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  • 2022-06-17 15:31:47 发布

高中英语语法之虚拟语气讲解

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【TheSubjunctiveMood】  语气(mood)是一种动词形式,用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种:陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。  直陈语气(indicativemood),表示所说的话是事实。  祈使语气(imperativemood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。  虚拟语气(subjunctivemood),表示说的话不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。  一.虚拟语气在条件句中的应用  学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类:条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。  如:  Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,Iwillgoforapicnic.假若明天不下雨,我就去野餐。  Oilfloatsifyoupouritonwater.你如把油倒在水里,油就浮起来。  虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。 条件从句主句与现在事实相违背过去式(动词是be用were)should/would/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相违背had+过去分词should/would/could/might+have+过去分词与未来事实相违背1)should+动词原形2)were+动词不定式3)过去式(动词是Be也可以用were)should/would/could/might+动词原形  1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were),主句的谓语用should(would,might,could)+动词原形。  如:  Ifitwerenotraining,weshouldgoforapicnic.如果现在不下雨的话,我们就出去野餐了。  (事实是:天在下雨,我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。)  Ifhecamehere,hemightbeabletohelpyou.如果他来这,他就能够帮助你了。  (事实是:他没来这,他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。)  2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词,主句的谓语用should(would,might,could)+have+过去分词。  如:  Shewouldhavegonetothepartyifshehadbeeninvited.    要是当初她被邀请的话,她就会去参加这次聚会了。  (事实是:当时没有人邀请她,因此,她没有来参加聚会。表示后悔。)  Ifshehadn"tcalledme,Iwouldhaveoversleptthismorning.    今天早上,她要是不叫我的话,我就会睡过头了。  (事实是:她今天早上叫我了,我没有睡过头。表示感激。)  3.与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were);should+动词原形;wereto+动词原形,主句用should(would,might,could)+动词原形。  如:  IfIweretobetwentyyearsoldnextyear,IwouldtakethecourseofFrench.    明年我要是二十岁,我就会学法语。   (事实是:我现在已经老了,明年我学不了法语了。)  Ifitshouldfail,Iwouldtryagain.要是失败了,我会再试一次。  (事实是:有可能失败,可我会再试。表示未知。)虚拟过去式有时并不表示“不大可能实现的假设”,而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。  如:  Ifwecaughttheearlytrain,we’dgettherebylunchtime.  假如我们赶上早班火车,到午饭时间我们就会到达那里了。(表希望)  Ifwemissedthetrain,weshouldhavetowaitanhouratthestation.  假如我们赶不上这班火车,我们就得在车站等一小时。(表不希望)  4.混合型的条件句  当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应,这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时(指过去行为),而主句用一般时(指目前状态)。 Hewouldpassthetestifhehadtakenmyadvice.如果他听了我的劝告,他现在会通过考试。  IfIhadspokentohimyesterday,Ishouldknowwhattodonow.  假如昨天我对他说了,现在我就知道该怎么办了。  Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyouhadtakenmyadvice.  假如你接受了我的意见,你现在就会好得多。  如条件从句用ifIwere...,主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。  如:  IfIwerenotbusy,Iwouldhavecome.  假如我不忙,我就会去了。(were表过去)  IfIwereyou,Iwouldgo.  假如我是你,我会去的。(were表现在)  二.连词if的省略  如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were,had和should时,可省略if,把were,had和should放到从句主语前面去,多见于书面语。  Hadyounothelpedme,Ishouldhavefailed.要是没有你的帮助,我就失败了。  Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.假如你处在我的地位,你也会这样干的。  Shouldtheyattackus,we’llwipethemoutcompletely.  假如他们进攻我们,我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。  三.含蓄条件句  虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。  1)条件暗含在短语中。  如:  Butforyourhelpwecouldn’thavesucceededintheexperiment.  如果没有你的帮助,我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含在分词短词butforyourhelp)  WhatwouldIhavedonewithoutyou?如没有你,我会怎么办呢?(条件暗含在介词短语withoutyou中)  Itwouldbeeasiertodoitthisway.这样做会比较容易。  (条件暗含在不定式短语todoitthisway中)  Thissamething,happeninginwartime,amounttodisaster.  同样的事,如发生在战时,就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happeninginwartime中)  Hemusthavethestrengthofahippopotamus,orhenevercouldhavevanquishedthatgreatbeast.他一定是力大如河马,否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or) Alone,hewouldhavebeenterrified.如是单独一人,他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)  2)条件暗含在上下文中。  如:  Youmightstayhereforever.你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含ifyouwantedto)   Wewouldhavesucceeded.我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含ifwehadkepttrying)  Yourreputationwouldberuined.你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含ifyoushouldacceptit)  3)在不少情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件。  如:  Youwouldn’tknow.你不会知道。  Iwouldliketocome.我愿意来。  四.不用if引导的条件从句  虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引外,还可用when,unless,lest,suppose,asif,forfear,incase,oncondition等词语来引导。  如:  Thepeasantspreparedtofeedthecitywhenitshouldbefreed.  农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。  Lestyoushouldnothaveheardall,Ishallbeginatthebeginning.  我怕你没有听全,所以我再从头开始讲一遍。  UnlessIwerewell,Iwouldn’tbeatschool.除非我好了,否则我不会上学。  SupposeyouweregivenachancetostudyinAmerica,wouldyouaccept?  假如给你一个到美国学习的机会,你会接受吗?(suppose或supposing=whatif)  Supposingitwereso?(=Supposingitwereso,whatwouldhappen?)  要是这样的话,会怎么样呢?  Hecanusethebicycleonconditionthatheshouldreturnittomorrow.  如果明天能还回来,他就可以借用这辆自行车。  IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeofmypromise如果我忘了,请提醒我的诺言。  Susaniswalkingslowly,asifsheweretired.苏珊走得很慢,就像是累了似的。  与if一样,上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气,表可能实现或发生的事。  虚拟语气补充讲解(第二课时)  虚拟语气除主要用于条件句(也就是状语从句)外,还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等。  1.虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用  “常用在Itis(was)+形容词/过去分词+that引导的主语从句”的句型中的主语从句要用虚拟语气。主语从句的谓语用should+动词原形(或should+have+过去分词)或只用动词原形(尤其是美国英语)。should在此是助动词,本身并无实义,这种主语从句中的should有时有感情色彩。  It"simportantthatwe(should)workoutaplan.(带有“要求”的含义)  It"sbetterthathegoatonce.(带有“建议”的意思)  ☆用于本句型的形容词并不多,常见形容词有:necessary,important,best,right,impossible,preferable,desirable,imperative,advisable,essential,reserved,urgent,等。  Itisnecessarythathe(should)besentthereatonce.    It"sstrangethatheshouldsayso.   Iwasgladthatheshouldgo.  Itisimportantthatweshouldspeakpolitely.  Itisapitythatsheshouldfaresobadly.  It"srightthatyoushouldthinkthatway.☆用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议要求、命令等动词的过去分词,如suggested,settled,required,requested,demanded,urged,decided,proposed,ordered,desired,advised等。  ItisrequestedthatProfessorLiu(should)giveusalecture.    Itisdesiredthatwe(should)geteverythingreadybytonight.  I’mashamedyoushouldhavedonesuchathing.  Ithasbeensuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.有人建议推迟会议。   Itissettledthatyouleaveus,then?注意:这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气,如:Itwasimportantthathemadeanexplicitstatementonthisscorelastweek.他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明,这是很重要的。  2.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用  1).宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后,其谓语用should+动词原形或只用动词原形的虚拟语气,作为suggest,request,demand,urge,propose,prefer,advise,insist,require,order,command,maintain,ask,object,arrange,desire等动词的宾语。  如:  Thedoctorsuggestedthathenotgothere.医生建议他不要去那里。  Hesuggestedthatweshouldleaveearly.他建议我们早点动身。  Thejudgeorderedthattheprisonershouldberemanded.法官命令被告还押。  2).wish的宾语的从句,表示愿望,常省去连词that。  ☆从句的谓语动词可用过去式,表示现在的愿望(与现在事实相反),虽实现的可能性不大,但仍有实现的可能。Iwishitweretrue.我但愿这是真的。   ☆从句的谓语动词还可用“could(would,might)+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望Iwishyouwouldstayalittlelonger.我希望你再待一会儿。  ☆表示无能为力的过去愿望(与过去事实相反),可用“had+过去分词”或“could(would,might)+have+过去分词”  Iwishyouhadcalledyesterday.我希望你昨天来过电话。 WewishyouhadcometoourNewYear’sparty.我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。  3).wouldrather,wouldsooner等表示愿望,其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。  ☆表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式  ☆用过去完成式(had+过去分词)表示过去事实相反的含义  Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。  I’dsoonershelefttheheavyendoftheworktosomeoneelse.我宁愿她把重活留给别人。  4).有些动词,如think,expect,believe,其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+动词原形。如:  Ineverthoughtheshouldrefuse.我万没有想到他会拒绝。  Shedidnotexpectthatyoushouldcome.她没有预料你会来。  3.虚拟语气在表语从句中的应用  名词suggestion,proposal,order,advice,demand等作主语,其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气,用should+动词原形或省略should。  Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)sendafewsoldierstohelpthem.    我的建议是我们应派几个战士去增援他们。  Myadviceisthatyou(should)treatherwell.  我的忠告是你应该善待她。  Hemakesthedemandthatshe(should)leavetheplaceatonce.    他提出一个要求,要求她立刻离开这个地方。  Mysuggestionisthatweshouldtellhim.我的建议是我们应该告诉他。  Ouronlyrequestisthatthisshouldbesettledassoonaspossible.  我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。  注意:虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句。如:TherewasasuggestionthatBrownshouldbedroppedfromtheteam.有一项建议是布朗应该离队。  4.虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用  常用在Itistime(that)…句型中,定语从句常用虚拟过去式  Itistimethechildrenwenttobed.  孩子们早该上床睡觉了。(表示催促)   It"shightimethathebegantothinkhowtodealwithmoney.    他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道。  Itistimeweleft.我们该走了。  Itistimewewenttobed.我们该去睡觉了。    5.虚拟式动词原形亦常用在独立句中,表愿望  LonglivetheCommunistPartyofChina!中国共产党万岁!  Godblessyou!上帝保佑你。  Goddamnit!该死的!  Thedeviltakeyou!见鬼去吧!  Sobeitthen.就那样吧。  6.虚拟时态与谓语动词时态的关系:从句中的虚拟时态往往不受全句谓语时态的影响。  1)用于主语从句。试比较:  Itisimportantthatheshouldknowaboutthis.他必须知道此事。  Itwasimportantthatheshouldknowaboutthis.他必须知道此事。  2)用于宾语从句。试比较:  Isuggestthatweshouldgotomorrow.我建议我们明天走。  Isuggestedthatweshouldgothenextday.我建议我们第二天走。  Shesaid,“IfIwereaboyIwouldjointhearmy.”她说,“我如是男孩,就参军。”  Shesaidthatifshewereaboy,shewouldjointhearmy.她说她如是男孩就参军。  但强调现在时刻的虚拟式在间接引语中需要遵守时态一致的原则。试比较:  “IfIknewhowitworked,Icouldtellyouwhattodo,”hesaid.  “假如我知道它是如何运行的话,我就会告诉你该怎么办,”他说道。  Hesaidthatifhehadknownhowitworkedhecouldhavetoldmewhattodo.  他说假如他知道它是如何运行的话,他就会告诉我该怎么办。  “IfIknewtheanswertoallyourquestionsI"dbeagenius,”hesaid.  “我如知道你所有问题的答案,我就是天才了。”他说道。  Hesaidthatifheknewtheanswertoallmyquestions,he’dbeagenius.  他说他如知道我所有问题的答案,他就是天才了。  但如果全句谓语是虚拟语气,其后从句的时态则多受其影响,现在时态应随之而变为过去时态。 如:Iwouldthinkhewaswrong.我看他是错了。(须用was,试比较:Ithinkheiswrong)Itwouldseemthatshewasright.她似乎是对的。(须用was,试比较:Itseemsthatsheisright) 虚拟语气练习专项练习1: 1.Ienjoyedthemovieverymuch.IwishI_____thebookfromwhichitwasmade.  A.haveread        B.hadread  C.shouldhaveread    D.arereading  2.Youarelate.Ifyou_____afewminutesearlier,you_____him.  A.come;wouldmeet     B.hadcome;wouldhavemet  C.come;willmeet     D.hadcome;wouldmeet  3.Thetwostudentstalkedasifthey_____friendsforyears.  A.shouldbe     B.wouldbe  C.havebeen     D.hadbeen  4.ItisimportantthatI_____withMr.Williamsimmediately.  A.speak       B.spoke  C.willspeak    D.tospeak  5.Helookedasifhe_____illforalongtime.  A.was     B.WereC.hasbeen  D.hadbeen  6.Ifthedoctorhadcomeearlier,thepoorchildwouldnot_____.  A.havelaidtherefortwohours      B.havebeenliedtherefortwohours  C.haveliedtherefortwohours       D.havelaintherefortwohours  7.IwishthatI_____withyoulastnight.  A.went     B.couldgo  C.havegone   D.couldhavegone  8.Let’ssayyoucouldgothereagain,how_____feel?  A.willyou     B.shouldyou  C.wouldyou    D.doyou  9.Ican’tstandhim.Healwaystalksasthoughhe_____everything.  A.knew          B.knows  C.hasknown        D.hadknown  10._____thefog,weshouldhavereachedourschool.  A.Becauseof  B.Inspiteof  C.Incaseof  D.Butfor  11.Ifyouhadtoldmeinadvance,I_____himattheairport.  A.wouldmeet      B.wouldhadmet  C.wouldhavemet    D.wouldhavemeet 12.Mikecantakehiscarapartandputitbacktogetheragain.Icertainlywishhe_____mehow.  A.teaches        B.willteach  C.hastaught       D.wouldteach  13.Iwouldhavetoldhimtheanswer,haditbeenpossible,butI_____sobusythen.  A.hadbeen       B.were  C.was         D.wouldbe  14.He’sworkinghardforfearthathe_____.  A.shouldfallbehind    B.fellbehind  C.mayfallbehind     D.wouldfallenbehind  15.Ifit_____anothertenminutes,thegamewouldhavebeencalledoff.   A.hadrained     B.wouldhaverained  C.haveseen     D.rained  16.Hesuggestedthatthey_____useatrickinsteadoffighting.  A.should       B.would  C.do         D.had  17.MyfatherdidnotgotoNewYork;thedoctorsuggestedthathe_____there.  A.notwent     B.won’tgo  C.notgo      D.nottogo  18.IwouldhavegonetothemeetingifI_____time.  A.hadhad     B.havehad  C.had       D.wouldhavehad  19.WouldyouratherI_____buyinganewbike?  A.decidedagainst   B.willdecideagainst  C.havedecided    D.shalldecideagainst  20.Youlooksotiredtonight.Itistimeyou_____.  A.gotosleep      B.wenttosleep  C.gotobed       D.wenttobed  21.—Whydidn’tyoubuyanewcar?   —IwouldhaveboughtoneifI_____enoughmoney.  A.had      B.havehad  C.wouldhave   D.hadhad  22.Ifshecouldsew,_____.  A.shemakeadress     B.shewouldhavemadeashirt  C.shewillmakeashirt   D.shewouldhadmadeacoat  23._____today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.  A.Wouldheleave    B.Washeleaving  C.Werehetoleave   D.Ifheleaves  24.Hisdoctorsuggestedthathe_____ashorttripabroad.  A.willtake     B.wouldtake  C.take        D.took  25.TheBakersarrivedlastnight.Ifthey’donlyletusknowearlier,_____atthestation.  A.we’dmeetthem      B.we’llmeetthem  C.we’dhavemetthem    D.we’vemetthem  26.IfI_____you,I_____moreattentiontoEnglishidiomsandphrases.  A.was;shallpay        B.am;willpay  C.wouldbe;wouldpay     D.were;wouldpay  27.Wemighthavefailedifyou_____usahelpinghand.  A.havenotgiven     B.wouldnotgive  C.hadnotgiven     D.didnotgive  28.Thelawrequiresthateveryone_____hiscarcheckedatleastonceayear.  A.has           B.had  C.have           D.willhave  29.Itisstrangethathe_____so.  A.wouldsay     B.wouldspeak  C.shouldsay     D.willspeak   30.HadIknownhername,_____  A.ordoessheknowmine?      B.andwheredoesshelive?  C.shewouldbebeautiful.     D.Iwouldhaveinvitedhertolunch.  31.Hehasjustarrived,buthetalksasifhe_____allaboutthat.  A.know     B.knows  C.known     D.knew  32.IfI_____themoney,Iwouldhaveboughtamuchbiggercar.  A.possessed         B.owned  C.had            D.hadhad  33.Hewasverybusyyesterday;otherwise,he_____tothemeeting.  A.wouldcome       B.came  C.wouldhavecome     D.willcome  34.ThelibrarianinsiststhatJohn_____nomorebooksfromthelibrarybeforehereturnsallthebookshehasborrowed.  A.willtake          B.took  C.take             D.takes  35.Ileftveryearlylastnight,butIwishI_____soearly.  A.didn’tleave      B.hadn’tleft  C.haven’tleft      D.couldn’tleave  36.Idonothaveajob.IwouldfindonebutI_____notime.  A.had            B.didn’thave  C.hadhad          D.have  37.Iwishthatyou_____suchabadheadachebecauseI’msurethatyouwouldhaveenjoyedtheconcert.  A.hadn’t     B.didn’thavehad  C.hadn’thad   D.hadn’thave  38.Heinsistedthatweall_____inhisofficeatoneo’clock.  A.be         B.tobe  C.wouldbe      D.shallbe  39.Helencouldn’tgotoFranceafterall.That’stoobad.I’msureshewouldhaveenjoyeditif_____.  A.she’sgone       B.she’llgo  C.she’dgone       D.she’dgo专项练习2:    1.Hisdoctorsuggestedthathe______ashortleaveofabsence.  A.willtake  B.wouldtake  C.take  D.took  2.Thejobwouldrequirethat______at7o"clockeverymorning.  A.hewillbeatthefactory  B.hebeatthefactory  C.hewasatthefactory    D.hehasbeenatthefactory  3.Youradvicethatshe______tillnextweekisreasonable.  A.willwait  B.isgoingtowait  C.waits D.wait4.Thehousemasterwasstrict.Herequestedthatwe______televisiononweeknights.  A.notwatch              B.mustnottowatch  C.notbewatching           D.havenotwatched   5.Itisnecessarythataworker______hisworkontime.  A.accomplishes          B.canaccomplish  C.accomplish           D.hasaccomplished  6.Itisimportantthathe______hisdecisionbeforeFriday.  A.willmake  B.makes  C.make  D.mustmake  7.Youlooksotired.It"stimeyou______.  A.gotosleep    B.wenttosleep  C.gotobed     D.wenttobed  8.I"dratheryou______anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.  A.do  B.didn"tdo  C.don"t  D.didn"t  9.Butforwater,it______impossibletoliveinthedesert.  A.is  B.was  C.were  D.wouldn"tbe  10.______it______foryourhelp,Icouldn"thavemadeanyprogress.  A.Had;notbeen          B.Should;notbeen  C.Did;notbeen          D.Not;be  11.Long______theParty!  A.lives  B.live   C.willlive  D.shouldlive  12.MaryinsistedthatTom______hertheringback.  A.gives  B.give  C.given  D.havegiven  13.Mysuggestionwasthatthemeeting______offtillnextweek.  A.toput                B.beput  C.shouldput              D.beputting  14.MothersuggestedthatI______myhomeworkfirstbeforewatchingTV.  A.did    B.do   C.shalldo  D.havedone  15.Heinsistedthatnothing______tillhearrived.  A.mustbestarted                B.oughttobestarted  C.couldbestarted                D.shouldbestarted  16.TomsuggeststhatAnn______thehouse.  A.cansell  B.sells   C.sell  D.sold  17.It"sbetterthathe______itfromyou.  A."llhear  B.hears  C.shouldhear  D.heard  18.Itwasnecessarythathe______aboutwhathadhappened.  A.betold  B.wastold  C.shouldtell  D.tell  19.It"sastonishingthatshe______sadatnewsthatithasnothingtodowithher.  A.felt  B.shouldfeel  C."llfeel  D.wouldfeel  20.Itwasstrangethatwe______shortofwaterinthecountrywhereitwasalwaysraining.  A.are  B.be   C.shouldbe  D.bothBandC  21.Itisstrangethatshe______marrysuchanuglyman.  A.would  B.should   C.shall  D.must  22.It"snotrightthatthemeeting______offtilltomorrow.  A.mustbeput  B.mustput  C.willbeput  D.beput  23.Itwasimpossiblethathe______thetrain,forhehadstartedoutveryearly.  A.couldhavemissed             B.musthavemissed  C.shouldhavemissed            D.shouldmiss  24.It"sapitythathe______suchagoodchance.   A.shouldmissB.shouldhavemissedC.hasmissedD.alltheabove  25.Hetriedtofindsomeexcuseforthedebt,butIinsistedthathe______itoffatonce.  A.mustpay  B.oughttopay  C.paid  D.pay  26.Mr.Fordinsistedthathe______right,thoughtheothersdidn"tthinkso.  A.shoulddo  B.shouldhavedone  C.haddone  D.did  27.Hispalefacesuggestedthathe______thesadnews.  A.shouldbetold    B.shouldhavebeentold  C.wastold       D.hadbeentold  28.Hesuggestedthatwe______hereatonce.  A.shouldleave  B.mustleave   C.left  D.oughttoleave  29.Myorderisthateveryone______theirownworkintime.  A.mustcomplete  B.completed    C.completes  D.complete  30.We"vemadethedecisionthatwe______attheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.  A.willgather      B.areabouttogather  C.wouldgather     D.shouldgather  31.----I"llbewaitingforyouathome.    ----______Iwerebusyandcouldn"tcome?  A.Whatif  B.Whatwhen  C.Howif  D.Howwhen  32.Afterhewaspraisedforwhathehaddone,hesaid,“I______evenbetterunderharderconditions.”  A.woulddo  B.wouldhavedone  C.did  D.haddone  33.Ithasbeenrainingforaday,buteventhoughit______,we______therebytomorrow.  A.hadn"trained,couldn"tget    B.hadn"trained,can"tget  C.didn"train,couldn"tget     D.didn"train,can"tget  34.Wecouldnothavesucceeded______yourhelp.  A.butfor                    B.without  C.ifithadnotbeenfor            D.alltheabove  35.Idaresayheisnotyourtruefriend,becauseatruefriend______differentlywhenyouwereintrouble.  A.acted   B.hadactedC.wouldact  D.wouldhaveacted专项练习31.Everything______ifAlberthadn’tcalledthefirebrigade.A.willbedestroyedB.willhavebeendestroyedB.wouldbedestroyedD.wouldhavebeendestroyed2.Ifyouhadn’tgonewithTomtothepartylastnight,______.A.youwouldmeetJohnalreadyB.youwon’thavemissedJohnC.youwillhavemetJohnD.youwouldhavemetJohn3.Supposingthisship______,doyouthinktherewouldbeenoughlifejacketsforallthepassengers?A.wassinkingB.hassunkC.weretosinkD.sunk4.Theinsectswoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandheads,if______fortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.A.itisnotB.itwerenotC.wereitnotD.theywerenot5.Theteachersuggestedthateachstudent______aplanforthevacation. A.madeB.makeC.makesD.willmake6.Frankly,I’dratheryou______anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.A.doB.don’tdoC.didn’tdoD.willnotdo7.Afterthewayshetreatedyou,ifI______inyourplace.A.beB.amC.wasD.were8.Theideaisthatthenation______anunmannedspacecrafttoexploretheplanetfirst.A.sentB.sendsC.sendD.mustsend9.It’shightimeyou______.A.starttoworkB.wouldstarttoworkC.startedtoworkD.hadstartedtowork10.“IfIhadn’tpracticedwhenIwasyounger,”themusiciansays,“I______abletoplaysowellnow.”A.wouldn’tbeB.won’tbeC.wouldn’thavebeenD.couldn’thavebeen11.Itisimperativethatyou______thereinperson.A.areB.wereC.beD.willbe12.Theatomicstructureis,______,aminiaturesolarsystem.A.asitwereB.asiftheywereC.asitwereD.asifare13.Werequiredthatthemachineparts______castiron.A.ismadeofB.bemadefromC.bemadeofD.ismadeby14.Themanagementurgedthatthecostofproduction______.A.tobefurtherreducedB.wasfurtherreducedB.befurtherreducedD.shouldfurtherreduced15.Thebusinessisrisky.But______wewouldberich.A.shouldwesucceedB.weshouldsucceedC.mightwesucceedD.wouldwesucceed16.Iwishourteacher______togiveanothertest.Ihaven’tgotpreparedyet.A.isn’tgoingB.weren’tgoingC.willnotgoingD.couldhavegone17.IwishI______tothemovieswithyoulastnight.A.wentB.didgoC.couldgoD.couldhavegone18.I’djustassoon______rudelytoher.A.thatyouwon’tspeakB.yournotspeakingC.younotspeakD.youdidn’tspeak19.IfI______inthetwenty-firstcentury,I______myvacationinaverydifferentway.A.shouldlive…wouldspendB.willlive….shouldspendC.areliving…shouldhavespentD.willbeliving…wouldhavespent20.Itisrequiredthatthemachine______asfrequentlyasnecessary.A.beoiledB.mustbeoiledC.isoiledD.willoil21.HisEnglishteacherrecommendsthathe______aregulardegreeprogram.A.beginsB.beginC.willbeginD.isbeginning22.Wepreferthattheplan______beforebeingputintoexecution.A.isfullydiscussedB.mustbefullydiscussedC.befullydiscussedD.willbefullydiscussed 23.Whatdoyouthinkofhisproposalthatimprovements______intheoldtypeofvacuumcleaner?A.bemadeB.willbemadeC.wouldbemadeD.willhavetobemade24.Thedoctor’sadviceisthatthepatient______abouthisrealphysicalcondition.A.benottoldB.notbetoldC.willnotbetoldD.mustnotbetold25.______,wecouldnothavefinishedtheworkontime.A.IftheydonothelpusB.WasitnotfortheirhelpC.ShouldtheyoffertohelpusD.Butfortheirhelp26.Ifwehadbeenmorecareful,we______muchbetterresultsnow.A.gotB.hadgotC.wouldbegettingD.wouldhavegot27.Henry______arichmantodayifhehadbeenmorefrugalinthepast.A.wouldbeB.isC.willbeD.was28.Theythoughtitdesirablethatanarmedguard______inreadiness.A.standsB.standC.stoodD.wouldstand29.Allsciencestudents,______,shouldhaveagoodfoundationinbasicsciences.A.whethertheyarefuturephysicistsandchemistsB.theyarefuturephysicistsofchemistsC.theyshouldbefuturephysicistsofchemistsD.betheyfuturephysicistsorchemists30.Sallycan’thavewrittentome,or______theletterbynow.A.I’llgetB.I’llhavegotC.I’dhavegotD.I’dget31.IshouldverymuchliketohavegonetothepartybutI______.A.amnotinvitedB.wasnotinvitedC.shallnotbeinvitedD.amnotbeinginvited32.ThereisageneralunderstandingamongthemembersoftheBoardofDirectorsthatchiefattention______totheundertakingthatisexpectedtobringinhighestprofit.A.isgivenB.givesC.shouldbegivenD.mustbegiven33.Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerial______toitsburningtemperature.A.beheatedB.isheatedC.wouldbeheatedD.toheat34.“Didyougotoseethefootballmatchyesterday?”“No.Ididn’tfeelwell,butIwouldhavegoneifI______.”A.didB.haveC.wouldD.had35.Ifwehadknownthatshehadplannedtoarrivetoday,we______heratthebusstation.A.mayhavemetB.mightmeetC.maymeetD.mighthavemet36.We’resaferinatrainthanwewouldbeifwe______anyotherway.A.traveledB.hadtraveledC.travelD.havetraveled37.HetoldmehowhehadgivenmeshelterandprotectionwithoutwhichI______ofhungerandcold.A.wouldbediedB.wouldhavediedC.woulddieD.willhavedied38.______today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A. WasheleavingB.IfheisleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves 39.Hadelectroniccomputersnotbeeninvented,manyproblemsofspaceflight______.A.couldbenotsolvedB.couldnotbesolvedC.couldnothavebeensolvedD.couldnothavesolved40.Heisapoorlylearntman.Butheactsasthoughhe______.A.isB.wereC.shouldbeD.seemslike41.Thedriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit______ontheway.A.goeswrongB.gowrongC.wentwrongD.wouldgowrong42.______thefog,weshouldhavereachedourdestination.A.BecauseofB.InspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butfor43.Theoldmanwenttoofficeonfoot,buthe______bybus.A.mighthavegoneB.oughthavegoneC.couldhavegoneD.shouldbegone44.Heisworkinghardforfearthathe______topasstheexam.A.failsB.mayfailC.shouldfailD.wouldfail45.Sheputonherglassesinorderthatshe_____.A.canseeB.sawC.hadseenD.mightsee46.Whatever______we’llgoahead.A.hadhappenedB.willhappenC.mighthappenD.maybehappened47.IfI______outofink,Imighthavefinishedwritingthepaper.A.hadn’trunB.shouldn’trunC.didn’trunD.haven’trun48.Butforyouradvice,I______intotrouble.A.wouldgetB.gotC.mighthavegotD.shouldget49.______forthetrafficjam,Ishouldhavecoveredfiftymiles.A.HaditbeenB.HaditnotbeenC.IthadnotbeenD.Itnothadbeen50.Wereitnotfortheadoptionoftheopenpolicy,things______theyaretoday.A.wouldneverbeB.couldhavebeenC.wouldneverhavebeenD.didn’thave专项练习1:   1—5BBDAD      6—10DDCAD        11—15CDCAA     16—20ACAAD  21—25DBCCC    26—30DCCCD        31—35DDCCB    36—39DCAC  解析:  1.wish后面用虚拟语气,表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。  2.条件句表示与过去事实相反,主句用过去将来完成时,从句用过去完成时。  3.asif后面如果表示真实情况就不用虚拟。  4.Itisimportantthat是主语从句的虚拟语气,从句用sb.shoulddo的形式。   5.asif后面是真实情况,不虚拟。  6.lain是lie的过去分词,表示“躺”。  7.couldhavedone表示“本来可以”。  8.与将来相反的虚拟语气,主句用过去将来时。  9.asif表示不可能发生的事情时用虚拟语气。  10.butfor表示“要不是……的话”,通常与虚拟语气搭配使用。  11.inadvance表示“事先”,表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。  12.wish的宾语从句表示发生在将来的愿望用过去将来时。  13.but的并列句表示真实情况,不用虚拟语气。  14.forfearthat后面的状语从句用sb.shoulddo的形式。  15.表示与过去事实相反,主句用过去将来完成时,从句用过去完成时。  16.suggest后面的宾语从句用sb.shoulddo的形式。  17.suggest后面的从句用sb.shoulddo的形式,should可以省略。  18.表示与过去事实相反,从句用过去完成时。  19.wouldrather的宾语从句用sb.did的形式。  20.Itistime后面的定语从句用sb.did的形式。  21.第一个had是过去完成时,第二个had表示“有”。  22.wouldhavedone是过去将来完成时,表示与过去相反的虚拟语气。  23.这是虚拟语气的倒装形式,把if去掉,助动词提前。  24.suggest后面的从句用sb.shoulddo的形式,should可以省略。  25.表示与过去事实相反,主句用过去将来完成时。  26.在虚拟语气中,不管什么人称,be动词都要用were的形式。  27.表示与过去事实相反,从句用过去完成时。  28.require后面的从句用sb.shoulddo的形式,should可以省略。  29.Itisstrangethat是主语从句的虚拟语气,从句用sb.shoulddo的形式。  30.hadIknown是与过去相反的虚拟语气的倒装形式。  31.asif表示不可能发生的事情时用虚拟语气。  32.第一个had是过去完成时,第二个had表示“有”。  33.otherwise经常可以搭配虚拟语气,表示与过去事实相反。  34.当insist表示“坚持认为”时不用虚拟形式。  35.wish后面用虚拟语气,表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。  36.but的并列句表示真实情况,不用虚拟语气。  37.wish后面用虚拟语气,表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。  38.当insist表示“坚持要求”时从句用虚拟形式。  39.表示与过去事实相反,从句用过去完成时。专项练习2: 参考答案:  1.C 2.B 3.D  4.A 5.C  6.C 7.D 8.B  9.D 10.A  11.B12.B 13.B 14.B  15.Dinsist作“要求别人做某事”解,其宾语从句用should型虚拟语气。16.C这种should型虚拟语气,有时可将should省略,因此,C项的sell不能有人称变化。  17.C本句话有“要求”的意思,故选C。  18.AC、D为主动,在此不妥。   19.B选B表示了说话人带有一种十分惊讶的感情,选A项与she的人称不相一致,是错的。参见本章语法说明。  20.D  21.Bshould带有感情色彩。  22.D本句带有要求之意,故从句谓语用should型虚拟语气。D项中的should被省略。  23.C本句带有惊讶之意,故从句须用should型虚拟语气。但由于是过去的事情所产生的惊讶,所以用should+不定式完成式。  24.D如选A,这表达了说话人对将来的事所发出的感叹,选B则是对已经过去的事情的感叹。选C则是一个直陈语气,即说话人对此并不一定感到十分惋惜,而是对此事的陈述。  25.Dinsist在作“坚持要求别人做某事”时,需要用should型虚拟语气,should也可以省略。  26.Cinsist在作“坚持自己的观点、看法等”解时,不需要用虚拟语气,所以A、B两项用在此处不当。D项时态不准确,故也应排除。  27.Dsuggest作建议解时,后接了should型虚拟语气,但在本句中作“表明”解,这时不用虚拟语气,A、B两项都应排除,C项时态不当。  28.A在本句中suggest作“建议”解,故选A。  29.D“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等动词的名词形式做主语时,其表语从句也须用should型虚拟语气,本句中的should被省略。  30.D“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等动词的名词形式做主语时,后接同位语从句时也须should型虚拟语气。  31.AWhatif…?常用于省略疑问句,既可以用于虚拟语气,也可用于直陈语气。本句不省略的形式为Whatwouldyoudoif。  32.B本句的under引出一个非真实的条件,当然也可以是真实条件。根据上下文,应理解为与过去事实相反,故其谓语动词用wouldhavedone。  33.Beventhough=evenif意为“即使”。它同if一样可以引出一个真实的让步从句,也可以引出一个非真实的让步从句。根据上文,eventhough是一个非真实的与过去事实相反的让步从句。而主句wecan"tgetthere却是一个真实的情况。  34.D  35.D从全句的意思分析,atruefriend-differently实际上是指一种假设,而when引导的从句又告诉我们,这是一个与过去事实相反的假设,故用wouldhaveacted。专项练习3参考答案1-5DDCBB6-10CDCCA11-15CCCCA16-20BDDAA21-25BCBAD26-30CABDC31-35BCADD36-40ABCCB41-45BDCCD46-50CACBC