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2009年高考英语语法精要讲解名词 1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题 名词的数:单数、复数和不可数; 名词的格:通格和属格(’s) 名词的限定:特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法,即名词前加冠词或 其它限定词,例如:some,many,this,my等 2、名词的数和单位词 1)复型名词+复数动词 Thetrousersaretoobigforme.Pleaseshowmethesmallerpair. 备用词:shoes,stockings,glasses,socks NOTICE:Apairofglassescostsquitealot. 2)复型名词+单数动词 A.ThenewsonTVisseldomsatisfying. 备用词:mathematics,physics,politics,means,works,theUnitedStates B.Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk. 备用词:fivepounds,twofeet,sixweeks 3)集合名词+复数名词 Thepolicehavesurroundedthebuilding. Cattlearesellingforrecordprice(创记录). 备用词:theenemy,(the)people NOTICE:表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用, 但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数:
Myfamilyarewonderful.Theydoalltheycanforme. Thefamilywhichnowconsistsoffourmembersatmostissmallerthanitusedtobe. 4)不可数名词作可数的情况 A.部分不可数名词可以有下列情况 a(an)+adj.+n. Itlookslikerain.athirstyforknowledge(求知欲) aheavyrainHehasagoodknowledgeofpolitics. 备用词:snow,breakfast,wine,oil,education B.口语特例(特定场合) A(One)beer,please. Twoteasandfourcoffees,please. 5)既是可数又是不可数的名词 Ibrokeaglassthismorning.(杯子) Glassismadefromsand.(玻璃) 备用词:paper/apaper,light(光)/alight(灯); ice(冰)/anice(冰激凌),chicken(鸡肉)/achicken(雏鸡) 6)单位词 A.个数 apieceofinformation(furniture,advice…) B.以形状表示个数 agrainofrice,aflightofstairs C.容量 aboxofmatches,acupoftea
D.计量 ametreofcloth,atonofcoal E.其它 a(new)setoftools(wires,teeth,rules) 3、名词的格: 1)’s的用法 A.与时间有关的名词 anight’ssleeptenminutes’walk NOTICE:atwo-hourwalk=twohours’walk B.和else连用 bookcanthisbe? A.Whoelse’s B.Whoseelse C.Who’selse D.Whoseelse’s (A) C.‘s修饰的词,如果前面提到,可省略 ThisisJack’sbook,notTom’s. ThisbookisJack’snotTom’s. D.表示店、铺、家、诊所等,‘s后面的名词省略 attheGreen’s(house),atthedoctor’s(office) 2)OF结构表示所有关系 A.无生命的名词用of thepriceofthesuccess
B.有生命的名词被一个短语或从句修饰而表示所有关系时用of Can’tyoulookatthebookoftheboybehindyou? 3)双重所有格 ‘s与of结构并用,此时of结构所修饰的名词前通常有a,an,two,some,that等 MissSmithisafriendofMary’smother’s. thatbrotherofthegirl 4)名词+名词(名词用作形容词) A.单数名词+名词 ashoe(flower)shopticketoffice NOTICE:thetailor’s(shop) B.复数名词 + 名词 sportsmeetclothesshopwomenpilots数词 1、数词在使用时应注意的问题 易错数词: 年月日及介词 计算用词 和数字相关的词 2、综合 1)数字表达: 123,856,709 onehundredandtwenty-threemillion,eighthundredandfifty-sixthousand,sevenhundredandnine 2)年月日 inthemorning;onthemorningofSeptember1;
inSeptember;in1988;onSeptember1(onthefirstofSeptember) 3、计算 + Sixandfiveis(are)eleven. Sixhundredplusfortyis(equals)sixhundredandforty. - Fourfromsevenis(leaves)three. Sixhundredminusonehundredequalsfivehundred. X16x11=176 Sixteentimeselevenis(makes)onehundredandseventy-six. ÷9÷3=3 Ninedividedbythreeequalsthree. 4、dozen,score A.threedozeneggs;threedozenoftheseeggs;dozensofeggs B.threescoreyears;a(three)scoreofpeople;scoresoftimes 5、小数,分数,百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题. 分数和百分数引导的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定.如果是可数名词的复数,其谓语动词用复数形式;如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式. Morethan40percentofthestudentswearglasses. 70percentodthefund(资金)wassuppliedbytheGovernment. 6、“一个半...”的表达法. onepoundandahalf,oneandahalfyears冠词 1、冠词应注意的问题 习惯用法
同一名词前不同名词的比较 2、不定冠词 1)成对的名词(此类名词间常有一种自然的联系) aknifeandfork 2)amost+n.“非常“ Thisisamostbeautifulcountry. 3)a(an)与one之区别 A.数字对比用one Itwasonecoffeeweordered,nottwo. B.对比 Aknifeisnogood. (刀子不行) Oneknifeisnogood. (一把刀子不行) C.通用 a(one)million,a(one)quarter 4)a(an)与every之比较: threetimesayear; twiceeverythreeyears 5)惯用法 A.Whatasurprise!Whatalovelydress! quiteanicedayratheragoodidea suchafunnyexpression B.toocoldadayHowlovelyadress! sostrangeapersonasgoodamapas 3、定冠词
1)普通名词组成的专有名词theGreatWalltheSummerPalace 2)江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾thePacific(Ocean) 3)the+adj.(-ing;-ed) A.指一类人,谓语用复数 Theoldarebeingtakengoodcareof. B.指一类事,谓语用单数 Thebeautifulisnotalwaysthesameasthegood. 4)用在radio,piano,telephone,方位、次序、自然现象(rain)、身体 部位前Hehatesthetelephone. 5)被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前 Theboywhoyouarelookingfor(inblue,there,standingthere, dressedinblue)isastudent. 4、零冠词 1)街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等 NationalDay NanjingRoad 2)职位充当补语、同位语时 Hewaselectedheadmasteroftheschool. 3)成对出现的成语 arminarm(手挽手),handinhand(手牵手),facetoface, sidebyside(肩并肩),dayandnight,youngandold, fromdoortodoor,frommorningtillnight,frombeginningtoend 5、冠词比较 1)gotoschool(hospital,church);inprison(强调用途)
gototheschool,visittheprison(强调建筑物本身) 2)I’llgotherenextFriday.(以说话时间为准) In1989,hewas28,andthenextyear,hewas29.(以所给时间为准) 3)byair(plane,boat…) inaspaceship(onthebike,onthebus) 4)Openthewindowtoletinfreshair.(泛指) Theairintheroomisnotfresh.(特指) 5)beattable beatthetable 6)acupofcoffee Twocoffees,please.Ilikewhitecoffee. Thisisaverygoodcoffee.ThecoffeeonthetableisTom’s. 7)Mr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou. AMr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou. TheMr.Whiteyouarelookingforiswaitingtoseeyou. 8)Ahorseisausefulanimal.Thehorseisausefulanimal. Horsesareusefulanimals. 9)thebestseasonoftheyearthebesttimeofyear.人称代词 1、多个人称代词的排列顺序 ①youandI ②heandI ③youandhe
④you,heandI ⑤you,theyandwe(情况多) 2、It的用法 ①代替this,that That’sabook,isn’tit? ②做某动作的人或婴儿 ---Someoneiscoming.Whocanitbe? ---ItmaybeJack. It’salovelybaby.Isitaboyoragirl? ③表示时间、距离、自然现象 It’s20milesto(from)Paris. 3、简略回答中用so,not,it的情况 ①肯定答语中,下列动词后面常用so: think,hope,believe,I’mafraid,Itseems(appears),etc. ---Isittruethathehadaheartattack? ---I’mafraidso./Ibelieveso./Itseemsso. ②否定答语中用not: ---HasAnnegotintouniversity? ---I’mafraidnot./Ithinknot./Itseemsnot. ③协力动词中也可以用not…so: believe,think,suppose,expect,etc Idon’tbelieveso./Idon’tthinkso. ④do代替上下文动词,并且表示一个已完成的动作时, do后常用so/it:
---Pleaselaythetable. ---I’vejustdoneso(it).指示代词 that,one,it的区别 ①one代替可数名词,表示泛指;theone表示特指;that代替不可数名词,表示特指;它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物;it指前面提到的同一事物。 ●Thereisanoldengineerandayoungonehere. ●Hisattitudetomeisthatofafriend. ●I’velostmypen.Haveyouseenit?(Haveyoulendmeone?) ②the/this/that/these/those+adj.+one/ones I’lltryonafewoftheseshirts.Pleasepassmethatwhiteone. ③theone后面可以接介词短语或定语从句 ●Theboyinyourclassistallerthantheoneinourclass.
●Theskirt(that)shemadeherselfismorebeautifultowearthan theone(that)sheboughtlastyear. ④one不能代替前面提到的不可数名词 Don’tusepowderedmilk.Usethisfreshmilk.(不可用freshone) ⑤those,ones ●Thesemachinesarebetterthanthosewemadelastyear. ●---I’dlikeapoundofapples. ---Whichones? ---Thered(ones). ●---Whydon’twetakealittlebreak? ---Didn’twejusthave?(NMET2000) A.it B.that C.one
D.this (C)物主代词 1、名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语,不能作定语 Thisismycup.Yoursistheonethat’sgreen. Thesethingsaremine.Thosearetheirs. 2、名词性物主代词与of结构连用 Thatbrotherofyourslookshealthy. Heisanoldfriendofmine. 3、下列结构用the代替物主代词 HepulledJackbythehair(arm). Hewaswoundedintheleg. Hewasblindintherighteye.反身代词、
1、加强语气(可前可后) Theheadmasterspoketomehimself. →Theheadmasterhimselfspoketome. Tomfeltthathekneweverybody’sbusinessbetterthantheyknewit.(NMET1996) A.themselves B.oneself C.itself D.himself (A) 2、own:反身代词无所有格形式,用own表达 I’dlovetohavemyownroom/aroomofmyown.不定代词 1、everyeach ①every指时间:everyotherday, everythreedays=everythirdday
②each放在复数主谓语之间: Weeachhaveabook. ③each放在句尾: Shegaveherchildrenanappleeach. 2、some-any-every-no- ①作单数看:Isthereanyoneherewhoisadoctor? ②不与of连用: 不说 someoneof;nooneof.etc 可说someoneof;noneof,etc. ③+adj./todo(vt.):Isthereanythingformetositon? ④+else:Thisisn’tmine.It’ssomeoneelse’s. 3、someany ①表示请求、建议的问句用some Wouldyoulikesome(more)coffee? ②some+n.(singl.) Youwillrealizeitsomeday. ③any在肯定句中表示任何一个(无论哪个) Anychildcananswerthat. Givemeaplate.Anyone(plate)willdo. ④any(some)of+ 限定词 + n. someoftheoil,anyofmywater 4、bothall ①常用于助动词或情感动词后,但在简答中放在前面 ●Thegirlsarebothready.
●---Areyouready?---Yes,weboth(all)are. ②放在作宾语的宾格代词后面 Hegavesometousall(both). ③all单独用,指人时谓语用用复数;指物时谓语用单数 ●Allislost. ●Allarehere. 5、eitherneither ①either…or;neither…nor作主语,谓语的使用是邻近原则 NeitherhenorIamgoingtoLondon. ②作定语,修饰单数名词 Neither(Either)bookissatisfactory. 6、another(the)other(the)others ①another 另外的,另一个的 Pleaseshowmeanother(one). Doyouneedanothercup? ②another+ 基数词(few)+ n. Ineedanotherthreedays.(threemoredays) ③(the)other(+n.)(the)other theothersix(persons)/theothers/theotherday 7、(a)few(a)little ①few的搭配 ●Wehadagoodfewletterthismorning(很多). ●Notafewletterswerewrittentothemagazines.(不少) ●---Howmanydoyouwant?
---Justafew,please.(不多) quiteafew(相当多) onlyafew(只有几个,几乎没有) ②little的搭配 ●There’sonlyalittlesoupleft. ●---Howmuchdoyouwant? ---Justalittle,please. 8、muchmany ①(much/far)toomuchfartoomany Yoursongotmuch(far)toomuchpocketmoney. Therearefartoomanyaccidentsatthiscrossing. ②much修饰 ●形容词和副词的比较级或最高级 ●比较级+不可数名词 There’smuch/farlesswaterintheriverthanusual. many修饰“比较级+可数名词复数” Therearemany/farmorepeoplethanIexpected. 9、全部否定与部分否定 ①全部否定用词 neithernothingnoonenobodynone ②not与all,both,every,every-连用时表示部分否定 Notallhisworkissuccessful.形容词
1、多个形容词得排列顺序 限定词(冠词、物主代词、所有格、序数词)+基数词+描述性形容词+大小新旧+颜色+产地+物质(材料、用途)+名词 abeautifulnewreddress alittlebrownbox 2、系动词+adj.(除be外的其它连系动词) Thecakelooksgoodbutittastesawful. 3、subj.+be+adj.+todo(vt.) Themaniseasytogetalongwith. Thebedistoosmallforhimtolieon. 4、Itis(was)+adj.+of(for)sb.todosth. 下列形容词后用of:good,kind,nice,brave,clever,careless,foolish,silly,stupid,cruel,etc. 其它形容词后用for 5、themoreofthetwo Heisthestrongerofthetwobrothers. 6、倍数 threetimesasbigas Thisroomistwicebiggerthanthatone. threetimesthesizeof 7、比较级和最高级的被修饰 ①比较级可以被下列词修饰:much,far,any,even,still,rather,alittle,alot,abit,no,byfar It’snouseaskingme.Idon’tknowanymorethanyou.
②最高级可以被下列词修饰:much,thevery,byfar Thiscakeoughttobegood,becauseIusedtheverybestbutter副词 1、程度副词(quite,rather,fairly) ★quite:不修饰比较级,但:Heisquitebetter. ●表示程度,和可显示程度的词连用,如:old,interesting,polite,tired,etc. ●类似completely(完全地)和absolutely(绝对地),和下列词连用, 如:perfect,impossible,different,etc. 此时,可修饰adj.,adv.,v.,等. Thejobisquiteimpossible. That’snotquitewhatIwant. ★rather:可与比较级及too连用 ratherolder,rathertoomanypeople ●ratherthan 表示选择,“宁愿(前面)不愿(后面)” I’dprefertogoinAugustratherthaninJuly. Idecidedtowriteratherthan(to)telephone. ●orrather 表示“更确切地说“ I’llmeethim,orrather,I’llaskhimtomeetme. ★fairly: 不可与比较级连用,与积极意义的词连用 ●强弱程度的顺序: very→rather→quite→fairly→not Thisfilmisverygood.(rathergood胜过多数影片; quitegood值得一看;fairlygood勉强还可以看看) 2、频度副词(often,usually,always,ever,never,seldom,hardly等放在行为动词前、系动词及助动词后
Heisalwaysmakingajoke. ●never,hardly,seldom等放在句首时,用倒装 NeverhaveIseenanythingsowonderfulasthat. ●简答中频度副词放在助动词及系动词前 ---Heislateagain.---Yes,healwaysis. 3、toomuchmuchtoo ●toomuch ①+不可数名词,意思“太多” Idrank(farmuch,alot,alittle,rather)toomuchbeerlastnight. ②作adv. Youworktoomuch. ③作pro. Toomuchwashappeningallatonce. ●muchtoo+adj.“实在太…” Youaremuchtookindtome. 4、形近词 ●①deep/deeplydeepintothenight(thewoods,thefuture) bedeeplymoved(hurt,sorry)deeplyregret ②late/lately/later/latestarrive(come)late Whathaveyoubeendoinglately? ③near/nearlygo(come,live)nearnearlyfinished(midnight) ④loud/loudly/aloud ●--adj.--adv. anearlytrainafastdriverhardworkadeephole
arriveearlydrivefastworkharddrinkdeep.介词 1.be+adj.+prep. begoodat,beafraidof,beanxiousabout(of),bekindto,befitfor,etc. 2.be+v.-ed+prep. besatisfiedwith,beworriedabout,besurprisedat,bepleasedat(by) 3.v.+prep. agreewith(to/on),apologizefor,arriveat(in),believein,dependon 4.v.+n.+prep. payattentionto,takepartin,makeuseof,haveawordwith 5.v.+adv.+prep. goonwith,goinfor,goaheadwith,keepupwith,makeupfor 6.prep.+n.+prep. inchargeof,intimeof,inplaceof,ontopof,attheend(edge)of 7.outof+n. outofbreath,outofcontrol,outofdate,outofsight,outofwork(order) 8.n.+after+n. hourafterhour,yearafteryear,battleafterbattle,defeatafterdefeat 9.n.+by+n. stepbystep,sidebyside,onebyone 10.n.+to+n. facetoface,hearttoheart
11.n.+in+n. handinhand,arminarm 12.from+n.+to+n. fromsidetoside,fromplacetoplace,fromdoortodoor 13.a+n.+of abitof,agreatdealof,afewof,adropof,alineof 14.with+n. withalonghistory,withsatisfaction(care),withpleasure,withone’shelp 15.on+n. onatrip(journey),onavisit(to),onfire,onbusiness,onsale,onwatch ontheteam,onshow,onduty,onfoot 16.without+n. withouthelp,withoutmercy,withoutdelay 17.in+n. insilence,indanger(trouble,surprise,fear),inhighspirits,inlove(return) 18.as+n. asamatteroffact,asarule,asawhole 19.by+n. bynow(then),byhand,bymistake,bythismeans,bychance,bytheyear 20.at+n. atsea,atsunset,atChristmas,atthedoctor’s,atthestation,atatime 21.for+n. foramoment,foratime,forever,forexample
22.to+n.(…+to) toone’sdelight(joy,surprise),totheeast(west),totheright,dueto, thanksto,accordingto,tothisday.基本句型 英语的五种基本句型结构: 主语+不及物动词(SV) 主语+连系动词(SVC) 主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO) 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOD) 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(SVOC) 1.S+V Heworks.Heisstudying. ①主语 + 谓语(vi.)+状语(从句) Thesunsetsinthewest.Hewentnowhere ②主语 + 谓语(vi.)+名词短语 Wehadcomealongway.Hewaited(for)twoyears. 2.S+V+C Heisastudent/inyellow/there… ①主语+be+表语 表语由下列词充当:名词、形容词、副词、介词(短语)、动词不定式、分词(短语)、动名词、从句等 ②主语+其它连系动词+表语 这些连系动词包括:appear,continue,feel,go(变成),keep,lie(处于…状态),look,prove,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,become,come,fall,get,grow,turn
Boblaysick. Hisdreamcomestrue. 3.S+V+O Anideastruckme. ①主语 + 谓语(v.+prep) + 宾语 Itdependsontheweather.备用词:actas,agreeon/with/to, arrivein(at),comeacross,baseon,breakinto,sufferfrom,leadto, preferto,thinkof,fireat,reachfor,quarrelabout,worryabout ②主语 + 谓语(v.+adv.) + 宾语 Ithoughtovertheplan.Ithoughtitover. 备用词:bringout(up),thinkout,turnoff(on,out,down),givein NOTICE:●v+adv.+prep. getalongwith,addupto,doawaywith, breakawaywith,keepupwith,goaheadwith,gothroughwith ●v.+n.+prepmakeuseof,makefunof,catchsightof, takecareof,taketheplaceof,takealookat,takepridein ③主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 介词 + 宾语 Theteacherpunishedhimforbeinglate. Congratulatehimonhissuccess. Comparethiswiththat. 4.S+V+O+D(间接宾语由代词和名词充当) ①主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 Willyoulendmeyourpen,please? Sheboughthimmanytoys.
②主语+谓语+直接宾语+介词+代词或名词 Willyoulendyourpentome,please? Sheboughtmanytoysforhim. 备用词:pay,give,hand,sell,pass,offer,explain,sing,leave 5.S+V+O+C宾语和宾补之间的关系有两种:●主表关系; 主谓关系。宾语可由形容词、副词、介词、动词不定式充当 主表:①Ifindthebookinteresting.(主谓宾+形容词) ②Isawhimthere. (主谓宾+副词) ③Ifoundthebookonthedesk. (主谓宾+介词) ④Weelectedhimmonitor.(主谓宾+名词) 主谓:①Theysawthethiefrunningaway.(主谓宾+现在分词) ②Wheredidyouseehimknockeddown? (主谓宾+过分词) ③Whatmakesyouthinkso? (主谓宾+动词不定式)It句型 1.It+be+adj.+(forsb)todosth→sth+be+adj.+todo ItisnoteasytolearnEnglish.(Englishisnoteasytolearn.) 备用词:difficult,necessary,important,quick,hard,etc. 2.It+be+adj.+ofsbtodosth→sb.+be+adj.+todosth ItwasfoolishofTomtosellsuchasuitasthattoamillionaire. (Tomwasfoolishtosellsuchasuitasthattoamillionaire.) 备用词:wise,clever,bright,kind,nice,silly,stupid,cruel,etc. 3.Ittakessb+sometime+todosth→sbspendstimeindoingsth
Ittookhimtwodaystofindtheelephant. (Hespenttwodaysinfindingtheelephant.) 4.Itisnousedoingsth. Itisnouseregrettingyourpastmistakes. 备用词:nogood,useless,etc. 5.Itcostssb.+money+todosth Itcostthem36,000francstobuythenecklace. →Thenecklacecostthem36,000francs. Theyspent36,000franconthenecklace. Theyspent36,000francs(in)buyingthenecklace. Theypaid36,000francsforthenecklace. Theyboughtthenecklacefor36,000francs. 6.It+be+adj.(n.)+that-clause Itisveryclearthathe’sroundandtalllikeatree. Itisapitythatshehasmadesuchamistake. 备用词:natural,surprising,true,wonderful,etc. 7.It+be+adj.+that-clause(shoulddosth) Itisnecessarythathe(should)bepresentatthemeeting. 备用词:strange,important,impossble 8.It+be+p.p.+that-clause itissaidthathehasbeenillforyears.(Heissaidtohavebeen…) 备用词:reported,known,believed,decided,announced,etc. 9.It+be+p.p.+that-clause(shoulddosth.) Itisdemandedthatthehomework(should)befinishedatonce.
备用词:ordered,suggested,required,requested,etc. 10.Itseems+that-clause→sb.+seems+todosth. Itseemsthattheyaretalking.(Theyseemtobetalking.) 备用词:happen 11.Itis+sometimesince-clause→sb.has+p.p.+fortime Itisthreeyearssincehecamehere.(Hehasbeenhereforyears.) 12.Itis+被强调部分+that(who) Itisthroughstrugglethatwelearnthistruth. 13.It+betime+forsth/todosth./that-clause Itistimeforsupper.Itistimetohavesupper. Itistimethatweshouldhavesupper. Itistimethatwehadsupper. 14.It+be+long(时间段)+before-clause Itwillnotbelongbeforeweturnourhopeintoreality. 15.Itis(just)likesb.todosth. 该句型为“某人(恰恰)是。。。这个样子”。用来表示赞扬或不满,若用否定式,则表示怀疑。 It’slikehimtoleavetheworktoothers. 他就是这样的一个人,把工作推给别人。 Itisn’tlikehimtohavesaidanythinglikethat.他可不是说出那种话的人。 16.Itisuptosb.todosth. 该句型为“该由某人做。。。”。该句型中up后的to是介词。There Be结构
1、主谓一致: Thereisapenandtwobooksonthedesk. 2、反意问句: Thereusedtobeawellthere,use(d)n’t/didn’tthere? 3、各种时态: Therewillbeafilmthisafternoon. Thereisgoingtobealecturetomorrow. Therehavebeengreatchangeinourcitysince1988. 4、therebe中的非谓语形式: Therearealotofstudentswaitingoutside. Therewereelevenpeoplekilledinthisaccident. There’ssomeoneatthedoortoseeyou. (Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.) 5、含情态动词: Theremust(may,might)beraintomorrow. Thereoughttobenotrouble 6、与其它动词连用: Thereseemstobeareasonforchangingtheirplan. Therearelikelytobemoredifficultiesthanexpected. Therehappenstobenobodyintheroom. Idon’twanttheretobeanytrouble. 7、there+v. Theregoesthebell. Onthehill(there)standsahouse.
8、Thereisnodenyingthefact+that从句(不可否认的......) 例句:不可否认的,我们的生活质量已经每况愈下。 Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthequalitiesofourlivinghavegonefrombadtoworse.主谓一致原则 1、or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso连接并列主语时,谓语与邻近主语一致 NotonlyshebutalsoIamgoingthere. 2、aswellas,(together)with,,alongwith连接并列主语时,谓语与前面主语一致 Dr.Smith(together)withhistwosonsisgoingParis. 3、therebe中主语并列时,可随紧挨be的词一致或用复数 Thereis(are)aboyandtwogirlsintheroom. NOTICE:Thereisapairoftrousershere. 4、both,many,several,few作主语时,谓语用复数 Fewareherethismorning. 5、时间、距离、重量、金钱等的复数作主语,当整体看,谓语用单数 Twofeetisn’tlongenough. 6、and连接并列主语的情况 ①Myfatherandmotherareawayonbusiness. ②TheworkerandwriterisfromParis. ③TheworkerandthewriterarefromParis. ④BreadandbutterisadailyfoodintheWest. ⑤Every(Each,No)deskandevery(each,no)chairismadeofwood.
⑥oneandahalf后面应接复数名词,但其谓语动词应用单数。 7、the+adj.(-ing,-ed)表示一类人,谓语用复数;表示一类事物,谓语用单数 Therichgetricherandthepoorgetpoorerinmanycountries. 8、Neither(of),Either(of),Each(of)作主语,谓语用单数 Neitherofthemisadriver. 9、any-,every-,some-no-作主语,谓语用单数 Iseverybodyhere? 10、动词不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语,谓语用单数 Toseeistobelieve. WhatIhavedoneiswhatIshoulddo. 11.allof,someof,anyof,mostof,noneof,plentyof,percentof,halfof等作主语,根据of后的词决定 thehousesareonshow. Mostof theworkhasbeendone. thestudentsaregirls. Ninetypercentofthemoneyishers. 12.kindof+n.,由kind决定 Thiskindofapplesisverygood. →Applesofthiskindareverygood. 13.Such(倒装) Suchiswhathesaid.→Sucharehiswords. 14.east,west,south,north的倒装 Eastofthecityis(lies)alake.(are/lietwolakes)
15.强调句中It’sIwhoamgoingtoJapan. 16.定语从句中I,whoamastudent,willbeadoctor. 17.agreatdealof(alargeamountof,alargequantityof,alotof)+不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。 18.anumberof,(alargequantityof,alotof)+可数名词的复数,谓语动词用复数。但thenumberof+主语,其谓语动词用单数。 19.代词none,neither作主语时,主要根据说话人的意思来决定。 20.一些只有复数形式的词作主语时(clothes,trousers,shoes,...),谓语动词应用复数形式;但前面有apairof修饰时,则用单数。 21.关系词who,that,which引起的定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词在数和人称取得一致。但oneof+复数名词+that从句。从句的谓语动词应用复数,而the(only)oneof+复数名词+that从句,从句的谓语动词应用单数。 22.以what引起的主语从句therest,theremainder等引起的主语,谓语动词按意思一致的原则处理。时态的综合问题 在说或写一句话时,通常要选择一个中心时态,这个中心时态影响其它时态,即时态要前后一致。 以“现在”为中心:若开始叙述或描述着眼于“现在”,则常以“现在”为起点,从而会出现一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时或一般将来时连用的情况。 Ourpostmanusuallydeliversourarrivalat7everymorning.It(be)nearlylunchtimeandthemailstill(notarrive).I
(suppose)themail(come)soon.Perhapshe(be)ill.(is,hasn’tarrived,suppose,willcome,is 以“过去”为中心:若着眼于“过去”,则常以“过去某时”为基点,从而出现一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时连用的情况。 Welivedinthestreet.They(build)housesallaroundusthen.We(be)therefor10yearsand(imagine)we(stay)therefortherestofourlives.(werebuilding,hadbeen,imagined,wouldstay)一般现在时 1、所有或任何时候都发生的动作或情况,即重复发生的动作 ---Howoftendoesshevisitherparents? ---Twiceamonth. 2、永恒的真理 Summerfollowsspring. 3、①在条件或时间状语从句中 I’llletyouknowassoonashegetsthere.
②讨论计划和时间表或日程表时 Weleaveat11:15andarriveat17:50tomorrow. 4、固定词组如Isee(明白)、Ihear(听说)、Ithink(认为、想)、Ifeel(感觉)以引出已经了解的情况 Iseethere’ssometroubleinLondon现在进行时 1、说话时正进行的动作或情况 Someone’sknockingatthedoor.Canyouanswerit? 2、发展中的或正在改变的情况 Theweatherisgettingbetterandbetter. 3、任何时候都可能在进行中的事情 Idon’tliketobedisturbedifI’mworking. Youlooklovelywhenyou’resmiling. 4、表示将来 ①可用下列词:go,come,arrive,leave,start He’sarrivingtomorrowmorning. ②通过一个表示将来的的时间状语 Whatareyoudoingthisevening? 5、现在进行时与一般现在时的对比
①现在进行时用来谈论暂时的情况,一般现在时用来表示永久的情况,或经常发生的事情或习惯 He’snotworkingveryhardatthemoment.(目前工作不努力) Hedoesn’tworkveryhard.(通常工作不努力) ②讲故事、评论事情、解说体育运动等用一般现在时来叙述故事中一件又一件发生的事情 Harrisonshoots,buttheballhitsthepostand Jacksonclear. (哈里森射门,但是球碰倒柱子上,接着杰克逊解了围)一般将来时 1、用will,shall表示 ①决定:谈及正在作出的一项决定时,常用I’ll----Iwill,不能用begoingto,因为它表示事先就已经作出的决定 ---Thephone’sringing.---I’llanswerit. ---Cometoaparty.---OK.I’llbringmyfriend. ②威胁和允诺:第一人称用will(‘ll);第二人称用shall I’llhityouifyoudothatagain. HeshallhaveagiftforChristmas. ③提议和请求:用ShallI…?/Shallwe…?表示提议; 用Willyou…?表示请求 ShallIcarryyourbag?Willyougivemeahand? ④Iwill/Wewill表示有强烈意图、提议、坚持或自愿做某事;不能用shall Iwillstopsmoking---Ireallywill.
2、用begoingto表示 ①已经决定要做的事情 We’regoingtoFrancenextsummer. ②现在肯定讲会发生的事情 Lookatthoseclouds---it’sgoingtorain. ③强烈的决心 I’mgoingtokeepaskingheroutuntilshesaysyes. 3、用beabouttodosth表示最近的将来,“正要”,“马上就要” Iamabouttoleavewhenthereisaknockatthedoor. 4、用betodosth表示预定要做的事情 TheFrenchPresidentistovisitJapannextweek 5、begoingto与will/shall的对比 ①都可以表示预言 Doyouthinkthecarwillstart/isgoingtostart? ②讲到条件时(即如果一事发生,另一事也就发生),用will/shall对将来进行预测,不用begoingto,即使条件没有说出来 IfIgiveyoumoneyyou’llonlyspenditondrink. ---Comeoutforadrink. ---No,myTVprogram. A.I’mgoingtomiss B.I’llmiss (B)现在完成时
1、开始于过去并将持续到现在的动作,常与下列词连用:for…,since…,recently,lately,sofar,allthisyear,uptillnow,etc. I’veplanted14treessofarthismorning. ---Howareyoutoday? ---Oh,IasillasIdonowforalongtime. A.didn’tfeel B.don’tfeel C.wasn’tfeeling D.haven’tfelt (D)(NMET2000) 2、在过去某个不确定的时间发生的动作,但与现在有某种联系,因为我们所关心的是“现在”还存在着“过去”发生某事的结果,常和下列词连用:ever(问句或肯定句),already(肯定句),never(否定句),yet(问句或否定句),before ---myglasses? ---Yes,Isawthemonyourbedaminuteago. A.Doyousee B.Hadyouseen C.Wouldyousee D.Haveyouseen (NMET86)(D) eg.1)--Haveyoupassedyourtest? --Yes. --Whendidyoupassit? --(Ipassedit)Lastweek. 2)—Haveyoupassedyourtest?
--Notyet. --Whenwillyoupassit? --Nextweek. 对比:Haveyouseenthisfilm?(曾经经过) Didyouseethisfilm?(某特定时间) 3、可表示反复性或习惯性,常与often,threetimes等词连用 I’vewatchedhimonTVseveraltimes. 4、终止性动词可用完成时,但不能和for,howlong等时间词连用,此时常用替换词 Thisfilmhasbegun Howlonghasthisfilmbeenon? beginborrowcomediebeonkeepbeherebedead joinbuyleave beinhavebeaway 5、其它和现在完成时连用的词:just,in(within)thepast(last)+时间段; 对比:Hehasjustfallendownstairs. Hefelldownstairsjustnow. 6、特殊结构 ①Thisisthefirst(most/only)+n.+that-clause ThisisthebestfilmIhaveeverseen. ②It’s+时间段+since-clause(从句用过去时) It’stwoyearssincehedied. Hehasbeendeadfortwoyears. Hediedtwoyearsago. 7、现在完成时与现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时强调动作延续到未来或仍在进行. I’vewrittenanarticle.(已完成) I’vebeenwritinganarticle.(还在写)一般现在时 1、所有或任何时候都发生的动作或情况,即重复发生的动作 ---Howoftendoesshevisitherparents? ---Twiceamonth. 2、永恒的真理 Summerfollowsspring. 3、①在条件或时间状语从句中 I’llletyouknowassoonashegetsthere. ②讨论计划和时间表或日程表时 Weleaveat11:15andarriveat17:50tomorrow. 4、固定词组如Isee(明白)、Ihear(听说)、Ithink(认为、想)、Ifeel(感觉)以引出已经了解的情况 Iseethere’ssometroubleinLondon
一般过去时 1、过去已经完成的动作、结束的事情,或在过去重复发生的动作 WhenIwasachildwealwayswenttotheseasideinAugust. 2、usedto:表示过去的习惯,现在不存在 Iusedtosmoke,butIdon’tanymore. 3、用在it’stime,wouldrather,wish后面的从句中 It’stimeyouwenthome. IwishIhadabettermemory. I’dratheryoucametomorrow. 4、在从句中用来说明现在还存在着“过去”的情况 I’msorryweleftParis.Itwassuchaniceplace. 5、could,might,would,should等“过去”的情态动词可用来指现在或者将来 Couldyouhelpmeforamoment?
Ithinkitmightrainsoon. Wouldyoucomethisway,please? Aliceshouldbeheresoon. 6、一般过去时与现在完成时在时间上的比较 ①现在完成时所用的时间词:since,eversince,for…,recently,lately,sofar,yet,allthisyear,allmylife,ever,never,already,before,just,in/duringthelast/past+时间段,etc. ②一般过去时所用的时间词yesterday,lastweek,in1999,when,yearsago,then,justnow,etc.过去进行时 1、过去某时正发生的事情 Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayatsevenp.m.? 2、在一个句子里,过去进行时常与一般过去时连用,此时,进行时表示较长的正在进行的动作,而一般时表示较短暂的动作或事情 ThephonerangwhileIwashavingmybath. Whenshearrived,IwastelephoningHarry. Whenshearrived,ItelephonedHarry.(到后做) ThereportersaidthattheUFOwastravelingtowestwhenhesawit.
3、可用while强调同时进行的两种或几种动作 WhileIwasworkinginthegarden,mywifewascookingdinner.过去完成时 1、过去发生的两个动作,先发生的用过去完成时 WiththeirhelpIrealizedthatIhadbeenwrong. 2、过去某时以前发生的动作或情况 Hehasn’tfinishedyet. Hedidn’tfinishyesterdayevening. Hehadn’tfinishedbyyesterdayevening. 3、常用过去完成时的情况 ①Nosooner…than….Hardly…when… Nosoonerhadhebegunhisspeechthanhewasinterrupted ②expect,hope,think,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时(或一般时)表示想做而未做的事 Ihadplannedtosendhimatelegram,butIdidn’tmanageit. 4、使用过去完成时的必要性和非必要性 ①句意十分清楚时,可用一般时 AfterIfinished,Iwenthome. ②常用一般过去时表示依次发生的动作 Igotoutofthetaxi,paidthefare(车费)andmanagedit. ③有时必须明确,特别是含when时 WhenIarrived,Annleft. (同时见到)(见到Ann)
WhenIarrived,Annhadleft. (先后发生)(没见到) 5、常用过去完成时的时间主状语 bytheendof+ 过去时间;by+过去时间 bythetime+过去时间; 过去时间+before 比较: Bythetimehewas11,hehadlearned3000words. Bythetimeheis11,hewillhavelearned3000words. Bythetimelastweek,Ihadlearned3000words. Bythetimenextweek,Iwillhavelearned3000words.过去将来时 1、从过去的观点来看未来,常用在宾语从句中或间接引语中 Lastweekhe(promise)that(come)today,buthe(notarrive)yet. (promised/wouldcome/hasn’tarrived) 2、过去将来时的其它主要形式 was/weregoingto was/wereaboutto
Wewerejustgoingto(aboutto)leavewhenTomfellandhurthisankle.语态 1、含有被动意义的主动动词 sellwashwriteread Thenewtype(of)TVreceiversellswell. Thisbookreadsinteresting. Thepenwritesquitesmoothly. This(kindof)clothwashesverywell. Thisclothiswashed.(洗好了) 2、常用被动结构的动词 bebornbemarriedbeobligedbehurt becaughtintherainbecoveredwith Iwascaughtintherainonthewayback. 3、主动表示被动的情况 ①知觉动词 +adj. Thematerialfeelsverysoft. Themusicsoundstooloud. ②非谓语动词 A.needwantrequirebeworth Yourcoatwantsmending(tobemended).
B.Subj.+be+adj.+todo(vt.) Thechairiscomfortabletositon ★betoblame(该受责备) C.Therebe Therearesixletterstowrite(tobewritten). ③prove -vi. (被)证明是 Hewillprove(tobe)thewinner. 4、get+p.p. Shegotcaughtintherain. Fromthenon,herleggottreatedfourtimesaday. 5、(人)+be+情感动词-ed besurprised(astonished,etc.)at(with….) Hiswordsastonishedeveryoneintheroom. →Everyonewasastonishedathiswords. bedelightedat(with);bepleasedat(by,with); betiredof(from);besatisfiedwith; beworriedabout;beinterestedin; befrightened(terrified)at 6、自动和它动 很多动词既可以用vt. 又可以用vi,但要注意: Thedooropened(byitself).Thedoorwasopened. Thevillagesincewelastvisitedit. A.haschanged B.hasbeenchanged(A)
Theplannedhasbeenchanged. 7、被动语态+by(with)+行为主体 by后接人或物做某事 with后接手段、方式、工具 Hewaskilledbyafallingstone Hewaskilledwithaknife. 8、注意下列被动形式 ①bebeingdone ②havebeendone ③begoingtobe Thebridgeissaidtobebeingbuilt. Thebridgeissaidtohavebeenbuilt.情态动词 1、情态动词+havedonesth 这个结构有着特殊意义:用来表示猜测(设想可能发生过什么事情)或 想象(设想可能出现过什么不同的情况) ①should(oughtto)havedonesth本来该做而未做 Thiswalloughtn’ttohavebeenpaintedblue. ②needhavedonesth本来有必要做而未做 Youneedn’thavetoldherthenews. ③musthavedonesth对过去所做动作的肯定推测 ---WewenttoParis.
---Thatmusthavebeennice. ④canhavedonesth对过去所做动作的否定或疑问推测 Idon’tthinkhecanhaveheardyou.Callagain. WherecanJohnhaveputthematches? ⑤may(might)havedonesth过去可能发生某事,与could相比,may和might可能性较小,might可能性更小;might也可表示过去可能发生而未发生的事情。 Polly’sverylate----shemay(might)havemissedheretrain. Youwerestupidtotryclimbingthere.Youmighthavekilledyouself ⑥couldhavedonesth ●推测过去”可能“发生某事(同can,但can不用肯定句) Shecouldhavegoneoffwithsomefriends. ●表示过去没有实现的可能性:某事可能发生,但却没有发生 Youwerestupidtogoskiingthere----youcouldhavebrokenyourleg. ●表示有能力做而未做(虚拟语气) Youcouldhavehelpedme! (Youwereabletohelpme,butyoudidn’t.) 2、cancouldbeableto表示”能力“ ●can通常表示现在的或”一般的能力“---即你无论什么时候想做就能 做到的能力,指单纯的表示一个人有某种能力。 Youcancertainlycook,evenifyoucan’tdoanythingelse. ●beableto表示某人通过努力、克服困难做成某事。 willbeableto表示将来的能力 I’llbeabletospeakGermaninanotherfewmonths. ●could表达”一般的能力“---即你过去想干什么就可以干什么
Shecouldsinglikeanangelwhenshewasakid. 但could不能表达过去某种具体的能力,此时用wasableto,managedto或succeededin等 Howmanyeggswereyouabletoget? 3、can,could,may和might表示”可能性“ ●可用来表示:①理论上的可能性(不涉及是否真发生);②提出建议 (提出解决某个问题的可能办法或者采取的行动);③在问句或否定句中表达现在的可能性) Anybodywhowantstocanbecomeaprisonvisitor. ①---Whatshallwedo? ---WecantryaskingLucyforhelp. ② Whocanthatbeatthedoor?CanitbePolly? ③ ●may 可用来表达:①将来的可能性;②说话时某事可能是真实的 Wemaygoclimbingthissummer. ① Youmayberight. ② ●could/might 可用来表示: ①说话时某事可能是真实的;②将来 某事有可能发生,但不表示特别可能发生。 Youcouldberight,butIdon’tthinkyouare. ① Itcouldrainlateronthisevening. ② 4、can,could,may和might表示“允许” ①请求允许:它们都可以表示请求允许做某事,could和might并不是表示过去 Can(May,Could)Iborrowyourumbrella? ②允许:当我们允许某人做某事时,我们用can和may来表达,而不能使用could和might
Youmay/canwatchTVforaslongasyoulike.(不用could,might;mustn’t有“拒绝”的意思) ---CouldIuseyourphone? ---Yes,ofcourseyoucan/may.(No,youcan’t/maynot.) 5、can和could表示提议和请求 它们常用来提议为某人做某事或请求别人做某事,could更客气,更 含尊敬的成分,这种用法常见于陈述句和疑问句中 ①提议: CanIcarryyourbag? Icould/candotheshoppingforyou,ifyou’retired. ②请求和命令: Could/Canyouhelpmewiththisletter? Youcan/couldstartbycleaningthecar. 6、情态动词will ①预测未来(第一人称用shall),或发布命令 ---There’ssomeonecomingupthestairs. ---That’llbeMary. You’llstartworkatsixo’clock. ②自愿与意向 ●Iwill(不用Ishall)表示自愿做某事,或主动提出做某事,或表达坚定的意图 ---Cansomebodyhelpme? ---Iwill. I’llbreakyourneck. ●willyou常用来提出要求或下命令,或提出请求
Willyoucomethisway,please? Willyouhavesomemorewine? ●用won’t表示拒绝 No,Iwon’t! Shewon’topenthedoor. 7、shall 用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意见(说话人做某事)。 用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。 用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。 8、常用情态动词的回答 ①---Mustwehandinourplan? ---Yes,youmust.(No,youneedn’t.) ②---NeedIcome? ---Yes,youmust.(No,youneedn’t.) ③---MayIsmokehere? ---Yes,please.(Certainly./Yes,youmay.) (No,youmustn’t./maynot./Pleasedon’t.) ④---Could/CanIofferyousomecoffee?(提议) (---Will/Wouldyouhavesomecoffee?) ---Yes,please./Yes,I’dlikesome,please.(不用Yes,youcan.) (No,thankyou.)(不用No,youcan’t.) ⑤---Could/Can/Would/Willyou(please)openthedoor?(请求) ---Yes,ofcourse(Iwill).(No,I’mafraidIcan’t.)
特殊疑问句 WHAT ●what…like?①人或事物的外观特征;②天气 What’syourbrotherlike?(长相或人品) What’sttheweatherliketoday? Howdoyoulikethefilm? Whatdoyoulike? ●whattime/date/year… --What’sthedatetoday? --(It’s)October15. --Whatdatewillhearrive? --(He’llarrive)onOctober15. ●what…for?=why --What’sitfor? --(it’sfor)cuttinggrass. --Whatdidyoudothatfor? --BecauseIwantedtosavetime. (Tosavetime.) ●whatkind(s)/sort(s)of…? Whatkindofpicture(s)doyoulikebest? ●whatsize --Whatsizeshoesdoyoutake?
--(Size)41. ●whatheight/length/depth/age →howhigh/long/deep/old What’stheheightofthatmountain? Whatheightisthatmountain? Howhighisthatmountain? WHICH ●whichday/month/year…?(比when更具体) --Don’tforgethisbirthday? --Iwon’t.Which/Whatdayisit? ●which/what/who比较 which更具体,或用whichone Whichbookareyougoingtobuy?(哪本书) Whatbookareyougoingtobuy?(哪种书) Whodoyoulikebest? Whichonedoyoulikebest,TomorJack? WHY ●Whynot(don’tyou)buyanewcoat? ●--Letssetouttonight. --Yes,whynot. HOW ●Howisyourmother? Howisyourmothergettingalong? ●Howistheweatherthere?
What’stheweatherliketoday? ●Howdoyoufindthefilm? Howdoyoulikethefilm? How/Whataboutthefilm? Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm? ●--Howoftendoyougotothezoo? --Onceeverytwomonths. ●--Howsoonwillyoubereadytostart? --Intwodays. ●Howfarisitfromheretotheairport? 综合问题 ①简答中介词跟在疑问词之后 --Iwanttoleavethisparcel. --Whofor?(leavesthforsb) ②else跟在疑问词后(which和whose除外) Whereelsedidyougo? ③用do作简略回答 --Whowantsalift?(搭便车) --Ido. --Howmanystudentsunderstoodthis? --Theyalldid. ④用ever,onearth或intheworld放在疑问词后强调 Whereonearth/intheworld/everdidyoupickthatup?
反意疑问句 1、陈述句主语是-one,-body时,疑问部分主语用they Nobodysaysaword,dothey? 2、陈述句主语是-thing,this,that时,疑问部分主语用it Everythingseemsallright,doesn’tit? 3、陈述句主语是从句、动词不定式、动名词时,疑问部分用it Swimmingisgreatfun,isn’tit? 4、感叹句的反意疑问句(感叹句的附加疑问句,其谓语要求用否定句。) Whatfineweather,isn’tit? 5、祈使句的反意疑问句 Dothat,willyou?(won’tyou) 6、Let’s…,Letus… Let’sgo,shallwe?Letusgo,willyou? 7、I’m I’minterestedinEnglish,aren’tI? 8、Iwish… IwishIwereyou,mayI? 9、含hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldliketodo You’dbettercomeearly,hadn’tyou? You’dratherworkthanplay,wouldn’tyou? 10、陈述句部分含下列否定词时,疑问部分用肯定 few,little,hardly,never,noone,no
Thereislittleinkinyourpen,isthere? 11、加前后缀构成的否定,疑问部分仍然用否定 It’sunfair,isn’tit? 12、陈述部分有must ①mustbe对现在情况进行推测 Hemustbeverytired,isn’the? ②musthavedone(对过去推测)有过去时间状语 Hemusthavecomeyesterday,didn’the? ③musthavedone(由过去延续到现在) Hemusthavelivedhereatleast10years,hasn’the? ④must+v.一定要,必须 Youmustrenewthebook,needn’tyou? 13、当陈述部分是一个(带that引导宾语从句的)主从复合句时,附加疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持对应关系。但是,当陈述部分的主语是:Isuppose,Ithink,Ibelieve,Iimagine,Iexpect等结构时,附加疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语,谓语保持一致关系。而且要注意到否定的转移问题。 14、当陈述部分是I’msurethat,;wearesure;I’mafraidthat;Wearesurethat;Ifeelsurethat等后面跟宾语从句时,反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致。 15、当陈述部分是并列句时,附加疑问句的主谓语要合离它最近的句子的主谓保持对应关系。 16、在口语和非正式文体中,为了加强语气,只是表示某种惊奇、怀疑、反感、讽刺等感情而并不是为了寻求回答,这时前后两部分的肯定、否定是一致的。 如:Oh,heisawriter,ishe? You’llnotgo,won’tyou?否定句
1.not…and;not…or;not…nor,neither…nor It’snottallandwide.(部分否定) It’snottallorwide.(全部否定) Notaflowernoragrasswillgrowinthisarea.(全部否定) 2.no;not ●no-adv.-adj.=nota,notany Sorry,there’snotimetotalk. ●not-adv. Askhim,nothiswife. Icanseeyoutomorrow,butnotonTuesdayorFriday. Hefailednotbecauseheisn’tcleverbutbecause hedidn’tworkhard. 3.nomore(not…anymore); nolonger(notanylonger) Timelostwillreturnnomore.(动作的重复次数) Hedoesn’tworkhereanylonger.(动作的延续) 4.no;none;noone: no是一个限定词,用在单数(可数或不可数)名词和复数名词前面,也就是说一个名词前面没有冠词、物主代词或者代词的时候,才可以用它;而在the,my,your,this,these,that等词前面,应该使用noneof,none,可指人或物,而noone指人 Therewerenolettersforyouthismorning,I’mafraid. Noneofmyfriendslivenearhere. Istayedinalleveningwaiting,butnoonecame. ☆Alittlemoneyisbetterthanatall.(none) Iwantedtwotickets,buttherewasleft.(none)
Thereistellingwhenhewillbeback.(no) --Whoisintheroom? --.(Noone) 5.否定转移:下列词后接从句,如果否定,否定词前移,但hope例外,think,believe,expect,suppose Idon’tthinkthathewillcome. Ihopethatitwon’train. 6.避免否定误用 Heaskedmeasecondquestionbefore Ianswerthefirstone.A.couldB.couldn’t 7.Nothingis+比较级+thanto+V. Nothingis+more+形容词+thanto+V. 例句:没有比接受教育更重要的事了。 Nothingismoreimportantthantoreceiveeducation. 8.。。。cannotemphasizetheimportanceof。。。toomuch. (再怎么强调......的重要性也不为过。) 例句:我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。 Wecannotemphasizetheimportanceofprotectingoureyestoomuch.倒装句 ◇全部倒装 1.由here,there引起,谓语通常用be,come,go Look!Herecomesyoursister.Theregoesthebell. 2.由介词短语引起,谓语通常用be,stand,lie,live,live,sit,come,go,rise
Alongthewallstandfourbigchairs. Atthetopofthehilllaythedyingsoldiers. 3.由up,down,on,in,off,away,out,back引起,谓语通常用come,go,run,rush,fly Outrushedtheboy. Downcametherainandupwenttheumbrellas. 4.以上情况主语如果是代词,主谓不倒装 Here’syourwatch.(Hereitis.) Upitwent. 5.由个别副词引起,谓语通常是be,lie Northofthecitylies(is)arailway. 6.由such引起,谓语通常用be Suchiswhathesaid.Sucharehiswords. ◇部分倒装 指谓语的一部分放在主语之前而引起的倒装,通常是助动词或情态动词提前或连系动词提前 1.由never,hardly,seldom,little,notuntil引起 Seldomdidhemakeanymistakes. NotuntilyesterdaydidIreceivehisletter. 2.notonly…butalso连接两个单句时,前面的倒装 Notonlywassheworkinghard,butalsoshewasverypolite. 3.neither…nor连接两个单句时,两个句子都倒装 Neitherishestudying,norisheworking. 4.nosooner…than,hardly(scarcely)…when Nosoonerhadwegotintotheroomthanthetelephonerang.
5.由only+状语,so+adj.(adv.)引起 Onlythen(Onlyattheageof18)didherealizetheimportanceoftheproblem. 6.由as引起 Childasheis,hecanworkouttheproblem. 7.虚拟语气的倒装 WereIyou,Iwouldworkharder. Hadyoucomeyesterday,youwouldhaveknownthat. Shoulditraintomorrow,youwouldn’tleave. ◇so(neither,nor)+be(do,have,情态动词,助动词)+主语 YoushouldworkharderandsoshouldI. Shehasn’tbeentoBerlinandnorhaveI. --Iwenttothezooyesterday. --Soyoudid. --Sheisatailor. --Soisshe./Sosheis.祈使句 1.do强调祈使句 Dohaveanothercupofcoffee. 2.And可连接两个祈使句 Waitandsee.
Comeandseethisgoldfish. Tryand(to)seehispointofview. 3.祈使句+and(or)+简单句 Hurryup,oryou’llbelate. (Ifyoudon’thurryup,you’llbelate.) Useyourhead,andyou’llfindagoodway. (Ifyouuseyourhead,you’llfindagoodway.) 4.对祈使句的回答 --Drivecarefully! --(Yes,)Iwill. --Don’ttakeanyrisk. --(No,)Iwon’t.叹句、省略与替代 1.How adj.(Subj.+be)Howlovely! adv.(Subj.+v.)Howwellyousing! subj.+v.Howyouwork!
adj.+a(an)+n.Howgoodamapitis! 2.What a(an)(+adj.)+n.Whatarudeman! (+adj.)+n.(可数名词复数)Whatlovelyflowers! (+adj.)+n.(不可数名词)Whatfineweather! 高考英语语法精要讲解三十五:省略与替代 Ⅰ、动词不定式中的省略 1.在下列动词see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,make,have,let,hear,listento,feel等后的不定式做宾补,要省略不定式符号。 2.在...donothingbut/exceptdo...的结构中,在介词but或except后作宾语时不定式符号要省略。 3.在wouldrather和hadbetter后不定式符号要省略。 4.在几个不定式并列时,第二个、第三个不定式的不定式符号要省略。 5.在expect,forget,like,want,wish,try,have,need,used,ought,beable,begoing等动词和动词词组后接的不定式中,不定式符号后面的动词原形常省略。 Ⅱ、从句中的省略 1.在if,asif,while,when,where,although,unless,what,whether等引起的状语从句中可以省略主谓部分。 Mistakes,ifany,shouldbecorrected.(=ifthereareanymistakes) Pleasecomeagain,ifpossible.(=ifitpossibleforyoutocome) Fillintheproperarticleswherenecessary.(=wheretheyarenecessary) Hewon’tcome,unlessinvited.(=unlessheisinvited) Heopenedhislipsasiftosaysomething.(=asifheweregoingtosaysomething) 2.在if引起的从句中如有等词倒装时,省略if。
WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoit. Hadweknownyourtelephonenumber,Iwouldhavegivenyouaphonecall. 3.Wehavefinishedourhomework,sohavethey.(=andtheyhavefinishedtheirhomework,too) Ifyoudon’tgototheconcert,neithershallI.(=Ishallnotgototheconcerteither) 4.宾语从句中连词that引起的宾语从句和定语从句中的关系代词that、which,whom等 在定语从句中作宾与可以省略that。 Ⅲ、介词的省略 preventsb(from)doingsth. stopsb(from)doingsth. havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth. spendtime/money(in)doingsth. bebusy(in)doingsth. Ⅳ、替代 省略与代替的作用是什么? 1.so代替前面句子中已经表达过的词,短语或句子(多是宾与从句).与so连用的常用动词有:hope,believe,think,beafraid,expect,surprise,imagine等. 2.用not代替so的情况. 3.用不定式符号代替不定式. 4.用do在句子中代替其它动词.