＋姓＋family）表示一家人或夫妇二人，作主语，谓语动词用复数e.g.TheGreenfamily（=TheGreens）gettingreadytogoout.(be)⑻疑问词作主语，谓语动词通常用单数。（以who,why,how,whether或that引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：Whyshedidthisisnotknown.）e.g.Whogoingtospeakatthemeeting?(be)Whatonthedesk?(be)Look!Thereareagroupofpeopleoverthere.Whathappening?(be)注：由howandwhy,whenandwhere引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。HowandwhyhehadcometoPrincetonNewJerseyisastoryofstruggle,successandsadness.⑼名词性物主代词后的动词单复数，取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如：Ours(=OurParty)agreatparty.(be)Yourshoesareblack,mine(=myshoes)brown.(be)⑽由“akindof，thiskindof，manykindsof”以及由与kind意思相似的type，sort等构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词与of前的名词保持一致。如：Akindofbirdsbeendiscoveredbythem.（have）8 Anewtypeofmachinesonshownow.(be)Manykindsoffurniture（家具，不可数）beingtransportedfromBeijingtoTianjin.(be)⑾当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。TheArabianNightsisaninterestingbook.3.就近原则，即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的名词、代词等词的数。(1)there,here引导的句子如：Thereabookandtwopensonthetable.(be)Theretwopensandabookonthetable.(be)Herethebus.(come)(2)or,either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...butalso...,not...but...连接两个名词或代词作主语时。如：EitherLilyorLucytotheparty.(come)NotonlyJimbutalsohisparentstoliveinChina.(want)Heoryoutakenmypen.(have)走出主谓一致的三大误区“主谓一致”最基本的原则是：单数主语用单数谓语动词；复数主语用复数谓语动词。句子的核心是谓语动词，谓语动词形式的确定取决于主语。根据句子含义和结构认准主语是掌握主谓一致的必要条件；弄清主谓一致的语言规则和习惯是掌握主谓一致的充分条件，要正确使用主谓一致，两个条件缺一不可，但同学们往往会走入以下三大误区。误区一误认主语1.倒装句①Betweenthetwobuildingsareabigtree.（）②Betweenthetwobuildingsisabigtree.（）2.主语之后带有介词短语①Thefruitlikeapples,orangesaregoodforourhealth.（）②Thefruitlikeapples,orangesisgoodforourhealth.（）3.oneof...+名词复数或复数代词①Therearetwentyboysinourclass.OneoftheboysarefromCanada.（）②Therearetwentyboysinourclass.OneoftheboysisfromCanada.（）4.定语从句①IlikethephotoswhichwastakeninBeijing.（）②IlikethephotoswhichweretakeninBeijing.（）5.each作主语的同位语时，谓语动词由主语决定。①Weeachhasadictionary.（）②Weeachhaveadictionary.（）误区二被主语的表象迷惑1.看似复数却表单数概念①Mathsaremyfavouritesubject.（）②Mathsismyfavouritesubject.（）类似的有：physics，news，politics...2.看似单数却表复数概念①Thepoliceissearchingfortherobbers.（）8 ②Thepolicearesearchingfortherobbers.（）3.名词的单复数同形　①Therearealittlesheepeatinggrassonthehill.Canyouseeit？（）　②Thereisalittlesheepeatinggrassonthehill.Canyouseeit？（）4.集合名词①Theirfamilyisveryhappy.NowtheirfamilyiswatchingTV.（）②Theirfamilyisveryhappy.NowtheirfamilyarewatchingTV.（）误区三误用语言规则1.表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、数量等名词作主语①Tenyearsarequitealongtime.（）②Tenyearsisquitealongtime.（）2.由and连接的并列主语①Thetwentiethlessonandlastlessonareveryeasyforstudents.（）②Thetwentiethlessonandlastlessonisveryeasyforstudents.（）3.就近原则①NeitheryounorhehavebeentoBeijing.（）②NeitheryounorhehasbeentoBeijing.（）4.thiskindof，apieceof，thispairof等短语作主语①Thispairoftrousersareverynew,butTom’strousersareveryold.（）②Thispairoftrousersisverynew,butTom’strousersareveryold.（）感悟中考【例1】(2011河北)There________lotsofpeopleattherestaurantwhenIgotthere.A.isB.was　　C.areD.were【例2】(2011黄岗)-Whichwouldyoulike,teaorcoffee?-Either__OK,butIprefercoffee___milk.A.is;withB.is;toC.are;withD.are;to【例3】(2009天津)Diana,togetherwithherfriends,________ChineseinChina.A.studyB.havestudiedC.studiesD.arestudying【例4】(2009河南)Thezookeeperisworriedbecausethenumberofvisitors__smallerandsmaller.A.becomeB.becameC.isbecomingD.havebecome【例5】(2010安徽)—Howmuch_____thepairofshoes?—Twentydollars____enough.A.is;isB.is;areC.are;isD.are;are【例6】(2009宁夏)Thewomanbehindthegirls________afamousactress.A.isB.areC.haveD.has【例7】（2009齐齐哈尔）-Whichismoreuseful,listeningorspeaking?-Ithinkofthemareuseful.A.noneB.bothC.all【例8】（2009齐齐哈尔）Thisismytwinsister,Lucy.NotonlyshebutalsoIgoodatdrawing.A.isB.amC.are领悟语法Ⅰ.用动词be或have的适当形式填空1.Everystudentgotabook.2.Thenumberofstudentsintheschoolnowrising.3.Anumberofboysplayingbasketballatthemoment.4.Theresomethingelseinthedesk.8 5.Tom,togetherwithhismother,gonetoNewYork.6.Theteacherwithtwostudentsplayingsports.7.Thispairoftrousersmadebymyauntlastyear.8.Fivemonthsalongtimetowait.9.Heresomebooks.10.Tocleantheroomyourduty.Ⅱ.用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空1.WhenIgotthere,theyeach(read)abook.2.Neitherofus(like)thestorybook.3.Everyoneexceptme(go)tothecinematonight.4.Afootballteamoften(have)elevenplayers.5.Noonebutmyparents(know)thetruth.6.Jim’sfamily(enjoy)watchingTVaftersupper.7.Whatyousaid(be)quiteusefultous.8.Look!Theclass(do)morningexercisesontheplayground.9.Twentyyears(have)passedsincehelefthishometown.10.Threeglassesofmilk(be)enoughforus.11.Eitheryouorhe________(be)ateacher.12.NotonlyLiLeibutalsoJack________(enjoy)playingfootballverymuch.13.BothLucyandLily__(be)fromtheUSA.14.Everyboyandgirl______(wear)theschooluniformtoday.15.Jimwithhisparentsoften______(take)awalkintheparkafterdinner.16.Thenumberofstudentsinthisschool______(be)about800.17.Twofifthsoftheapple_________(eat)upbythemousealready.18.Tendollars________(be)notenoughformetobuyaskirt.19.Mr.Zhangaswellashistwosons________(watch)TVtogetheratthismoment.20.Theyoung________(play)videogamesalotonSundays.21.There________(come)thebus.22.Atthetopofthehill_______(stand)anoldtemple.23.There_______(be)aboyandthreegirlsintheclassroomnow.Ⅲ.单项选择()1.There________morecarsnowinourcountry.(2011广西)A.haveB.areC.isD.has()2.Linda,withherparents,__theWolfHill,andtheywillbebackthisafternoon.（2011南通）A.hasgonetoB.havegonetoC.hasbeentoD.havebeento()3.—Howmuchisthepairofshoes?—Twentydollars________enough.(2011广安)A.isB.are　C.am　()4.—Physics____moredifficultthanChinese,doyouthinkso?—Yes,Ithinkso.(2011德阳)A.isB.areC.has()5.__Lily___Lucyisgoingwithyoubecauseoneofthemmuststayathome.(2011乌鲁木齐)A.Notonly；butalsoB.Neither;norC.Both;andD.Either;or()6.Eachofthegirlshere________totheWestLaketwice.(2011四川)A.havegoneB.havebeen　C.hasgoneD.hasbeen()7.Oneofmyfriends_______movedtoAmerica.Imisshersomuch.(2011衢州)A.hasB.haveC.isD.are()8.Thenumberofbooksinthebookshopis10,000andanumberofthem___aboutscience.8 A.isB.wasC.areD.were(2011绵阳)()9.Thisismytwinsister,Lucy.BothsheandI____goodatdrawing.A.amB.isC.areD.be()10.Noone____swimminginsuchbadweather.A.likeB.likesC.likingD.liked()11.Nooneexcepttwostudents______themeeting.A.hasbeenlateforB.havebeenlateforC.waslateforD.werelatefor()12.Allbuthimandme______totheexhibition.A.amgoingB.isgoingC.aregoingD.wasgoing()13.Anumberofcars______infrontoftheparkA.isparkedB.wasparkedC.areparkedD.hasparked（）14.NeitherTomnorhisparents______athome.A.isB.areC.hasD.was（）15._____waswrong.A.NottheteacherbutthestudentsB.BoththestudentsandtheteacherC.NeithertheteachernotthestudentsD.Notthestudentsbuttheteacher（）16.Threehours______enoughforustofinishthetask.A.areB.hasC.isD.were（）17.Maryisoneofthegirlswho______alwaysontime.A.isB.amC.areD.was（）18.(1)Thestudentsinourschooleach_____________anEnglishdictionary.(2)Eachofthestudentsinourschool_____________anEnglishdictionary.A.arehavingB.hadC.hasD.have（）19.Toplaybasketballandtogoswimming＿usefulforcharacter-training.A.wasB.isC.areD.were（）20.(1)Manystudents_____________thatmistakebefore.(2)Manyastudent_____________thatmistakebefore.A.hadmadeB.hasbeenmadeC.havemadeD.hasmade（）21.Therestofthenovel＿veryinteresting.A.wereB.areC.isD.seem（）22.Theteacher,with6girlsand8boysofherclass,___visitingamuseumwhentheearthquakestruck.A.wasB.wereC.hadbeenD.wouldbe（）23.There___somemilkintheglass.A.isB.areC.beD.has（）24.Howtimeflies!Threeyears_____reallyashorttime.A.isB.areC.wasD.were（）25.ThepopulationofChina__largerthanthatoftheUSA.A.willbeB.areC.isD.was（）26.Deer___fasterthandogs.A.willrunB.arerunningC.runsD.run（）27.Thispairoftrousers____mysister.Mytrousers____.A.isbelongto;isbeingwashedB.belongsto;arebeingwashedC.belongto;iswashedD.arebelongingto;hasbeenwashed()28.WhatIwant____aninterestingbookwhilewhathewants___twocupsofcoffee.A.is;areB.are;isC.is;isD.are;are()29.Thereadingroom_____veryquiet.Ienjoyreadingbooksthere.A.amB.isC.areD.be()30.Inourschoollibrary,there___anumberofbooksonscienceandthenumberofthem_____growinglargerandlarger.A.is;areB.are;isC.have;isD.is;have()31.NobodybutLiHua______thesecret.A.knowsB.knowC.haveknownD.isknown()32.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearth______sea.A.isB.areC.wereD.hasbeen()33Allbutone______herejustnow.A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.were()34Where________awill,thereisaway.A.therehasB.isC.thereisD.thereare()35.Eachboyandeachgirl_______anEnglishdictionaryyesterday.A.aregivenB.wasgivenC.beinggivenD.weregiven()36.Theold___takengoodcareofinChina.A.isB.hasC.areD.have()37.Sheistheonlyoneofallthestudentswho___achancetogoabroad.A.haveB.hasC.isD.are8 ()38.Something______wrongwithmyTVset.A.hasB.haveC.isD.are()39.EitherTimorI_______aboss.A.amB.isC.areD.be()40.Aforkandknife______onthetable.A.isB.areC.hasbeenD.havebeen()41.TheSmiths_____gonetoParisforaholiday.A.wasB.isC.haveD.has()42.Everyminuteandsecond______veryimportanttous.A.areB.isC.wereD.has()43.Myhobby_______collectingstamps.A.isB.areC.hadbeenD.havebeen()44.Myfamily__TVwhenTomcamein.A.iswatchingB.arewatchingC.waswatchingD.werewatching()45.Oneofthebooksonthedesk____missing.A.wereB.wasC.hasD.had()46.Thepolice____searchingthehouseforthethiefnow.A.isB.areC.wasD.were()47.Thewriterandpoet____interestedinactionmovies.A.amB.isC.areD.being()48.Three-fourthsofthework____today.A.hasfinishedB.hasbeenfinishedC.havefinishedD.havebeenfinished()49.NotonlyJudybutalsoHelen____watchingTVnow.A.wereB.isC.wasD.are()50.Fourdays__enoughformetofinishtheproject,Ineedafifthday.A.isn’tB.isC.aren’t    D.are()51.NeitherLucynorLily_____adoctor.A.amB.isC.beD.are()52.There______anynewwordsinlesson2.Itisveryeasy.A.isB.aren’tC.isn’tD.are()53.Maths______myfavoritesubject.A.beB.isC.amD.are()54.Theoldwomanwiththetwodogs_____whentheearthquakehappened.A.weresleepingB.issleepingC.wassleepingD.aresleeping()55.EveryoneexceptTessandTed__therewhentheleaderscamein.A.areB.isC.wereD.was()56.Themovieisveryboring.___ofuswantstogotoseeitagain.A.NeitherB.BothC.AllD.Some()57.—What’sonthetable?—There_____somepotatoesandtomatoesonit.A.isB.areC.wasD.were()58.Thispairofsunglasses______mine.A.amB.isC.areD.were()59.BothJimandJack______tothepartylastnight.A.invitedB.wasinvitedC.hadinvitedD.wereinvited()60.Thesingerandthedancer__cometoXingyi.A.has    B.haveC.areD.is参考答案：感悟中考：例1-8DACCAA领悟语法：Ⅰ。1.has2.is3.are4.is5.has6.is7.was8.is9.are10.isⅡ。1.werereading2.likes3.isgoing4.has5.knows6.enjoy7.is8.aredoing9.haspassed10.are11.is12.enjoy13.are14.iswearing15.takes16.is17.hasbeeneaten18.is19.iswatching20.play21.comes22.stands23.isⅢ。1-10BAAAD,DACCB11-20CCBDB,CCD/CCC/D21-30CCAAC,DBABB31-40AADCB,CBCAA41-50CBADA,BBBBA51-60BBBCD,ABBDB8