张道真实用英语语法课件chapter_2 27页

ChapterTwoWordFormation Warming-upGroupdiscussionTopicfordiscussion:DoyouknowanythingaboutthewordformationofChinesecharacters?ThenhowaboutEnglish? GeneralintroductionWhatiswordformation?Itisthewayabouthowawordisformed. GeneralintroductionThemainwordformationsinEnglish(three)A.Conversione.g.water(n.)→water(v.)B.Derivatione.g.health→healthyhappy→unhappyC.Compoundinge.g.black+board→blackboard MainWordFormationsA.Conversion转化法DefinitionConversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofonepartofspeechtothewordsofanotherpartofspeech,withoutchangesinmorphologicalstructures.Wordscreatedarenewonlyinagrammaticalsense. MainWordFormationsA.Conversionb.Types①VerbtoNoune.g.try(v.)→try(n.)②NountoVerbe.g.book(n.)→book(v.)③Adj.toVerbe.g.quiet(adj.)→quiet(v.) MainWordFormationsA.Conversionb.Types④Otherconversionsadj.→n.e.g.high(adj.)→high(n.)adj.→adv.e.g.low(adj.)→low(adv.)Others:Duringthewarwehadtoblackoutourwindows.(adj.→v.)Hewalkednorth.(n.→adv.) MainWordFormationsA.Conversionc.Thechangeofpronunciation①Theswitchofstresse.g.accent(v.thesecondsyllable)accent(n.thefirstsyllable)②Thechangeoftheendinge.g.abusen./s/abusev./z/③Thechangeofspellinge.g.bloodn.bleedv. MainWordFormationsB.Derivation(Affixation)派生法(词缀法)a.DefinitionAffixationistheprocessofformingwordsbyaddingderivationalaffixestostems.Itisalsocalledderivation.Wordsformedinthiswayarederivatives. MainWordFormationsB.Derivationb.Classificationprefix前缀Affixsuffix后缀Word=root(stem)Word=prefix+rootWord=root+suffixWord=prefix+root+suffix MainWordFormationsB.Derivationb.Classification①Prefixation前缀法Prefixationisawayofformingnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Usually,prefixesdonotchangethepartofspeechofaword.Theirchieffunctionistomodifyitsmeaning,althoughthereareexceptions.e.g.graceful→disgracefulregular→irregular MainWordFormationsB.Derivationb.Classification②Suffixation后缀法Suffixationistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestotheendofstems.Thechiefroleofasuffixisnottomodifythemeaningofastem,rathertochangethegrammaticalfunctionofastem,thoughthereareafewexceptions.e.g.hope→hopefulmove→movement MainWordFormationsB.Derivationc.Someimportantaffixes①Prefixese.g.un-,dis-,a-,be-,etc.②Suffixese.g.–able,-ly,-ous,-side,etc. MainWordFormationsC.Compounding合成法a.DefinitionCompoundingisaprocessofwordformationbywhichtwoormorestemsareputtogethertomakeoneword.Thewordformedinthiswayiscalledacompound.Word+Word MainWordFormationsC.Compoundingb.Characteristicsofcompounds①PhoneticfeatureThewordstressofacompoundusuallyfallsonthefirstelement,whileinafreephrase;thesecondelementisusuallystressed.Ifacompoundhastwostresses,itisthefirstelementthatreceivestheprimarystress. MainWordFormationsC.Compoundingb.Characteristicsofcompounds②SemanticfeatureThemeaningofacompoundisasemanticunity,which,usually,isnotthetotalsumofallthemeaningsoftheconstituentwordsinacompound. MainWordFormationsC.Compoundingb.Characteristicsofcompounds③GrammaticalfeatureAcompoundusuallyplaysasinglegrammaticalroleinasentence.c.Examplesblackboard,greenhouse,policeman,chairman,rainbow,etc. MainWordFormationsC.Compoundingd.Compoundingvs.Nounphrases①Formblackboard—blackboardgreenhouse—greenhouse②Stressblackboard(thefirstsyllable)blackboard(thesecondword)③MeaningGreenhouse(温室)greenhouse(绿色的房子) TheminortypesofwordformationsA.Clipping截短法a.DefinitionClippingistoshortenalongwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusewhathasremainedasaword.b.TypesofClipping①Frontclipping:"phone"fromtelephone②Backclipping:"ad"fromadvertisement③Frontandbackclipping:"flu"frominfluenza④Phraseclipping:"pub"frompublichouse TheminortypesofwordformationsB.Blending拼缀法a.DefinitionBlendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.b.Typesofblending①thefirstpartofthefirstword+thelastpartofthesecondword:hotel:boat+hotel汽车游客旅馆②thewholepartofthefirstword+lastpartofthesecondword:lunarnaut:lunar+astronaut登月宇航员 TheminortypesofwordformationsB.Blending拼缀法b.Typesofblending③thewholeformofthesecondword+thefirstpartofthefirstword:Eurasian:Europe+Asian欧亚混血儿④thefirstpartofthefirstword+thefirstpartofthesecondword:sitcom:situation+comedy情景喜剧 TheminortypesofwordformationsC.Abbreviation省略法/Acronymy首字母缩略法a.DefinitionTheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofphrases.b.Types①Initialisms首字母缩略Initialismsarewordspronouncedletterbyletter:VOAfromVoiceofAmerica TheminortypesofwordformationsC.Abbreviation省略法/Acronymy首字母缩略法b.Types②Acronyms首字母拼音法Acronymsarewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.E.g.UNESCO TheminortypesofwordformationsD.BackformationBack-formationistheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.Itistheprocessofmakinganewwordbydroppingthesupposedsuffix:e.g."burgle"fromburglar. TheimportanceofwordformationGame—AMemoryTest TheimportanceofwordformationImportance1.Togettoknowthepartofspeech2.Tohelptounderstandthewordmeaning3.Tohelptoenlargevocabulary4.Tohaveaclearideaofpartofspeech5.Tohaveabetterconnectionbetweendifferentwords AssignmentReviewChapter2TryyourbesttomemorizesomeimportantaffixesPracticePreviewChapter3