英语语法——短语 16页

GrammarLevel3:PhrasesAphraseislikeaflyingformationofbirds;itissomethingmadeupofsomethings.Itisapartofspeechmadeofsomewords.Aphraseisnotacompleteidea,becauseitisagroupofwordswhichcontainsnosubject/predicatesetandwhichonlyactsasasinglepartofspeech.Inotherwords,aphraseisanelaboration. PhrasesandClausesDifferencebetweenaphraseandaclause:Bothphrasesandclausesaregroupsofwords,butaclausecontainsbothasubjectandapredicate,andaphrasedoesnot.Example:Ijumped(clause)intheboat(phrase) AppositivePhraseAnappositiveisaninterruptingdefinition.Itiscalledanappositivebecauseitisput(pos)beside(ap)whatitdefines.Anappositivemaybeonlyonewordoritmayconsistofanentirephrase.Appositivesareenclosedbycommas,unlesstheyareexceptionallyshortandclearbythemselves. AppositivePhraseExample:Mort,thehoarypedagogue,istall.MyfriendBobistall.Wealwaysencloseappositivestatesandappositiveyearsincommas:Marion,NorthCarolina,isatthefootofthemountains.June20,1997,isthedateoftheliftoff. PrepositionalPhraseAprepositionalphrasebeginswithaprepositionandconcludeswiththeobjectofapreposition.Theprepositionrelatesitsobjecttoanotherwordinthesentence.Example:thedogintheboatTheprepositioninshowsaspatialrelationshipbetweentheitsobject(boat)andthenoundog. PrepositionalPhrasePrepositionalphrasesbehaveasmodifiers.Theyactlikebigadjectivesandbigadverbs.Example:Thedogintheboatbarked.Heretheprepositionalphraseintheboatactsasabigadjectivetomodifythenoundog. PrepositionalPhrasetheobjectofthepreposition:Theobjectofaprepositionmusteitherbeanounoranobjectpronoun(me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them).Example:Thisisapresentforyouandme.(Correct)ThisisapresentforyouandI.(Incorrect)Thisletterisforhimandme.SheandIwentwithyouandhim.Iaskedaquestionaboutherandus. PrepositionalPhraseadjectiveprepositionalphrases:Prepositionalphraseswhichmodifynounsorpronounsshouldbeplacedimmediatelyafterthenounorpronountheymodify.Ifyoudon’tdothis:theadjectiveprepositionalphrasewillappeartomodifytheverb.Thinkthroughthelogicofthefollowingsentence:Onthebeach,thedogbarkedatthedogintheboat VerbalPhrasesAverbalisnolongeraverb;itisaverbnowusedassomethingelse.Verbalsarenouns,adjectives,oradverbsmadeoutofverbs.Wegivethemfancynamesandtheyare:Gerund:anounmadeoutofaverbParticiple:anadjectivemadeoutofaverbInfinitive:nounormodifiermadeoutofverb VerbalPhrasesExample:Taketheverbwasmunching.Sawoffthehelpingverb:munchingUseitasanoun:Munchingismyfavoritebehavior.Munchingisagerund.Nowmakeitaverbalphrase:Rapidlymunchingburgersismyfavoritebehavior.Rapidlymunchingburgersisagerundphrase. VerbalsThepowerofverbals:Verbalsaddpowerandactiontowriting.Theyarepowerfulwaystomakewritingmoreenergetic. GerundPhrasesGerundphrase:Agerundisanounmadeoutofan-ingverb,or,an-ingverbmadeintoanoun.Allkindsofsubjectsandobjectsmaybemadeoutofgerunds.Agerundmightbebyitself,oritmightjoinwithotherwordstomakeagerundphrase.Example:Thinkingisfun.Thinkingquicklyisfun.Iquitjoking. ParticipialPhrasesParticipialphrase:Aparticipleisanadjectivemadeoutofaverb,or,an-ing,-ed,or-enverbmadeintoanadjective.Participlesalwaysactasadjectivestomodifynounsorpronouns.Participlesmaybebythemselves,ortheymayjoinwithotherwordstoformparticipialphrases.Example:Badlycracked,thebranchbegantosag. InfinitivePhrasesInfinitivephrase:Aninfinitiveisageneralformoftheverbmadeintoanoun,adjective,oradverb.Thisgeneralformoftheverbisusuallyexpressedbybeginningwiththewordto:tothink,todream,tosnorkel.Example:Tothinkisapleasure.(noun)ThemantoseeisMortimerSnoot.(adjective)Helivestofish.(adverb) BreakingtheLaw!Infinitiveclausesareanexceptiontothelawthat“asubjectisasubjectandanobjectisanobject.”Itispossible,inaninfinitiveclause,foraninfinitivetoactasapredicateofanobjectpronoun,eventhoughonlysubjectpronounsusuallytakepredicates.Hereisanexample:Wewantedhimtoeatfish.Inthissentence,thewordhimhastwopurposes.Itservesasthedirectobjectofthemainclause,anditisalsothesubjectoftheinfinitiveclause.Noticehowflexibleourlanguageis! SummaryC.Phrases1.Appositivephrases:Bob,mygoodfriend,ishere.2.Prepositionalphrases:Bobisinthedoghouse.3.Verbalphrases:a.Gerundphrases:Findingthedogistiresome.b.Participialphrases:Findingthedog,Bobrejoiced.c.Infinitivephrases:Tofindthedogisamiracle.