2009英语语法精要讲解 60页

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  • 2022-06-17 15:26:02 发布

2009英语语法精要讲解

  • 60页
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2009年高考英语语法精要讲解名词   1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题  名词的数:单数、复数和不可数;  名词的格:通格和属格(’s)  名词的限定:特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法,即名词前加冠词或  其它限定词,例如:some,many,this,my等  2、名词的数和单位词  1)复型名词+复数动词  Thetrousersaretoobigforme.Pleaseshowmethesmallerpair.  备用词:shoes,stockings,glasses,socks  NOTICE:Apairofglassescostsquitealot.  2)复型名词+单数动词  A.ThenewsonTVisseldomsatisfying.  备用词:mathematics,physics,politics,means,works,theUnitedStates  B.Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.  备用词:fivepounds,twofeet,sixweeks  3)集合名词+复数名词  Thepolicehavesurroundedthebuilding.  Cattlearesellingforrecordprice(创记录).  备用词:theenemy,(the)people  NOTICE:表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用,  但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数:   Myfamilyarewonderful.Theydoalltheycanforme.  Thefamilywhichnowconsistsoffourmembersatmostissmallerthanitusedtobe.  4)不可数名词作可数的情况  A.部分不可数名词可以有下列情况  a(an)+adj.+n.  Itlookslikerain.athirstyforknowledge(求知欲)  aheavyrainHehasagoodknowledgeofpolitics.  备用词:snow,breakfast,wine,oil,education  B.口语特例(特定场合)  A(One)beer,please.  Twoteasandfourcoffees,please.  5)既是可数又是不可数的名词  Ibrokeaglassthismorning.(杯子)  Glassismadefromsand.(玻璃)  备用词:paper/apaper,light(光)/alight(灯);  ice(冰)/anice(冰激凌),chicken(鸡肉)/achicken(雏鸡)  6)单位词  A.个数  apieceofinformation(furniture,advice…)  B.以形状表示个数  agrainofrice,aflightofstairs  C.容量  aboxofmatches,acupoftea   D.计量  ametreofcloth,atonofcoal  E.其它  a(new)setoftools(wires,teeth,rules)  3、名词的格:  1)’s的用法  A.与时间有关的名词  anight’ssleeptenminutes’walk  NOTICE:atwo-hourwalk=twohours’walk  B.和else连用  bookcanthisbe?  A.Whoelse’s  B.Whoseelse  C.Who’selse  D.Whoseelse’s  (A)  C.‘s修饰的词,如果前面提到,可省略  ThisisJack’sbook,notTom’s.  ThisbookisJack’snotTom’s.  D.表示店、铺、家、诊所等,‘s后面的名词省略  attheGreen’s(house),atthedoctor’s(office)  2)OF结构表示所有关系  A.无生命的名词用of  thepriceofthesuccess   B.有生命的名词被一个短语或从句修饰而表示所有关系时用of  Can’tyoulookatthebookoftheboybehindyou?  3)双重所有格  ‘s与of结构并用,此时of结构所修饰的名词前通常有a,an,two,some,that等  MissSmithisafriendofMary’smother’s.  thatbrotherofthegirl  4)名词+名词(名词用作形容词)  A.单数名词+名词  ashoe(flower)shopticketoffice  NOTICE:thetailor’s(shop)  B.复数名词 + 名词  sportsmeetclothesshopwomenpilots数词   1、数词在使用时应注意的问题  易错数词:  年月日及介词  计算用词  和数字相关的词  2、综合  1)数字表达:  123,856,709  onehundredandtwenty-threemillion,eighthundredandfifty-sixthousand,sevenhundredandnine  2)年月日  inthemorning;onthemorningofSeptember1;   inSeptember;in1988;onSeptember1(onthefirstofSeptember)  3、计算  + Sixandfiveis(are)eleven.  Sixhundredplusfortyis(equals)sixhundredandforty.  - Fourfromsevenis(leaves)three.  Sixhundredminusonehundredequalsfivehundred.  X16x11=176  Sixteentimeselevenis(makes)onehundredandseventy-six.  ÷9÷3=3  Ninedividedbythreeequalsthree.  4、dozen,score  A.threedozeneggs;threedozenoftheseeggs;dozensofeggs  B.threescoreyears;a(three)scoreofpeople;scoresoftimes  5、小数,分数,百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题.  分数和百分数引导的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定.如果是可数名词的复数,其谓语动词用复数形式;如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式.  Morethan40percentofthestudentswearglasses.  70percentodthefund(资金)wassuppliedbytheGovernment.  6、“一个半...”的表达法.  onepoundandahalf,oneandahalfyears冠词  1、冠词应注意的问题  习惯用法   同一名词前不同名词的比较  2、不定冠词  1)成对的名词(此类名词间常有一种自然的联系)  aknifeandfork  2)amost+n.“非常“  Thisisamostbeautifulcountry.  3)a(an)与one之区别  A.数字对比用one  Itwasonecoffeeweordered,nottwo.  B.对比  Aknifeisnogood. (刀子不行)  Oneknifeisnogood. (一把刀子不行)  C.通用  a(one)million,a(one)quarter  4)a(an)与every之比较:  threetimesayear;  twiceeverythreeyears  5)惯用法  A.Whatasurprise!Whatalovelydress!  quiteanicedayratheragoodidea  suchafunnyexpression  B.toocoldadayHowlovelyadress!  sostrangeapersonasgoodamapas  3、定冠词   1)普通名词组成的专有名词theGreatWalltheSummerPalace  2)江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾thePacific(Ocean)  3)the+adj.(-ing;-ed)  A.指一类人,谓语用复数  Theoldarebeingtakengoodcareof.  B.指一类事,谓语用单数  Thebeautifulisnotalwaysthesameasthegood.  4)用在radio,piano,telephone,方位、次序、自然现象(rain)、身体  部位前Hehatesthetelephone.  5)被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前  Theboywhoyouarelookingfor(inblue,there,standingthere,  dressedinblue)isastudent.  4、零冠词  1)街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等  NationalDay  NanjingRoad  2)职位充当补语、同位语时  Hewaselectedheadmasteroftheschool.  3)成对出现的成语  arminarm(手挽手),handinhand(手牵手),facetoface,  sidebyside(肩并肩),dayandnight,youngandold,  fromdoortodoor,frommorningtillnight,frombeginningtoend  5、冠词比较  1)gotoschool(hospital,church);inprison(强调用途)   gototheschool,visittheprison(强调建筑物本身)  2)I’llgotherenextFriday.(以说话时间为准)  In1989,hewas28,andthenextyear,hewas29.(以所给时间为准)  3)byair(plane,boat…)  inaspaceship(onthebike,onthebus)  4)Openthewindowtoletinfreshair.(泛指)  Theairintheroomisnotfresh.(特指)  5)beattable  beatthetable  6)acupofcoffee  Twocoffees,please.Ilikewhitecoffee.  Thisisaverygoodcoffee.ThecoffeeonthetableisTom’s.  7)Mr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou.  AMr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou.  TheMr.Whiteyouarelookingforiswaitingtoseeyou.  8)Ahorseisausefulanimal.Thehorseisausefulanimal.  Horsesareusefulanimals.  9)thebestseasonoftheyearthebesttimeofyear.人称代词  1、多个人称代词的排列顺序  ①youandI  ②heandI  ③youandhe   ④you,heandI  ⑤you,theyandwe(情况多)  2、It的用法  ①代替this,that  That’sabook,isn’tit?  ②做某动作的人或婴儿  ---Someoneiscoming.Whocanitbe?  ---ItmaybeJack.  It’salovelybaby.Isitaboyoragirl?  ③表示时间、距离、自然现象  It’s20milesto(from)Paris.  3、简略回答中用so,not,it的情况  ①肯定答语中,下列动词后面常用so:  think,hope,believe,I’mafraid,Itseems(appears),etc.  ---Isittruethathehadaheartattack?  ---I’mafraidso./Ibelieveso./Itseemsso.  ②否定答语中用not:  ---HasAnnegotintouniversity?  ---I’mafraidnot./Ithinknot./Itseemsnot.  ③协力动词中也可以用not…so:  believe,think,suppose,expect,etc  Idon’tbelieveso./Idon’tthinkso.  ④do代替上下文动词,并且表示一个已完成的动作时,  do后常用so/it:   ---Pleaselaythetable.  ---I’vejustdoneso(it).指示代词   that,one,it的区别  ①one代替可数名词,表示泛指;theone表示特指;that代替不可数名词,表示特指;它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物;it指前面提到的同一事物。  ●Thereisanoldengineerandayoungonehere.  ●Hisattitudetomeisthatofafriend.  ●I’velostmypen.Haveyouseenit?(Haveyoulendmeone?)  ②the/this/that/these/those+adj.+one/ones  I’lltryonafewoftheseshirts.Pleasepassmethatwhiteone.  ③theone后面可以接介词短语或定语从句  ●Theboyinyourclassistallerthantheoneinourclass.   ●Theskirt(that)shemadeherselfismorebeautifultowearthan  theone(that)sheboughtlastyear.  ④one不能代替前面提到的不可数名词  Don’tusepowderedmilk.Usethisfreshmilk.(不可用freshone)  ⑤those,ones  ●Thesemachinesarebetterthanthosewemadelastyear.  ●---I’dlikeapoundofapples.  ---Whichones?  ---Thered(ones).  ●---Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?  ---Didn’twejusthave?(NMET2000)  A.it  B.that  C.one   D.this  (C)物主代词    1、名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语,不能作定语  Thisismycup.Yoursistheonethat’sgreen.  Thesethingsaremine.Thosearetheirs.  2、名词性物主代词与of结构连用  Thatbrotherofyourslookshealthy.  Heisanoldfriendofmine.  3、下列结构用the代替物主代词  HepulledJackbythehair(arm).  Hewaswoundedintheleg.  Hewasblindintherighteye.反身代词、    1、加强语气(可前可后)  Theheadmasterspoketomehimself.  →Theheadmasterhimselfspoketome.  Tomfeltthathekneweverybody’sbusinessbetterthantheyknewit.(NMET1996)  A.themselves  B.oneself  C.itself  D.himself  (A)  2、own:反身代词无所有格形式,用own表达  I’dlovetohavemyownroom/aroomofmyown.不定代词   1、everyeach  ①every指时间:everyotherday,  everythreedays=everythirdday   ②each放在复数主谓语之间:  Weeachhaveabook.  ③each放在句尾:  Shegaveherchildrenanappleeach.  2、some-any-every-no-  ①作单数看:Isthereanyoneherewhoisadoctor?  ②不与of连用:  不说 someoneof;nooneof.etc  可说someoneof;noneof,etc.  ③+adj./todo(vt.):Isthereanythingformetositon?  ④+else:Thisisn’tmine.It’ssomeoneelse’s.  3、someany  ①表示请求、建议的问句用some  Wouldyoulikesome(more)coffee?  ②some+n.(singl.)  Youwillrealizeitsomeday.  ③any在肯定句中表示任何一个(无论哪个)  Anychildcananswerthat.  Givemeaplate.Anyone(plate)willdo.  ④any(some)of+ 限定词 + n.  someoftheoil,anyofmywater  4、bothall  ①常用于助动词或情感动词后,但在简答中放在前面  ●Thegirlsarebothready.   ●---Areyouready?---Yes,weboth(all)are.  ②放在作宾语的宾格代词后面  Hegavesometousall(both).  ③all单独用,指人时谓语用用复数;指物时谓语用单数  ●Allislost.  ●Allarehere.  5、eitherneither  ①either…or;neither…nor作主语,谓语的使用是邻近原则  NeitherhenorIamgoingtoLondon.  ②作定语,修饰单数名词  Neither(Either)bookissatisfactory.  6、another(the)other(the)others  ①another  另外的,另一个的  Pleaseshowmeanother(one).  Doyouneedanothercup?  ②another+ 基数词(few)+ n.  Ineedanotherthreedays.(threemoredays)  ③(the)other(+n.)(the)other  theothersix(persons)/theothers/theotherday  7、(a)few(a)little  ①few的搭配  ●Wehadagoodfewletterthismorning(很多).  ●Notafewletterswerewrittentothemagazines.(不少)  ●---Howmanydoyouwant?   ---Justafew,please.(不多)  quiteafew(相当多)  onlyafew(只有几个,几乎没有)  ②little的搭配  ●There’sonlyalittlesoupleft.  ●---Howmuchdoyouwant?  ---Justalittle,please.  8、muchmany  ①(much/far)toomuchfartoomany  Yoursongotmuch(far)toomuchpocketmoney.  Therearefartoomanyaccidentsatthiscrossing.  ②much修饰  ●形容词和副词的比较级或最高级  ●比较级+不可数名词  There’smuch/farlesswaterintheriverthanusual.  many修饰“比较级+可数名词复数”  Therearemany/farmorepeoplethanIexpected.  9、全部否定与部分否定  ①全部否定用词  neithernothingnoonenobodynone  ②not与all,both,every,every-连用时表示部分否定  Notallhisworkissuccessful.形容词    1、多个形容词得排列顺序  限定词(冠词、物主代词、所有格、序数词)+基数词+描述性形容词+大小新旧+颜色+产地+物质(材料、用途)+名词  abeautifulnewreddress  alittlebrownbox  2、系动词+adj.(除be外的其它连系动词)  Thecakelooksgoodbutittastesawful.  3、subj.+be+adj.+todo(vt.)  Themaniseasytogetalongwith.  Thebedistoosmallforhimtolieon.  4、Itis(was)+adj.+of(for)sb.todosth.  下列形容词后用of:good,kind,nice,brave,clever,careless,foolish,silly,stupid,cruel,etc.  其它形容词后用for  5、themoreofthetwo  Heisthestrongerofthetwobrothers.  6、倍数  threetimesasbigas  Thisroomistwicebiggerthanthatone.  threetimesthesizeof  7、比较级和最高级的被修饰  ①比较级可以被下列词修饰:much,far,any,even,still,rather,alittle,alot,abit,no,byfar  It’snouseaskingme.Idon’tknowanymorethanyou.   ②最高级可以被下列词修饰:much,thevery,byfar  Thiscakeoughttobegood,becauseIusedtheverybestbutter副词   1、程度副词(quite,rather,fairly)  ★quite:不修饰比较级,但:Heisquitebetter.  ●表示程度,和可显示程度的词连用,如:old,interesting,polite,tired,etc.  ●类似completely(完全地)和absolutely(绝对地),和下列词连用,  如:perfect,impossible,different,etc. 此时,可修饰adj.,adv.,v.,等.  Thejobisquiteimpossible.  That’snotquitewhatIwant.  ★rather:可与比较级及too连用 ratherolder,rathertoomanypeople  ●ratherthan 表示选择,“宁愿(前面)不愿(后面)”  I’dprefertogoinAugustratherthaninJuly.  Idecidedtowriteratherthan(to)telephone.  ●orrather 表示“更确切地说“  I’llmeethim,orrather,I’llaskhimtomeetme.  ★fairly: 不可与比较级连用,与积极意义的词连用  ●强弱程度的顺序:  very→rather→quite→fairly→not  Thisfilmisverygood.(rathergood胜过多数影片;  quitegood值得一看;fairlygood勉强还可以看看)  2、频度副词(often,usually,always,ever,never,seldom,hardly等放在行为动词前、系动词及助动词后   Heisalwaysmakingajoke.  ●never,hardly,seldom等放在句首时,用倒装  NeverhaveIseenanythingsowonderfulasthat.  ●简答中频度副词放在助动词及系动词前  ---Heislateagain.---Yes,healwaysis.  3、toomuchmuchtoo  ●toomuch  ①+不可数名词,意思“太多”  Idrank(farmuch,alot,alittle,rather)toomuchbeerlastnight.  ②作adv.  Youworktoomuch.  ③作pro.  Toomuchwashappeningallatonce.  ●muchtoo+adj.“实在太…”  Youaremuchtookindtome.  4、形近词  ●①deep/deeplydeepintothenight(thewoods,thefuture)  bedeeplymoved(hurt,sorry)deeplyregret  ②late/lately/later/latestarrive(come)late  Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?  ③near/nearlygo(come,live)nearnearlyfinished(midnight)  ④loud/loudly/aloud  ●--adj.--adv.  anearlytrainafastdriverhardworkadeephole   arriveearlydrivefastworkharddrinkdeep.介词   1.be+adj.+prep.  begoodat,beafraidof,beanxiousabout(of),bekindto,befitfor,etc.  2.be+v.-ed+prep.  besatisfiedwith,beworriedabout,besurprisedat,bepleasedat(by)  3.v.+prep.  agreewith(to/on),apologizefor,arriveat(in),believein,dependon  4.v.+n.+prep.  payattentionto,takepartin,makeuseof,haveawordwith  5.v.+adv.+prep.  goonwith,goinfor,goaheadwith,keepupwith,makeupfor  6.prep.+n.+prep.  inchargeof,intimeof,inplaceof,ontopof,attheend(edge)of  7.outof+n.  outofbreath,outofcontrol,outofdate,outofsight,outofwork(order)  8.n.+after+n.  hourafterhour,yearafteryear,battleafterbattle,defeatafterdefeat  9.n.+by+n.  stepbystep,sidebyside,onebyone  10.n.+to+n.  facetoface,hearttoheart   11.n.+in+n.  handinhand,arminarm  12.from+n.+to+n.  fromsidetoside,fromplacetoplace,fromdoortodoor  13.a+n.+of  abitof,agreatdealof,afewof,adropof,alineof  14.with+n.  withalonghistory,withsatisfaction(care),withpleasure,withone’shelp  15.on+n.  onatrip(journey),onavisit(to),onfire,onbusiness,onsale,onwatch  ontheteam,onshow,onduty,onfoot  16.without+n.  withouthelp,withoutmercy,withoutdelay  17.in+n.  insilence,indanger(trouble,surprise,fear),inhighspirits,inlove(return)  18.as+n.  asamatteroffact,asarule,asawhole  19.by+n.  bynow(then),byhand,bymistake,bythismeans,bychance,bytheyear  20.at+n.  atsea,atsunset,atChristmas,atthedoctor’s,atthestation,atatime  21.for+n.  foramoment,foratime,forever,forexample   22.to+n.(…+to)  toone’sdelight(joy,surprise),totheeast(west),totheright,dueto,  thanksto,accordingto,tothisday.基本句型   英语的五种基本句型结构:  主语+不及物动词(SV)  主语+连系动词(SVC)  主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO)  主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOD)  主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(SVOC)  1.S+V  Heworks.Heisstudying.  ①主语 + 谓语(vi.)+状语(从句)  Thesunsetsinthewest.Hewentnowhere  ②主语 + 谓语(vi.)+名词短语  Wehadcomealongway.Hewaited(for)twoyears.  2.S+V+C  Heisastudent/inyellow/there…  ①主语+be+表语  表语由下列词充当:名词、形容词、副词、介词(短语)、动词不定式、分词(短语)、动名词、从句等  ②主语+其它连系动词+表语   这些连系动词包括:appear,continue,feel,go(变成),keep,lie(处于…状态),look,prove,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,become,come,fall,get,grow,turn   Boblaysick.  Hisdreamcomestrue.  3.S+V+O  Anideastruckme.  ①主语 + 谓语(v.+prep) + 宾语  Itdependsontheweather.备用词:actas,agreeon/with/to,  arrivein(at),comeacross,baseon,breakinto,sufferfrom,leadto,  preferto,thinkof,fireat,reachfor,quarrelabout,worryabout  ②主语 + 谓语(v.+adv.) + 宾语  Ithoughtovertheplan.Ithoughtitover.  备用词:bringout(up),thinkout,turnoff(on,out,down),givein  NOTICE:●v+adv.+prep.  getalongwith,addupto,doawaywith,  breakawaywith,keepupwith,goaheadwith,gothroughwith  ●v.+n.+prepmakeuseof,makefunof,catchsightof,  takecareof,taketheplaceof,takealookat,takepridein  ③主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 介词 + 宾语  Theteacherpunishedhimforbeinglate.  Congratulatehimonhissuccess.  Comparethiswiththat.  4.S+V+O+D(间接宾语由代词和名词充当)  ①主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语  Willyoulendmeyourpen,please?  Sheboughthimmanytoys.   ②主语+谓语+直接宾语+介词+代词或名词  Willyoulendyourpentome,please?  Sheboughtmanytoysforhim.  备用词:pay,give,hand,sell,pass,offer,explain,sing,leave  5.S+V+O+C宾语和宾补之间的关系有两种:●主表关系;  主谓关系。宾语可由形容词、副词、介词、动词不定式充当  主表:①Ifindthebookinteresting.(主谓宾+形容词)  ②Isawhimthere.   (主谓宾+副词)  ③Ifoundthebookonthedesk. (主谓宾+介词)  ④Weelectedhimmonitor.(主谓宾+名词)  主谓:①Theysawthethiefrunningaway.(主谓宾+现在分词)  ②Wheredidyouseehimknockeddown? (主谓宾+过分词)  ③Whatmakesyouthinkso? (主谓宾+动词不定式)It句型   1.It+be+adj.+(forsb)todosth→sth+be+adj.+todo  ItisnoteasytolearnEnglish.(Englishisnoteasytolearn.)  备用词:difficult,necessary,important,quick,hard,etc.  2.It+be+adj.+ofsbtodosth→sb.+be+adj.+todosth  ItwasfoolishofTomtosellsuchasuitasthattoamillionaire.  (Tomwasfoolishtosellsuchasuitasthattoamillionaire.)  备用词:wise,clever,bright,kind,nice,silly,stupid,cruel,etc.  3.Ittakessb+sometime+todosth→sbspendstimeindoingsth   Ittookhimtwodaystofindtheelephant.  (Hespenttwodaysinfindingtheelephant.)  4.Itisnousedoingsth.  Itisnouseregrettingyourpastmistakes.  备用词:nogood,useless,etc.  5.Itcostssb.+money+todosth  Itcostthem36,000francstobuythenecklace.  →Thenecklacecostthem36,000francs.  Theyspent36,000franconthenecklace.  Theyspent36,000francs(in)buyingthenecklace.  Theypaid36,000francsforthenecklace.  Theyboughtthenecklacefor36,000francs.  6.It+be+adj.(n.)+that-clause  Itisveryclearthathe’sroundandtalllikeatree.  Itisapitythatshehasmadesuchamistake.  备用词:natural,surprising,true,wonderful,etc.  7.It+be+adj.+that-clause(shoulddosth)  Itisnecessarythathe(should)bepresentatthemeeting.  备用词:strange,important,impossble  8.It+be+p.p.+that-clause  itissaidthathehasbeenillforyears.(Heissaidtohavebeen…)  备用词:reported,known,believed,decided,announced,etc.  9.It+be+p.p.+that-clause(shoulddosth.)  Itisdemandedthatthehomework(should)befinishedatonce.   备用词:ordered,suggested,required,requested,etc.  10.Itseems+that-clause→sb.+seems+todosth.  Itseemsthattheyaretalking.(Theyseemtobetalking.)  备用词:happen  11.Itis+sometimesince-clause→sb.has+p.p.+fortime  Itisthreeyearssincehecamehere.(Hehasbeenhereforyears.)  12.Itis+被强调部分+that(who)  Itisthroughstrugglethatwelearnthistruth.  13.It+betime+forsth/todosth./that-clause  Itistimeforsupper.Itistimetohavesupper.  Itistimethatweshouldhavesupper.  Itistimethatwehadsupper.  14.It+be+long(时间段)+before-clause  Itwillnotbelongbeforeweturnourhopeintoreality.  15.Itis(just)likesb.todosth.  该句型为“某人(恰恰)是。。。这个样子”。用来表示赞扬或不满,若用否定式,则表示怀疑。  It’slikehimtoleavetheworktoothers.  他就是这样的一个人,把工作推给别人。  Itisn’tlikehimtohavesaidanythinglikethat.他可不是说出那种话的人。  16.Itisuptosb.todosth.  该句型为“该由某人做。。。”。该句型中up后的to是介词。There Be结构    1、主谓一致:  Thereisapenandtwobooksonthedesk.  2、反意问句:  Thereusedtobeawellthere,use(d)n’t/didn’tthere?  3、各种时态:  Therewillbeafilmthisafternoon.  Thereisgoingtobealecturetomorrow.  Therehavebeengreatchangeinourcitysince1988.  4、therebe中的非谓语形式:  Therearealotofstudentswaitingoutside.  Therewereelevenpeoplekilledinthisaccident.  There’ssomeoneatthedoortoseeyou.  (Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.)  5、含情态动词:  Theremust(may,might)beraintomorrow.  Thereoughttobenotrouble  6、与其它动词连用:  Thereseemstobeareasonforchangingtheirplan.  Therearelikelytobemoredifficultiesthanexpected.  Therehappenstobenobodyintheroom.  Idon’twanttheretobeanytrouble.  7、there+v.  Theregoesthebell.  Onthehill(there)standsahouse.   8、Thereisnodenyingthefact+that从句(不可否认的......)  例句:不可否认的,我们的生活质量已经每况愈下。  Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthequalitiesofourlivinghavegonefrombadtoworse.主谓一致原则   1、or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso连接并列主语时,谓语与邻近主语一致  NotonlyshebutalsoIamgoingthere.  2、aswellas,(together)with,,alongwith连接并列主语时,谓语与前面主语一致  Dr.Smith(together)withhistwosonsisgoingParis.  3、therebe中主语并列时,可随紧挨be的词一致或用复数  Thereis(are)aboyandtwogirlsintheroom.  NOTICE:Thereisapairoftrousershere.  4、both,many,several,few作主语时,谓语用复数  Fewareherethismorning.  5、时间、距离、重量、金钱等的复数作主语,当整体看,谓语用单数  Twofeetisn’tlongenough.  6、and连接并列主语的情况  ①Myfatherandmotherareawayonbusiness.  ②TheworkerandwriterisfromParis.  ③TheworkerandthewriterarefromParis.  ④BreadandbutterisadailyfoodintheWest.  ⑤Every(Each,No)deskandevery(each,no)chairismadeofwood.   ⑥oneandahalf后面应接复数名词,但其谓语动词应用单数。  7、the+adj.(-ing,-ed)表示一类人,谓语用复数;表示一类事物,谓语用单数  Therichgetricherandthepoorgetpoorerinmanycountries.  8、Neither(of),Either(of),Each(of)作主语,谓语用单数  Neitherofthemisadriver.  9、any-,every-,some-no-作主语,谓语用单数  Iseverybodyhere?  10、动词不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语,谓语用单数  Toseeistobelieve.  WhatIhavedoneiswhatIshoulddo.  11.allof,someof,anyof,mostof,noneof,plentyof,percentof,halfof等作主语,根据of后的词决定  thehousesareonshow.  Mostof  theworkhasbeendone.  thestudentsaregirls.  Ninetypercentofthemoneyishers.  12.kindof+n.,由kind决定  Thiskindofapplesisverygood.  →Applesofthiskindareverygood.  13.Such(倒装)  Suchiswhathesaid.→Sucharehiswords.  14.east,west,south,north的倒装  Eastofthecityis(lies)alake.(are/lietwolakes)   15.强调句中It’sIwhoamgoingtoJapan.  16.定语从句中I,whoamastudent,willbeadoctor.  17.agreatdealof(alargeamountof,alargequantityof,alotof)+不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。  18.anumberof,(alargequantityof,alotof)+可数名词的复数,谓语动词用复数。但thenumberof+主语,其谓语动词用单数。  19.代词none,neither作主语时,主要根据说话人的意思来决定。  20.一些只有复数形式的词作主语时(clothes,trousers,shoes,...),谓语动词应用复数形式;但前面有apairof修饰时,则用单数。  21.关系词who,that,which引起的定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词在数和人称取得一致。但oneof+复数名词+that从句。从句的谓语动词应用复数,而the(only)oneof+复数名词+that从句,从句的谓语动词应用单数。  22.以what引起的主语从句therest,theremainder等引起的主语,谓语动词按意思一致的原则处理。时态的综合问题   在说或写一句话时,通常要选择一个中心时态,这个中心时态影响其它时态,即时态要前后一致。  以“现在”为中心:若开始叙述或描述着眼于“现在”,则常以“现在”为起点,从而会出现一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时或一般将来时连用的情况。  Ourpostmanusuallydeliversourarrivalat7everymorning.It(be)nearlylunchtimeandthemailstill(notarrive).I (suppose)themail(come)soon.Perhapshe(be)ill.(is,hasn’tarrived,suppose,willcome,is  以“过去”为中心:若着眼于“过去”,则常以“过去某时”为基点,从而出现一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时连用的情况。  Welivedinthestreet.They(build)housesallaroundusthen.We(be)therefor10yearsand(imagine)we(stay)therefortherestofourlives.(werebuilding,hadbeen,imagined,wouldstay)一般现在时   1、所有或任何时候都发生的动作或情况,即重复发生的动作  ---Howoftendoesshevisitherparents?  ---Twiceamonth.  2、永恒的真理  Summerfollowsspring.  3、①在条件或时间状语从句中  I’llletyouknowassoonashegetsthere.   ②讨论计划和时间表或日程表时  Weleaveat11:15andarriveat17:50tomorrow.  4、固定词组如Isee(明白)、Ihear(听说)、Ithink(认为、想)、Ifeel(感觉)以引出已经了解的情况  Iseethere’ssometroubleinLondon现在进行时   1、说话时正进行的动作或情况  Someone’sknockingatthedoor.Canyouanswerit?  2、发展中的或正在改变的情况  Theweatherisgettingbetterandbetter.  3、任何时候都可能在进行中的事情  Idon’tliketobedisturbedifI’mworking.  Youlooklovelywhenyou’resmiling.  4、表示将来  ①可用下列词:go,come,arrive,leave,start  He’sarrivingtomorrowmorning.  ②通过一个表示将来的的时间状语  Whatareyoudoingthisevening?  5、现在进行时与一般现在时的对比   ①现在进行时用来谈论暂时的情况,一般现在时用来表示永久的情况,或经常发生的事情或习惯  He’snotworkingveryhardatthemoment.(目前工作不努力)  Hedoesn’tworkveryhard.(通常工作不努力)  ②讲故事、评论事情、解说体育运动等用一般现在时来叙述故事中一件又一件发生的事情  Harrisonshoots,buttheballhitsthepostand  Jacksonclear.  (哈里森射门,但是球碰倒柱子上,接着杰克逊解了围)一般将来时   1、用will,shall表示  ①决定:谈及正在作出的一项决定时,常用I’ll----Iwill,不能用begoingto,因为它表示事先就已经作出的决定  ---Thephone’sringing.---I’llanswerit.  ---Cometoaparty.---OK.I’llbringmyfriend.  ②威胁和允诺:第一人称用will(‘ll);第二人称用shall  I’llhityouifyoudothatagain.  HeshallhaveagiftforChristmas.  ③提议和请求:用ShallI…?/Shallwe…?表示提议;  用Willyou…?表示请求  ShallIcarryyourbag?Willyougivemeahand?  ④Iwill/Wewill表示有强烈意图、提议、坚持或自愿做某事;不能用shall  Iwillstopsmoking---Ireallywill.   2、用begoingto表示  ①已经决定要做的事情  We’regoingtoFrancenextsummer.  ②现在肯定讲会发生的事情  Lookatthoseclouds---it’sgoingtorain.  ③强烈的决心  I’mgoingtokeepaskingheroutuntilshesaysyes.  3、用beabouttodosth表示最近的将来,“正要”,“马上就要”  Iamabouttoleavewhenthereisaknockatthedoor.  4、用betodosth表示预定要做的事情  TheFrenchPresidentistovisitJapannextweek  5、begoingto与will/shall的对比  ①都可以表示预言  Doyouthinkthecarwillstart/isgoingtostart?  ②讲到条件时(即如果一事发生,另一事也就发生),用will/shall对将来进行预测,不用begoingto,即使条件没有说出来  IfIgiveyoumoneyyou’llonlyspenditondrink.  ---Comeoutforadrink.  ---No,myTVprogram.  A.I’mgoingtomiss  B.I’llmiss  (B)现在完成时    1、开始于过去并将持续到现在的动作,常与下列词连用:for…,since…,recently,lately,sofar,allthisyear,uptillnow,etc.  I’veplanted14treessofarthismorning.  ---Howareyoutoday?  ---Oh,IasillasIdonowforalongtime.  A.didn’tfeel  B.don’tfeel  C.wasn’tfeeling  D.haven’tfelt  (D)(NMET2000)  2、在过去某个不确定的时间发生的动作,但与现在有某种联系,因为我们所关心的是“现在”还存在着“过去”发生某事的结果,常和下列词连用:ever(问句或肯定句),already(肯定句),never(否定句),yet(问句或否定句),before  ---myglasses?  ---Yes,Isawthemonyourbedaminuteago.  A.Doyousee  B.Hadyouseen  C.Wouldyousee  D.Haveyouseen  (NMET86)(D)  eg.1)--Haveyoupassedyourtest?  --Yes.  --Whendidyoupassit?  --(Ipassedit)Lastweek.  2)—Haveyoupassedyourtest?   --Notyet.  --Whenwillyoupassit?  --Nextweek.  对比:Haveyouseenthisfilm?(曾经经过)  Didyouseethisfilm?(某特定时间)  3、可表示反复性或习惯性,常与often,threetimes等词连用  I’vewatchedhimonTVseveraltimes.  4、终止性动词可用完成时,但不能和for,howlong等时间词连用,此时常用替换词  Thisfilmhasbegun  Howlonghasthisfilmbeenon?  beginborrowcomediebeonkeepbeherebedead  joinbuyleave  beinhavebeaway  5、其它和现在完成时连用的词:just,in(within)thepast(last)+时间段;  对比:Hehasjustfallendownstairs.  Hefelldownstairsjustnow.  6、特殊结构  ①Thisisthefirst(most/only)+n.+that-clause  ThisisthebestfilmIhaveeverseen.  ②It’s+时间段+since-clause(从句用过去时)  It’stwoyearssincehedied.  Hehasbeendeadfortwoyears.  Hediedtwoyearsago.  7、现在完成时与现在完成进行时   现在完成进行时强调动作延续到未来或仍在进行.  I’vewrittenanarticle.(已完成)  I’vebeenwritinganarticle.(还在写)一般现在时   1、所有或任何时候都发生的动作或情况,即重复发生的动作  ---Howoftendoesshevisitherparents?  ---Twiceamonth.  2、永恒的真理  Summerfollowsspring.  3、①在条件或时间状语从句中  I’llletyouknowassoonashegetsthere.  ②讨论计划和时间表或日程表时  Weleaveat11:15andarriveat17:50tomorrow.  4、固定词组如Isee(明白)、Ihear(听说)、Ithink(认为、想)、Ifeel(感觉)以引出已经了解的情况  Iseethere’ssometroubleinLondon 一般过去时   1、过去已经完成的动作、结束的事情,或在过去重复发生的动作  WhenIwasachildwealwayswenttotheseasideinAugust.  2、usedto:表示过去的习惯,现在不存在  Iusedtosmoke,butIdon’tanymore.  3、用在it’stime,wouldrather,wish后面的从句中  It’stimeyouwenthome.  IwishIhadabettermemory.  I’dratheryoucametomorrow.  4、在从句中用来说明现在还存在着“过去”的情况  I’msorryweleftParis.Itwassuchaniceplace.  5、could,might,would,should等“过去”的情态动词可用来指现在或者将来  Couldyouhelpmeforamoment?   Ithinkitmightrainsoon.  Wouldyoucomethisway,please?  Aliceshouldbeheresoon.  6、一般过去时与现在完成时在时间上的比较  ①现在完成时所用的时间词:since,eversince,for…,recently,lately,sofar,yet,allthisyear,allmylife,ever,never,already,before,just,in/duringthelast/past+时间段,etc.  ②一般过去时所用的时间词yesterday,lastweek,in1999,when,yearsago,then,justnow,etc.过去进行时   1、过去某时正发生的事情  Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayatsevenp.m.?  2、在一个句子里,过去进行时常与一般过去时连用,此时,进行时表示较长的正在进行的动作,而一般时表示较短暂的动作或事情  ThephonerangwhileIwashavingmybath.  Whenshearrived,IwastelephoningHarry.  Whenshearrived,ItelephonedHarry.(到后做)  ThereportersaidthattheUFOwastravelingtowestwhenhesawit.   3、可用while强调同时进行的两种或几种动作  WhileIwasworkinginthegarden,mywifewascookingdinner.过去完成时   1、过去发生的两个动作,先发生的用过去完成时  WiththeirhelpIrealizedthatIhadbeenwrong.  2、过去某时以前发生的动作或情况  Hehasn’tfinishedyet.  Hedidn’tfinishyesterdayevening.  Hehadn’tfinishedbyyesterdayevening.  3、常用过去完成时的情况  ①Nosooner…than….Hardly…when…  Nosoonerhadhebegunhisspeechthanhewasinterrupted  ②expect,hope,think,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时(或一般时)表示想做而未做的事  Ihadplannedtosendhimatelegram,butIdidn’tmanageit.  4、使用过去完成时的必要性和非必要性  ①句意十分清楚时,可用一般时  AfterIfinished,Iwenthome.  ②常用一般过去时表示依次发生的动作  Igotoutofthetaxi,paidthefare(车费)andmanagedit.  ③有时必须明确,特别是含when时  WhenIarrived,Annleft.  (同时见到)(见到Ann)   WhenIarrived,Annhadleft.  (先后发生)(没见到)  5、常用过去完成时的时间主状语  bytheendof+ 过去时间;by+过去时间  bythetime+过去时间; 过去时间+before  比较:  Bythetimehewas11,hehadlearned3000words.  Bythetimeheis11,hewillhavelearned3000words.  Bythetimelastweek,Ihadlearned3000words.  Bythetimenextweek,Iwillhavelearned3000words.过去将来时   1、从过去的观点来看未来,常用在宾语从句中或间接引语中  Lastweekhe(promise)that(come)today,buthe(notarrive)yet.  (promised/wouldcome/hasn’tarrived)  2、过去将来时的其它主要形式  was/weregoingto  was/wereaboutto   Wewerejustgoingto(aboutto)leavewhenTomfellandhurthisankle.语态   1、含有被动意义的主动动词  sellwashwriteread  Thenewtype(of)TVreceiversellswell.  Thisbookreadsinteresting.  Thepenwritesquitesmoothly.  This(kindof)clothwashesverywell.  Thisclothiswashed.(洗好了)  2、常用被动结构的动词  bebornbemarriedbeobligedbehurt  becaughtintherainbecoveredwith  Iwascaughtintherainonthewayback.  3、主动表示被动的情况  ①知觉动词 +adj.  Thematerialfeelsverysoft.  Themusicsoundstooloud.  ②非谓语动词  A.needwantrequirebeworth  Yourcoatwantsmending(tobemended).   B.Subj.+be+adj.+todo(vt.)  Thechairiscomfortabletositon  ★betoblame(该受责备)  C.Therebe  Therearesixletterstowrite(tobewritten).  ③prove -vi.  (被)证明是  Hewillprove(tobe)thewinner.  4、get+p.p.  Shegotcaughtintherain.  Fromthenon,herleggottreatedfourtimesaday.  5、(人)+be+情感动词-ed  besurprised(astonished,etc.)at(with….)  Hiswordsastonishedeveryoneintheroom.  →Everyonewasastonishedathiswords.  bedelightedat(with);bepleasedat(by,with);  betiredof(from);besatisfiedwith;  beworriedabout;beinterestedin;  befrightened(terrified)at  6、自动和它动  很多动词既可以用vt. 又可以用vi,但要注意:  Thedooropened(byitself).Thedoorwasopened.  Thevillagesincewelastvisitedit.  A.haschanged  B.hasbeenchanged(A)   Theplannedhasbeenchanged.  7、被动语态+by(with)+行为主体  by后接人或物做某事  with后接手段、方式、工具  Hewaskilledbyafallingstone  Hewaskilledwithaknife.  8、注意下列被动形式  ①bebeingdone  ②havebeendone  ③begoingtobe  Thebridgeissaidtobebeingbuilt.  Thebridgeissaidtohavebeenbuilt.情态动词   1、情态动词+havedonesth  这个结构有着特殊意义:用来表示猜测(设想可能发生过什么事情)或  想象(设想可能出现过什么不同的情况)  ①should(oughtto)havedonesth本来该做而未做  Thiswalloughtn’ttohavebeenpaintedblue.  ②needhavedonesth本来有必要做而未做  Youneedn’thavetoldherthenews.  ③musthavedonesth对过去所做动作的肯定推测  ---WewenttoParis.   ---Thatmusthavebeennice.  ④canhavedonesth对过去所做动作的否定或疑问推测  Idon’tthinkhecanhaveheardyou.Callagain.  WherecanJohnhaveputthematches?  ⑤may(might)havedonesth过去可能发生某事,与could相比,may和might可能性较小,might可能性更小;might也可表示过去可能发生而未发生的事情。  Polly’sverylate----shemay(might)havemissedheretrain.  Youwerestupidtotryclimbingthere.Youmighthavekilledyouself  ⑥couldhavedonesth  ●推测过去”可能“发生某事(同can,但can不用肯定句)  Shecouldhavegoneoffwithsomefriends.  ●表示过去没有实现的可能性:某事可能发生,但却没有发生  Youwerestupidtogoskiingthere----youcouldhavebrokenyourleg.  ●表示有能力做而未做(虚拟语气)  Youcouldhavehelpedme!  (Youwereabletohelpme,butyoudidn’t.)  2、cancouldbeableto表示”能力“  ●can通常表示现在的或”一般的能力“---即你无论什么时候想做就能  做到的能力,指单纯的表示一个人有某种能力。  Youcancertainlycook,evenifyoucan’tdoanythingelse.  ●beableto表示某人通过努力、克服困难做成某事。  willbeableto表示将来的能力  I’llbeabletospeakGermaninanotherfewmonths.  ●could表达”一般的能力“---即你过去想干什么就可以干什么   Shecouldsinglikeanangelwhenshewasakid.  但could不能表达过去某种具体的能力,此时用wasableto,managedto或succeededin等  Howmanyeggswereyouabletoget?  3、can,could,may和might表示”可能性“  ●可用来表示:①理论上的可能性(不涉及是否真发生);②提出建议  (提出解决某个问题的可能办法或者采取的行动);③在问句或否定句中表达现在的可能性)  Anybodywhowantstocanbecomeaprisonvisitor.  ①---Whatshallwedo?  ---WecantryaskingLucyforhelp. ②  Whocanthatbeatthedoor?CanitbePolly?    ③  ●may 可用来表达:①将来的可能性;②说话时某事可能是真实的  Wemaygoclimbingthissummer.   ①  Youmayberight.          ②  ●could/might 可用来表示: ①说话时某事可能是真实的;②将来  某事有可能发生,但不表示特别可能发生。  Youcouldberight,butIdon’tthinkyouare.  ①  Itcouldrainlateronthisevening.     ②  4、can,could,may和might表示“允许”  ①请求允许:它们都可以表示请求允许做某事,could和might并不是表示过去  Can(May,Could)Iborrowyourumbrella?  ②允许:当我们允许某人做某事时,我们用can和may来表达,而不能使用could和might   Youmay/canwatchTVforaslongasyoulike.(不用could,might;mustn’t有“拒绝”的意思)  ---CouldIuseyourphone?  ---Yes,ofcourseyoucan/may.(No,youcan’t/maynot.) 5、can和could表示提议和请求  它们常用来提议为某人做某事或请求别人做某事,could更客气,更  含尊敬的成分,这种用法常见于陈述句和疑问句中  ①提议:  CanIcarryyourbag?  Icould/candotheshoppingforyou,ifyou’retired.  ②请求和命令:  Could/Canyouhelpmewiththisletter?  Youcan/couldstartbycleaningthecar.  6、情态动词will  ①预测未来(第一人称用shall),或发布命令  ---There’ssomeonecomingupthestairs.  ---That’llbeMary.  You’llstartworkatsixo’clock.  ②自愿与意向  ●Iwill(不用Ishall)表示自愿做某事,或主动提出做某事,或表达坚定的意图  ---Cansomebodyhelpme?  ---Iwill.  I’llbreakyourneck.  ●willyou常用来提出要求或下命令,或提出请求   Willyoucomethisway,please?  Willyouhavesomemorewine?  ●用won’t表示拒绝  No,Iwon’t!  Shewon’topenthedoor.  7、shall  用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意见(说话人做某事)。  用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。  用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。  8、常用情态动词的回答  ①---Mustwehandinourplan?  ---Yes,youmust.(No,youneedn’t.)  ②---NeedIcome?  ---Yes,youmust.(No,youneedn’t.)  ③---MayIsmokehere?  ---Yes,please.(Certainly./Yes,youmay.)  (No,youmustn’t./maynot./Pleasedon’t.)  ④---Could/CanIofferyousomecoffee?(提议)  (---Will/Wouldyouhavesomecoffee?)  ---Yes,please./Yes,I’dlikesome,please.(不用Yes,youcan.)  (No,thankyou.)(不用No,youcan’t.)  ⑤---Could/Can/Would/Willyou(please)openthedoor?(请求)  ---Yes,ofcourse(Iwill).(No,I’mafraidIcan’t.) 特殊疑问句   WHAT  ●what…like?①人或事物的外观特征;②天气  What’syourbrotherlike?(长相或人品)  What’sttheweatherliketoday?  Howdoyoulikethefilm?  Whatdoyoulike?  ●whattime/date/year…  --What’sthedatetoday?  --(It’s)October15.  --Whatdatewillhearrive?  --(He’llarrive)onOctober15.  ●what…for?=why  --What’sitfor?  --(it’sfor)cuttinggrass.  --Whatdidyoudothatfor?  --BecauseIwantedtosavetime.  (Tosavetime.)  ●whatkind(s)/sort(s)of…?  Whatkindofpicture(s)doyoulikebest?  ●whatsize  --Whatsizeshoesdoyoutake?   --(Size)41.  ●whatheight/length/depth/age  →howhigh/long/deep/old  What’stheheightofthatmountain?  Whatheightisthatmountain?  Howhighisthatmountain?  WHICH  ●whichday/month/year…?(比when更具体)  --Don’tforgethisbirthday?  --Iwon’t.Which/Whatdayisit?  ●which/what/who比较  which更具体,或用whichone  Whichbookareyougoingtobuy?(哪本书)  Whatbookareyougoingtobuy?(哪种书)  Whodoyoulikebest?  Whichonedoyoulikebest,TomorJack?  WHY  ●Whynot(don’tyou)buyanewcoat?  ●--Letssetouttonight.  --Yes,whynot.  HOW  ●Howisyourmother?  Howisyourmothergettingalong?  ●Howistheweatherthere?   What’stheweatherliketoday?  ●Howdoyoufindthefilm?  Howdoyoulikethefilm?  How/Whataboutthefilm?  Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm?  ●--Howoftendoyougotothezoo?  --Onceeverytwomonths.  ●--Howsoonwillyoubereadytostart?  --Intwodays.  ●Howfarisitfromheretotheairport?  综合问题  ①简答中介词跟在疑问词之后  --Iwanttoleavethisparcel.  --Whofor?(leavesthforsb)  ②else跟在疑问词后(which和whose除外)  Whereelsedidyougo?  ③用do作简略回答  --Whowantsalift?(搭便车)  --Ido.  --Howmanystudentsunderstoodthis?  --Theyalldid.  ④用ever,onearth或intheworld放在疑问词后强调  Whereonearth/intheworld/everdidyoupickthatup? 反意疑问句   1、陈述句主语是-one,-body时,疑问部分主语用they  Nobodysaysaword,dothey?  2、陈述句主语是-thing,this,that时,疑问部分主语用it  Everythingseemsallright,doesn’tit?  3、陈述句主语是从句、动词不定式、动名词时,疑问部分用it  Swimmingisgreatfun,isn’tit?  4、感叹句的反意疑问句(感叹句的附加疑问句,其谓语要求用否定句。)  Whatfineweather,isn’tit?  5、祈使句的反意疑问句  Dothat,willyou?(won’tyou)  6、Let’s…,Letus…  Let’sgo,shallwe?Letusgo,willyou?  7、I’m  I’minterestedinEnglish,aren’tI?  8、Iwish…  IwishIwereyou,mayI?  9、含hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldliketodo  You’dbettercomeearly,hadn’tyou?  You’dratherworkthanplay,wouldn’tyou?  10、陈述句部分含下列否定词时,疑问部分用肯定  few,little,hardly,never,noone,no   Thereislittleinkinyourpen,isthere?  11、加前后缀构成的否定,疑问部分仍然用否定  It’sunfair,isn’tit?  12、陈述部分有must  ①mustbe对现在情况进行推测  Hemustbeverytired,isn’the?  ②musthavedone(对过去推测)有过去时间状语  Hemusthavecomeyesterday,didn’the?  ③musthavedone(由过去延续到现在)  Hemusthavelivedhereatleast10years,hasn’the?  ④must+v.一定要,必须  Youmustrenewthebook,needn’tyou?  13、当陈述部分是一个(带that引导宾语从句的)主从复合句时,附加疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持对应关系。但是,当陈述部分的主语是:Isuppose,Ithink,Ibelieve,Iimagine,Iexpect等结构时,附加疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语,谓语保持一致关系。而且要注意到否定的转移问题。  14、当陈述部分是I’msurethat,;wearesure;I’mafraidthat;Wearesurethat;Ifeelsurethat等后面跟宾语从句时,反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致。  15、当陈述部分是并列句时,附加疑问句的主谓语要合离它最近的句子的主谓保持对应关系。  16、在口语和非正式文体中,为了加强语气,只是表示某种惊奇、怀疑、反感、讽刺等感情而并不是为了寻求回答,这时前后两部分的肯定、否定是一致的。  如:Oh,heisawriter,ishe?  You’llnotgo,won’tyou?否定句    1.not…and;not…or;not…nor,neither…nor  It’snottallandwide.(部分否定)  It’snottallorwide.(全部否定)  Notaflowernoragrasswillgrowinthisarea.(全部否定)  2.no;not  ●no-adv.-adj.=nota,notany  Sorry,there’snotimetotalk.  ●not-adv.  Askhim,nothiswife.  Icanseeyoutomorrow,butnotonTuesdayorFriday.  Hefailednotbecauseheisn’tcleverbutbecause  hedidn’tworkhard.  3.nomore(not…anymore);  nolonger(notanylonger)  Timelostwillreturnnomore.(动作的重复次数)  Hedoesn’tworkhereanylonger.(动作的延续)  4.no;none;noone:  no是一个限定词,用在单数(可数或不可数)名词和复数名词前面,也就是说一个名词前面没有冠词、物主代词或者代词的时候,才可以用它;而在the,my,your,this,these,that等词前面,应该使用noneof,none,可指人或物,而noone指人  Therewerenolettersforyouthismorning,I’mafraid.  Noneofmyfriendslivenearhere.  Istayedinalleveningwaiting,butnoonecame.  ☆Alittlemoneyisbetterthanatall.(none)  Iwantedtwotickets,buttherewasleft.(none)   Thereistellingwhenhewillbeback.(no)  --Whoisintheroom?  --.(Noone)  5.否定转移:下列词后接从句,如果否定,否定词前移,但hope例外,think,believe,expect,suppose  Idon’tthinkthathewillcome.  Ihopethatitwon’train.  6.避免否定误用  Heaskedmeasecondquestionbefore  Ianswerthefirstone.A.couldB.couldn’t  7.Nothingis+比较级+thanto+V. Nothingis+more+形容词+thanto+V.  例句:没有比接受教育更重要的事了。  Nothingismoreimportantthantoreceiveeducation.  8.。。。cannotemphasizetheimportanceof。。。toomuch.  (再怎么强调......的重要性也不为过。)  例句:我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。  Wecannotemphasizetheimportanceofprotectingoureyestoomuch.倒装句   ◇全部倒装  1.由here,there引起,谓语通常用be,come,go  Look!Herecomesyoursister.Theregoesthebell.  2.由介词短语引起,谓语通常用be,stand,lie,live,live,sit,come,go,rise   Alongthewallstandfourbigchairs.  Atthetopofthehilllaythedyingsoldiers.  3.由up,down,on,in,off,away,out,back引起,谓语通常用come,go,run,rush,fly  Outrushedtheboy.  Downcametherainandupwenttheumbrellas.  4.以上情况主语如果是代词,主谓不倒装  Here’syourwatch.(Hereitis.)  Upitwent.  5.由个别副词引起,谓语通常是be,lie  Northofthecitylies(is)arailway.  6.由such引起,谓语通常用be  Suchiswhathesaid.Sucharehiswords.  ◇部分倒装  指谓语的一部分放在主语之前而引起的倒装,通常是助动词或情态动词提前或连系动词提前  1.由never,hardly,seldom,little,notuntil引起  Seldomdidhemakeanymistakes.  NotuntilyesterdaydidIreceivehisletter.  2.notonly…butalso连接两个单句时,前面的倒装  Notonlywassheworkinghard,butalsoshewasverypolite.  3.neither…nor连接两个单句时,两个句子都倒装  Neitherishestudying,norisheworking.  4.nosooner…than,hardly(scarcely)…when  Nosoonerhadwegotintotheroomthanthetelephonerang.   5.由only+状语,so+adj.(adv.)引起  Onlythen(Onlyattheageof18)didherealizetheimportanceoftheproblem.  6.由as引起  Childasheis,hecanworkouttheproblem.  7.虚拟语气的倒装  WereIyou,Iwouldworkharder.  Hadyoucomeyesterday,youwouldhaveknownthat.  Shoulditraintomorrow,youwouldn’tleave.  ◇so(neither,nor)+be(do,have,情态动词,助动词)+主语  YoushouldworkharderandsoshouldI.  Shehasn’tbeentoBerlinandnorhaveI.  --Iwenttothezooyesterday.  --Soyoudid.  --Sheisatailor.  --Soisshe./Sosheis.祈使句   1.do强调祈使句  Dohaveanothercupofcoffee.  2.And可连接两个祈使句  Waitandsee.   Comeandseethisgoldfish.  Tryand(to)seehispointofview.  3.祈使句+and(or)+简单句  Hurryup,oryou’llbelate.  (Ifyoudon’thurryup,you’llbelate.)  Useyourhead,andyou’llfindagoodway.  (Ifyouuseyourhead,you’llfindagoodway.)  4.对祈使句的回答  --Drivecarefully!  --(Yes,)Iwill.  --Don’ttakeanyrisk.  --(No,)Iwon’t.叹句、省略与替代  1.How  adj.(Subj.+be)Howlovely!  adv.(Subj.+v.)Howwellyousing!  subj.+v.Howyouwork!   adj.+a(an)+n.Howgoodamapitis!  2.What  a(an)(+adj.)+n.Whatarudeman!  (+adj.)+n.(可数名词复数)Whatlovelyflowers!  (+adj.)+n.(不可数名词)Whatfineweather!      高考英语语法精要讲解三十五:省略与替代  Ⅰ、动词不定式中的省略  1.在下列动词see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,make,have,let,hear,listento,feel等后的不定式做宾补,要省略不定式符号。  2.在...donothingbut/exceptdo...的结构中,在介词but或except后作宾语时不定式符号要省略。  3.在wouldrather和hadbetter后不定式符号要省略。  4.在几个不定式并列时,第二个、第三个不定式的不定式符号要省略。  5.在expect,forget,like,want,wish,try,have,need,used,ought,beable,begoing等动词和动词词组后接的不定式中,不定式符号后面的动词原形常省略。  Ⅱ、从句中的省略  1.在if,asif,while,when,where,although,unless,what,whether等引起的状语从句中可以省略主谓部分。  Mistakes,ifany,shouldbecorrected.(=ifthereareanymistakes)  Pleasecomeagain,ifpossible.(=ifitpossibleforyoutocome)  Fillintheproperarticleswherenecessary.(=wheretheyarenecessary)  Hewon’tcome,unlessinvited.(=unlessheisinvited)  Heopenedhislipsasiftosaysomething.(=asifheweregoingtosaysomething)  2.在if引起的从句中如有等词倒装时,省略if。   WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoit.  Hadweknownyourtelephonenumber,Iwouldhavegivenyouaphonecall.  3.Wehavefinishedourhomework,sohavethey.(=andtheyhavefinishedtheirhomework,too)  Ifyoudon’tgototheconcert,neithershallI.(=Ishallnotgototheconcerteither)  4.宾语从句中连词that引起的宾语从句和定语从句中的关系代词that、which,whom等  在定语从句中作宾与可以省略that。  Ⅲ、介词的省略  preventsb(from)doingsth.  stopsb(from)doingsth.  havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth.  spendtime/money(in)doingsth.  bebusy(in)doingsth.  Ⅳ、替代  省略与代替的作用是什么?  1.so代替前面句子中已经表达过的词,短语或句子(多是宾与从句).与so连用的常用动词有:hope,believe,think,beafraid,expect,surprise,imagine等.  2.用not代替so的情况.  3.用不定式符号代替不定式.  4.用do在句子中代替其它动词.