中小学英语语法总结 37页

英语主干1.词汇2.时态(主动语态+被动语态)动作时间一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时sb.do/doessth.bedone现在进行时bedoingbebeingdone现在完成时have/hasdonehave/hasbeendone现在完成进行时have/hasbeendoing过去一般过去时sb.didsth.was/weredone过去进行时was/weredoingwas/werebeingdone过去完成时haddonehadbeendone将来一般将来时sb.willdosth.willbedone将来进行时willbedoingwillbebeingdone将来完成时willhavedonewillhavebeendone过去将来一般过去将来sb.woulddosth.wouldbedone过去将来进行时wouldbedoingwouldbebeingdone过去将来完成时wouldhavedonewouldhavebeendone3.从句1)主语从句2)宾语从句37 3)表语从句4)定语从句5)状语从句6)同位语从句4.其他句型：包括强调句、倒装句、not...unitl句型、虚拟语气、英语四大规则等。主语从句I.主语从句:主语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当主语.1.当主语是陈述句时，连接词是that即：that(不省略)+该陈述句Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(Wewillbelate.)2.)Thathedidnotcomeyesterdayisapity.(Hedidnotcomeyesterday.)(注意)主语从句的that一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的that可以省略。Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(主语从句，that不能省略)2.)Ihope(that)wewillwinthegame.(宾语从句，that可以省略)2.当主语是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(ornot)即：whether(ornot)+该一般疑问句的陈述语序(注意)“if”不能引导主语从句，这要与宾语从句进行区分。Eg.1.)Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.(Willhegothere?)2.)Whethertheycanfinishthejob(ornot)isnotclear.(Cantheyfinishthejob?)3.当主语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”37 即：特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序（注：8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H指的是how）Eg.1.)Whathedidyesterdayisnotknown.(Whatdidhedoyesterday?)2.)Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.(Wheredidhegoyesterday?)3.)Whichteamhelikedhasnotbeendecided.(Whichteamdidhelike?)4.)Whowonthegameseemscertain.(Whowonthegame?)5.)Whomhemetyesterdayisnotclear.(Whomdidhemeetyesterday?)6.)Whyhewaslateforthemeetingistobefoundout.(Whywashelateforthemeeting?)7.)Whosebookthisisisnotclear.(Whosebookisthis?)8.)Whenhewillarriveisnotknown.(Whenwillhearrive?)9.)Howwewillhelpthelostboywillbediscussedatthemeeting.(Howwillwehelpthelostboy?)II.(注意一)主语从句后置!为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.--It’scertainthatwewillbelate.2.)Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.--Itisnotknownwhetherhewillgothere.3.)Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.--Itisnotclearwherehewentyesterday.●It作形式主语常用句型：(that引导的主语从句是真正的主语)37 Itispossible/important/necessary/clearthat...It’ssaid/reportedthat..据说/据报道…It’sbeenannounced/declaredthat...已经通知/宣布…Itseems/appears/happensthat…显然、明显、碰巧..It’snowonderthat…并不奇怪/无疑…（注意二）主语从句中，谓语动词一般用单数。What引导的主语从句，谓语动词根据表语决定Whatheneeds_is_thatbook.Whatheneeds_are_somebooks.（注意三）What与that引导主语从句的区别Eg.(1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.(Whatdidyousayyesterday?)(2)Thatsheisstillaliveisapuzzle.(Sheisstillalive.)练习题1.___hemadeanimportantspeechatthemeetingwastrue.A.ThatB.WhyC.WhatD.How2.___we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.AIfBWhetherCThatDWhere3.___isknowntousallisthatAmericaisadevelopedcountry.A.WhichB.AsC.WhatD.It4.It’sknowntousall___aformofenergy.A.waterisB.thatwaterisC.iswaterD.thatwaterto宾语从句37 I.宾语从句:宾语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当宾语.1.当宾语是陈述句时，连接词是that即：that(可省略)+该陈述句Eg.1.)Ihope(that)hewillcometomorrow.(Hewillcometomorrow.)2.)Heguesses(that)thisteamwillwin.(Thisteamwillwin.)(注意)主语从句的that一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的that可以省略。Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(主语从句，that不能省略)2.)Ibelieve(that)wewillwinthegame.(宾语从句，that可以省略)2.当宾语是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(ornot)/if即：whether(ornot)/if+该一般疑问句的陈述语序Eg.1.)Iaskwhether/ifTomknowsJack.(DoesTomknowJack?)2.)Idon’tknowwhether/ifhecamebackyesterday.(Didhecomebackyesterday?)3.当宾语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”即：特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序（注：8W--what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H--how）Eg.1.)Idon’tknowwhathedidyesterday.(Whatdidhedoyesterday?)2.)Hewantstoknowwherehewentyesterday.(Wheredidhegoyesterday?)3.)Hedidn’ttellmewhichteamheliked.(Whichteamdidhelike?)4.)Wewanttoknowwhowonthegameatlast.(Whowonthegame?)5.)Hismomaskedwhomhemetyesterday.(Whomdidhemeetyesterday?)6.)Hedidn’tfindoutwhyhewaslateforthemeeting.(Whywashelateforthemeeting?)37 7.)Iamnotsurewhosebookthisis.(Whosebookisthis?)8.)Theyaskmewhenhewillarrive.(Whenwillhearrive?)9)Wehavediscussedhowwewillhelpthelostboy.(Howwillwehelpthelostboy?)II.(注意一)当主句的谓语动词是command/demand/insist/order/require/suggest等表示要求或建议的动词时，从句谓语动词用（should）+动词原词，should可以省略。eg（1）Sherequired(that)he(should)gobackhomerightnow.Sherequired(that)hegobackhomerightnow.（2）Isuggested(that)he(should)askhisteacherforhelp.Isuggested(that)heaskhisteacherforhelp.（注意二）当主句中believe/expect/suppose/think等作谓语动词时，否定要前移。Eg.Idon’tthinkthathewillcometomorrow.(Hewon’tcometomorrow.)Hedoesn’tbelievethatitistrue.(Itisnottrue.)（注意三）宾语从句的语序  　　宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，即连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分  　　eg.Ibelievethattheywillcomesoon.  　　HeaskedmewhetherIwasateacher.  　　Theywantedtoknowwhattheycandoforus.（注意四）宾语从句的时态  　　宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，即：37 主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。  　　eg.1)Shesaysthatsheisastudent.  　　Shesaidthatshewasastudent.  　　2)ShesaysthatshewillflytoJapaninaweek.  　　ShesaidthatshewouldflytoJapaninaweek.（注意五）由whether或特殊疑问词8W+H引导的宾语从句(也就是第二、第三种情况时)，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一对象，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。  　　eg.Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddonext.  　　Idon’tknowwhattodonext.  　　Hedidn’tknowwherehewouldlive.  　　Hedidn’tknowwheretolive.Hewasn’tclearwhichwayheshouldgotoreachthebank.=Hewasn’tclearwhichwaytogotoreachthebank.（注意七）含有宾语补足语时，若宾语是个句子，宾语通常用形式宾语it代替，真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。Eg.1)Wethinkitwonderfulthatwewillgoonatripthisweekend.(宾语是陈述句)2)Ithinkituncertainwhetherwewillwinthegame.（宾语是一般疑问句）3)Wehopeitdiscussedhowwewillsolvetheproblem.(宾语是特殊疑问句)练习题1。—Doyouknow______theCapitalMuseum?—NextFriday.37 A.whenwilltheyvisitB.whentheywillvisitC.whendidtheyvisitD.whentheyvisited2.–Canyoutellme______?–Sheisinthecomputerlab.A.whereLindawasB.whereisLindaC.wherewasLindaD.whereLindais3。3。—Guess________Ididyesterday！　—Ithinkyouwenttoaparty.　　A.whereB.whenC.whatD.which4.—Couldyouletmeknow___________yesterday?—Becausethetrafficwasheavy.A.whydidyoucomelateB.whyyoucamelateC.whydoyoucomelateD.whyyoucomelate5。—Doyouknow__________theMP3playerlastweek?—Sorry,Ihavenoidea.A.howmuchdidshepayforB.howmuchwillshepayforC.howmuchshepaidfor同位语从句同位语从句通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：advice,fact,truth,decision,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,promise,proposal,reply,report,suggestion,word（消息),agreement(一致)，problem，question,doubt,thought等。ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.37 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：ThenewsistruethatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacher.1.（一）.当同位语从句是陈述句时，连接词是that即：that(不省略)+该陈述句Eg.1)ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.2.)Headmittedthefactthathehadstolenthewallet.(注意)that引导同位语从句时只是中心词和同位语从句之间的桥梁而已，无任何意义，也不充当任何成分，但that不可以省略（二）.当同位语从句是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(ornot)即：whether(ornot)+该一般疑问句的陈述语序(注意)此处不能用if.1.)Hehasn’tmadethedecisionwhetherhewillgothere.(decision的内容是Willhegothere?)2.)Theyhavenotcometoanagreementwhetherheshouldtakepartinthisgame.(agreement的内容是Shouldhetakepartinthisgame?)（三）.当同位语从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”即：特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序（注：8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H指的是how）1.)Ihavenoideawhattheboyisdoinginthenextroomnow.2.)Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacationthisyear.3.)Wehavenotcometoaconclusionwhichteamisthebest.4.)Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.5.)Thedoubtwhomhetalkedwithyesterdayisimportanttothecase(案件).37 6.)Thedoubtwhyhedidnotcomeyesterdayisimportanttothecase(案件).7.)Theproblemwhosemoneythisishasnotbeensolved.8.)Ihavenosuggestionwhenhewillbeback．9.)ThethoughtcametomehowIcansolvethisproblem.2.that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别1)意义不同：that引导的同位语从句是用来进一步说明前面名词的内容，是解释中心词；而that引导的定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词，是修饰中心词（先行词）。Eg.①Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchistrue.②Thenewsthathetoldusistrue.[分析]①中that引导同位语从句，解释说明“news”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。②中that引导定语从句，对“news”加以限定：是他告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道，起修饰作用。2)that功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，只是中心词和同位语从句之间的连接词，不充当任何成分；而that引导定语从句时，是关系代词，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。Eg.①DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeaCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.②.Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.[分析]①中that引导同位语从句，其中that无词义，也不充当任何成分；②.中that引导定语从句，that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语，且that可以用which替换。3)that可否省略：that引导同位语从句时，不可省略。在引导定语从句时，若在从句中作宾语，可以省略，若作主语则不可以省略。Eg.①Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchistrue.37 ②Thenews(that)hetoldusistrue.③Thenewsthatisfromthisnewspaperistrue.[分析]①中that引导同位语从句，不能省略。②.中that引导定语从句，that指代news，在从句中充当宾语，that可以用which替换，也可以省略。③中that也是引导定语从句，that指代news,在从句中充当主语，that可以用which替换，但that不能省略。3.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被解释说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。定语从句有时也可以不紧跟在被修饰的先行词后面，而被别的词隔开。Eg.①ThenewsistruethatanewteacherwillcometomorrowtoteachusEnglish.②AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachusEnglish.（定语从句whowillteachyouEnglish修饰anewteacher,被willcometomorrow隔开，定语从句与先行词分离）练习题1).Theyexpressedthehope_______theywouldcomeovertoChinasoon.2)Thefact_______hedidn’tseeTomthismorningistrue.3)Wordhascome_______someAmericanguestswillcometoourcollegeforavisitnextweek.4).Hecan’tanswerthequestion_______hegotthemoneyfromhishomeyesterday.5).Doyouhaveanyidea_______isactuallygoingonintheclassroom?6).Theproblem_______weshouldhavethemeetinginthehallnowmustbedecidedatonce.2.Thesuggestion___themonitorgaveisgood.Thesuggestion___wewillhaveatripontheGreatWallthisweekisgood.A.thatB.C.whichD.where定语从句37 定语从句：定语是个句子,也就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。关系代词和关系副词又统称为引导词。区别：汉语中，定语只能放在名词前面，而英语中，定语既可以放在名词前（形容词修饰名词），也可以放在名词后面（定语从句修饰名词）。被修饰的中心词叫作先行词。Eg.（1）Heisacleverboy.Heisaboywhoisclever.(aboy是中心词或者先行词，whoisclever是修饰aboy的定语从句，who是关系代词，替代先行词aboy)拆成两个句子：Heisaboy.（主干）Thisboyisclever.（定语）定语从句一般要紧跟在中心词（先行词）的后面，即：Heisaboy(thisboyisclever).去掉定语从句中与中心词（先行词）重复的部分，即thisboy,把它替换成指人的关系代词who,即Heisaboywhoisclever.（2）他是一个我们喜欢的男孩。拆成两个句子：他是一个男孩。Heisaboy.(主干)我们喜欢这个男孩。Welikethisboy.(定语)定语从句在中心词（先行词）的后面，即：Heisaboy(welikethisboy).去掉定语从句中与中心词（先行词）重复的部分，即thisboy,把它替换成指人的关系代词who,即Heisaboy(welikewho).但是，定语从句中，关系代词要紧跟中心词（先行词）后面，所以who要紧跟在aboy后面，即：Heisaboywhowelike.一.关系代词引导的定语从句1.关系代词代替前面的先行词，关系代词/先行词都在定语从句中充当句子成分，37 可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose。that既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。which代替物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略who代替人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。whom代替人，在定语从句中作宾语，还可省略。whose既可指人又可指物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。（一）.先行词是人，1)在定语从句中充当主语时：that/whoEg.Anarchitectisapersonthat/whodesignsbuildings.Iwillneverforgettheteacherthat/whotaughtuschemistryinmymiddleschool.2)在定语从句中充当宾语时：that/who/whom/(关系代词省略)Eg.Doyouknowthemanthat/who/whom/wemetintheschoollibraryyesterday?Thisisthestudentthat/who/whom/myfathertaughttenyearsago.3)在定语从句中充当定语(所有格)时：whose/ofwhomEg.Thegirlwhosefatherisanengineerstudiesabroad.其父是一位工程师的那个女孩在国外留学。Thegirlthefatherofwhomisanengineerstudiesabroad.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.Achildtheparentsofwhomaredeadiscalledanorphan.（二）.先行词是物，1)在定语从句中充当主语时：that/whichEg.Tomworksinafactorythat/whichmakeswatches.Idonotlikestoriesthat/whichhaveunhappyendings.2)在定语从句中充当宾语时：that/which/(关系代词省略)Eg.Thisisthebookthat/which/youwanttobuy?37 Theletterthat/which/Ireceivedyesterdayisveryimportant.3)在定语从句中充当定语(所有格)时：whose/(which’s)/ofwhichEg.Doyouknowthehotelwhosewindowwecanseehere?(=Doyouknowthehotelwhich’swindowwecanseehere?)=Doyouknowthehotelthewindowofwhichwecanseehere?（关系代词whose指代先行词hotel,也可以用ofwhich,whosewindow=thewindowofwhich,意思是:thewindowofthehotel。）Hecanrepairthedeskwhoselegisbroken.(=Hecanrepairthedeskwhich’slegisbroken.)=Hecanrepairthedeskthelegofwhichisbroken.（三）.先行词既有人，又有物，1)在定语从句中充当主语时：thatEg.Thetime,placeandpersonsthatarementionedinthestoryareveryimportant.Hewaswatchingthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledthecar.他正望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。2)在定语从句中充当宾语时：that/(关系代词省略)Eg.Thetime,placeandpersonsthat/thewritermentionedinthestoryareveryimportant.（注意）1.当介词与关系代词紧密相连时，即介词后面的关系代词用whom（指人时）或者which(指物时)，而不用who（指人时）和that（指人或物时）。例如：(1)ThemantowhomourheadmastertalkedjustnowisourEnglishteacher.我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。37 注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用who，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法：①ThemanwhomourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.②ThemanwhoourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.③ThemanthatourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.④ThemanourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.第4句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。(2)Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用which，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下三种说法：①Thisisthebookwhichyouaskedfor.②Thisisthebookthatyouaskedfor.③Thisisthebookyouaskedfor.2.关系代词which可以指代前面的整个句子。关系代词as也可以指代前面的整个句子。Eg.HecomesfromAmerica,whichIknowfromhisaccent.(which在定语从句中作know的宾语，其先行词是前面的整个句子hecomesfromAmerica.)=HecomesfromAmerica,asIknowfromhisaccent.练习题1. Is this the factory __ you visited the other day? A. that  B. Which    C.  D. A、BandC2.Finally,thethiefhandedeverything__hehadstolentothepolice.A.which   B.what   C.who  D.that3.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone___familywaspoor.37 A.ofwhom  B.whom  C.of whose D.whose4All____isneededisasupplyofoil.  A.thething  B.that  C.what   D.which5.Theplace___youaregoingtovisitisaplaceofinterest.(名胜古迹)A.inwhich   B.atwhich  C.where  D.which6.TheSummerPalace（颐和园）isoneofthemostbeautifulparks____builtintheQingDynasty.（清朝）A.wherewere B.wherewas  C.thatwere  D.whichwas7.Sheshowedmetheditionary___shepaidalotofmoney.A.which   B.  C.forwhich   D.that二、关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个：when,where,why，关系副词在定语从句中作状语,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。（一）关系副词when的用法关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。Eg.Iwillneverforgetthosedays_____welivedtogether.=Iwillneverforgetthosedayswhichwelivedtogetherin.=Iwillneverforgetthosedaysinwhichwelivedtogether.=Iwillneverforgetthosedayswhenwelivedtogether.(时间thetime)in/on/duringwhich...=(时间thetime)when...(区分)Iwillneverforgetthosedays____wespenttogether.（二）关系副词where的用法37 关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。Eg.Thisistheplace_______LiBaioncelived.=ThisistheplacewhichLiBaioncelivedin.=ThisistheplaceinwhichLiBaioncelived.=ThisistheplacewhereLiBaioncelived.=ThisiswhereLiBaioncelived.(地点theplace)in/atwhich...=(地点theplace)where...(区分)Thisistheplace____LiBaioncevisited.（三）关系副词why的用法关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。Eg.Thisisthereason_______hedidnotcomeyesterday.=Thisisthereasonwhichhedidnotcomeyesterdayfor.（Hedidnotcomeyesterdayforthisreason.）=Thisisthereasonforwhichhedidnotcomeyesterday.=Thisisthereasonwhyhedidnotcomeyesterday.(原因thereason)forwhich...=(原因thereason)why...(区分)Thisisthereason____heexplained.（注意）1.以下由关系副词when/where/why引导的定语从句，如果把先行词去掉，则变成了表语从句。关系副词引导的定语从句：Thosedaysarethetimewhenwelivedtogether.Thisistheplacewherewelivedtogether10yearsago.37 Thisisthereasonwhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.表语从句：Thosedaysarewhenwelivedtogether.Thisiswherewelivedtogether10yearsago.Thisiswhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.1.区分定语从句与其它从句的区别。1）那些日子是我们曾经住在一起的时光。①Thosedaysarethetimewhenwelivedtogether.(定语从句)=Thosedaysarethetimewhichwelivedtogetherin.(定语从句)=Thosedaysarethetimeinwhichwelivedtogether.(定语从句)②Thosedaysarewhenwelivedtogether.（表语从句）表语是特殊疑问句：Whendidwelivetogether?2）这是我们十年前住在一起的地方。①Thisistheplacewherewelivedtogether10yearsago.（定语从句）=Thisistheplacewhichwelivedtogether10yearsagoin.(定语从句)=Thisistheplaceinwhichwelivedtogether10yearsago.(定语从句)②Thisiswherewelivedtogether10yearsago.(表语从句)表语是特殊疑问句：Wheredidwelivetogether10yearsago?3）这是她昨天为何没来的原因。①Thisisthereasonwhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.（定语从句）=Thisisthereasonwhichshedidnotcomeyesterdayfor.（定语从句）37 =Thisisthereasonforwhichshedidnotcomeyesterday.（定语从句）②Thisiswhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.(表语从句)表语是特殊疑问句：Whydidn’tshecomeyesterday?4）为何不把这些政策运用到食品被出售的地方呢？①Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplaceswherefoodissold?(定语从句)=Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplaceswhichfoodissoldin?(定语从句)=Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplacesinwhichfoodissold?(定语从句)②Whynotapplythesepoliciestowherefoodissold?（宾语从句）宾语从句是特殊疑问句:Whereisfoodsold?3.定语从句的位置就像前面所讲，定语从句一般紧跟在所修饰的中心词/先行词之后，但有时候，定语从句也可以与中心词/先行词分离，即：定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的成分，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句.eg.①Therewasagirlupstairswhowasshoutingandcrying.楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫。（定语从句whowasshoutingandcrying修饰thegirl，被upstairs所隔开）②AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。（定语从句whowillteachyouGerman修饰anewmaster,被willcometomorrow隔开，定语从句与先行词分离）4.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：(1)限制性定语从句：先行词与关系代词/关系副词中间无逗号隔开，定语从句与先行词关系密切，限制性关系强。非限制性定语从句：先行词与关系代词/关系副词中间有逗号隔开，定语从句与先行词只有一种松散的修饰关系，限制性关系不强。(注意两种从句不同的汉语翻译）Eg.①Hehasasonwhoisadoctor.他有个当医生的儿子。37 Hehasason,whoisadoctor.他有个儿子，是个医生。②Helefthishometownwherehehadlivedfor30years.他离开了他已经生活了30年的家乡。Helefthishometown,wherehehadlivedfor30years.他离开了他的家乡，他已经在他的家乡生活了30年。③Shebroughtupthelittleboywhoseparentshadbeendead.她把这个父母已经去世的小男孩抚养带大。Shebroughtupthelittleboy,whoseparentshadbeendead.她把这个小男孩抚养带大，小男孩的父母已经去世了。(2)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能用that①ImetAlice,whotoldmethatshewaslearningChinese.我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。②Thatgirlisverybeautiful,whomImetinthelibraryyesterday.③Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,willhostthe2008OlympicGames.北京，中国的首都，将主办2008年奥运会。④Hebroughtupthelittleboy,whoseparentshadbeendead.⑤HecomesfromAmerica,whichIknowfromhisaccent.(which在定语从句中作know的宾语，其先行词是前面的整个句子hecomesfromAmerica.)练习题1.Thisistheplace______welived10yearsago.Thisistheplace______wediscovered10yearsago.Thisistheplace______welivedin10yearsago.37 A.thatB./C.whereD.whichE.inwhich2.I’llneverforgetthedays____westudiedtogether.I’llneverforgetthedays____wespenttogether.I’llneverforgetthedays____westudiedtogetherin.A.thatB./C.whenD.whichE.inwhich3.Hegavethereason________hewaslateformeeting.Thiswasthereason________hegavetothedirector.Hegavethereason________hewaslateformeetingfor.A.thatB./C.whyD.whichE.forwhich4.Sheheardaterriblenoise,__broughtherheartintohermouth.主语、宾语、表语成分1.主语、宾语、表语可以是名词eg.GoodEnglishisimportant.Thestudentisdiligent.TheteacherteachesEnglish.ThetallmanismyEnglishteacher.37 2.主语、宾语、表语可以是动名词eg.StudyingEnglishwellisimportant.=ItisimportantstudyingEnglishwell.Playingbasketballismyfavorite.=Itismyfavoriteplayingbasketball.Ilikeplayingbasketball.Myfavoriteisplayingbasketball.3.主语、宾语、表语可以是动词不定式eg.TostudyEnglishwellisimportant.=ItisimportanttostudyEnglishwell.Toplaybasketballismyfavorite.=Itismyfavoritetoplaybasketball.Iliketoplaybasketball.Myfavoriteistoplaybasketball.4.主语、宾语、表语可以是句子（分别构成主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句）eg.ThatwestudyEnglishwellisimportant.=ItisimportantthatwestudyEnglishwell.Thathecanwinthegameiscertain.=Itiscertainthathecanwinthegame.Hehopes(that)hecanwinthegame.Hishopeis(that)hecanwinthegame.注意：当主语是不定式或句子时，不定式或句子可以用“it”形式主语替代，真正的主语（不定式或句子）放在主句的最末尾37 英语四大规则1.两个并列简单句，如果①前后主语一致，②其中一个句子表达主动关系，那么，把该句子中相同的主语去掉，把谓语动词变成ing形式。Hecarriesaballinhishands.Hewalksintotheclassroom.---Carryingaballinhishands,hewalksintotheclassroom.2.两个并列简单句，如果①前后主语一致，②其中一个句子表达被动关系，那么，把该句子中相同的主语去掉，把系动词去掉。Hewasblamedbytheteacher.Hecriedsadly.---Blamedbytheteacher,hecriedsadly.3.定语从句中，如果①先行词在定语从句中作主语，②定语从句表达主动关系，那么，把关系代词去掉，把定语从句中的谓语动词变成ing形式。Thecarwhichrunsfastismine.---Thecarrunningfastismine.4.定语从句中，如果①先行词在定语从句中作主语，②定语从句表达被动关系(bedone)或者be+adj或者be+doing形式，那么，把关系代词去掉，把定语从句中的系动词去掉。37 （1）Thecarwhichwasboughtbymerunsfast.---Thecarboughtbymerunsfast.（2）Thebookswhichareavailableforstudentshavebeenhandedtothem.---Thebooksavailableforstudentshavebeenhandedtothem.（3）Thepatientwhoisundergoingsurgerycameacrossanaccident1hourbefore.---Thepatientundergoingsurgerycameacrossanaccident1hourbefore.强调句一、强调非谓语动词：ImetTomonthestreetyesterday.强调非谓语动词：itis/was...+被强调部分+that（指人时也可用who）+句子剩余部分37 1）强调主语IItwasIthat/whometTomonthestreetyesterday.2)强调宾语TomItwasTomthat/whoImetonthestreetyesterday.3)强调地点状语onthestreetItwasonthestreetthatImetTomyesterday.4)强调时间状语yesterdayItwasyesterdaythatImetTomonthestreet.强调谓语动词met：助动词+动词原形（注意）强调句在强调非谓语动词时，去掉itis/wasthat(指人时也可用who),句子保持完整，不缺任何成分，句意不变二、强调谓语动词ImetTomonthestreetyesterday.IdidmeetTomonthestreetyesterday.三、not...until...强调句及倒装句1.强调句:Itis/wasnotuntil+从句/表时间的词+that+...2.当Notuntil位于句首时,句子要倒装,其结构为:Notuntil+从句/表时间的词+助动词+(主句)主语+谓语+...Eg.(1)Shedidn"trememberherappointmentwiththedoctoruntilshehadarrivedhome.强调句：Itwasnotuntilshehadarrivedhomethatsherememberedherappointmentwiththedoctor.37 倒装句：Notuntilshehadarrivedhomedidsherememberherappointmentwiththedoctor.(2)Thestudentsdidn’tstoptalkinguntiltheteachercamein.强调句：Itwasnotuntiltheteachercameinthatthestudentsstoppedtalking.倒装句：Notuntiltheteachercameindidthestudentsstoptalking.(3)Thesportsmeetingwillnotbehelduntilnextweek.强调句：Itisnotuntilnextweekthatthesportsmeetwillbeheld.倒装句：Notuntilnextweekwillthesportsmeetbeheld.(4)Icouldn’taffordtobuyahouseofmyownuntilIgotmarried.强调句：ItwasnotuntilIgotmarriedthatIcouldaffordtobuyahouseofmyown.倒装句：NotuntilIgotmarriedcouldIaffordtobuyahouseofmyown.倒装句1.Onlyinthiswaycanwesucceed.2.Nowaycouldtheyrescuehim.3.Herecomesthecar.虚拟语气If引导的虚拟语气和现在事实相反,从句用if+过去时,主句should/would/could/might+be/doeg.Ifyouwerenothere,Iwouldbeintrouble.IfIwereyou,Iwouldworkharder.和过去事实相反,从句用if+过去完成时,主句should/would/could/mighhavedone37 eg.Ifyouhadwateredtheflowers,theywouldnothavedied.要是当时下雨了，现在的情况就好多了，我的花就不会死了。因为过去没有下雨，所以我的花干死了。和将来事实相反,从句用if+wereto/过去时,主句would+be/doeg.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,wewouldstayathome.过过去完成时1)haddone,表示“过去的过去”-----截止到过去的某个时间为止，已经完成某项动作。常用时间状语有byyesterday/beforelastnight/bythistimeyesterday...Eg.Ihadmemorized4,000wordsbytheendoflastmonth.Ihadeatenmylunchbeforehecalledme.(区别Iwaseatingmylunchwhenhecalledme.)Hehadfinishedhishomeworkby8o’clockyesterdaymorning.2)某些动词“want/plan/intend/hope/mean预定/think…”的过去完成时表示“打算做某事却没有做成某事”。Eg.Ihadintendedtoseeyou,butsomeonecalledandIcouldn’tgetaway.Ihadhopedtocatchtheearlybus,butfoundImissedit.3)用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中。Eg.Theflowerswouldn’thavediedifyouhadwateredthem.4)主句是一般过去时，则从句用相应的过去时态。Eg.Hesaidhehadseenthisfilmtwice.37 V+形式主语it+宾语补足语V+形式主语it+宾语补足语+1）动词不定式2）动名词ingEg.1)YouwillfinditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.2)YouwillfinditdifficultlearningEnglishwell.37 37 人称格人称主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词一Imemyminemyself二youyouyouryoursyourself三hesheitTomhimheritTomhisheritsTom’shishersitsTom’shimselfherselfitselfTomhimself一复weusouroursourselves二复youyouyouryoursyourselves三复theythemtheirtheirsthemselves练习题1.TomandMikearegoodfriends._______oftenhelpeachother.A.TheyBThemCTheirDTheirs2.Mr.Wangisveryfriendly,and______likehimverymuch.A.weB.usC.ourD.ours3.Iamastudent.________nameisTom.A.MyB.YourC.HisD.Her4.Myparentsgave__________anicetoydogformybirthday.A.IB.meC.myD.mine5.Thatgirlisnewinourclass.Doyouknow___________name?37 A.herB.sheC.heD.his基数词1—10one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten11—20eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty21—30twenty-one...thirty40forty,50fifty,60sixty,70seventy,80eighty,90ninety,100onehundred,200twohundred1,000onethousand,2,000twothousand1,000,000(一百万)onemillion二百万twomillion十亿onebillion二十亿twobillion序数词1—10first,second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth,eighth,ninth,tenth11—20eleventh,twelfth,thirteenth,fourteenth,fifteenth,sixteenth,seventeenth,eighteenth,nineteenth,twentieth21—30twenty-first...thirtieth40fortieth,50fiftieth,60sixtieth,70seventieth,80eightieth,90ninetieth,100onehundredth,1,000onethousandth,1,000,000(一百万)onemillionth十亿onebillionth37 复杂数字读法●982ninehundredandeighty-two●1，982onethousandninehundredandeighty-two(含四位数的年份有两种读法，一种是按照以上方法从前到后读，第二种是两位两位读，所以1982年也可读成nineteeneighty-two)年月日前面介词年份，月份，泛指上午下午晚上--------in某天---------on具体某天的上午下午晚上-------on英语常用不规则动词分类表1.A---A---A型（现在式、过去式和过去分词同形）costcostcost花费cutcutcut割，切hithithit打letletlet让putputput放下37 readreadread读hurthurthurt伤2.A---A---B型（现在式和过去式同形）beatbeatbeaten打3.A---B---A型（现在式和过去分词同形）comecamecome来becomebecamebecome变runranrun跑4.A---B---B型（1）在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t构成过去式或过去分词。burnburntburnt燃烧learnlearned/learntlearned/learnt学习meanmeantmeant意思hearheardheard听见（2）把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t”构成过去式或过去分词。buildbuiltbuilt建筑lendlentlent借给loselostlost失去sendsentsent送spendspentspent花费（3）其他paypaidpaid付laylaidlaid下蛋saysaidsaid说37 bringbroughtbrought带来buyboughtbought买thinkthoughtthought想sleepsleptslept睡keepkeptkept保持sweepsweptswept扫standstoodstood站understandunderstoodunderstood明白winwonwon得胜shineshone/shinedshone/shined发光catchcaughtcaught抓住teachtaughttaught教feelfeltfelt觉得fightfoughtfought战斗findfoundfound发现getgotgot得到hanghanged/hunghanged/hung绞死，挂havehadhad有holdheldheld盛，握leaveleftleft离开makemademade制造meetmetmet遇见sellsoldsold卖shootshotshot射击37 telltoldtold告诉smellsmelt/smelledsmelt/smelled嗅，闻sitsatsat坐digdugdug挖5.A---B---C型（现在式、过去式和过去分词都不相同）（1）在动词原形后加-n或-en构成过去分词。eatateeaten吃fallfellfallen落下stealstolestolen偷givegavegiven给freezefrozefrozen冻结taketooktaken拿seesawseen看见writewrotewritten写rideroderidden骑drivedrovedriven驾驶throwthrewthrown抛，扔blowblewblown吹growgrewgrown生长knowknewknown知道flyflewflown飞drawdrewdrawn拉，绘画showshowedshown展示37 （2）过去式加-n或-en构成过去分词。speakspokespoken说话breakbrokebroken破碎，折断wakewaked/wokewaked/waken醒choosechosechosen选择forgetforgotforgotten忘记（3）变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a”（过去式）和“u”（过去分词）。beginbeganbegun开始ringrangrung按铃singsangsung唱sinksanksunk沉swimswamswum游泳drinkdrankdrunk饮（4）其他不规则动词的变化。be(am,is)was/werebeen是be(are)werebeen是dodiddone做gowentgone去lielaylain躺wearworeworn穿37 37