英语语法词性和句子成分 33页

英语基础语法复习巩固 一、词性的分类 一、词性的分类词类又叫词性（partofspeech），英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分十个大类。1名词nounn.2代词pronounpron.3形容词adjectiveadj.4副词adverbadv.5动词verbv.6数词numeralnum.7冠词articleart.8介词prepositionprep.9连词conjunctionconj.10感叹词interjectioninterj. 其他词性缩写c=可数名词，countablenoun的缩写u=不可数名词，uncountablenoun的缩写pl=复数，plural的缩写vi=不及物动词，intransitiveverb的缩写vt=及物动词，transitiveverb的缩写 you你happy高兴的three三quickly迅速地student学生cut砍、割a一个at在...and和oh哦pron.adj.num.adv.n.v.art.prep.conj.interj.(感叹词)Ex.Writedownthepartofspeechofthefollowingwords: 十大词类名词----------表示人或事物的名称形容词-------表示人或事物的特征副词----------修饰动词、形容词、或其他副词动词----------表示动作或状态代词----------代替名词、数词数词----------表示数量或顺序冠词----------限制名词的意义介词-------表示名词、代词和其他词的关系连词-------连接词与词或句与句 二、英语句子成分 （一）主语：一个句子所叙述的主体，表示句子所说的是：“什么人”或“什么事物”1.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.2.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.3.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.4.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.主语的位置是？？？1.一般位于句首或谓语之前。 Isyourfatheralawyeroradoctor?Hasshegotabigflat?Shallwehaveaswimwithyourfriends?2.疑问句的主语在系动词、助动词、情态动词之后Sitdown,please.Comein,please.3.祈使句中主语常省略 Gonearethedayswhenfarmersliveinthepoorhouses.Nosoonerhadshegivenhimawelcomethanshewentintopreparehimameal.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.Thereisaclockonthewall.OncetherelivedakingcalledLear.Theregoesthebell!倒装句的主语在系动词、助动词、情态动词之后Therebe结构中主语在be动词之后 （名词）（代词）（数词）（动名词）（从句）1.One-thirdisproduced.2.Runningdoesgoodtothehealth.3.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.4.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.5.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.7.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.8.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（不定式）（名词化的形容词）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） 1.Honestisafinequalityofhumanbeingsandthereforeweshouldnottelllies.2.Helpothersistohelpourselves.3.DoalotofhouseworkdayandnightmadeCatherinebecomeweakerandweaker.4.Liuxianggotthefirstplaceinthe2004OlympicGamesshockedpeopleallovertheworld.5.Inmyopinion,visituniversitiesisjustapopularculture.单句改错（只有一处错误）。 （二）谓语：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Shetakesgoodcareofhersickmother.2、复合谓语：（1）情态动词+动词原形。HecanspeakFrenchveryfluently.Shedoesn’tseemtolikedancing.（2）系动词+表语。Thefilmisinteresting.Helookedabitexcited. 6.ItiswarmherealltheyearroundbecauseGuangzhoulocatedinthemiddleofGuangdongprovince.7.TogetpreparedfortheAsianGames,Guangzhoubuilt82sportscourtssofar.8.Itnotonlyhavealotofhigh-risebuilding,butisalsofamousforthescenicspots.9.Canitattractsthetouristsfromhomeandabroad?单句改错（只有一处错误）。 （三）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Pleasetakethemtothewaitingroom.3.Ihavethree.4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Maryenjoysplayingthepiano.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词）（代词）（数词）（名词化形容词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（从句） （1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.Weconsidertheanswerwrong. （四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词之后。1.YangLiweiisanastronaut.2.That’sallIwanttotellyou.3.Threetimesfouristwelve.4.Theweatherhasturnedwarm.5.Thespeechisexcitingandthestudentsareexcited.6.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.7.MyjobistoteachEnglish.8.Ourteacherisn’tin.Heisout.9.Heisingoodhealth.10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad. 系动词：描述稳定状态：be描述变化或结果：get,become,turn,grow,go,prove,fall描述表象或感官效果：look,appear,seem,smell,taste,sound,feel,描述持续状态：keep,stay,remain, （五）定语：起修饰作用，翻译成“……的”1.Heisacleverboy.2.Yourhairneedscutting.3.There’sonlyonewaytodoit.4.Thereisababygirl.5.Wecannotusesleepingpillsatrandom.6.Theretiredworkerfindlifeboring.7.That’sthewaytodoit.8.ThisisamapofChina.9.Canyouhelpmetocleantheroomabove.10.Thecarthat’sparkedoutsideismine. 状语(副词)的位置：1.ShespeaksFrenchfluently.2.Iusuallyeatbreakfastathome.3.Youneedn’talwayshelpme.4.Heisalwayscomplaining.5.Thelocalpeopleareverykindtothevisitors.6.Theroomisbigenoughtohold80people.7.Heneverstudies.Instead,heplaysallday.谓语(+宾语)后频度副词位于被修饰动词前，be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。被修饰词前(enough特殊)修饰全句或起连接作用的副词放在句首（六）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子 1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.4.Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）状语的种类： 6.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.7.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.8.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.9.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.10.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语） （七）补足语：宾语补足语:补充说明宾语，使句意完整。1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Pleaselethimin.4.Theteacheradvisedthestudentstohavearest.5.Iseeherenteringasupermarket.6.Hejusthadhishaircut. 划分句子成份1.Themachinerunssmoothly.2.Whyhediditwillremainapuzzleforever.3.Theyhavesetupanetworkoffinancialadvicecentre.4.Mr.Chen,thedirectorofGrade3,isknownforhishumor.5.Themanwenttotheshopwithallthemoneyhehad. 6.Helefthereatsixinthemorninginordertocatchtheplane.7.OurEnglishteacher,MsWang,isverykindtous.8.Tooursurprise,hehaschangedgreatly.9.Itisnotagoodideatodriveforfourhourswithoutabreak.10.Shewasthesecondtoenterthereadingroom. 11.Hishairhasturnedgray,andlineshaveappearedonhisface.12.Sheislookingintothebox.13.Mr.Wutoldusafunnystoryyesterday.14.Heboughtmeapen.15.Wemadehimourmonitor.16.Heaskedmetohelphimoutofthedebt. 三、句子类型按结构分1、简单句2、并列句3、复合句 简单句:由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。即一套主谓关系。AllroadsleadtoRome.1、一个主语和一个谓语动词Theteacherandthechildrenareplaying.2、并列主语和一个谓语动词Hegotup,dressedquickly,washedhimselfandwentout.3、一个主语和并列谓语TomandMarycameandgavemeapresent.4、并列主语和并列谓语 I.简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+不及物动词：Wework.2、主语+系动词+表语：Heisastudent.3、主语+及物动词+宾语：4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补) 判断下列简单句的类型(1)Theproblemishardtosolve.(2)Thepenwritessmoothly.(3)Ishowedhimmyoldpictures.(4)Barkingdogsseldombite.(5)WeenjoyourselvesthisNewYear’sDaythisyear.(6)Helen’sfaceturnedred.(7)Headmitshismistakes.(8)Mothercookedmeadeliciousmeal.(9)Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.(10)Newmethodsmakethejobeasy. Ex.判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom.4.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.简单句复合句简单句并列句6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant.9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboysomeflowers.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.复合句复合句简单句简单句 听歌学英文 “I’mabigbiggirlinabigbigworldIt’snotabigbigthingifyouleaveme.ButIdofeelthatIdowillmissyoumuch.”Icanseethefirstleaffalling.It’sallyellowandnice.It’ssoverycoldoutsidelikethewayI’mfeelinginside.Outsideit’snowrainingandtearsarefallingfrommyeyes.whydidithavetohappen?Whydiditallhavetoend?Ihaveyourarmsaroundmewoohlikefire.ButwhenIopenmyeyes,you’regone.