张道真实用英语语法课件chapter 3 30页

Chapter3Nouns Warming-upGroupdiscussionTopicfordiscussion:Whatisanoun?Doyouknowwhichwordsbelongtonouns? IntroductionDefinitionAnounisawordusedtonameaperson,animal,place,thing,andabstractidea.Nounsareusuallythefirstwordswhichsmallchildrenlearn.Thehighlightedwordsinthefollowingsentencesareallnouns:e.g.Latelastyearourneighboursboughtagoat.PortiaWhitewasanoperasinger.Thebusinspectorlookedatallthepassengers"passes.AccordingtoPlutarch,thelibraryatAlexandriawasdestroyedin48B.C. IntroductionA.Classificationa.ProperNouns①Person’snamee.g.Diana,MrsGreen,PresidentClinton,etc.②Thenameofplacee.g.Beijing,WestLake,theYellowRiver,etc. IntroductionA.Classificationa.ProperNouns③Thenameofcertainpeoplee.g.Americans,Russians,Democrats,etc.④Thenameofsomeabstractthingse.g.English,Buddhism,Christianity,etc. IntroductionA.Classificationa.ProperNouns⑤Thenameofmonths,weekdays,andfestivalse.g.May,Saturday,Easter,etc.⑥Thenameofbooks,films,andpoemse.g.ATaleofTwoCities,GonewiththeWind,etc.⑦Theaddresstothefamilymemberse.g.Mum,Dad,UncleTom,etc. IntroductionA.Classificationb.CommonNouns①IndividualNounsThenounswhichindicatethespecificpersonorthing,hasboththesingularformandthepluralform.e.g.Hehastwoaunts.②CollectiveNounse.g.aristocracy,army,audience,cast,etc. IntroductionA.Classificationb.CommonNouns③MaterialNounsThethingsthatcannotbedividedintosmallerpartsarecalledmaterialnouns.e.g.beer,coffee,fabric,fertilizer,etc.④AbstractNounsCharacteristics:1)abstract2)uncountable3)nopluralform4)withouta/anaheadofit(incommoncondition)e.g.absence,age,agriculture,etc. IntroductionB.Countablenoun&Uncountablenouna.SomenounsareuncountableinEnglish,butcountableinChinesee.g.Furniture,equipment,clothing,news,etc.b.Somenounscanbebothcountableanduncountablee.g.glass,copper,youth,etc. IntroductionB.Countablenoun&Uncountablenounc.Someindividualnounscanbechangedasabstractonese.g.Theyarebuildinganewschool.Hefinishedschoolatsixteen.d.Somepairednounsareonecountable,theotheruncountablee.g.poem(C.)—poetry(Uc.)machine(C.)—machinery(Uc.) IntroductionC.ThepluralFormofNounsa.Theregularform①+-s/-es(commoncondition)+-es(s,x,ch,sh)consonant+-y→i+-es(consonant+y)Thepronunciationof“-(e)s”/s/(after/p/,/t/,/k/,/f/)/iz/(after/s/,/z/,etc.)/z/ IntroductionC.ThepluralFormofNounsa.Theregularform②Endedwith“-o”+-ese.g.heroes,potatoes,echoes,etc.Exceptions:1)Vowel+o/oo+-se.g.videos,radios,studios,etc.2)Someloanwordse.g.pianos,concertos,solos,etc.3)Someabbreviationsandpropernounse.g.kilos,photos,micros,etc. IntroductionC.ThepluralFormofNounsa.Theregularform③Endedwith–f/-fef→v+-ese.g.half–halveswolf—wolvesExceptions:/fs/e.g.roof–roofscliff-cliffsproof–proofs IntroductionC.ThepluralFormofNounsb.Theirregularform①man—menwoman—womenox—oxenpoliceman—policemen②Loanwordse.g.analysis—analysesbasis—basescrisis—crisesthesis—theses IntroductionC.ThepluralFormofNounsc.Otherforms①Compounding+-e(s)e.g.theatre-goersfire-enginesforget-me-nots②Others1)Years+-s/’se.g.the1990s/1990’s Introduction2)Abbreviations+-s/-’se.g.VIPs/VIP’s3)Englishletters+-’se.g.e’s,i’s,etc. IntroductionC.ThepluralFormofNounsd.Zeroform①Commoncondition1)Thenameofsomeanimalse.g.bison,deer,reindeer,cod,etc.2)Compounding(-craft)e.g.craft,aircraft,hovercraft,etc.3)Thenameofsomecountriese.g.Chinese,Japanese,etc. Introduction4)Otherse.g.species,means,works,offspring,etc.②Exceptions1)hair/hairse.g.Goandgetyourhaircut.There’rehairsonyourjacket.2)fruit/fruitse.g.Hedoesnoteattoomuchfruit.Therethemostcommonfruitsarepear,appleandpeach.3)fish/fishese.g.Icaughtafish(twofish).We’llgoandlookatthefishesintheaquarium. IntroductionC.ThepluralFormofNounse.Pluralnouns①Somenounsareusuallyusedinpluralformse.g.scissors,trousers,pliers,etc.②Somenounsendedwith–sarenotthepluralonese.g.diabetes,rickets,physics,etc.③Somenounsareinpluralformtoindicateacertainmeaninge.g.seethesightstheauthorities ThePossessiveCaseofNounsA.Formation’s(apostrophes)thepossessivecaseofnounsa.Rules①Singularform+-’se.g.Philip’snewaddresshersister-in-law’smother②Pluralform+’e.g.workers’restrooms’theofficers’livingquarters③Pluralform(without–(e)s)+’se.g.children’sbookstheWorkingPeople’sPalaceofCulture④–s+’s/’e.g.Engels’sworks ThePossessiveCaseofNounsA.Formationb.Pronunciation/s/(after/p/,/t/,/k/,/f/voicelessconsonant)/iz/(after/s/,/z/,/t∫/,/∫/,/dЗ/)/z/(Otherconditions) ThePossessiveCaseofNounsB.Usagea.Oftenusedinthenounsindicatingpersons,toshowsb’sbelongingse.g.IsthisMr.Black’soffice?b.Usedinsomeadvancedandloweranimals’namee.g.bird’seye,mare’s,ewe’s ThePossessiveCaseofNounsB.Usagec.Aftersomelifelessnouns①Timee.g.yesterday’sI’llneverforgetthatnight’sexperience.②Distance,pricee.g.Theparkisastone’sthrowfromhere.③Nation,citye.g.ThatwasthefirsttimeIhadleftEngland’sshore.④Mass,organizatione.g.Wesatinthestation’swaiting-roomuntilevening. ThePossessiveCaseofNounsB.Usaged.Insomefixedphrasese.g.I’lltaketheriskforfriendship’ssake. ThePossessiveCaseofNounsC.Significancea.Activerelatione.g.John’sgifttoMarrywasawatch.b.Passiverelatione.g.Everybodyissingingthefighter’spraise.c.Featurese.g.Theyoungboyhasaman’svoice.d.’s+of→phrasee.g.IsawaplayofShaw"s. ThePossessiveCaseofNounsD.Someomissionsa.Toavoidrepetitione.g.“Whoseseatitis?”“ItisMary’s.”b.Toshowchurches,shops,etc.e.g.WevisitedSt.Paul’s(Cathedral).Hewentintoastationer’stobuyaruler.c.Toshowsb’shousee.g.Hehadtogotohissister’sfordinner. TheGenderofNounsA.Masculine&Feminineforma.Thenounsofpersonse.g.god—goddessprince—princessb.Thenounsofanimalse.g.lion—lionesstiger—tigressB.Mostofthewordscannotbedividedintomasculineandfeminineforms,butcanshowthegenderprovidedaddingmanorwoman,etc.e.g.amanservant,awomanworker,amalemonkey,ashe-wolf ThefunctionsofnounsinthesentenceA.Subjecte.g.Knowledgeispower.B.Predicativee.g.Smokingismyonlyweakness.C.Objecte.g.Theyagreedtofaxustheirproposalstomorrow. ThefunctionsofnounsinthesentenceD.Appositivee.g.Thisisourdepartmenthead,Dr.Owen.E.DirectAddresse.g.Comein,Mrs.Patterson.F.Attributee.g.WeboughtanewcolorTV. AssignmentReviewChapter3ReviewtheuseofpossessivenounsExercisesofnounsPreviewChapter4