初中英语语法精讲讲义(完整版) 80页

初中英语语法精讲(内部资料)2018.180 初中英语语法精讲目录第一讲名词第二讲冠词第三讲代词第四讲数词第五讲介词第六讲形容词和副词80 初中英语语法精讲第七讲连词第八讲情态动词第九讲非谓语动词第十讲时态第十一讲被动语态第十二讲祈使句、倒装句、反意疑问句和感叹句第十三讲宾语从句第十四讲定语从句第十五讲状语从句第十六讲主谓一致第十七讲情景交际第十八讲词义辨析附录I重点短语概述80 初中英语语法精讲一、概述语法是研究词形变化和句子结构的科学，研究词形变化的部分成为词法(名词的数、格，动词的时态、语态)，研究句子结构的部分称为句法(句子成分、语序，句子种类)。二、英语词类词类英语作用在句中成分例词1名词n.表示人或物的名称主、宾、表、定、同位mother,son2形容词adj.表示人或物的特征定、表、补、状big,small3数词num.表示数目或顺序主、宾、nine,first4代词pron.代替名词,数词主语宾语定语he,him,his5动词v.表示动作或状态谓come,write6副词adv.表示动作特征或性状特征状、表very,slowly7冠词art.用在名词前说明其意义不做成分a,an,the8介词prep.用在名代前说明它与别的词之间的关系不做成分for,from,to9连词conj.用来连接词与词或句与句不做成分and,but,if10感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情或口气不做成分oh,ow三、句子成分句子中有两个最重要最基本的成分，主语和谓语。80 初中英语语法精讲除了主语和谓语，句子有时还有其他成分，宾语、定语、状语、表语等。主语：一般位于句首，说明所要讲述的对象或主体，表示要说的“谁”或“什么”，一般由名词、代词或名词性的词类、短语或从句充当。WeoftenpractisespeakingEnglishafterclass.Yourfather’scarisnew.WatchingEnglishfilmsisagoodwaytolearnEnglish.谓语：位于主语之后，说明主语的情况（动作或状态）---“做什么”“是什么”“怎么样”。必须为动词或动词短语充当,或由系动词加形容词、名词充当。谓语与主语要保持人称和数一致。Isawyourbrotheryesterday.Tomwillarrivein10minutes.Shefeelsweakafteralongillness.表语：位于系动词后，说明主语“是什么”“怎么样”,一般由形容词、名词充当。构成主系表结构。Sheisateacher.Thegirllookshealthy.Thecaketastesgood.宾语：位于及物动词之后，说明动作、行为的对象或结果。由名词或与之相当的其他词类、短语或从句充当。Iplaytheviolin.Thestudentsarelisteningtotheradio.Weshouldlearnfromher.宾语补足语：位于宾语后，用来补充说明宾语的意义。Hiswordsmadehersad.PleasecallmeTom.IfindithardtospeakFrench.80 初中英语语法精讲定语：位置灵活，有前置定语，后置定语。用来说明名词或代词性质、特点。一般由形容词、介词短语，动词不定式或定语从句来充当。Chinaisagreatcountry.Thegirlinreddressismysister.Thewildanimalshavenoplacetolive.Themanwhosmokedalotdiedoflungcancer.状语：位于句首，句末或句中，用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句。表示行为发生的时间、地点，目的、原因、方式、程度等。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词作用的词来充当。Ioftengetupatsix.Thechildrenareplayingfootballintheplayground.Inordertocatchtheearlybus,Ihadtogetupearly.Hewaslateforschoolbecauseofheavytraffic.Timalwaysgoestoschoolbybus.Itisrainingheavily.第一讲名词一、名词的类名词分类：根据意义分为专有名词和普通名词1）专有名词表示具体的人、事物、地点和机构的专有名称。2）普通名词表示某人或某类事物的名称。个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。80 初中英语语法精讲抽象名词：表示抽象概念（动作/状态/品质/感情）名词专有名词NBAPeterCocaColaMayOlympicsSunday普通名词可数名词个体名词deskbookappleroom集体名词familygroupteamclass不可数名词物质名词watermilkbreadricemeat抽象名词happinessfriendshipvictory二、名词的数一、可数名词和不可数名词1）不可数名词（不可用数字来计数，没有复数形式）①物质名词：无法分为个体,water,tea,bread,milk,rice,rain,snow,wind注：有些物质名词可以具体化为可数名词twoteas有些不可数名词前有形容词修饰时，必须和a/an连用aheavyrainhaveagoodtime②抽象名词：表示抽象概念(动作、状态、品质、感情)love,beauty,happiness,friendship2）可数名词（可以用数字来计数，有单复数形式）单数可数名词要用冠词数词或其他限定词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加s注：★常考不可数名词：adviceinformationnewsknowledgefurniturefuntrafficprogress可数名词：suggestionmessageidea3）有些名词既可以可数，也可以不可数，但意义不同。不可数可数不可数可数fish鱼肉鱼chicken鸡肉小鸡orange橙汁橙子room空间房间cloth布料抹布,桌布；clothes衣服work工作works著作；works工厂80 初中英语语法精讲light光灯exercise锻炼练习，习题；体操，操练glass玻璃玻璃杯；眼镜（复）experience经验经历wood木头woods树林success成功成功的人或事paper纸试卷；论文；报纸character性格主人公sand沙子sands沙滩4)★数词+单位量词+of+不可数名词不可数名词的数量表达apieceofnewstwobottlesofjuice名词复数的变化规则(1)★规则变化情况构成方法例词规则1一般情况-smapcarroof规则2以s,x,ch,sh结尾-esbusboxwatchbrush规则31)部分以o结尾-esheronegrotomatopotato2)其余以o结尾-sphotopianozoobambooradio规则4以f,fe结尾的，变f,fe为veswifeknifewolfthiefshelf-selflifehalfleaf规则5以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i加-espartycitybabycountryfamily读音----“清清浊浊元后浊”1.在清辅音后[s]2.在浊辅音和元音后[z]3.在[s][z][ʃ][tʃ][dʒ]后[ɪz]classesrosesbrusheswatchesoranges(2)★不规则变化的名词复数形式①man—men woman—women policeman—policemenEnglishman--EnglishmenFrenchman—Frenchmen80 初中英语语法精讲②foot—feettooth—teethgoose--geese(鹅)③child—children   ox-oxen(牛)④mouse--mice⑤单复同形ChineseJapanesedeersheepfish(表种类时fishes)注：①国家人的复数变化：中日不变英法变，其余s加后边。*German-Germans②表示国籍时没有复数。I’mAmerican,notEnglish.③汉语音译词没有复数形式100yuan,5dollars(cents,pounds)(3)合成名词①一般将主体名词变复数。mothers-in-lawpassers-bylookers-on②无主体名词的在词尾变复数grown-ups成年人go-betweens中间人③★以man,woman开头的合成名词，所含的成分全都要变为复数。mandoctor----mendoctorswomandriver----womendrivers(4)单数形式的集体名词具有复数意义,谓语动词用复数police,people(5)★集体名词class,family,group,team表示个体成员--复数；表示整体--单数Myfamily(be)verypoorwhenIwasachild.Myfamily(like)eatinghotfood.Theclass(be)readingwhentheteachercamein.Myclass(have)fortystudents.(6)复数名词①由两个对称部分构成的物品的名词，常用复数形式，谓语动词用复数，表示数量时用“数词+pair(s)of”glasses,trousers,jeans,shorts,pants,socks,shoes,②其他以复数形式出现的名词goods,woods,clothes三、名词所有格80 初中英语语法精讲表示名词所有关系的形式叫名词所有格，译成“….的”，一般做定语。三种形式：1.’s形式2.of短语形式3.双重所有格1.’s所有格(用于表示有生命的人或物)(1)变化方法：①一般情况在名词词尾+’sJohn’sbrotherChildren’sDaymen’sclothes②以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾+’students’bookstwohours’walk③共同拥有共同加JaneandHelen’sroom(单数)分别拥有分别加Jane’sandHelen’srooms(复数)(2)所有格’s所修饰的名词可以省略①表示店铺、家等名词，如shop,home,office等可以省略。thebarber’s(shop)attheGreen’s(home)thedoctor’s(office)②’s所修饰的名词若前面已提到，或后面要提起，则往往省略以避免重复。Thisisn’tJohn’sbike,butPeter’s.HishandwritingismuchbetterthanLisa’s.2.of+名词所有格①用于表示无生命的amapofChinathedooroftheroom②修饰的名词的定语太长thenameofhisoldblackcatthenameofthegirloverthere3.★双重所有格of短语+名词所有格/代词所有格，构成双重所有格，用来表示人的所有关系，而非物。①双重所有格可用a,any,some,afew,two等修饰of短语前面的名词，但不能用the80 初中英语语法精讲afriendofmyfather’s=oneofmyfather’sfriends我爸爸的一个朋友somebooksofmine=someofmybooks我的几本书②表示感情色彩：ThatdogofRobert’sisreallyclever.罗伯特的那只狗真聪明。注：aphotoofTom(Tom本人的照片)aphotoofTom’s(Tom拥有的一张照片)四、名词作定语shoefactoryappletreecoffeecupbookcasesportsmeetingclothesshopbathroom第一讲冠词一、冠词概述定义：冠词是置于名词之前，帮助说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词。分类：不定冠词：泛指a/ana用于辅音音素前，an用于元音音素前。定冠词：特指the零冠词：无形冠词（不使用冠词）★用a/an填空。usefulbookumbrellauniversityengineerhonestmanhouruglyduckuncleX-rayoperationEuropeancountry8-foot-deepholeone-year-oldbaby11-metre-longriver二、不定冠词1.强调数量“一”（=one）Iboughtabookandtwopens.我买了一本书和两支笔。80 初中英语语法精讲1.强调某一类别Heisadoctor.他是位医生。2.概括整体，泛指一个类别。Abirdhaswings.鸟有翅膀。3.表示价钱、时间、速度等的“每一”（=per=each）fourtimesaday每天四次sixtymilesanhour每小时60英里4.用于序数词前表示“又一”“再一”We’llhavetodoitasecondtime.我们得再做一次。5.在某些物质名词前表示“一杯/罐/瓶/份”Acoffee/tea/cola,please.请来杯咖啡/茶/可乐。6.强调第一次或笼统指某一个Oneday,anoldwomanwentintoashopwithagirl.7.季节、月份、日期、三餐、雨雪风前有形容词修饰时，用不定冠词。9.某些短语或习惯用法alittleabitalotofasamatteroffactinawordhaveacoldhavealook三、定冠词1.表特指凡是有限定语修饰的都是特指。thegirlinredthebookonthedesk2.再次提到Igotaletteryesterday.TheletterwassentbyTimfromU.S.A.3.双方皆知Passmethemagazineonthedesk..4.用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或物Thetraingoesfasterthanthebus.=Trainsgofasterthanbuses.5.表示独一无二的事物theearththesunthemoonthesky6.表示方向方位intheeastontheleftinthemiddle7.和形容词连用，表示一类人或物therichthepoortheblindtheoldtheyoung8.用于西洋乐器前playthepiano9.用于复数姓氏前，表示一家人或夫妇TheGreenshavenochildren.Green夫妇没有孩子。TheSmithslivenexttous.Smith一家住在我们隔壁。10.用于地理名词前TheYellowRiver黄河thePacific太平洋11.用于某些含有普通名词的专有名词前theUnitedNationstheUSAtheGreatWall12.用于序数词、最高级及only所修饰的名词前80 初中英语语法精讲5.用于世纪或年代的词前inthe20thcenturyinthe1980s6.用在击打某人身体部位的结构中。击打动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位7.语言的词前不用the,但表示语言的词和language连用时用theMarybegantolearntheEnglishlanguageattheageoffive.8.一身兼两职，只用一个thetheteacherandwriter9.same要与the连用10.习语中。inthemorningintheendattheageofintheday四、零冠词（不使用冠词）1.一般专有名词前不加冠词人名地名国家名国籍年份月份星期日期季节语言学科★但如后有定语修饰表特指，需加定冠词HeisnotlongertheBrownweknewtenyearsago.他不是我们十年前认识的那个布朗。TheBeijingoftodayisdifferentfromwhatitwas.今天的北京不同与从前的北京了。2.某些含有普通名词的专有名词街名KingStreet国王大街NankingRoad南京路公园BeihaiPark北海公园HydePark海德公园车站ShanghaiRailwayStation上海火车站机场DalianZhoushuiziAirport大连周水子机场桥梁GoldenGateBridge金门大桥大学BeijingUniversity北京大学★但含有of的大学要加thetheUniversityofBeijing;theUniversityofZhejiang3.含有day的节日名Children’sDayNationalDay★但我国传统的节日前用定冠词theSpringFestival春节;theMid-AutumnFestival中秋节80 初中英语语法精讲4.官衔，职位，称号的专有名词用作表语、同位语或补足语时。ChairmanMao毛主席PresidentObama奥巴马总统QueenElizabeth伊丽莎白女王5.“抽象名词、物质名词”表示一般概念时1).Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败乃成功之母。2).Mancannotlivewithoutwater.人离开水就无法生存。3).Heisfondofmusic.他喜欢音乐。6.一日三餐havebreakfast/lunch/supper/dinner(三餐前有限定语修饰时，用a)7.球类运动和棋牌类活动playfootball/playchess/playcards8.by+交通工具9.turn后跟名词表示“成为”turnteacher(becomeateacher)10.一些固定短语中：gotobed,gotoschool/work,atnight/noon,afterschool/classindangerintroubleinfact,inpublic,★名词前有时用定冠词和不用定冠词意义完全不同表示抽象概念表示具体概念gotoseagototheseagotochurchgotothechurchattableatthetablebyseabytheseainprisonintheprisoninhospitalinthehospitalatschoolattheschoolinclassintheclassoutofquestionoutofthequestioninfrontofinthefrontoftakeplacetaketheplaceof第一讲代词80 初中英语语法精讲一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词人称代词、物主代词、反身代词一览表单数复数一二三一二三人称代词主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem物主代词形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourtheirs反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves语法讲解：1.代词是用来代替名词，以避免重复。2.人称代词在句中作主语时，用主格；作宾语（动宾/介宾）时用宾格。3.人称代词的顺序：you,he/sheandIwe,youandthey4.人称代词的宾格代替主格：It’sme.Whyme?Metoo/neither.5.形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，后跟名词；名词性物主代词相当于名词,独立使用。形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词4.反身代词1）反身代词在句中作宾语，译成“自己”。表示动作回到执行者本身。Hecanlookafterhimself.2）反身代词在句中作名词或代词的同位语，用来加强名词或代词的语气，译成“本人”“亲自”。可置于名词代词后，也可置于句尾。Imyselfdidthework.Theexamitselfisn’timportant.Shecanmendhercarherself.3）固定搭配80 初中英语语法精讲enjoyoneself(玩得开心)teachoneself(自学)loseoneselfin(沉迷)dressoneself（给自己穿衣服）byoneself(亲自)helpyourselftosome…(随便吃点…)二、指示代词近指：this(这个)these(这些)远指：that(那个)those(那些)三、相互代词eachotheroneanothereachother’soneanother’s四、不定代词①数量范围（二/三问题）②谓语的数③of问题(一)表示数量的不定代词只修饰可数名词只修饰不可数名词修饰可数名词、不可数名词都可many,manyaagreat/goodmanyanumberofmuchagreatdealofalargeamountofalotof=lotsofplentyofalargequantityofenoughfew,afewlittle,alittle,abitofsome,any1）many,much的区别many+复数名词much+不可数名词2）anumberof,thenumberof的区别anumberof+名词复数做主语时，谓语动词用复数。thenumberof+名词复数做主语时，谓语动词用单数。“……的数量”③_________workersinthatfactoryarewomenworkers.④__________theteachersinourschoolisverylarge.80 初中英语语法精讲3）few,afew,little,alittle的区别肯定意义否定意义修饰的名词alittlelittle不可数名词afewfew复数名词①Thereareminutesleft.Hurryup.(few,afew)②Don’tworry.Ihavemoneyhere.(little,alittle)③Themathsproblemissodifficultthatonlystudentsworkeditout.(few,afew)注：alittle+不可数名词=abitof+不可数名词There’salittle/abitofwaterintheglass.abitof+a/an+名词单数Theroomisabitofamess.alittle=abit有点，修饰形容词、副词、动词的原级，比较级。Heisalittle/abittallerthanme.notalittle=quite=very非常，相当Itisnotalittlecold.notabit=not...atall一点也不，根本不Itisnotabitcold.4）some,any的区别some和any都表示“一些”，既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。可用句式特殊用法some肯定句或表建议、请求的问句后接单数名词表示“某一个”any否定句或疑问句肯定句中的any表示“任何一个”①Ihavebooks,butIdon’thavepens.②Thereisnotmeatinmybowl.Thereischickeninit.③Wouldyouliketea?④MayIaskyouquestions?⑤Youcanreadanybookhere.(二)both,all(谓语用复数)80 初中英语语法精讲*both表示两者都。both与否定词连用表示部分否定，全部否定用neither.Bothofthemdidn’tgothere.(=Notbothofthemwentthere.)他们两个并没有都去那儿。*all表示整体概念,用于三者(以上)。all与否定词连用表示部分否定,全部否定用none/noone.Alldon’tagreewithyou.(=Notallagreewithyou.)并非所有的人都赞同你。Noneofthemagreewithyou.一个人也不赞同你。(三)either,neither(谓语用单数)either表示“两个中的任何一个”，neither表示“两个中任何一个也不”(四)each,everyeach表示各个,每个，强调个体情况，用于二者以上。可以与of连用。every表示每个都，人人都，强调整体情况，用于三者以上，含有all之意。只作定语，不与of连用。every还可以表示“每隔..”everyfiveminuteseverytwodays①Therearelotsofshopson(every/each)sideofthestreet.②Therearelotsofshopson(both/each)sidesofthestreet.③(Every/Each)ofthestudentshasasmartphoneinourclass.(五)※another,other,others,theother,theothersanother:①泛指另一个,≧3后接单数名词。Thisskirtissmall.Pleaseshowmeanother.②another+num.+复数名词，表示“又一…”Youneedstayinbedforanother2days.other:泛指其他的，别的后+复数名词/不可数名词Ihavenoothershoes.others:泛指其他人或物others=other+复数名词some……others……theother:①(两者中)的另一个one...,theother...单独使用②后接复数名词或不可数名词，特指“其余的...”theothers:(有范围的)特指另外那些=theother+复数名词范围内其余的全部=therest/theleft(六)none,noone80 初中英语语法精讲指代意思与of连用回答的问题谓语动词的数none人/物一个都没有，一点都没有可Howmany/much(数量)单数/复数noone人没人...不可Who(谁)单数（七）复合不定代词(①单数②后置)somebody某人someone某人something某物anybody任何人anyone任何人anything任何事物nobody没人noone没人nothing没东西everybody每人everyone每人everything一切①复合不定代词作单数看待，谓语动词用单数。②修饰复合不定代词的成分需后置somethingwrongsomeoneimportantnobodyelseeverything(that)shesawsomeone(that)Iknowsomeone还可指重要的人。nobody指小人物，不重要的人Youthinkyou’resomeone,butyouarenobody.所有格：someoneelse’s（八）it,themone,ones,that,those的几种特殊用法it/them指代同名同物，不带任何修饰语，单数用it，复数用them。one/ones指代前面提过的同名异物的可数名词,one指单数，ones指复数。that指代同类不同体的不可数名词，只指物。those指代同类不同体的复数名词，指人或指物，相当于theones。①Mypenislost.Ican’tfind.②Ihaven’tacomputer.Iwanttobuynextyear.③OnMarsthereisnoenvironmentlikeoftheearth.④TheweatherinwinterinGuangzhouiswarmerthaninBeijing.80 初中英语语法精讲（九）it的几种特殊用法1.指无生命的物体①Theywatchedthetrainuntilitdisappearedinthedistance.2.指动植物或未知性别的婴儿②Isthisyourdog?No,itisn’t.③Theygotababyanditwasaten-pounder3.指身份不明的人Whoisitatthedoor?It’sJim.4.作形式主语或形式宾语时It’seasytoclimbthehill.IfounditinterestingtolearnEnglish.4.It用于强调句中it+be+被强调的部分+that/who...5.it有时并不指具体的东西而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境等：四、疑问代词疑问代词是就句中某一部分提问的疑问词，一般放在句首。who谁（主格）whom谁（宾格）whose谁的（属格）what什么（人、物）which哪一个，哪些（人、物）五、关系代词关系代词常用来引导定语从句。关系代词一方面在定语从句中担任一个成分，另一方面又指代定语从句所修饰的先行词。who某人（主格）whom某人（宾格）whose某人的（属格）that指人或物which指物注：含有否定含义的词,little,few,no,none,noone,nothing,neither不可再用于否定句！！！第一讲数词80 初中英语语法精讲数词是表示数目或顺序的词。1.基数词(表示数目)1-12：onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve13-19：后加-teenthirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen20-90：后加-tytwentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninety21-99：由整十加个位1-9构成，中间用连字符“-”。twenty-onethirty-two…..ninety-nine百位数：百位数由1-9加hundred构成，百位和十位之间用and，再加几十几。千位数：千位数由1-9加thousands构成。百万：million十亿：billion注：表示具体数目时，数词用单数。twohundredhundred,thousand,million,billion等复数形式与of连用，表示约数（不确定数目）2.序数词(表示顺序)序数词构成：基数词+th①基变序口诀：基变序，有规律，词尾要加-th。1、2、3单独记，词尾字母t,d,d；firstsecondthird8减t9减e；f要把ve替；eighthninthfifthtwelfth整十变化要注意，去掉y变ie；twentieth若是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以。twenty-firstninety-ninth②序数词缩写，数字+最后2个字母例如：1st,2nd,3rd,20th,21st,③序数词通常与定冠词the连用，当有限定词修饰时不用the；与a连用时表示“又一，再一”；3.分数词：分子基数词，分母序数词。分子是1，分母单数；分子大于1,分母复数，即序数词加-s。1/2a/onehalf(1/2通常不读作onesecond)1/4a/onequarter1/5onefifth2/3twothirds80 初中英语语法精讲3/4threequarters★分数词作主语是，谓语动词的数由of后的名词来决定。表示人口的几分之几谓语用复数。1.小数2.69twopointsixnine2.百分数50%fiftypercent3.编号表示法①名词+基数词强调“编号”PartOneLessonTenRoom201②序数词+名词强调“顺序”thefirstlesson4.时刻表示法①直接表示法7:20seventwenty②间接表示法整点6:00six(o’clock)一刻钟6:15sixfifteen=aquarterpastsix半点6:30sixthirty=halfpastsix几点过几分6:10sixten=tenpastsix差几分几点5:50fivefifty=tentosix5.日期表示法5月23日May23(rd)读作Maytwentythird或thetwentythirdofMay1999年5月31日May31,1999或31May,19996.年份表示法（年份是四位数字时，各分成二位来读）1900读作nineteenhundred1949读作nineteenforty-nine2008读作twothousandandeight7.年代世纪inthe1980s=inthe1980’sintheearlyeighties8.年龄在某人几十多岁时inone’sfiftiesattheageof209.复合形容词只做定语不做表语atwo-monthholidayan8-year-oldgirl10.几个半twoandahalfhours(=twohoursandahalf)11.电话号码多用基数词表达80 初中英语语法精讲第一讲介词一、介词的用法1.时间介词（today,tomorrow,yesterday,last,next,this,that,every前不用时间介词）at用于黎明、正午、黄昏、午夜用于时刻用于起止两端用于节日用于年龄atdaybreak/dawn,atnight/noonat6:10;atlunchtimeatthistime/momentatpresentatfirst/atlastatthebeginning/endofatChiristmasatNewYearat18,attheageof18on具体某天day,eveonApril27thonSundayonNationalDayin用于较长的时间:年月季世纪年代泛指的早午晚in1949inMayinSummerinthe1980sinthe20thinthemorning/afternoon/eveninginin+时间段①“在...后”，以现在为起点(将来时)②“在...时间内”用于一般过去时forfor+时间段表示动作或状态持续的时间长度，可用于任何时态。during在...期间over指连续的状态或行为，常侧重于历经时间产生变化afterafter+时间段after+时间点在...后，以过去为起点(过去时)表示某刻之后before在...以前不包括当日或当时；by则包括since自从...till直到...from..to...从...到...2.地点和方位介词at小地点athomeatschool车站，机场，码头infrontofinthefrontof在...前面在...的前部in大地点(国家，城市)东西南北方向behindatthebackof在...后面在...的后部above高于...不一定垂直on河畔，湖畔，紧挨着80 初中英语语法精讲below低于...off距路、岸不远，有一定距离over正上方垂直的上下关系by在...旁；靠近under正下方有空间隔开atatthedoor,atthegateon在…上（表面接触）near在...附近beneath在...下（表面接触）opposite在...对面between在两者之间into进入...among在三者以上之间towards朝着...1.方式、方法、手段两地位置关系with用工具、身体部位in用材料或语言等表达方式by用方式方法on用通讯工具through手段方法in范围内on范围外相邻to范围外不相邻除了...穿过，经过besides除了...还有，包括在内except除掉不计，不包含but除了...exceptfor对非同类事物的排除，有美中不足之意。across从表面横穿through从空间穿过，透过past从旁边经过over从上空经过2.其他likeas像...(侧重于比较)侧重同一性，强调同一类或相似；作为...on关于；以...为生；是某个组织或团体的成员from表原因、来源；远离by通过...方式；在...旁；被...；截止..期限to表目的、方向、对象of表所属、性质、特征for表目的、原因、用途；支持，赞成about80 初中英语语法精讲against反对；违反，违背；对抗；撞击；对照，映衬；逆着；靠着；预防in用语言/材料等表达方式；穿着...衣服without没有off脱离，脱落...表面；within在...里面；在...时间之内inside在...里面with和…一起；带有，具有；随着outside在...外面1.短语介词becauseof,dueto,asaresultof,thanksto,accordingto,inspiteof,inadditionto,bymeansof,2.固定搭配（常用短语）atfirst/lastonChristmasDayin2018bybikebecauseofatnight/noononChristmasEveinJanuarybypostduetoatmidnightonSundayinwinterbyhandthankstoatlunch/supperonacoldmorninginthe1990sbychanceasaresultofatthebeginningofonMay1stinthemorningbyadcidentaccordingtoattheendofontimeintheendbymistakeinadditiontoat18onpurposeinhisthirtiesbythewayinspiteof=despite尽管attheageof18ondutyintimeatpresentonbusinessinredwiththehelpofunderdiscussionatthemomentonholidayindangerwithglassesatonceonfireinpeacewithlonghairattimesonsaleinsilencewithpleasureatalltimesontheleft/rightintroubleatatimeonthewaytoinsurpriseatanytimeonthetreeingoodcondition80 初中英语语法精讲atthesametimeinthetreeinbedatthepriceofinthewayatthespeedofinawayatChristmasinEnglishbegoodatbebusywithbesurprisedatbesureofbefriendlytodowellinbeangrywithbesuccessfulinbeafraidofbekindtobegoodforbestrictwithbeinterestedinbeconfidentofbegoodtobebadforbestrictinbedifferentfrombetiredofbebornin/onbereadyforbepleasedwithbesimilartobeproudofbebornofprepareforbesatisfiedwithbefarfromtakeprideinbebornwithbeusedforbecarefulwithbeclosetobefullofbemadeofbeusedtodoingbepopularwithbe/getmarriedtobefilledwithbemadefrombefamousforbepatientwithbeharmfultobelateforbemadeinbefamousasbeworriedaboutdoharmtobeabsentfrombemadeintosufferfromprefer...to...askforworryaboutregard...as...learnfrombelongtopayfortalkaboutlaughatstop...from...losetoleaveforlearnaboutcallathearfrompayattentiontolookforhearof/aboutlookthroughdieoflookforwardtowaitforthinkof/aboutlookafterdiefromleadto=resultinstandfordreamof/aboutlookintodependonconnectwithprovidesb.withsth.dropinturn...into...liveoncompare...to...providesth.forsb.handin/outchange...into...feedoncompare...with...playagainstfillin/outdivide...into...spend...on...do/dealwithagainsttherulescheckin/outtranslate...into...agreewithgiveingetinto80 初中英语语法精讲第一讲形容词和副词一、形容词（一）定义1.形容词用来描写或修饰名词或代词，表示人或物的属性、特征和状态。2.形容词一般放在所修饰的词前（作定语），或者放在系动词后（作表语）。3.多数形容词具有比较级和最高级。4.一般有独特的后缀。-able-al-ant/-ent-ful-ous-y-lycomfortable,formal,important,different,careful,famous,funnylovely（二）用法1.作定语。agreatcountryhealthyfood2.作表语。Thecaketastesnice.Theboylookshealthy.3.作补语。makesb.happy（三）形容词排序：县(限)官(观)行(形)令(龄)宴(颜)国才(材)二、副词（一）定义1.副词用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句，表示时间、地点、程度、频度、方式等。2.有比较级和最高级（二）分类1.时间副词和频度副词时间副词在句中作时间状语，可放在句末或句首。now,then,today,yesterday,tomorrow,recently,justnow,soon,already,just,yet,early,lately频度副词一般放在实义动词前，助动词和情态动词后。always,usually,often,sometimes,ever,seldom,never,everyday/week/month/year2.地点副词地点副词在句中作地点状语，一般放在句末。here,there,somewhere,anywhere,everywhere,home,upstairs,downstairs1.程度副词又叫强调副词，一般位于所修饰的词的前面。80 初中英语语法精讲very,so,much,rather,quite,too,enough,abit,alittle,almost,nearly,just,only,1.方式副词用来回答“怎样地”这类问题,大多由形容词词尾加-ly构成，位于谓语动词后。slowly,quickly,well,badly,highly,angrily,hurriedly,warmly,carefully,suddenly,2.疑问副词用来引导特殊疑问句when,where,why,how3.关系副词用来引导定语从句when,where,why4.连接副词用来引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。whenwherewhy三、形容词和副词的级（一）概念英语中形容词和副词一般都有三个级：原级，比较级，最高级。在表示“比较…”和“最…”这样的概念时，要用比较级和最高级。当两种物体之间相互比较时，要用形容词或副词的比较级；当三个或三个以上物体相互比较时，要用形容词或副词的最高级。（二）形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的变化规律1.单音节词（1）单音节形容词或副词后面直接加-er或-esttall—taller—tallestfast—faster—fastestsmall—smaller--smallest（2）以-e结尾的单音节形容词或副词直接加-r或-stlarge—larger—largestnice—nicer—nicest（3）形容词或副词是重读闭音节且单辅结尾时，双写最后的辅音字母，再加-er或-esthot—hotter—hottestbig—bigger—biggestthin—thinner--thinnest1.双音节词（1）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词或副词，变-y为-i再加-er或-estbusy—busier—busiestearly—earlier—earliestlazy—lazier--laziest80 初中英语语法精讲（2）其他双音节词大都加more、mostfamousmorefamousmostfamousslowlymoreslowlymostslowlycarefulmorecarefulmostcarefulusefulmoreusefulmostusefulpatientmorepatientmostpatientexactmoreexactmostexact（3）少数双音节形容词既可加-er–est,也可加more,mostcommon,handsome,polite,quiet,pleasant,tired,stupid,和以-ow,-er,-le结尾的词narrow,simple,clever1.多音节词前面直接加more或mostdeliciousmoredeliciousmostdeliciousbeautifulmorebeautifulmostbeautifulinterestingmoreinterestingmostinterestingimportantmoreimportantmostimportantdifficultmoredifficultmostdifficult注：开放类副词(slowly,quickly,)和分词形容词(tired,bored,boring,surprised,)比较级、最高级加more，most。4.不规则变化“两好、两坏、两多、一少、一远、一老”原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/badly/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfartherfarthest(距离)80 初中英语语法精讲furtherfurthest(程度)oldolderelderoldesteldest(有血缘关系)（三）比较级常用句型结构1.同级比较A=B（程度相同），as…as…HeisastallasTom..HerunsasfastasTom..AB(表示A超过B),比较级…than…Heistallerthanme.Herunsfasterthanme.2.比较级+thananyother+单数名词比较级+thantheother+复数名词Heistallerthananyotherstudentinhisclass.Heistallerthantheotherstudentsinhisclass.80 初中英语语法精讲Heistallerthantheothersinhisclass.Heistallerthananyoneelseinhisclass.2.the+比较级+ofthetwo…表示两者间“较…”Heisthetallerofthetwo.3.比较级+and+比较级”“越来越……”Inspringthedaysgetlongerandlonger.Ourcityisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.4.the比较级，the比较级“越……，越……”Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillbe5.比较级前的修饰语①表示“稍稍”、“一点”意义的abit,alittle,rather,some,any等；TomisalittletallerthanMike.②表示“…得多”的much,far,agreat/gooddeal,alot等；TomismuchtallerthanMike.③表示“更加”意义的still,even,yet等；*原级的修饰语：very,too,so,enough,quite注意：1.比较级中为了避免重复，常用one/that/those或所有格来替代。Thispenisshorterthanthatone.TheweatherhereismuchhotterthanthatofShanghai.ThecarsmadeinTianjinaremuchmorepopularthanthoseinShanghai.Tom’scarisnewerthanmine.2.必须是同类事物之间的比较Myhouseismuchcleanerthanhers.Hishairislongerthanmine.四、最高级的常用句型结构1.the+最高级+of/in(副词最高级前的the常常省略)Heistheyoungestofalltheboystudentsinourclass.80 初中英语语法精讲2.oneof+the+最高级+名词复数“最……之一”OneofthemostimportantlanguagesisEnglish.TheChangjiangRiverisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.3.the+序数词+最高级+单数名词+in短语“在……中是第几个……”TheyellowriveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.4.最高级的修饰语almost,nearly,(by)far,bynomeans,much,quite,really,very,next,second,third等，其中very,next,second,third等序数词要放在定冠词以及物主代词之后，其余放在之前。Thistreeisalmost／nearlythetallestone．这棵树几乎是最大的。Chinahas（by）farthelargestpopulationintheworld．中国是世界人口最多的国家。Tourismhasbecomethesecondlargestindustryinthecountry．旅游业已成为该国的第二大产业。Thisarticleismuchthebest．这篇文章是最好的。*比较级最高级精炼*1.Ithinkyourroomis_______bigger.A.alotB.alotofC.lotsofD.more2.Frankis________friendlythanhisbrother.A.alittlemoreB.afewmoreC.muchD.alittle3.Hejumpsofthethree.A.farB.furtherC.farthestD.furthest4.Myhairislongerthan.A.mysisterB.KateC.mybrother’sD.Lucys’5.HisFrenchisn’tsogoodas_______.A.heB.himC.hisD.hers6.—DoyouthinkMarchis______thanJanuary?—Yes,it’s______warmer.A.better,alittleB.well,muchC.worse,veryD.nicer,quite7.Thewatchisnot_______beautifulasthatone.A.veryB.tooC.soD.more80 初中英语语法精讲8.It’smuchbetterthan_______classes.A.haveB.hasC.tohaveD.having9.The_______,thebetter.A.muchB.manyC.moreD.most10.Doyouknowwhois_______ofthetwins?A.shorterB.heavierC.theolderD.thefunny11.TheweatherinNorthChinaiscolderthan______inSouthChina.A.B.thisC.theoneD.that12.Heis______thanme.A.olderB.elderC.youngD.moreyounger13.TheweatherinShenyangisevencolder______.A.thanthatinBeijingB.thanBeijingC.thaninBeijingD.asthatinBeijing14.TheChangjiangRiverisoneofintheworld.A.thelongestriverB.longestriversC.thelongestriversD.longerrivers15.ofthetwowomenisMrsBrown.A.ThebeautifulB.ThemorebeautifulC.MorebeautifulD.Themostbeautiful第一讲连词并列连词---引导并列句选择关系or,either...or...,not...but...,otherwise,转折关系but,yet,while,however,still因果关系for,so并列关系and,both...and...,notonly...but(also)...,neither...nor...,aswellas注：①for表示原因时不能放在句首，通常是补充说明。②就近原则notonly...butalso...either...or...neither...nornotonly置于句首，句子用部分倒装(前倒后不倒)80 初中英语语法精讲③however在句首，或句中前后都用逗号隔开。从属连词---引导主从复合句引导宾语从句连接词that,if/whether连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,连接副词when,where,why,how引导时间状语从句when当...时候(when可接点动词也可接线动词；when还有突然间，就在这时之意while(while只跟doing,表分工)as(随着时间的推移)assoonas,till/until,not...until...(主句谓语为瞬间动词用否定句式)before,after,since(引导过去时句子，主句通常为完成时)whenever引导原因状语从句because(根本原因，回答why的问题)since(原因显而易见，一般译成“既然”),as(众所周知的原因)引导结果状语从句so...that...,such...that...引导目的状语从句sothat,inorderthat(从句中通常有情态动词)引导让步状语从句though,although,evenif(though)nomatter...whatever引导条件状语从句if,unless,aslongas,（时态，主将从现）引导方式状语从句as,asif似乎，好像asthough引导比较状语从句than,as...as...notas(so)...as...引导地点状语从句where,wherever80 初中英语语法精讲第一讲情态动词情态动词的语法特征情态动词只有情态意义，表示不能单独作谓语，后跟动词原形一起作谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，一、can和could1.can表示能力“能”“会”IcansingEnglishsongs.★beableto①表示能力=can②有各种时态，可以放在别的情态动词或助动词后③表示成功地做了某事2.can表示请求许可=may(有时有could表示委婉语气,但回答时仍用can/may)---Can/CouldIuseyourbike?---Yes,youcan/may./(No,youcan’t/mustn’t.)3.表示推测，指理论上可能性，多用于否定句和问句。Hecan’tbeDanish.4.表示惊讶、怀疑、不相信Howcanyoubelievesuchaliarlikehim?5.could是can的过去式，表示过去的“能力”could表示推测或“可能性”(could表推测可用于任何句式)could表示委婉语气回答时仍用can二、may和might1.may表示请求许可=can80 初中英语语法精讲---MayIcomein?---Yes,youcan/may./(No,youcan’t/mustn’t.)2.may表示推测，指事实上可能性，不用于问句。句中一般会有I’mnotsure.Shedoesn’tcometoschool,shemaybeill.maynot可能不Myfriendmaynotcometotheparty.3.表示祝愿。Mayyousucceed.(=Wishyoutosucceed.)Mayyoubehappy.4.might是may的过去式，表示过去的“可能”，might表示把握不大的推测，比may实现的可能性更小。might表示请求时语气更委婉三、must和haveto1.must表示义务，即“必须”、“应该”must强调说话者的主观看法；haveto强调客观需要，即“不得不”。Allcarsmuststopwhenthetrafficlightsbecomered.Ihavetoleavebecauseitisdark.**注意问句的答语----Must/NeedI...?/DoIhaveto...?---Yes,youmust./---No,youneedn’t.或No,youdon’thaveto.（不必）。2.mustn’t表示禁止“千万别…”“一定不可以…”“不许做...”3.must表示肯定的推测，即“一定…”“必定…”这种推测要肯定得多。否定的推测常用can’tbe四、need1.need用作情态动词只用于否定句和疑问句(needn’tdoNeedsb.do...?)Youneednotwatertheflowers,becauseIwateredjustnow.---NeedIcome?---Yes,youmust.(No,youneedn’t.)2.need用作实义动词时有动词的全部形式(need,needs,needed)，后跟带to的不定式。80 初中英语语法精讲(needtodo,don’tneedtodo)Youneedtowatertheflowers.Youdon’tneedtowatertheflowers.2.needtobedone=needdoing(主动表被动)Yourhairneedscutting.Theroomneedscleaning.Itistoomessy.五、可能性的表示1.情态动词can,may,maynot,must,can’t,should(can不肯may不问，must肯定不否问)2.形容词possible,impossible3.副词maybe,perhaps(句首)probably(助动词后)六、will/would,shall/should1.Will表示请求或建议Will/Wouldyouplease...?(would表委婉语气，用would提问，仍用will回答)2.Shallwe/I...?征求意见(用于第一人称)3.should表示劝告或建议第一讲非谓语动词英语中，一个主谓结构只能有一个谓语动词，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式。非谓语动词有动名词，动词不定式和分词三种。在句中不能做谓语而作其它成分。80 初中英语语法精讲非谓语的基本语法特征：动名词：具有名词功能动词不定式：表将来具体某一次现在分词：表主动和正在进行过去分词：表被动和已完成一、动名词1.作主语表示经常性的动作。①直接放在主语位置。Seeingisbeliving.WatchingfilmsisagoodwaytolearnEnglish.②在下列结构中做主语nouse/nogoodIt’suseless/fun+doingashame/awasteoftime/atask2.※作宾语①在介词后作宾语②只能接动名词的动词advise,allow,avoid,consider,dislike,enjoy,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,suggest,③一些常用的接动名词的短语或结构can’thelp,giveup,keepon,goon,takeup,lookforwardto,payattentionto,getusedto,preferdoingtodoing,feellikehavetrouble/difficulty/fun(in)doingspend...(in)doingbebusydoingbeworthdoingstopsb.(from)doingHow/Whataboutdoing...3.作定语（表示功能、作用）80 初中英语语法精讲swimmingpoolsleepingbagwaitingroomdrinkingwater一、动词不定式1.作主语表示特定具体某一次。Tosolvethisproblemisverydifficult.常用it作形式主语。Itis+adj.+forsb.todo(形容词是形容todo的,important,neccessary,possible,dificult,easy)Itis+adj.+ofsb.todo(形容词是形容人的，kind,nice,helpful,polite,rude,foolish)2.※作宾语afford,agree,believe,choose,decide,determine,expect,fail,hope,manage,need,offer,promise,plan,refuse,want,wouldlike,wish,谓语是find,think等词，常用it作形式宾语。IfounditdifficulttolearnEnglish.Doyouthinkitinterestingtotravelabroad?3.※作宾补（~sb.todo）advise,allow,ask,encourage,expect,tell,wish,want,warn,后面接sb.(not)todo4.作定语①theway后面常用不定式作定语。thewaytohelphim=thewayofhelpinghim②不定式是不及物动词，后面要加必要的介词。Sheisanicepersontoworkwith.若不定式修饰的词是place,way,time，则介词可省。e.g.TheGreenshaveacomfortablehousetolivein.Thewildanimalshavenoplacetolive(in).5.作表语（表示将来某一次）Myjobistocollectletters.6.※作目的状语to=inorderto=soastosoasto不能放句首Tocatchtheearlybus,Ihadtogetupearly.★既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的区别forgettodoremembertodostoptodo80 初中英语语法精讲forgetdoingrememberdoingstopdoingtrytodoregrettodomeantodotrydoingregretdoingmeandoingusedtodoliketodobe/getusedtodoinglikedoingbeusedtodo★有些动词接动名词和不定式差别不大begin,start,continue,prefer,★使役动词使役动词have,make,let后接省to的不定式(被动语态中还原to,let除外)have/make/letsb.do但getsb.todo★感官动词感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,等后接doing做宾补，强调动作正在进行中。后接不定式作宾补，强调动作的全过程，或强调事实。★不定式to的省略hadbetterwhynot★不定式的固定短语have(got)tousedtobesupposedtodo=shoulddoprefertodoratherthando=wouldratherdothando★疑问词+不定式相当于名词的作用。80 初中英语语法精讲Idon’tknowwhattodo.Pleaseshowmehowtomakenoodles.Haveyoudecidedwhentoleave?★不定式to的否定在to前加nottellsb.nottodohadbetternotdo第十讲动词的时态动词的基本形式动词有五种基本形式，动词原形、第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词、动词-ing形式动词的单三变化规则情况变化规则例词一般情况-sworkssaysplayscomes以s,x,sh,ch或o结尾-espassesfixespusheswatchesdoesgoes辅音字母+y结尾变y为i，再加-escarry--carriescry--criestry--trieshurry--hurriesfly--fliesstudy—studies不规则变化be—is/washave--has80 初中英语语法精讲动词过去式和过去分词变化规则情况变化规则例词读音一般情况-edlookedwashedwatchedstayedcalledlistened在清辅音后读/t/在元音和浊辅音后/d/以e结尾-dhopedlikedlived辅音字母+y变y为i再加-edstudy—studied在/t//d/后读/Id/重读闭音节末尾一个辅音字母双写辅音字母再加-edstop—stopped（不规则变化见不规则动词表。）动词-ing形式变化规则情况变化规则例词一般情况-ingdoinglookinggoing以不发音e结尾去e加-inghavingmakingtyping重读闭音节末尾一个辅音字母双写末尾辅音字母加-ingrun—runningstop-stoppingswim--swimming少数以-ie结尾的单音节词变ie为y再加-ingdie--dyinglie--lying动词的时态一览表80 初中英语语法精讲一、一般现在时概念：①表示经常、反复发生的动作或现在的某种状况；②客观真理；③主将从现。时间状语：（频度副词）always,usually,often,sometimes,regularly,everyweek(day,year,month…),onceaweek,onSundays,基本结构：①be动词（表状态）I’mateacher.②行为动词（表动作）Shealwaysgoestoschoolbybus.否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don"t,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn"t，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：①把be动词或情态动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。二、一般过去时概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：（过去的时间点）①含有ago,yesterday,last的时间状语②in1989,justnow,attheageof5,oneday,longlongago,onceuponatime,etc.80 初中英语语法精讲基本结构：①be动词的过去式was或were；YesterdayIwasatthebutcher’s.②行为动词的过去式LastweekmyfatherwenttoShanghaionbusiness.否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn"t，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。三、一般将来时概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间状语：tomorrow,nextday(week,month,year…),soon,inafewminutes,基本结构：①will/shall+do.(shall用于第一人称,will用于所有人称)②begoingto+do；否定形式：①will/shall+not+do②be+not+goingtodo;③be+not+abouttodo一般疑问句：①will/shall提到句首。②be放于句首；★shall/will/begoingto区别：﹡shall往往用于第一人称,will可用于任何人称。﹡will常用于表邀请或命令时以及带有意愿色彩。﹡begoingtodo:①计划打算安排要做某事。I’mgoingtogotoShanghainextweek.②预见性。Itisgoingtorain.天要下雨了。80 初中英语语法精讲★瞬间动词的现在进行时表示将来Iamleaving.我要走了.Thepoordogisdying.这只可怜的狗快要死了。四、现在进行时概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。时间状语：now,atthistime,thesedays,atpresent,etc.基本结构：am/is/are+doing否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。五、过去进行时概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语：①atthistimeyesterday,atthattime，atsixyesterday②以when/while/as引导的时间状语从句等。基本结构：was/were+doing否定形式：was/were+not+doing.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。六、现在完成时概念：①过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果；②或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语：just,already,yet,never,ever,recently,lately,before,since…for…,inthepastfewyears,duringthelast3yearsbynow,sofar,uptillnow,uptonow基本结构：have/has+done否定形式：have/has+not+done.80 初中英语语法精讲一般疑问句：把have或has提至句首。★现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：共同点：动作都在过去。不同点：1.时间点是否明确。一般过去时有明确的过去时间点，现在完成时的时间不明确；2.和现在有无关系。(动作与现在有关的用现在完成时，与现在无关的用一般过去时)★havegoneto/havebeento/havebeenin﹡havegoneto+地点,表示“去了某地”。（人已走，尚未回。只用于第三人称。）TheyhavegonetoEurope.(Theyarenothere.)﹡havebeento+地点,表示“去过某地”。（人已回）IhavebeentoEurope.(IamnotinEuropenow.)﹡havebeenin+地点+时间段,表示“在/来某地多久”。IhavebeeninEuropeforthreeweeks.(IamnowstillinEurope.)★瞬间动词和延续性动词瞬间动词有come,go,leave,arrive,become,get,start,begin,finish,buy,borrow,die,join,meet,等等。若句中出现时间段，则必须使用延续性动词。瞬间动词和延续性动词转换关系如下：buyhavejoinbein/beamemberofborrowkeepopenbeopengettoknowknowclosebeclosedcatchacoldhaveacoldbegin/startbeonfallillbeillfinish/endbeoverfallasleepbeasleepleavebeawaydiebedeadarrivebeingetmarriedbemarriedbecomebe七、过去完成时80 初中英语语法精讲概念：①表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”②表示从过去某一时间延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态时间状语：bytheendoflastyearbefore引导的过去时句子基本结构：had+done否定形式：had+not+done.一般疑问句：把had提至句首。*Bytheendoflastterm,wehadlearned5,000newwords.*Beforesheleftthehouse,shehadalreadydonesomecooking.*WhenIarrivedtothestation,thetrainhadleft.第十讲被动语态一、被动语态的概念语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语动词有主动和被动两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。一、被动语态的构成主语(动作的承受者)+be+动词过去分词+(bysb.)+其他80 初中英语语法精讲*bysb.—动作的执行者，介词by后必须用宾格*bysb.在句中的位置1.可放在谓语动词后其它状语前，也可放在句末。2.诸如we,someone/somebody,everyone/everybody,people等表泛指的主语在被动中省略。3.当不强调动作的执行者时可以省略bysb.一、主动语态变被动语态方法口诀：宾变主,主变宾,前加by;动变被,看清be,结构分别be+pp1.找宾语----即动作的承受者---（做被动语态的主语）2.看时态决定被动语态的时态---时态不变3.确定be的形式---be,being,been,is/am/are,was/were4.修改谓语的形式-------即把原句动词改为过去分词5.修改原句的主语-------即by+主语/人称代词宾格WespeakEnglish.Englishisspokenbyus.四、被动语态在不同时态中的变化形式不同时态/情态被动语态的基本形式一般现在时am/is/are+done一般过去时was/were+done一般将来时am/is/aregoingto/will/shall+be+done过去将来时would+be+done80 初中英语语法精讲现在进行时am/is/are+being+done过去进行时was/were+being+done现在完成时have/has+been+done过去完成时had+been+done含情态动词的被动语态情态动词+be+done六、特殊情况★含有双宾语的句子的被动语态①直接宾语(物)做被动语态主语,即sth.+be+p.p.+to/forsb.②间接宾语(人)做被动语态主语,即sb.+be+p.p.+sth.Someforeignfriendsgavemethesestamps.被动：Thesestampsweregiventomebysomeforeignfriends.被动：Iwasgivethesestampsbysomeforeignfriends.★含有复合宾语(宾语补足语)的被动语态①make,have等使役动词在主动语态中后跟省to的不定式，变被动时要加to（let除外）②hear,see,watch,notice等感官动词在主动语态中后跟省to的不定式，变被动时要加to或doingTheteachermadehimcopythewordsfortentimes.被动：Hewasmadetocopythewordsfortentimes.★短语动词的被动语态短语动词相当于一个整体词，在被动语态中不可拆分。TheoldaretakengoodcareofinChina.★无被动语态的情况①及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词没有被动语态。belongto,happen,takeplacelast,cometrue,comeout,remain,succeed,fall,die,arrive,等。80 初中英语语法精讲Thishousebelongstomyparents.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChinainthepastfewtenyears.②表静态的及物动词、祈使句无被动语态；★主动表被动的情况①有些动词与副词well,smoothly等连用，表示事物属性和特征，用主动形式表被动含义。(write,sell,wear,wash,ride,read,open,lock,shut,eat,dry,clean)Thiskindofbookssellswell.Thepenwritessmoothly.Thisshirtwasheswell.②need,require,want,deserve,beworth后接动词-ing形式的主动结构表被动含义。Yourhairneedstobecut.=needscutting③某些系动词feel,prove,smell,look,taste,sound后接形容词做表语，也用主动语态表被动含义。Thispieceofmusicsoundsbeautiful.Theseflowerssmellgood.第十讲特殊句式---祈使句、倒装句、反意疑问句、感叹句祈使句祈使句用来表示命令、建议、劝告或请求。祈使句的肯定式：动词原形开头80 初中英语语法精讲祈使句的否定式：①Don’t+动词原形②No+doing/名词③Neve+动词原形Therebe句型Therebe句型表示某地有某物或某人，是一种存在关系，所以又叫“存在句”。Havegot表示某人有...，是一种拥有关系。Therebe中be的单复数遵循“就近原则”，即靠近be的名词的数。Therebe有多种时态。Thereis/was/are/were/willbe/isgoingtobe/can’tbe/have(has)been...倒装句英语的自然语序是主语在前，谓语在后，但为了强调句中的某一部分，可以把原来的语序重新调整。通常把要强调的部分放在主语之前，这就叫倒装语序。完全倒装：将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来。Herearemyanswerstoyourquestions.Herecomesthebus.HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.Tomcan’tdance.NeithercanI.部分倒装：只把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，或将主动词放在主语之前，情态动词放在主语后。Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillbecome.反意疑问句1.反意疑问句的定义：当我们陈述了一个事实，而又不是很有把握，就可以在陈述句后加一个简短问句，需要对方证实。翻译为“是吗？”、“不是吗？”称为反意疑问句。例：①Sheisastudent,isn’tshe?②TheyspeakChinese,don’tthey?2.反意疑问句的构成：由两部分组成：陈述句+简短疑问句（be/助动词/情态动词+与主语一致的人称代词）80 初中英语语法精讲两部分的人称时态应保持一致，前肯后否前否后肯语调前降后升，若坚信陈述部分可用降调。1.反意疑问句的回答回答时，不管问题的提法如何，要跟事实相符。若事实是肯定的就要用Yes,事实是否定的就要用No。即肯肯或否否。注意陈述部分是否定形式时，回答的翻译和中文不同。例如：Youweremovedbyyourstudents,weren’tyou?--Yes,Iwere.是的，我被感动了。--No,Iweren’t.不，我没有（被感动）。Heisn’tadriver,ishe?--Yes,heis.不，他是。--No,heisn’t.是的，他不是。四、反意疑问句的解答步骤1).找动（找句子的助动词：be用be,动词原形do，三单does，过去did，完成have）2).判定（判断该用肯定还是否定）3).换代（将主语换为人称代词主格）五、一般形式的反意疑问句be/助动词/情态动词+与主语一致的人称代词六、特殊形式的反意疑问句陈述部分反意部分have表示拥有haven’t/don’t...?havegothaven’t...?have是实义动词时do的适当形式haveto不得不do的适当形式hadbetterhadn’t...80 初中英语语法精讲Therebe句型is/arehere?肯定祈使句willyou?(要求)/won’tyou?(邀请)否定祈使句willyou?Let’sshallwe?Letuswillyou?主语是this/thatit主语是these/thosethey主语是表示物的不定代词-thingit主语是表示人的不定代词-bodyhe或they有never,seldom,hardly,few,nothing肯定形式有untidy,impossible等否定意义的词否定形式one作主语one(正式)you(非正式)Iam或I’maren’tI?amInot?Iwish…mayI?usedto过去常常...usedn’t...?/didn’t...?must①表示必须mustn’t②表示必要性needn’t③表推测用实际情况的三词并列句与邻近的分句保持一致主句+从句与主句保持一致否定前移与宾语从句保持一致80 初中英语语法精讲*反意疑问句精练*1.Youliveinasmalltown,?2.Thegirlmakeslotsoffriends,?3.Youhavenoclasstomorrow,?4.Shedoesn’tlikepopmusic,?5.They’veheardofhim,?6.YouhaveneverbeentoBeijing,?7.Hedidn’tsayanythingaboutyourmistakes,?8.Tomcanswimverywell,?9.Allofyourfriendswillcometoyourparty,?10.Thereisnothinginthefridge,?11.Therewillbeapaperfactorynearmyhomeinabout2years,__________?12.Openyourbooks,?13.Don’tgoacrosstheroadnow,?14.Let’swait,__________?15.Letushavearest,?16.Theyusuallyhaveawalkaftersupper,?17.Hewashardlytwelvethen,?18.Therearefewpeopleinthestreet,________?19.Hehasfewfriendsintheschool,？20.TheyhaveneverbeentotheUSA,?80 初中英语语法精讲21.You’dbettercomebackearly,?22.Wehavetodoitagain,?23.Theyhadlunchinarestaurantjustnow,?24.Somethingiswrongwithmyradio,?25.ItisimpossibletolearnEnglishwellwithoutmorepractice,?26.Swimmingisgreatfun,?27.Hesaidthatthatfilmwasworthseeing,?感叹句定义：用来表达说话时的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪。结构：What+名词How+形容词/副词/句子否定疑问句What+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数+主+谓！Whatacleverboyheis！What+adj.+可数名词复数+主+谓！Whatanimportantmeetingitis！What+adj.+不可数名词+主+谓！Whatlovelychildrentheyare！What+a/an+可数名词+主+谓！Whatamess!Whatapity!How+adj.+主+谓！Howinterestingthefilmis！How+adv.+主+谓！Howfastheruns！How+主+谓！HowImissyou!Howtimeflies!感叹句解题步骤：1.提—核心词2.加—引导词3.补—主谓感叹句的省略：感叹句在口语中常用省略句Wonderful!Goodidea!Welldone!Mygod!80 初中英语语法精讲*练习*1.deliciousthedishis!2.strangeclothesheiswearing!3.aninterestingsubjectitis!4.foggy(有雾的)itwasyesterday!5.acarelessboyyouare!6.Look!____beautifulthatlakeis!7.---Hi,Mary,________beautifulday!---Yes,itis.8.________nicecomputers!9.wellshedances!10.quiettheparkis!11.hardhisfatherworks!12.strongwind!13.______delicioussoup!14.______heavysnow!15.oldbikeLiLeiisriding!16.excitingmomentitis!17.______nicesupperwe’rehavingtoday!18.fineweatheritistoday!19.fasttheboysarerunning!20.Look!beautifulthatlakeis!21.surprisingnewsitis!22.____timewe’rehavingtoday!23.usefulinformationitis!24.beautifulflowerstheyare!25.lovelyagirlsheis!26.theylovetheircountry!80 初中英语语法精讲第十讲宾语从句一、句子分类：句子从结构上可以分为简单句，并列句，复合句。简单句---只有一套主谓结构。并列句---把几个简单句连接起来（并列连词；分号；分号及连接副词）。复合句---包含两套以上主谓结构二、宾语从句的概念在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。（即一个句子在另一个句子里做宾语）三、句型结构：主句（主+谓）+连接词+从句（主+谓+其他成分）常用来引导宾语从句的动词有：say,tell,ask,think,know,believe,expect,understand,wonderHesaysthathefeelstired.Hethinksthathehasgotacold.Heknewthatheneededahaircut.Hebelievedthathecouldrepairthecar.Heunderstoodthathethathewantedalicence.常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有：sorry,glad,sureafraid,certain,please,happy,satisfied,surprised1.IamsorryIamlate.2.Iamgladthatyoucanjoinus.3.IamsureIwillpasstheexam.4.I’mafraidthatthisgreendressistoosmall.80 初中英语语法精讲四、宾语从句三要素1.连接词陈述句----that(无意义，不作成分，可省略)一般疑问句----if/whether（“是否”，不可省略，if不可与ornot连用）特殊疑问句----连接代词：whatwhichwhowhomwhose连接副词：whenwherewhyhow2.语序陈述语序（主语在前，谓语在后的语序）3.时态：1）主现从不限（主句一般现在时或将来时，从句不限时态，可以用任何时态）2）主过去从过去相应（主句一般过去时，从句过去的相应时态）v从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象时，仍用一般现在时。ôDadtoldusthatitisbettertodothantosay.ôHetoldtheboythatthreeandthreeissix.ôHetoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesun.根据主句时态确定从句时态主句时态从句时态连接前连接后一般现在时时态保持不变一般过去时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时否定转移主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,80 初中英语语法精讲guess等，并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.Idon’tthinkhewillcometomyparty.而不能说成Ithinkhewon’tcometomyparty.我认为他不会来我的舞会.Idon’tbelievethatmaniskilledbyJim,ishe?我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的，是不是?如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词，其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。Wefindthatheneverlistenstotheteachercarefully,doeshe?我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是?*宾语从句练习*(排除法---语序、时态、引导词)1.Idon’tknowtheyhavepassedtheexam.A.whatB.ifC.whenD.where2.Ihardlyunderstandhehastoldme.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.who3.SheaskedLucysheneededsomemoretea.A.ifB.whereC.whatD.that4.--Doyouknowthegirlinredis?--I’mnotsure.Maybeateacher.A.whenB.howC.whereD.what5.Couldyoutellmewhere?A.areyoustudyB.youarestudyC.doyoustudyD.youstudy6.SheaskedLindaifgoandgetsomewater.A.shewillB.shewouldC.shecanD.shemay7.Lindasaidthemoonroundtheearth.A.travelledB.hastravelledC.travelsD.hadtravelled8.MissGreendidn’ttellusin2012.A.wheredoessheliveB.whereshelivesC.wheredidsheliveD.whereshelived9.wedon’tkonwwhenhe.Hewillcalluswhenshe.80 初中英语语法精讲A.willcome;comesBcomes;willcomeC.comes;comesD.willcome;willcome10.Nobodyknows.A.wheredoesheworkB.whereheworksC.wheredidheworkD.wherehework第十讲定语从句一、概念:在复合句中充当定语，修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句.(相当于形容词的作用)二、图解先行词和关系词q先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。q关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。80 初中英语语法精讲q先行词、关系词对等关系。关系词的作用：①引导定语从句②指代先行词③在定语从句中充当某种成分三、关系代词的用法先行词指代在从句中作的成分例句who人主语/宾语（代替whom）Thisisthemanwhowashurtbadly.whom人宾语whose人/物定语that人/物主语/宾语which人/物主语/宾语注：关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。★定语从句的关系代词的判断1.看指代（指代人还是物）2.看成分（作主语,宾语,定语,表语或状语）★只能用that的情况(序--高--代--双---特)①先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时②先行词被every,some,any,no,all,little,few,much等修饰时。③先行词是everything,something,anything,nothing,all,little,much等不定代词时④当先行词同时含有人和物时⑤主句已有who或which时⑥先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。★只能用who的情况当先行词指人，是one,ones,someone,anyone或those时用who80 初中英语语法精讲★只能用that的情况在非限定性定语从句中只能用which★介词提前关系代词前有介词时(介词提前)，指人只用whom,指物只用which注意:固定动介词组不可分割,介词不能提前.例如:lookafter,lookat,lookfor…1. Doyoulikethebookshespent$10?2. Doyoulikethebookshepaid$10?3. Doyoulikethebookshelearnedalot?4. Doyoulikethebooksheoftentalks?5. Heboughtanewpenhecouldwrite.6.TheboyIspokelastnightisgoodatart.*定语从句精练*1、Doyouknowthemanistalkingwithyourfather?2、TheboystheteachertalkedtoarefromClassOne.3、Thosewanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.4、Isthisthefactory_alotofstudentsvisitedyesterday?5、Pleaseshowmethebook_youboughtyesterday.6、Themanwasherejustnowisadoctor.7、Thereisaseatinthecornerisstillfree.8、Achildparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.9、Theboycompositionwonthefirstprizeistheyoungestinthegroup.10、Australiaisnolongertheplaceitusedtobe.11、TherearelotsofthingsIneedtopreparebeforethetrip.12、--Whatdoyouusuallydoinyourfreetime?--IenjoyreadinginthelibraryIlosemyselfinaworldofgoodbooks.13、ThegirlwonthegoldmedalcomesfromBeijingSunshineSecondarySchool.14、--Haveyoufoundtheinformation(信息)aboutthefamouspeople_____youcanuseforthereport?80 初中英语语法精讲--Notyet.I’llsearchsomeontheInternet.15、Jamieisayoungcook____wantstoimproveschooldinners.16、Istillrememberthepark_____wefirstmet.17.Ican’tforgetthetime______theearthquake(地震)happenedinWenchuan.18.TheTVplayisaboutatruestory_____happenedinMianyangin1998.19.That’stheman______housewasdestroyedinthestorm.20.Thegirl______IjusttalkedwithisBen’ssister.第十讲状语从句一、时间状语从句引导词含义用法when当...时候接短暂动词或延续性动词；突然...while当...时候接延续性动词，动作同时发生；表分工；表对比、转折as主句从句动作几乎同时发生；表示随时间推移assoonas一...就...until直到...才肯定形式until/till，延续性动词，till不能放句首；否定形式，只能用not...until...瞬间动词before在...前after在...后since自从...二、原因状语从句引导词用法because根本原因，语气最强，不能与so连用。只能用because回答why问句；用于强调句型时；被not否定时。becauseof是介词短语，不能接句子。as已知原因。从说话人的角度，原因很明显，但并非句中的重心。80 初中英语语法精讲since已知原因。since比as正式一些。for不是直接原因，而是表示从结果推断的原因，即倒果为因。（并列句））*because引导的从句如果放在句末且有逗号隔开，可以用for代替。一、结果状语从句（如此...以致于...）so...that...such...that...二、目的状语从句（为了...）inorderthat+句子可以放句首从句中通常有情态动词can,could,will,would,mayinorderto+动词原形sothat+句子不可以放句首从句中通常有情态动词can,could,will,would,maysoasto+动词原形三、条件状语从句（假设）if如果...unless如果不...=ifnotaslongas只要※时态：“主将从现”。四、让步状语从句though,although,evenif,eventhough,不能与but连用,但可以和yet连用。第十讲主谓一致定义：谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语一致。主谓一致原则：①语法一致②意义一致③就近原则80 初中英语语法精讲（一）语法一致原则1.主单—谓单；主复—谓复TostudyEnglishwellnoteasy.Whathesaidveryimportantforusall.Readinginthesunbadforyoureyes.2.由连接词and或both…and…连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。LucyandLilytwins.BothsheandheYoungPioneers.3.若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。Thewriterandartist(be)26.Thewriterandtheartist(be)26.Forkandknife(be)usedinsteadofchopsticks.4.主语+干扰成分。主语后有with,including,except,like,aswellas,besides,等干扰成分时,谓语动词与其主语一致。Theteacherwithtwostudents____atthemeeting.(was/were)E-mail,aswellasthetelephones,________playinganimportantpartindailycommunication.5.either,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。Eachofusanewbook.（have）Everythingaroundusmatter.由each,every,no,manya所修饰的词，即使用and连接作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。e.g.Eachmanandwoman____thesamerights.6.如果集合名词指的是整体,谓语动词用单数;如果指个体,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有group,team,family,class,club,crowd,population等.MyfamilyverypoorwhenIwasyoung.Theclasstalkingwhentheteachercamein.注意：people,police,一般都用作复数。7.anumberof"许多"+复数名词,谓语用复数;Anumberofapples_onthetable.80 初中英语语法精讲thenumberof"…的数量",谓语用单数。Thenumberofappleslarge.(二)意义一致原则1.what,who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。Whichyourbag?Whichyourbags?Allgoingwell.2.表示“时间、重量、长度、价值、金钱"等复数名词作主语时,看作整体时，谓语动词用单数Thirtyminutesenoughforthework.Amillionpoundsalargesumofmoney.Ahundredmilescoveredinasinglenight.1.一些学科名词是以-ics结尾,如:mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等,都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。Thepaperworksbuiltin1990.Ithinkphysicseasytostudy.2.trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,等由两部分构成的物体名词作主语时,谓语用复数。但如果这些名词前有a(the)pairof等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。3."the+形容词",表示某一类人时,动词用复数。4.thehalf/therest/most/分数词+of+名词作主语，谓语动词应根据这些名词所指代的单复而定。5.kind/sort/typeof作主语，谓语动词按kind/sort/type的单复而定。Thiskindofcarisexpensive.Thesekindsofcarshavetheiruse.复数名词+thiskind/sort/type作主语，谓语动词用复数。Questionsofthatkindareverydifficult.(一)就近原则谓语动词该用单数还是用复数形式，取决于最邻近它的名词、代词或其它词的单复数。Either…or…或者…或者…，不是…就是，要么…要么…并列主语Neither…nor…既不…也不…80 初中英语语法精讲Notonly…butalso…不但…而且…Not…but…不是…而是….Therebe……某地有…*主谓一致精练*1.Bothboys(have)theirownhobbies.　2.TheclassbusyingwritingEnglishpassages.3.NeitheryounorIwrong.4.ThenovelistandpoetgoingtoEuropenextyear.5.ThenovelistandthepoetgoingtoEuropenextyear6.MyfamilyverypoorwhenIwasalittlegirl.7.Everymanandwomanatworknow.8.Noneofus______(have)gotaTV.9.Neitherofus______beentoNewYork.10.Therich_______(have)muchmoney.11.(be)thereanypolicearound?12.Hisfamily(be)notlarge.13.Hisfamilyverywell.14.15.Nonewsgoodnews.16.Bequiet!Here(come)theteacher.17.Oneortwodaysenoughtoseethecity.18.NeithermywifenorImyself____abletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.19.Thenumberofthestudentsinourschool1200.20.Theboywiththetwodogssleepingwhentheearthquakerockedthecity.第十讲情景交际80 初中英语语法精讲Greetings:问候答语Thanks致谢答语--Goodmorning!--Goodmorning!---Thankyou(verymuch).---Youarewelcome.--Nicetomeetyou.--Nicetomeetyou,too.---Manythanks.---That’sallright.--Howdoyoudo?--Howdoyoudo?---Thanksalot.---Notatall.---Howareyou?---Fine,thanks,andyou?---Mypleasure.道歉答语语言交际困难---Sorry.---Nevermind.Pardon?Idon’tunderstand.---I’msosorry.---That’sallright.=Pardonplease?Sorry,Ican’tfollowyou.---Itdoesn’tmatter.=Ibegyourpardon.Couldyousaythatagain?=Ican’tcatchit.Canyourepeatthat?提醒注意祝愿同意不同意Don"t’forget…Haveagoodtime!Sure.=OK.=Allright.Noway.Rememberto…Enjoyyourself!=Certainly.=Ofcourse.Idon’tagree.Lookout!Havefun!Iagree.=Noproblem.I’mafraidnot.Becareful.Congratulations!Ithinkso.=Exactly.Idon’tthinkso.Goodluck!Goodidea.Bestwishestoyou!Soudsgreat!Wishyousuccess.Whynot..问路问询职业问询国籍Excuseme.Whereisthe…?What’syourjob/opportunity?Whatnationalityareyou?=Canyoutellmethewayto…=Whatdoyoudo?=What’syournationality?=Canyoutellmehowtogetto…=HowcanIgetto…问询时刻问询星期几问询日期Whattimeisit?=What’sthetime?Whatdayistoday?What’sthedatetoday?80 初中英语语法精讲=CanIhaveyourwatch?问询天气/气候问询价钱问状况What’stheweather/climatelike?What’sthepriceof...?What’sthematterwithyou?=Howistheweather/climate?=Howmuchisit?What’swrongwithyou?=Howmuchdoesitcost?What’sup?问询数量问询时段问询频度Howmany+复数名词Howlong...（一段时间）Howoften...Howmuch+不可数名词Howsoon...(将来时)问询距离Howfar…好消息坏消息鼓舞，安慰I’mgladtohearthat.I’msorrytohearthat.Don’tworry.Congratulations.Whatapity!=Whatashame!Takeiteasy.That’sgreat!That’stoobad.Takeyourtime.Badluck.第十讲词义辨析1.方位介词on,over,aboveon:表面接触Thereisashiptheriver.over:在垂直的正上方<反>underThereisbridgetheriver.above:高于，不一定垂直<反>belowThereisaplaneflyingthebridge.2.in,on,to+方位名词in:在范围内的某个方向BeijingistheNorthofChina.on:两个平等的范围相互搭界HunanisthesouthofHubei.to:两个平等的范围不搭界JapanistheeastofChina.3.infrontof,inthefrontof80 初中英语语法精讲infrontof:在…前面(范围之外)inthefrontof:在…的前部(范围之内)ThereisacarthehouseandTomsitsthecar.4.cross,across,throughcross:v.穿过，越过Don’tthestreetwhenthelightisred.across:prep.从表面横穿Becarefulwhenwalkingthestreet.through:prep.从内部空间穿ThegirlswamtheEnglishChannellastmonth.HuangpujingrunsShanghaicity.5.inthetree,onthetreeinthetree:不是树上结的东西Therearetwobirdsandamonkeythetree.onthetree:树上长的Therearemanybigapplesthetree.1.with,in,by,throughwith:用工具withapen/withahammerin:用语言、材料、书写的方式inEnglish/inink/inpaint/inLargeLetters/inshorthandby:用方式、方法、手段bybus/byhand/byteachingthrough:通过…途径throughhardwork2.infuture,inthefutureinfuture:=fromnowon从今以后的全部将来inthefuture:将来的某一时刻ImuststudyhardinfutureandIwillsucceedinthefuture.3.sound,noise,voicesound:泛指一切声音noise：噪音80 初中英语语法精讲voice：嗓音1.job,workjob:n.可数。工作,职业,任务,职责。work:v.&n.不可数。2.accept,receiveaccept:主动接受。强调主观。receive:收到。强调客观情况3.alone,lonelyaloneadj.表语独自的，一个人的客观adv.状语单独地，独自地lonelyadj.表语孤独的，寂寞的主观定语偏僻的，荒凉的，孤独的Iwastravellingaloneinthelonelymountain.Ididn’tfeellonelythoughIwasalone.4.穿戴puton后接衣服强调穿的动作Putonthecoat.wear后接衣服强调穿戴的状态Sheiswearingabluedressandaminkcoat.dress后接人dresssb.(动作)给别人穿衣服dressoneself(动作)给自己穿衣服bedressedin+衣服(状态)in后接颜色或衣服强调状态Sheisinareddress.haveonTheEmperorhadnothingonatall.5.花费80 初中英语语法精讲take时间主语it或物Ittakessb.+时间+todosth.spend金钱/时间主语人sb.+spend+金钱/时间+onsth.+(in)doingsth.cost金钱/时间主语物sth.+cost+sb.+金钱/时间pay金钱主语人sb.+pay+金钱+forsth.1.say,speak,tell,talk,chatsayvt.说，讲。强调说的内容。vi.和…说。saytosb.speakvt.讲某种语言vi.侧重讲的动作。speaktosb.tellvt.告诉,讲述(story,lie,joke,truth)tellsb.Sth.=tellsth.tost.talkvi.谈话,谈论talkabouttalkwith/tosb.2.制造bemadeof+原材料(看得见)Wineismadegrapes.bemadefrom+原材料(看不见多种材料混合)ThiscarismadeGermany.bemadein+产地Cottonismadeclothes.bemadeby+制造者Thehouseismadewood.bemadeinto+成品MykiteismadeUncleTom.3.borrow,lend,keepborrowsth.fromsb.借入，往里借lendsthtosb.借出，向外借keep+时间段持有80 初中英语语法精讲1.steal,robstealsth.fromsb./sp.从某人/某地那里偷某物robsb/sp.ofsth.抢某人/某地某物2.usedtousedtodo过去常常做某事be/getusedtodoing习惯做某事beusedtodo被用来做…Myfatherusedto(drive)towork,butnowheisusedto(walk).3.look,see,watch,readlook:看，(动作)vi.lookatsee:看见(结果)watch:观看(电视，戏剧，比赛，演出)read：阅读(书报杂志)4.listen,hearlisten:听(动作)vi.listentohear:听见(结果)5.lookfor,find,findoutlookfor:寻找(动作)find:发现(结果)findout:通过调查发现、查明事实，真相一言辨异：Shelookedforherlostringeverywhere,butshedidn’tfindit.Thenextdayshefoundoutthataboyhadstolenit.6.discover,invent80 初中英语语法精讲discover:发现。偶然原本就存在的东西或事实真相。ColumbusdiscoveredNewContinent.invent:发明。原本没有的，创造出来的Edisoninventedthelight.1.sleep,asleep,sleepysleep:n.&v.睡觉gotosleep;sleepagoodsleepasleep:adj.（表语）fallasleepbeasleepsleepy:adj.困倦的feelsleepysleeping:n.（定语）sleepingbag/sleepingcar/asleepingbaby2.睡觉gotobed上床，就寝。强调动作gotosleep入睡，睡着了。强调结果fallasleep自然而然，不知不觉睡着。强调动作beasleep睡着了的。强调状态24.bestrictin,bestrictwithbestrictinsth.:对某事(工作、学习)严格要求bestrictwithsb.:对某人严格要求。Studentsmustbestricttheirstudyandteachersmustbestricttheirstudents.3.bring,take,fetch,carrybring带来从别处带到说话人这里take带走从说话人这里带到别处fetch去取=goandgetcarry拿，运送，肩扛手提，不标明方向4.die,dead,dying,death,dieof,diefrom80 初中英语语法精讲dievi.死。瞬间动词deadadj.无生命的,死的dying现在分词垂死的,要死的deathn.死亡dieof死于…(疾病,衰老)内部原因diefrom死于…(地震,事故)外部原因27.havegoneto,havebeento,havebeenin,havebeenawayhavegoneto:去了某地havebeento:去过某地havebeenin:在某地呆着（一段时间）havebeenaway离开某地（一段时间）28.…enoughto…,too…to……enoughto…足够…而能够(做)too…to…太…而不能(做)29.befamousfor,befamousasbefamousfor因…而著名(不同概念)ChinaisfamoustheGreatWall.befamousas作为…而出名(同一概念)Chinaisfamousanancientcountry.30.besides,except,exceptfor,besides:除了…之外(还)，附加关系+法=inadditiontoexcept:除了…之外，排除关系-法不可放在句首,用exceptfor代替English,theyalsostudymaths,physicsandchemistry.HegoestoschoolSunday.Heansweredallthequestionsthelastone.80 初中英语语法精讲31.sometime,sometime,sometimes,sometimessometime一段时间Ittookmetofinishthereport.sometimeadv.某时Wewillmeetnextweek.sometimes几次，几倍WehavebeentotheGreatWall.sometimes偶尔，有时Shegoestoschoolonfoot.口诀:分开是“一段”相聚在“某时”；分开s是“倍次”相连s是”有时“32.Howmany多少？对数量提问(可数)Howmuch多少？对数量提问(不可数)Howlong多长时间？对for+时间段提问Howsoon多久以后？对将来时中in+时间段提问Howfar多远？对距离提问Howoften多长时间一次？对频率提问33.hearof/about,hearfromhearof/about:听说。间接听到或听说某人某事。hearfrom:收到…来信34.manageto,tryto,trydoingmanagetodo:设法做成某事trytodo:企图，设法去做某事trydoing:尝试做某事35.参观，拜访visitsp/sb.光顾、参观某地;看望、拜访某人callatsp.80 初中英语语法精讲callonsb.dropinatsp.dropinonsb.36.forget,leave,loseforget记不起，忘记了leave把某物落在某地，lose丢了，找不到了37.到达arrive不及物arrivein/atget不及物gettoreach及物38.anumberof,thenumberofanumberof:大量，许多，后接复数名词,谓语动词用复数thenumberof:…的数量。中心词是number,谓语动词用单数Anumberofteachersarepresenttoday,thenumberofthemis300.39.muchtoo,toomuch,toomanymuchtoo:太,非常，后接形容词或副词。Hecan’twriteonacard.toomuch:太多,后接不可数名词,或修饰行为动词,置于句末。Thereiswaterhere.toomany:太多，后接复数名词There’reapplesonthetree.40.compareto,comparewithcompare…to…:把…比作…(有相似性)Heoftencomparestheworldtoastage.compare…to/with…:把…和…相比较(有对比性)Don’tcomparemyplanwithothers.80 初中英语语法精讲41.Itis+adj.+forsb.todo对某人来说做某事是…...的。强调客观。easy,hard,difficult,possible,impossibleItis+adj.+ofsb.todo某人是…的去做某事。强调主观。good,kind,nice,honest,clever42.Whatishelike?他是个什么样的人？指内在特征。kind,nice,clever,honest,shy,polite,quiet,frank,Whatdoeshelooklike?他长的什么样子？指外在特征。beautiful,pretty,smart,handsome,tall,short,fat,Howdoyoulike...?=Whatdoyouthinkof...?你认为...怎么样？问观点，看法。附录动词短语80 初中英语语法精讲beawaybreakdowncalloncomeoutcutinbebackbreakintocallatcomeupwithcutintobein/outbreakoutcallforcomearoundcutdownbeonburstoutcalloutcomeoncutoffbeovercalloffcometruecutupbeuptocomeacrossfalloffgettogiveuplookatlookaroundfalldowngeton/offgiveinlookforlookintofallovergetinto/outofgiveawaylooklikelookupfallintogetovergiveoutlookafterlookdownonfallbehindgeton/alongwithgiveofflookout(for)lookthroughgetthroughlookoverlookforwardtobemadeofpayforputuptakeofftakeplacebemadefrompaybackputontakeuptakecareofbemadeinpayoffputouttakedowntakeafterbemadeintoputofftakeouttakeone’sadvicebemadebypickupputawaytakeovertakeone’stime.bemadeupforpickoutputdowntakeawayTakeiteasy.pickoffputupwithtakeone’stemperaturetakemedicineturnonsetupsendupagreewithcatchupwithturnoffsetoff/outsendforagreetokeepupwithturnupsetaboutsendoutagreeoncatchholdofturndownshowoffsendoffcatchsightofturntosb.forhelpshowsb.around80 初中英语语法精讲dosomecleaninggoshoppinggoforaholidaymakesuremakeanoisedosomewashinggoswimminggowrongmakeupmakeaspeechdosomecookinggoclimbinggoovermakeupone’smindmakefriendsdoone’sbestgofishinggooutmakeprogressmakeapromisedosb.afavorgoskatingmakeadecisionmakefilmgosightseeingmakeamistakemakethebedhaveacoldhavefungetupstayupfindouthaveafeverwakeupdressupsellouthaveatoothachewarmupsaveuppointouthavearesthelp...with...growupcleanuphandouthavealookhelp...outtidyupclearuprunafterhaveagoodtimecan’thelpdoingmakeupuseuprunoutof80