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【TheSubjunctiveMood】 语气(mood)是一种动词形式,用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种:陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。 直陈语气(indicativemood),表示所说的话是事实。 祈使语气(imperativemood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。 虚拟语气(subjunctivemood),表示说的话不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。 一.虚拟语气在条件句中的应用 学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类:条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。 如: Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,Iwillgoforapicnic.假若明天不下雨,我就去野餐。 Oilfloatsifyoupouritonwater.你如把油倒在水里,油就浮起来。 虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。 条件从句主句与现在事实相违背过去式(动词是be用were)should/would/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相违背had+过去分词should/would/could/might+have+过去分词与未来事实相违背1)should+动词原形2)were+动词不定式3)过去式(动词是Be也可以用were)should/would/could/might+动词原形 1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were),主句的谓语用should(would,might,could)+动词原形。 如: Ifitwerenotraining,weshouldgoforapicnic.如果现在不下雨的话,我们就出去野餐了。 (事实是:天在下雨,我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。) Ifhecamehere,hemightbeabletohelpyou.如果他来这,他就能够帮助你了。 (事实是:他没来这,他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。) 2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词,主句的谓语用should(would,might,could)+have+过去分词。 如: Shewouldhavegonetothepartyifshehadbeeninvited. 要是当初她被邀请的话,她就会去参加这次聚会了。 (事实是:当时没有人邀请她,因此,她没有来参加聚会。表示后悔。) Ifshehadn"tcalledme,Iwouldhaveoversleptthismorning. 今天早上,她要是不叫我的话,我就会睡过头了。 (事实是:她今天早上叫我了,我没有睡过头。表示感激。) 3.与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were);should+动词原形;wereto+动词原形,主句用should(would,might,could)+动词原形。 如: IfIweretobetwentyyearsoldnextyear,IwouldtakethecourseofFrench. 明年我要是二十岁,我就会学法语。
(事实是:我现在已经老了,明年我学不了法语了。) Ifitshouldfail,Iwouldtryagain.要是失败了,我会再试一次。 (事实是:有可能失败,可我会再试。表示未知。)虚拟过去式有时并不表示“不大可能实现的假设”,而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。 如: Ifwecaughttheearlytrain,we’dgettherebylunchtime. 假如我们赶上早班火车,到午饭时间我们就会到达那里了。(表希望) Ifwemissedthetrain,weshouldhavetowaitanhouratthestation. 假如我们赶不上这班火车,我们就得在车站等一小时。(表不希望) 4.混合型的条件句 当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应,这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时(指过去行为),而主句用一般时(指目前状态)。 Hewouldpassthetestifhehadtakenmyadvice.如果他听了我的劝告,他现在会通过考试。 IfIhadspokentohimyesterday,Ishouldknowwhattodonow. 假如昨天我对他说了,现在我就知道该怎么办了。 Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyouhadtakenmyadvice. 假如你接受了我的意见,你现在就会好得多。 如条件从句用ifIwere...,主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。 如: IfIwerenotbusy,Iwouldhavecome. 假如我不忙,我就会去了。(were表过去) IfIwereyou,Iwouldgo. 假如我是你,我会去的。(were表现在) 二.连词if的省略 如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were,had和should时,可省略if,把were,had和should放到从句主语前面去,多见于书面语。 Hadyounothelpedme,Ishouldhavefailed.要是没有你的帮助,我就失败了。 Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.假如你处在我的地位,你也会这样干的。 Shouldtheyattackus,we’llwipethemoutcompletely. 假如他们进攻我们,我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。 三.含蓄条件句 虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。 1)条件暗含在短语中。 如: Butforyourhelpwecouldn’thavesucceededintheexperiment. 如果没有你的帮助,我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含在分词短词butforyourhelp) WhatwouldIhavedonewithoutyou?如没有你,我会怎么办呢?(条件暗含在介词短语withoutyou中) Itwouldbeeasiertodoitthisway.这样做会比较容易。 (条件暗含在不定式短语todoitthisway中) Thissamething,happeninginwartime,amounttodisaster. 同样的事,如发生在战时,就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happeninginwartime中) Hemusthavethestrengthofahippopotamus,orhenevercouldhavevanquishedthatgreatbeast.他一定是力大如河马,否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or) Alone,hewouldhavebeenterrified.如是单独一人,他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone) 2)条件暗含在上下文中。 如: Youmightstayhereforever.你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含ifyouwantedto)
Wewouldhavesucceeded.我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含ifwehadkepttrying) Yourreputationwouldberuined.你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含ifyoushouldacceptit) 3)在不少情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件。 如: Youwouldn’tknow.你不会知道。 Iwouldliketocome.我愿意来。 四.不用if引导的条件从句 虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引外,还可用when,unless,lest,suppose,asif,forfear,incase,oncondition等词语来引导。 如: Thepeasantspreparedtofeedthecitywhenitshouldbefreed. 农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。 Lestyoushouldnothaveheardall,Ishallbeginatthebeginning. 我怕你没有听全,所以我再从头开始讲一遍。 UnlessIwerewell,Iwouldn’tbeatschool.除非我好了,否则我不会上学。 SupposeyouweregivenachancetostudyinAmerica,wouldyouaccept? 假如给你一个到美国学习的机会,你会接受吗?(suppose或supposing=whatif) Supposingitwereso?(=Supposingitwereso,whatwouldhappen?) 要是这样的话,会怎么样呢? Hecanusethebicycleonconditionthatheshouldreturnittomorrow. 如果明天能还回来,他就可以借用这辆自行车。 IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeofmypromise如果我忘了,请提醒我的诺言。 Susaniswalkingslowly,asifsheweretired.苏珊走得很慢,就像是累了似的。 与if一样,上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气,表可能实现或发生的事。 虚拟语气补充讲解(第二课时) 虚拟语气除主要用于条件句(也就是状语从句)外,还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等。 1.虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用 “常用在Itis(was)+形容词/过去分词+that引导的主语从句”的句型中的主语从句要用虚拟语气。主语从句的谓语用should+动词原形(或should+have+过去分词)或只用动词原形(尤其是美国英语)。should在此是助动词,本身并无实义,这种主语从句中的should有时有感情色彩。 It"simportantthatwe(should)workoutaplan.(带有“要求”的含义) It"sbetterthathegoatonce.(带有“建议”的意思) ☆用于本句型的形容词并不多,常见形容词有:necessary,important,best,right,impossible,preferable,desirable,imperative,advisable,essential,reserved,urgent,等。 Itisnecessarythathe(should)besentthereatonce. It"sstrangethatheshouldsayso. Iwasgladthatheshouldgo. Itisimportantthatweshouldspeakpolitely. Itisapitythatsheshouldfaresobadly. It"srightthatyoushouldthinkthatway.☆用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议要求、命令等动词的过去分词,如suggested,settled,required,requested,demanded,urged,decided,proposed,ordered,desired,advised等。 ItisrequestedthatProfessorLiu(should)giveusalecture. Itisdesiredthatwe(should)geteverythingreadybytonight. I’mashamedyoushouldhavedonesuchathing. Ithasbeensuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.有人建议推迟会议。
Itissettledthatyouleaveus,then?注意:这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气,如:Itwasimportantthathemadeanexplicitstatementonthisscorelastweek.他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明,这是很重要的。 2.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用 1).宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后,其谓语用should+动词原形或只用动词原形的虚拟语气,作为suggest,request,demand,urge,propose,prefer,advise,insist,require,order,command,maintain,ask,object,arrange,desire等动词的宾语。 如: Thedoctorsuggestedthathenotgothere.医生建议他不要去那里。 Hesuggestedthatweshouldleaveearly.他建议我们早点动身。 Thejudgeorderedthattheprisonershouldberemanded.法官命令被告还押。 2).wish的宾语的从句,表示愿望,常省去连词that。 ☆从句的谓语动词可用过去式,表示现在的愿望(与现在事实相反),虽实现的可能性不大,但仍有实现的可能。Iwishitweretrue.我但愿这是真的。 ☆从句的谓语动词还可用“could(would,might)+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望Iwishyouwouldstayalittlelonger.我希望你再待一会儿。 ☆表示无能为力的过去愿望(与过去事实相反),可用“had+过去分词”或“could(would,might)+have+过去分词” Iwishyouhadcalledyesterday.我希望你昨天来过电话。 WewishyouhadcometoourNewYear’sparty.我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。 3).wouldrather,wouldsooner等表示愿望,其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。 ☆表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式 ☆用过去完成式(had+过去分词)表示过去事实相反的含义 Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。 I’dsoonershelefttheheavyendoftheworktosomeoneelse.我宁愿她把重活留给别人。 4).有些动词,如think,expect,believe,其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+动词原形。如: Ineverthoughtheshouldrefuse.我万没有想到他会拒绝。 Shedidnotexpectthatyoushouldcome.她没有预料你会来。 3.虚拟语气在表语从句中的应用 名词suggestion,proposal,order,advice,demand等作主语,其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气,用should+动词原形或省略should。 Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)sendafewsoldierstohelpthem. 我的建议是我们应派几个战士去增援他们。 Myadviceisthatyou(should)treatherwell. 我的忠告是你应该善待她。 Hemakesthedemandthatshe(should)leavetheplaceatonce. 他提出一个要求,要求她立刻离开这个地方。 Mysuggestionisthatweshouldtellhim.我的建议是我们应该告诉他。 Ouronlyrequestisthatthisshouldbesettledassoonaspossible. 我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。 注意:虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句。如:TherewasasuggestionthatBrownshouldbedroppedfromtheteam.有一项建议是布朗应该离队。 4.虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用 常用在Itistime(that)…句型中,定语从句常用虚拟过去式 Itistimethechildrenwenttobed. 孩子们早该上床睡觉了。(表示催促)
It"shightimethathebegantothinkhowtodealwithmoney. 他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道。 Itistimeweleft.我们该走了。 Itistimewewenttobed.我们该去睡觉了。 5.虚拟式动词原形亦常用在独立句中,表愿望 LonglivetheCommunistPartyofChina!中国共产党万岁! Godblessyou!上帝保佑你。 Goddamnit!该死的! Thedeviltakeyou!见鬼去吧! Sobeitthen.就那样吧。 6.虚拟时态与谓语动词时态的关系:从句中的虚拟时态往往不受全句谓语时态的影响。 1)用于主语从句。试比较: Itisimportantthatheshouldknowaboutthis.他必须知道此事。 Itwasimportantthatheshouldknowaboutthis.他必须知道此事。 2)用于宾语从句。试比较: Isuggestthatweshouldgotomorrow.我建议我们明天走。 Isuggestedthatweshouldgothenextday.我建议我们第二天走。 Shesaid,“IfIwereaboyIwouldjointhearmy.”她说,“我如是男孩,就参军。” Shesaidthatifshewereaboy,shewouldjointhearmy.她说她如是男孩就参军。 但强调现在时刻的虚拟式在间接引语中需要遵守时态一致的原则。试比较: “IfIknewhowitworked,Icouldtellyouwhattodo,”hesaid. “假如我知道它是如何运行的话,我就会告诉你该怎么办,”他说道。 Hesaidthatifhehadknownhowitworkedhecouldhavetoldmewhattodo. 他说假如他知道它是如何运行的话,他就会告诉我该怎么办。 “IfIknewtheanswertoallyourquestionsI"dbeagenius,”hesaid. “我如知道你所有问题的答案,我就是天才了。”他说道。 Hesaidthatifheknewtheanswertoallmyquestions,he’dbeagenius. 他说他如知道我所有问题的答案,他就是天才了。 但如果全句谓语是虚拟语气,其后从句的时态则多受其影响,现在时态应随之而变为过去时态。 如:Iwouldthinkhewaswrong.我看他是错了。(须用was,试比较:Ithinkheiswrong)Itwouldseemthatshewasright.她似乎是对的。(须用was,试比较:Itseemsthatsheisright)
虚拟语气练习专项练习1: 1.Ienjoyedthemovieverymuch.IwishI_____thebookfromwhichitwasmade. A.haveread B.hadread C.shouldhaveread D.arereading 2.Youarelate.Ifyou_____afewminutesearlier,you_____him. A.come;wouldmeet B.hadcome;wouldhavemet C.come;willmeet D.hadcome;wouldmeet 3.Thetwostudentstalkedasifthey_____friendsforyears. A.shouldbe B.wouldbe C.havebeen D.hadbeen 4.ItisimportantthatI_____withMr.Williamsimmediately. A.speak B.spoke C.willspeak D.tospeak 5.Helookedasifhe_____illforalongtime. A.was B.WereC.hasbeen D.hadbeen 6.Ifthedoctorhadcomeearlier,thepoorchildwouldnot_____. A.havelaidtherefortwohours B.havebeenliedtherefortwohours C.haveliedtherefortwohours D.havelaintherefortwohours 7.IwishthatI_____withyoulastnight. A.went B.couldgo C.havegone D.couldhavegone 8.Let’ssayyoucouldgothereagain,how_____feel? A.willyou B.shouldyou C.wouldyou D.doyou 9.Ican’tstandhim.Healwaystalksasthoughhe_____everything. A.knew B.knows C.hasknown D.hadknown 10._____thefog,weshouldhavereachedourschool. A.Becauseof B.Inspiteof C.Incaseof D.Butfor 11.Ifyouhadtoldmeinadvance,I_____himattheairport. A.wouldmeet B.wouldhadmet C.wouldhavemet D.wouldhavemeet 12.Mikecantakehiscarapartandputitbacktogetheragain.Icertainlywishhe_____mehow. A.teaches B.willteach C.hastaught D.wouldteach 13.Iwouldhavetoldhimtheanswer,haditbeenpossible,butI_____sobusythen. A.hadbeen B.were C.was D.wouldbe 14.He’sworkinghardforfearthathe_____. A.shouldfallbehind B.fellbehind C.mayfallbehind D.wouldfallenbehind 15.Ifit_____anothertenminutes,thegamewouldhavebeencalledoff.
A.hadrained B.wouldhaverained C.haveseen D.rained 16.Hesuggestedthatthey_____useatrickinsteadoffighting. A.should B.would C.do D.had 17.MyfatherdidnotgotoNewYork;thedoctorsuggestedthathe_____there. A.notwent B.won’tgo C.notgo D.nottogo 18.IwouldhavegonetothemeetingifI_____time. A.hadhad B.havehad C.had D.wouldhavehad 19.WouldyouratherI_____buyinganewbike? A.decidedagainst B.willdecideagainst C.havedecided D.shalldecideagainst 20.Youlooksotiredtonight.Itistimeyou_____. A.gotosleep B.wenttosleep C.gotobed D.wenttobed 21.—Whydidn’tyoubuyanewcar? —IwouldhaveboughtoneifI_____enoughmoney. A.had B.havehad C.wouldhave D.hadhad 22.Ifshecouldsew,_____. A.shemakeadress B.shewouldhavemadeashirt C.shewillmakeashirt D.shewouldhadmadeacoat 23._____today,hewouldgettherebyFriday. A.Wouldheleave B.Washeleaving C.Werehetoleave D.Ifheleaves 24.Hisdoctorsuggestedthathe_____ashorttripabroad. A.willtake B.wouldtake C.take D.took 25.TheBakersarrivedlastnight.Ifthey’donlyletusknowearlier,_____atthestation. A.we’dmeetthem B.we’llmeetthem C.we’dhavemetthem D.we’vemetthem 26.IfI_____you,I_____moreattentiontoEnglishidiomsandphrases. A.was;shallpay B.am;willpay C.wouldbe;wouldpay D.were;wouldpay 27.Wemighthavefailedifyou_____usahelpinghand. A.havenotgiven B.wouldnotgive C.hadnotgiven D.didnotgive 28.Thelawrequiresthateveryone_____hiscarcheckedatleastonceayear. A.has B.had C.have D.willhave 29.Itisstrangethathe_____so. A.wouldsay B.wouldspeak C.shouldsay D.willspeak
30.HadIknownhername,_____ A.ordoessheknowmine? B.andwheredoesshelive? C.shewouldbebeautiful. D.Iwouldhaveinvitedhertolunch. 31.Hehasjustarrived,buthetalksasifhe_____allaboutthat. A.know B.knows C.known D.knew 32.IfI_____themoney,Iwouldhaveboughtamuchbiggercar. A.possessed B.owned C.had D.hadhad 33.Hewasverybusyyesterday;otherwise,he_____tothemeeting. A.wouldcome B.came C.wouldhavecome D.willcome 34.ThelibrarianinsiststhatJohn_____nomorebooksfromthelibrarybeforehereturnsallthebookshehasborrowed. A.willtake B.took C.take D.takes 35.Ileftveryearlylastnight,butIwishI_____soearly. A.didn’tleave B.hadn’tleft C.haven’tleft D.couldn’tleave 36.Idonothaveajob.IwouldfindonebutI_____notime. A.had B.didn’thave C.hadhad D.have 37.Iwishthatyou_____suchabadheadachebecauseI’msurethatyouwouldhaveenjoyedtheconcert. A.hadn’t B.didn’thavehad C.hadn’thad D.hadn’thave 38.Heinsistedthatweall_____inhisofficeatoneo’clock. A.be B.tobe C.wouldbe D.shallbe 39.Helencouldn’tgotoFranceafterall.That’stoobad.I’msureshewouldhaveenjoyeditif_____. A.she’sgone B.she’llgo C.she’dgone D.she’dgo专项练习2: 1.Hisdoctorsuggestedthathe______ashortleaveofabsence. A.willtake B.wouldtake C.take D.took 2.Thejobwouldrequirethat______at7o"clockeverymorning. A.hewillbeatthefactory B.hebeatthefactory C.hewasatthefactory D.hehasbeenatthefactory 3.Youradvicethatshe______tillnextweekisreasonable. A.willwait B.isgoingtowait C.waits D.wait4.Thehousemasterwasstrict.Herequestedthatwe______televisiononweeknights. A.notwatch B.mustnottowatch C.notbewatching D.havenotwatched
5.Itisnecessarythataworker______hisworkontime. A.accomplishes B.canaccomplish C.accomplish D.hasaccomplished 6.Itisimportantthathe______hisdecisionbeforeFriday. A.willmake B.makes C.make D.mustmake 7.Youlooksotired.It"stimeyou______. A.gotosleep B.wenttosleep C.gotobed D.wenttobed 8.I"dratheryou______anythingaboutitforthetimebeing. A.do B.didn"tdo C.don"t D.didn"t 9.Butforwater,it______impossibletoliveinthedesert. A.is B.was C.were D.wouldn"tbe 10.______it______foryourhelp,Icouldn"thavemadeanyprogress. A.Had;notbeen B.Should;notbeen C.Did;notbeen D.Not;be 11.Long______theParty! A.lives B.live C.willlive D.shouldlive 12.MaryinsistedthatTom______hertheringback. A.gives B.give C.given D.havegiven 13.Mysuggestionwasthatthemeeting______offtillnextweek. A.toput B.beput C.shouldput D.beputting 14.MothersuggestedthatI______myhomeworkfirstbeforewatchingTV. A.did B.do C.shalldo D.havedone 15.Heinsistedthatnothing______tillhearrived. A.mustbestarted B.oughttobestarted C.couldbestarted D.shouldbestarted 16.TomsuggeststhatAnn______thehouse. A.cansell B.sells C.sell D.sold 17.It"sbetterthathe______itfromyou. A."llhear B.hears C.shouldhear D.heard 18.Itwasnecessarythathe______aboutwhathadhappened. A.betold B.wastold C.shouldtell D.tell 19.It"sastonishingthatshe______sadatnewsthatithasnothingtodowithher. A.felt B.shouldfeel C."llfeel D.wouldfeel 20.Itwasstrangethatwe______shortofwaterinthecountrywhereitwasalwaysraining. A.are B.be C.shouldbe D.bothBandC 21.Itisstrangethatshe______marrysuchanuglyman. A.would B.should C.shall D.must 22.It"snotrightthatthemeeting______offtilltomorrow. A.mustbeput B.mustput C.willbeput D.beput 23.Itwasimpossiblethathe______thetrain,forhehadstartedoutveryearly. A.couldhavemissed B.musthavemissed C.shouldhavemissed D.shouldmiss 24.It"sapitythathe______suchagoodchance.
A.shouldmissB.shouldhavemissedC.hasmissedD.alltheabove 25.Hetriedtofindsomeexcuseforthedebt,butIinsistedthathe______itoffatonce. A.mustpay B.oughttopay C.paid D.pay 26.Mr.Fordinsistedthathe______right,thoughtheothersdidn"tthinkso. A.shoulddo B.shouldhavedone C.haddone D.did 27.Hispalefacesuggestedthathe______thesadnews. A.shouldbetold B.shouldhavebeentold C.wastold D.hadbeentold 28.Hesuggestedthatwe______hereatonce. A.shouldleave B.mustleave C.left D.oughttoleave 29.Myorderisthateveryone______theirownworkintime. A.mustcomplete B.completed C.completes D.complete 30.We"vemadethedecisionthatwe______attheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning. A.willgather B.areabouttogather C.wouldgather D.shouldgather 31.----I"llbewaitingforyouathome. ----______Iwerebusyandcouldn"tcome? A.Whatif B.Whatwhen C.Howif D.Howwhen 32.Afterhewaspraisedforwhathehaddone,hesaid,“I______evenbetterunderharderconditions.” A.woulddo B.wouldhavedone C.did D.haddone 33.Ithasbeenrainingforaday,buteventhoughit______,we______therebytomorrow. A.hadn"trained,couldn"tget B.hadn"trained,can"tget C.didn"train,couldn"tget D.didn"train,can"tget 34.Wecouldnothavesucceeded______yourhelp. A.butfor B.without C.ifithadnotbeenfor D.alltheabove 35.Idaresayheisnotyourtruefriend,becauseatruefriend______differentlywhenyouwereintrouble. A.acted B.hadactedC.wouldact D.wouldhaveacted专项练习31.Everything______ifAlberthadn’tcalledthefirebrigade.A.willbedestroyedB.willhavebeendestroyedB.wouldbedestroyedD.wouldhavebeendestroyed2.Ifyouhadn’tgonewithTomtothepartylastnight,______.A.youwouldmeetJohnalreadyB.youwon’thavemissedJohnC.youwillhavemetJohnD.youwouldhavemetJohn3.Supposingthisship______,doyouthinktherewouldbeenoughlifejacketsforallthepassengers?A.wassinkingB.hassunkC.weretosinkD.sunk4.Theinsectswoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandheads,if______fortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.A.itisnotB.itwerenotC.wereitnotD.theywerenot5.Theteachersuggestedthateachstudent______aplanforthevacation.
A.madeB.makeC.makesD.willmake6.Frankly,I’dratheryou______anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.A.doB.don’tdoC.didn’tdoD.willnotdo7.Afterthewayshetreatedyou,ifI______inyourplace.A.beB.amC.wasD.were8.Theideaisthatthenation______anunmannedspacecrafttoexploretheplanetfirst.A.sentB.sendsC.sendD.mustsend9.It’shightimeyou______.A.starttoworkB.wouldstarttoworkC.startedtoworkD.hadstartedtowork10.“IfIhadn’tpracticedwhenIwasyounger,”themusiciansays,“I______abletoplaysowellnow.”A.wouldn’tbeB.won’tbeC.wouldn’thavebeenD.couldn’thavebeen11.Itisimperativethatyou______thereinperson.A.areB.wereC.beD.willbe12.Theatomicstructureis,______,aminiaturesolarsystem.A.asitwereB.asiftheywereC.asitwereD.asifare13.Werequiredthatthemachineparts______castiron.A.ismadeofB.bemadefromC.bemadeofD.ismadeby14.Themanagementurgedthatthecostofproduction______.A.tobefurtherreducedB.wasfurtherreducedB.befurtherreducedD.shouldfurtherreduced15.Thebusinessisrisky.But______wewouldberich.A.shouldwesucceedB.weshouldsucceedC.mightwesucceedD.wouldwesucceed16.Iwishourteacher______togiveanothertest.Ihaven’tgotpreparedyet.A.isn’tgoingB.weren’tgoingC.willnotgoingD.couldhavegone17.IwishI______tothemovieswithyoulastnight.A.wentB.didgoC.couldgoD.couldhavegone18.I’djustassoon______rudelytoher.A.thatyouwon’tspeakB.yournotspeakingC.younotspeakD.youdidn’tspeak19.IfI______inthetwenty-firstcentury,I______myvacationinaverydifferentway.A.shouldlive…wouldspendB.willlive….shouldspendC.areliving…shouldhavespentD.willbeliving…wouldhavespent20.Itisrequiredthatthemachine______asfrequentlyasnecessary.A.beoiledB.mustbeoiledC.isoiledD.willoil21.HisEnglishteacherrecommendsthathe______aregulardegreeprogram.A.beginsB.beginC.willbeginD.isbeginning22.Wepreferthattheplan______beforebeingputintoexecution.A.isfullydiscussedB.mustbefullydiscussedC.befullydiscussedD.willbefullydiscussed
23.Whatdoyouthinkofhisproposalthatimprovements______intheoldtypeofvacuumcleaner?A.bemadeB.willbemadeC.wouldbemadeD.willhavetobemade24.Thedoctor’sadviceisthatthepatient______abouthisrealphysicalcondition.A.benottoldB.notbetoldC.willnotbetoldD.mustnotbetold25.______,wecouldnothavefinishedtheworkontime.A.IftheydonothelpusB.WasitnotfortheirhelpC.ShouldtheyoffertohelpusD.Butfortheirhelp26.Ifwehadbeenmorecareful,we______muchbetterresultsnow.A.gotB.hadgotC.wouldbegettingD.wouldhavegot27.Henry______arichmantodayifhehadbeenmorefrugalinthepast.A.wouldbeB.isC.willbeD.was28.Theythoughtitdesirablethatanarmedguard______inreadiness.A.standsB.standC.stoodD.wouldstand29.Allsciencestudents,______,shouldhaveagoodfoundationinbasicsciences.A.whethertheyarefuturephysicistsandchemistsB.theyarefuturephysicistsofchemistsC.theyshouldbefuturephysicistsofchemistsD.betheyfuturephysicistsorchemists30.Sallycan’thavewrittentome,or______theletterbynow.A.I’llgetB.I’llhavegotC.I’dhavegotD.I’dget31.IshouldverymuchliketohavegonetothepartybutI______.A.amnotinvitedB.wasnotinvitedC.shallnotbeinvitedD.amnotbeinginvited32.ThereisageneralunderstandingamongthemembersoftheBoardofDirectorsthatchiefattention______totheundertakingthatisexpectedtobringinhighestprofit.A.isgivenB.givesC.shouldbegivenD.mustbegiven33.Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerial______toitsburningtemperature.A.beheatedB.isheatedC.wouldbeheatedD.toheat34.“Didyougotoseethefootballmatchyesterday?”“No.Ididn’tfeelwell,butIwouldhavegoneifI______.”A.didB.haveC.wouldD.had35.Ifwehadknownthatshehadplannedtoarrivetoday,we______heratthebusstation.A.mayhavemetB.mightmeetC.maymeetD.mighthavemet36.We’resaferinatrainthanwewouldbeifwe______anyotherway.A.traveledB.hadtraveledC.travelD.havetraveled37.HetoldmehowhehadgivenmeshelterandprotectionwithoutwhichI______ofhungerandcold.A.wouldbediedB.wouldhavediedC.woulddieD.willhavedied38.______today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A. WasheleavingB.IfheisleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves
39.Hadelectroniccomputersnotbeeninvented,manyproblemsofspaceflight______.A.couldbenotsolvedB.couldnotbesolvedC.couldnothavebeensolvedD.couldnothavesolved40.Heisapoorlylearntman.Butheactsasthoughhe______.A.isB.wereC.shouldbeD.seemslike41.Thedriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit______ontheway.A.goeswrongB.gowrongC.wentwrongD.wouldgowrong42.______thefog,weshouldhavereachedourdestination.A.BecauseofB.InspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butfor43.Theoldmanwenttoofficeonfoot,buthe______bybus.A.mighthavegoneB.oughthavegoneC.couldhavegoneD.shouldbegone44.Heisworkinghardforfearthathe______topasstheexam.A.failsB.mayfailC.shouldfailD.wouldfail45.Sheputonherglassesinorderthatshe_____.A.canseeB.sawC.hadseenD.mightsee46.Whatever______we’llgoahead.A.hadhappenedB.willhappenC.mighthappenD.maybehappened47.IfI______outofink,Imighthavefinishedwritingthepaper.A.hadn’trunB.shouldn’trunC.didn’trunD.haven’trun48.Butforyouradvice,I______intotrouble.A.wouldgetB.gotC.mighthavegotD.shouldget49.______forthetrafficjam,Ishouldhavecoveredfiftymiles.A.HaditbeenB.HaditnotbeenC.IthadnotbeenD.Itnothadbeen50.Wereitnotfortheadoptionoftheopenpolicy,things______theyaretoday.A.wouldneverbeB.couldhavebeenC.wouldneverhavebeenD.didn’thave专项练习1: 1—5BBDAD 6—10DDCAD 11—15CDCAA 16—20ACAAD 21—25DBCCC 26—30DCCCD 31—35DDCCB 36—39DCAC 解析: 1.wish后面用虚拟语气,表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。 2.条件句表示与过去事实相反,主句用过去将来完成时,从句用过去完成时。 3.asif后面如果表示真实情况就不用虚拟。 4.Itisimportantthat是主语从句的虚拟语气,从句用sb.shoulddo的形式。
5.asif后面是真实情况,不虚拟。 6.lain是lie的过去分词,表示“躺”。 7.couldhavedone表示“本来可以”。 8.与将来相反的虚拟语气,主句用过去将来时。 9.asif表示不可能发生的事情时用虚拟语气。 10.butfor表示“要不是……的话”,通常与虚拟语气搭配使用。 11.inadvance表示“事先”,表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。 12.wish的宾语从句表示发生在将来的愿望用过去将来时。 13.but的并列句表示真实情况,不用虚拟语气。 14.forfearthat后面的状语从句用sb.shoulddo的形式。 15.表示与过去事实相反,主句用过去将来完成时,从句用过去完成时。 16.suggest后面的宾语从句用sb.shoulddo的形式。 17.suggest后面的从句用sb.shoulddo的形式,should可以省略。 18.表示与过去事实相反,从句用过去完成时。 19.wouldrather的宾语从句用sb.did的形式。 20.Itistime后面的定语从句用sb.did的形式。 21.第一个had是过去完成时,第二个had表示“有”。 22.wouldhavedone是过去将来完成时,表示与过去相反的虚拟语气。 23.这是虚拟语气的倒装形式,把if去掉,助动词提前。 24.suggest后面的从句用sb.shoulddo的形式,should可以省略。 25.表示与过去事实相反,主句用过去将来完成时。 26.在虚拟语气中,不管什么人称,be动词都要用were的形式。 27.表示与过去事实相反,从句用过去完成时。 28.require后面的从句用sb.shoulddo的形式,should可以省略。 29.Itisstrangethat是主语从句的虚拟语气,从句用sb.shoulddo的形式。 30.hadIknown是与过去相反的虚拟语气的倒装形式。 31.asif表示不可能发生的事情时用虚拟语气。 32.第一个had是过去完成时,第二个had表示“有”。 33.otherwise经常可以搭配虚拟语气,表示与过去事实相反。 34.当insist表示“坚持认为”时不用虚拟形式。 35.wish后面用虚拟语气,表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。 36.but的并列句表示真实情况,不用虚拟语气。 37.wish后面用虚拟语气,表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。 38.当insist表示“坚持要求”时从句用虚拟形式。 39.表示与过去事实相反,从句用过去完成时。专项练习2: 参考答案: 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.D 10.A 11.B12.B 13.B 14.B 15.Dinsist作“要求别人做某事”解,其宾语从句用should型虚拟语气。16.C这种should型虚拟语气,有时可将should省略,因此,C项的sell不能有人称变化。 17.C本句话有“要求”的意思,故选C。 18.AC、D为主动,在此不妥。
19.B选B表示了说话人带有一种十分惊讶的感情,选A项与she的人称不相一致,是错的。参见本章语法说明。 20.D 21.Bshould带有感情色彩。 22.D本句带有要求之意,故从句谓语用should型虚拟语气。D项中的should被省略。 23.C本句带有惊讶之意,故从句须用should型虚拟语气。但由于是过去的事情所产生的惊讶,所以用should+不定式完成式。 24.D如选A,这表达了说话人对将来的事所发出的感叹,选B则是对已经过去的事情的感叹。选C则是一个直陈语气,即说话人对此并不一定感到十分惋惜,而是对此事的陈述。 25.Dinsist在作“坚持要求别人做某事”时,需要用should型虚拟语气,should也可以省略。 26.Cinsist在作“坚持自己的观点、看法等”解时,不需要用虚拟语气,所以A、B两项用在此处不当。D项时态不准确,故也应排除。 27.Dsuggest作建议解时,后接了should型虚拟语气,但在本句中作“表明”解,这时不用虚拟语气,A、B两项都应排除,C项时态不当。 28.A在本句中suggest作“建议”解,故选A。 29.D“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等动词的名词形式做主语时,其表语从句也须用should型虚拟语气,本句中的should被省略。 30.D“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等动词的名词形式做主语时,后接同位语从句时也须should型虚拟语气。 31.AWhatif…?常用于省略疑问句,既可以用于虚拟语气,也可用于直陈语气。本句不省略的形式为Whatwouldyoudoif。 32.B本句的under引出一个非真实的条件,当然也可以是真实条件。根据上下文,应理解为与过去事实相反,故其谓语动词用wouldhavedone。 33.Beventhough=evenif意为“即使”。它同if一样可以引出一个真实的让步从句,也可以引出一个非真实的让步从句。根据上文,eventhough是一个非真实的与过去事实相反的让步从句。而主句wecan"tgetthere却是一个真实的情况。 34.D 35.D从全句的意思分析,atruefriend-differently实际上是指一种假设,而when引导的从句又告诉我们,这是一个与过去事实相反的假设,故用wouldhaveacted。专项练习3参考答案1-5DDCBB6-10CDCCA11-15CCCCA16-20BDDAA21-25BCBAD26-30CABDC31-35BCADD36-40ABCCB41-45BDCCD46-50CACBC